ref] the channel matrix with the two isotropic antennas at the BS and the '2-ISO' at the MS, respectively.
For an isotropic antenna, the gain is unity, so the effective area is simply [[lambda].
The proposed method has been applied to generate two different beam pairs from a single concentric ring array of isotropic antennas.
A real antenna's gain often is quoted relative to the field produced by a perfectly isotropic antenna.
The spreading loss formula is the ratio of the whole surface area of the sphere to the area of the isotropic antenna (at the operating frequency).
For example, if a lossless isotropic antenna had half of its radiation pattern pointed at the earth ([T.
Theoretically, non-directional radiation pattern is known as isotropic radiation pattern; but, isotropic antennas are practically not available.