Modern electronics relies on ultrafast charge motion on ever shorter length scales. Physicists from Regensburg and Gothenburg have now succeeded in resolving a key quantum motion of electrons in atomically thin crystals on the time scale of a single oscillation cycle of light. They directly observe, how the electron in a bound electron-hole pair jumps from one atomic layer to the next, creating a pair of charge carriers in a long-distance relationship, a so-called "interlayer exciton".
For important applications, such as solar cells, however, electrons and holes need to be spatially separated. This is achieved by stacking two different dichalcogenides on top of each other. Physicists from Regensburg led by Professors Rupert Huber, Tobias Korn, John Lupton and Christian Schüller have now observed this charge separation of excitons across only two atomically thin layers in collaboration with Professor Ermin Malic's group at Chalmers University in Sweden. They excited electrons by ultrashort light pulses creating excitons selectively only in one of the two layers. If these excitons remain within this layer, they are very short-lived, because electrons and holes recombine very rapidly with the electron returning to its initial position. In a layered sample structure, on the other hand, the electron can also jump into the adjacent layer – a spatially separated, so-called interlayer exciton forms.
The scientists were able to observe the behavior of these interlayer excitons during and after their formation. They used a home-built super slow-motion camera to study processes taking place within a few femtoseconds - the millionth part of a billionth of a second. "For the first time worldwide, we observed the formation process of an interlayer exciton and measured how strongly electrons and holes remain bound," says Philipp Merkl, first author of the publication. In addition, the researchers were able to systematically influence the dynamics of the formation process. To this end, they used another special feature of the layered heterostructures: they twisted the two layers with respect to each other. This changes the electronic and optical properties of the resulting structure, which in turn governs the charge transfer.
P. Merkl, F. Mooshammer, P. Steinleitner, A. Girnghuber, K.-Q. Lin, P. Nagler, J. Holler, C. Schüller, J. M. Lupton, T. Korn, S. Ovesen, S. Brem, E. Malic and R. Huber; "Ultrafast transition between exciton phases in van der Waals heterostructures"; Nature Materials; 2019.