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sign in with log in join CNET welcome, my profile log out Shopper Laptops Apple laptops Apple MacBook Air (13-inch, Summer 2012) Apple MacBook Air (13-inch, Summer 2012) Manufacturer: Apple Part number: MD231LL/A 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 Close Video Compare with most popular $1,000.00 - $1,199.00 at 2 online stores CNET Editor rating: 4.0 stars Excellent Design: 9.0 Features: 8.0 Performance: 8.0 Battery life: 9.0 Service and support: 7.0 Overall score: 8.4 (4.0 stars) Average user rating: 3.5 stars out of 20 reviews Jun 2012 More product information: Editors' review User reviews Specifications Accessories Manufacturer info Bottom Line: This year's MacBook Air opts for gradual improvements rather than anything revolutionary, but lowered prices continue to make it the go-to mainstream recommendation for any MacBook owner-to-be.Read more Where to buy store customer rating inventory tax & shipping price Once you know, you Newegg! See store profile In stock Enter zip code to get total price: Price +Tax +Shipping =Total price $1,199.00 Shop now as of 03/12/2014 See store profile In stock Get free shipping on orders over $35.00 $1,000.00 Shop now as of 03/12/2014 *Total price for the Apple MacBook Air (13-inch, Summer 2012) are estimated and may vary slightly based on exact tax, shipping, manufacturer rebate or any sale/promotion on the merchant site. show CNET editors' review Apple MacBook Air (13-inch, Summer 2012) price range: $1,000.00 - $1,199.00 Reviewed by: Scott Stein Reviewed on: 06/18/2012 Released on: 06/11/2012 The good: The 13-inch MacBook Air has new Intel CPUs, better battery life, and an improved 720p Webcam, and finally adds USB 3.0 ports, while shaving $100 off the price from last year's models. The bad: The design, while strong, stays largely the same: there's no Ethernet port, and the base SSD storage option of 128GB is smaller than a standard hard drive, though common for ultrabooks. The bottom line: This year's MacBook Air opts for gradual improvements rather than anything revolutionary, but lowered prices continue to make it the go-to mainstream recommendation for any MacBook owner-to-be. Read CNET's full review show User reviews Write Review Average user rating: 3.5 stars out of 20 reviews My rating: 0 stars Submit your review Log in or create an account to submit your review for: Apple MacBook Air (13-inch, Summer 2012) You are logged in as . Please submit your review for: Apple MacBook Air (13-inch, Summer 2012) 1. Rate this product: 2. One-line summary: 0 of 55 characters (10 characters minimum) 3. Pros: 0 of 250 characters (10 characters minimum) 4. Cons: 0 of 250 characters (10 characters minimum) Bottom-line summary: 0 of 5000 characters (optional) The posting of advertisements, profanity, or personal attacks is prohibited.Click here to review our site terms of use. Submit Hide 1 2 next Showing opinion 1 to 10 out of 20 Sort by: Most helpful Highest rating Lowest rating Most recent 10 stars "This might arguably be Apple's best notebook ever" by calilicious on July 25, 2012
Cons: Value, at the same price, I could have the macbook pro with more horsepower, more Ram, more space for entertainment, and more ports. 1 2 next Showing opinion 1 to 10 out of 20 See pricing show Specifications Manufacturer: Apple Part number: MD231LL/A Description: Sure, MacBook Air is unbelievably thin and light. But they also designed it to be powerful, capable, durable, and enjoyable to use, with enough battery life to get you through the day. That's the difference between a notebook that's simply thin and light and one that's so much more. General Packaged Quantity 1 System Type Notebook Operating System Apple Mac OS X Mountain Lion Notebook type 13-inch Processor / Chipset CPU Intel 3rd Gen Core i5 1.8 GHz Max Turbo Speed 2.8 GHz Number of Cores Dual-Core Cache L3 cache - 3 MB 64-bit Computing Yes Features Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0, Integrated memory controller Memory RAM 4 GB Max RAM Supported 8 GB Technology DDR3L SDRAM Speed 1600 MHz Storage Hard Drive 128 GB, Flash storage SSD Optical Drive None Hard drive type Solid state Environmental Parameters Min Operating Temperature 50 °F Max Operating Temperature 95 °F Humidity Range Operating 0 - 90% (non-condensing) Display Type 13.3 in LCD Backlight Technology LED backlight Max Resolution 1440 x 900 ( WXGA+ ) Widescreen Yes Image Aspect Ratio 16:10 Features Glossy Audio & Video Graphics Processor Intel HD Graphics 4000 Memory Allocation Technology Dynamic Video Memory Technology 5.0 Camera Yes Capture Resolutions 1280 x 720 Sound Stereo speakers , Microphone Input Type Backlit keyboard, Trackpad Keyboard Layout English Features Ambient light sensor, Multi-touch touchpad Communications Wireless 802.11n, Bluetooth 4.0 Battery Technology Lithium polymer Capacity 50 Wh Run Time 7 hour(s) AC Adapter Voltage Required AC 120/230 V ( 50/60 Hz ) Output 45 Watt Connections & Expansion Interfaces 2 x USB 3.0, Headphone output, Thunderbolt Memory Card Reader Card reader ( SD Memory Card ) Software Software Included Apple iCal, Apple QuickTime, Apple iTunes, Apple Spotlight, Drivers & Utilities, Apple Address Book, Apple iLife '11, Apple Safari, Apple Mac App Store, Apple Launchpad, Apple Mission Control, Apple FaceTime, Apple Time Machine, Apple Quick Look, Photo Booth, Apple Mac OS X Mail, Apple Versions, Apple AirDrop, Apple Auto Save, Apple Resume Miscellaneous Case Material Aluminum Localization English Dimensions & Weight Width 12.8 in Depth 8.94 in Height 0.68 in Weight 2.96 lbs Manufacturer Warranty Service & Support 1 year warranty Service & Support Details Limited warranty - 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Discovery Rekindles Wish for a Journey to the Stars - The New York Times
Space & Cosmos|Discovery Rekindles Wish for a Journey to the Stars
http://nyti.ms/OX4yE6
Space & Cosmos Discovery Rekindles Wish for a Journey to the Stars
Elwood H. Smith What will you wear to Alpha Centauri?The news last week that there is a planet circling Alpha Centauri B, only a little more than four light-years away, set off an epidemic of daydreaming among the astronomical and sci-fi set, me among them.For people who believe that interstellar voyages, either for people or for robots, are in the future, Alpha Centauri, a triple-star system that is the Sun’s nearest known neighbor, has always loomed large and close as a destination. It was the home of the mythical jungle world Pandora in James Cameron’s epic “Avatar,” for example.The new planet doesn’t have jungles, giant blue-skinned cats or, as far as we know, the magical mineral unobtainium. It is, rather, a hellish unlivable blob of lava probably about the size of Earth, only four million short miles from the fires of Alpha Centauri B, the second brightest star in the system.But if astronomers have learned anything over the last few years from devices like the Kepler satellite, it is that small planets come in packs. There is plenty of room in the system for more planets, habitable ones.“I think we should drop everything and send a probe there,” said Sara Seager, an astronomer at M.I.T., echoing a call made last year by the exoplanet pioneer Geoff Marcy of the University of California, Berkeley.
There is in fact somebody in charge of doing something just like that. Her name is Mae Jemison, a former astronaut, engineer, dancer, actor and entrepreneur. This year she, in conjunction with the nonprofit foundation Icarus Interstellar, won a $500,000 government grant to set up 100 Year Starship, an organization that is to come up with a business plan for interstellar travel.Darpa, the government agency that helped invent the Internet and now wants to help invent interstellar travel, estimated that just planning for such a trip could take 100 years. Dr. Jemison, 56, hopes it can happen sooner.The Centauri planet was officially announced on her birthday, and over the phone from her new headquarters in Houston she sounded practically bubbly. “I can’t imagine a cooler birthday,” she said.Dr. Jemison’s main work these days is spreading the word and raising money. The prospect of habitable real estate makes the idea of journeying to other stars that much more real, she said, adding: “This is a boon, because most people have heard of Alpha Centauri. It’s close.”Well, sort of close. Space is deeper and older than most humans can comprehend. You can’t measure a light-year by your stride. There are 4.4 of them — 27 trillion miles — from here to Alpha Centauri B.We won’t get there by doing business as usual. Voyager 1, the fastest and most distant human artifact, is more than 11 billion miles from the Sun and is speeding away at 11 miles per second; it would take 78,000 years to get to Alpha Centauri if it were going that way, which it is not.Other schemes, based on existing or about-to-be-existing technology like solar sails and thermonuclear rockets, have been proposed that could reach a tenth the speed of light and make the crossing in less than a human lifetime. (If you have a design for a faster-than-light warp drive, send it directly to Dr. Jemison, not me.)Of course the cost would be staggering, even for the robots (perhaps genetically engineered nanoprobes) that would precede humans. And whoever eventually goes won’t ever come back.
It won’t be me, despite what I once wrote in my high school yearbook: “Ambition: To go to the stars.”Perhaps it is a sign of my age that I think more these days about what I would be leaving behind than what I would be gaining: my family and other loved ones, autumn in the Catskills, one more cowboy trout stream or New Year’s Eve with old friends.I asked Dr. Jemison if she would go, knowing it was forever.“Yeah,” she answered. “I would go.”Perhaps hearing the catch of loneliness in my voice, she added, “It makes a difference who goes with you.”In science fiction, she said, space travel is sterile.“I think it won’t be like that,” she said. “It has to be reimagined. We will bring our culture along with us.”All that is part of the Starship study’s mandate, she said.At a recent symposium that was a sort of housewarming for the new institute, Dr. Jemison said, there was a lot of talk about what it means to be an interstellar civilization. “Do we start calling ourselves Earthlings instead of Americans?”Another big topic of conversation, surprisingly or not so surprisingly, was how to dress on a star cruise. As Dr. Jemison pointed out, not all of us are going to look good in those little spandex Star Trek uniforms. And even for those who do, the look will get old after 40 years.Perhaps, some people suggested, we won’t need clothes at all on the starship. Everyone would go around in the Band-Aids that passed for underwear in this summer’s “Prometheus,” Ridley Scott’s not-quite prequel to “Alien.”But the urge to decorate oneself seems built into human nature. And anyway, the urge to see what concoctions can be worn successfully in zero gravity is likely to be overwhelming. The Japanese fashion designer Eri Matsui has already designed a wedding dress — actually a clever pantsuit — that was worn for a wedding aboard a “vomit comet” flight in 2009.
So start shopping and packing — if you dare.Presumably you won’t be limited to one carry-on.
A version of this article appears in print on October 23, 2012, on page D2 of the New York edition with the headline: Discovery Rekindles Wish for a Journey to the Stars. Order Reprints| Today's Paper|Subscribe

type: global

value: The New York Times (N.Y.T. or N.Y. Times) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership. Founded in 1851, the Times has since won 132 Pulitzer Prizes (the most of any newspaper), and has long been regarded within the industry as a national "newspaper of record".


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Bachelorette | Tales Of My Follies
So my friend from college is getting married and asked me to be the maid of honor. She lives a bunch of states away and I have only losely kept in touch with her. While I am honored I am sorta uneasy about it.
As you guys know I work and have LM. I also am not a huge party animal and don’t really drink. As the MOH she wants me to plan the bachelorette party and help with some other things as it gets closer. I am trying to reach out to a few of her friends who live near by (I don’t know the area or anything) but getting a stripper and drinking all night just isn’t my idea of fun. I am doing the best I can with planning because she is my friend and this is her wedding, but my head just isn’t into it like it could be. Doesn’t help I am also going out of state for a few days for work a week or two right before the wedding. Anyone have any suggestions? I have created a board on pinterest which I hope will be helpful.
Part of me just wishes we could just show up and enjoy and not have to do all this other planning. I have trouble saying no and I feel bad because she doesn’t have that many close girl friends though I don’t either, but thats another story.
Do you know for sure she wants a stripper and drinking all night? Some people are cool with spa days or fun dinners or a cooking class or something. Where you can incorporate wine and drinks but not necessarily clubbing all night, etc. There are plenty of alternatives to a “traditional” bachelorette party if she is open to them!
That was my thought so I e-mailed her to see if she wanted to go to a cool restaurant or to do a social activity. She e-mailed back and she was interested in drinking and just letting loose. She is the one who brought up the stripper.
October 14, 2012 – 3:44 pm
Grrr…. that is no fun. Hopefully the local bridesmaids can help you figure something out that will make everyone happy. Do you know enough about them to know if this will be something they enjoy or will they just be enduring it for the bride?
October 14, 2012 – 4:05 pm
I have never talked to them before so no idea. Interesting point though. I should ask the other girl I have been talking to what sort of thing she thinks might be cool.
October 14, 2012 – 4:13 pm
And it really depends on where they are located. There might be a happy medium where you can go for drinking and fun but that there are fun things to do for the people that want something more than just getting drunk. I’m pretty sure that’s how so many bachelorette parties end up being at drag queen revues! There’s a show AND booze. 😉
October 14, 2012 – 9:30 pm
Ugh. I would definitely see if you could get some of the local friends involved. Good luck – I would hate to be in that position!!!
I have a good friend who had a MOH from out of state. The MOH just came in for the rehearsal dinner and actual wedding. Those of us that are local handled the other usual MOH duties including the party and shower. Is there a way you could lessen your involvement and just be there as a honor to her at the actual wedding? I would think that she would understand a lessened commitment from you? At the very least I’d send a group email out to the other gals and nicely delegate tasks.
Good luck. This is such a tricky spot to be in.
October 15, 2012 – 10:49 am
I wish it could be like that for me. The way my friend worded it was “and of course you will be in charge of planning the bachelorette party, as long as as you don’t mind” Ohy… I don’t know the other girls at all that are local. I don’t even think there are that many that are local. One is her sister in law and I don’t know how close they are – I’m thinking on friendly terms and the sister in law’s sister, but for some reason the sister in law said to wait on including her in the planning? I have no idea why. My friend gave me another name to include in the planning but I don’t think she is local either. I facebook messaged her and haven’t heard anything back yet. But yes, I will be delegating as much as I can. I just don’t know how much will actually get done if I don’t set some stuff up.

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Seeking Volunteers for Dori Saves Lives inside the Capitol! Tickets, Wed, Feb 28, 2018 at 8:00 AM | Eventbrite
Wed, February 28, 2018, 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM EST

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Abraham Lincoln (Collection) - Lake Blackshear Regional Library System
The collection Abraham Lincoln represents a specific aggregation or gathering of resources found in Lake Blackshear Regional Library System.

 Data from Abraham Lincoln - Lake Blackshear Regional Library System

http://lake-blackshear.library.link/resource/PRoz1Gejo_A/

value: A library is a collection of materials, books or media that are easily accessible for use and not just for display purposes. It is responsible for housing updated information in order to meet the user's needs on a daily basis.


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What is the significance of the start-up sound of a system? - User Experience Stack Exchange
What is the significance of the start-up sound of a system?
What is the significance of start-up sound of a system, like mobile phones, operating systems etc.?
What aspect of user experience does it enhance?
sound sound-effects operating-systems
edited Feb 15 '17 at 17:40
asked Feb 13 '17 at 13:47
What is the significance of saying "hello" to people? What aspect of social experience does it enhance? – Lightness Races in Orbit Feb 13 '17 at 16:06
It serves as a demonstration of just how out-of-touch certain developers are with the desires of some of their users. It's one reason (sound-producing websites are the other) why I've remove speakers from all my computers. – jamesqf Feb 13 '17 at 18:32
@jamesqf time to meet Firefox, it can disable sounds globally – Display Name Feb 13 '17 at 20:20
@MonkeyZeus: Why an over-reaction? There are no circumstances in which I want my computers to make noise, so why should they have speakers? Whereas if I were to do your approach of muting/turning down the volume, I'd have to do it multiple times for every application I might use - and even then, there seem to be sites and/or programs that can override my volume=0 setting. Unplugging the speakers solves the problem once and for all, with minimal effort. – jamesqf Feb 15 '17 at 3:21
Sometimes, monitors fail, and you still want to know that the main system is working. – kojiro Feb 15 '17 at 11:32
My understanding was that it came from a time when startup could take a while, during which the user's attention would be elsewhere and therefore worth notifying them when the computer was ready for use.
Something similar was mentioned in answer to another question:
The Operating System took so long to start up that the chime notified people that it was worth bothering to come back to the computer from, e.g., making a coffee. (Should we use a sound/jingle when users arrive on our site or open our app?)
According to comments made by Microsoft to Mashable, the startup sound was removed in Windows 10 because there's no need to draw attention to startup:
When we modernized the soundscape of Windows, we intentionally quieted the system. Using Windows 10, you will only hear sounds for things that matter to you. We removed the startup sound because startup is not an interesting event on a modern device. Picking up and using a device should be about you, not announcing the device's existence.
answered Feb 13 '17 at 14:16
Also, the startup sounds is used to assure you that the sound hardware is installed properly and working. Puppy Linux uses a puppy bark to let you know that ALSA is working correctly. – Ismael Miguel Feb 13 '17 at 15:13
AFAIK, on every 68k- an PPC-Mac, the startup sound indicated that the machine passed the POST (Power-On Self Test, or whatever you want to call it). I'm not sure if that carried over to the x86 architecture. Also, with that sound, the user has quick feedback that the power button/switch has been operated correctly, before any CRT hat a chance to get a picture on the screen. The latter is of course not really an issue anymore. – Feuermurmel Feb 13 '17 at 21:50
Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. – Benny Skogberg Feb 16 '17 at 5:32
It should be noted that the Windows startup sound is still present in Windows 10; it's just disabled by default. If one wishes, it can be enabled in the sound settings. – AStopher Feb 16 '17 at 20:09
...when startup could take a while... Though most personal PCs, etc., have it disabled, Wake-on-LAN can also be usefully signalled by startup sounds, especially if the device shouldn't be starting up. Wake-on-LAN is an Ethernet/token-ring standard. – user2338816 Feb 20 '17 at 8:53
Part of it is iconic branding, much like putting the logo on the boot screen. I can still remember the startup sound from windows xp and playstation one.
answered Feb 13 '17 at 15:55
mbernamberna
And the marketeers and "creatives" should take note, that some of your users hate it. If it's not trivially disabled, it will form part of the reason that the next time the user is buying such a device, he will choose some other brand. What I hate most about my mobile: the doom-laden Samsung startup jingle! – nigel222 Feb 14 '17 at 14:17
@nigel222: in most mobile phones that I've owned, you can disable the boot sound in the system settings. Is this not the case with yours? – Lie Ryan Feb 14 '17 at 14:47
@Lie_Ryan I can't find a disable in a minute of looking (two minutes after reading your reply). It's not worth spending longer on. It'll just continue to annoy me and hurt Samsung's chance of a repeat sale, hence my post. – nigel222 Feb 15 '17 at 9:41
So this would put it into one basket with sound design for slamming car doors? – Hagen von Eitzen Feb 15 '17 at 17:18
Oh man, I used to love the PS3 startup sound, like an orchestra tuning up :-D – Rikki Feb 19 '17 at 22:32
To give auditory feedback to the user that the system has started loading.
Prevent users from hitting the power button multiple times.
Users should not wonder whether the system is starting or not. If there was no starting sound how would users know that the system has successfully started? They might press the power button a couple of times not knowing that the system is already starting which can cause loss of information and a lot of headaches;
Display not working during repairs
During hardware repairs when technicians haven't connected display or the display is not working and cannot get visual feedback. In this situation auditory feedback comes in very handy.
Cue for visually impaired (@Devin answer)
Visually impaired people rely on hearing and touching when trying to understand the environment around them. If there are no auditory(sound) or haptic(touch/vibration) cues they won't know what is happening with the device.
edited Feb 14 '17 at 9:37
answered Feb 13 '17 at 17:40
My recollection is that it was a Mac thing initially - Mac's have always gone "Boing" when they fire up (which Windows copied). You could use it as part of fault finding to identify where things had gone wrong. – PhillipW Feb 13 '17 at 18:12
@PhillipW Earlier Macs (I had the SE FDHD) went "beep" when switched on, and "bong" once the startup was finished. My understanding is that this was because the "bong" audio didn't fit in ROM, so they put it in the System instead, where it was only available once the OS had loaded. Later systems put the bong in ROM and played it as soon as power was applied (and also had the "car crash" and "chimes of death" sounds for startup diagnostics). – Wolfgang Feb 13 '17 at 21:23
@wolfgang No, that's wrong. I have a closet full of compact Macs. None of them "beep" and "bong", including the SE FDHD. There is a single chime when the Mac powers on and passes the power-on self-test. The "bong" chime is indeed in ROM, and not part of the system software on disk. All of the other diagnostic sounds are in ROM, too, including the car crash, chimes of death, etc., and thus they're all model-specific. The initial chime has been in ROM since the very first Macintosh. Now, the system software also has sounds installed, but they don't play automatically on startup. – Cody Gray Feb 14 '17 at 4:15
@CodyGray I've just spent some time on YouTube, and all of the SEs I can find do the beep I remember (e.g. youtu.be/95nGY_o_FoY) but not the bong as the Finder is starting, which was a resource in the System file. It's entirely possible that this was not Apple standard, as the computer had at least two previous owners. My previous comment was based on my assumptions from the time, given that the other (newer) Macs I knew played an identical bong at a different time, but appears to be incorrect. – Wolfgang Feb 14 '17 at 5:56
Just to add my two craps to this discussion; The "bong" is an actual sampled piece of sound placed in the ROM. The very early Macs did not use sound sample but instead generated the "beep" on the fly. – Feuermurmel Feb 14 '17 at 13:21
Beeps during POST are there to help with troubleshooting. Think of it like debugging: if you can't tell why your script isn't working or where, it helps to have it echoing its status along the way in a very verbose manner so it becomes apparent where the issue is. It's like a ping.
POST does a lot of simple things very quickly to test itself (this is all in BIOS so it's actually the motherboard firmware testing itself, and its associated components like processor and memory) like loading basic hardware drivers to talk with other components, and verifying that its own hardware such as the speaker works with a quick beep.MIDI (Talking about the speaker on the motherboard itself here, not the auxiliary speakers you plug in to the back.)
So typically, the computer makes a "beep" only after it has tested and loaded the most-basic-of-the-basics that make it possible for it to "beep". (i.e. indicates successful POST) Basically it is the response to your ping on the power button, "Hello?", "Yes, Hello! I have power and my basic hardware is functional."
So a post-POST beep is there to enhance the technician's experience, or the technical-user's.
Consider the example: You and I have just received the parts to build a new computer, so we unbox the motherboard to perform a benchtest to verify everything is functional first. We power on the system, and get no picture.
Here's a perfect example why those beeps are so important: if we get no beep, what could be wrong? 1) POST did not complete successfully, 2) Speaker hardware is damaged, 3) Major component missing (processor/memory not seated properly) 4) Manufacturer did not include BEEP after POST in firmware, so it still could have POSTed successfully and the issue really is the monitor, 5) cable, or 6) motherboard connector.
If we get one beep, that's easy: it's either the monitor or the cable (or the connector).
If we get more than one beep, that's also easy: obviously POST did not complete successfully, but now we can work out the issue (# of beeps = errorcode) quite easily with trivial research. Troubleshooting is fantastically difficult without verbosity.
After all this hardware stuff completes is where the OS takes over. While POST completes almost immediately, obviously OS takes a lot longer.
Hence, when BOOT has completed most OS's will play a "Welcome Sound" like the chimes on Windows XP or the Beatles' "A Day in the Life" ending used on the Mac.
This post-BOOT sound can be much higher quality and more detailed than the simple MIDI sounds of a motherboard speaker, so while this sound has been used for branding purposes as others have already mentioned, its primary function is to indicate that it has finished booting. (As others' answers have already mentioned.)
Thus, the Welcome Sounds enhance the end-user's experience, for it indicates BOOT has completed and they can return from making coffee now.
Side Note: It depends on how old you are if you'll notice, that nowadays POST is obfuscated in favor of a manufacturer's logo, and it completes so quick on modern hardware you wouldn't see much anyway. The beep either happens so instantaneously (right after you press the power button) that you either don't notice it, or manufacturers have started disabling it by default. Both are options you can most probably turn back on in BIOS.
Edit: It's not even BIOS we use anymore, now it's called UEFI. I'm not even 30 and my old is showing.
edited Feb 18 '17 at 19:54
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answered Feb 14 '17 at 2:39
Good description of POST. Some modern motherboards have "lost the plot" and take 15-20 seconds to POST. If the "hard disk" is an SSD, then OS boot can be faster than POST. – nigel222 Feb 15 '17 at 9:57
@nigel222 Interesting. I'm quite used to that 15-20 second delay on old hardware like Windows 2000 machines from my dad's shop, where you could actually watch POST and absorb a little of what it does, giggle at Chinese-English "to being of more intelligent." Since they've started hiding it, I've not always bothered to go in and change it back, so I can't tell for sure how long it takes on my modern machines anymore. With new things like Windows 8 "Fast Startup" plus SSDs it really wouldn't surprise me. I know of server boards (supermicro?) that take 60-120 seconds just to complete POST! – IT Bear Feb 15 '17 at 19:04
They all POST. You can disable the display, you can disable a full RAM check. But if there's a physical error, you get the beeps, and they come from a motherboard device, not through the 'soundcard'. – Laurence Payne Feb 16 '17 at 15:12
@LaurencePayne Correct, in the beginning of the answer I explain that it's from the motherboard speaker, don't recall ever saying 'soundcard'. – IT Bear Feb 16 '17 at 17:39
IMO, this is the correct answer. The POST beep was/is "UX" to tell a technician or saavy user that the mainboard hardware (memory, etc.) is working properly (or not). I suspect Apple used sampled sounds because they could. Macs have always shipped with sound hardware and built in speakers. In the old days, a digital sound card was an optional PC component, so PC motherboards had to rely on their silly square wave buzzer. – Seth Feb 18 '17 at 21:35
Asides from old systems and their delay times at start, or branding considerations (both correct reasons), one reason that I might add is that it serves as a Sensory Cue.
This is true both for blind or impaired vision users, in which startup sound is of paramount importance (this sound is the only indication they have in order to know that the system is "ready to go") as well as "regular" users with no disabilities. In this regard, there are thousands of studies about sensory cues as start points that prepare the brain for a task.
Try to picture this (or even better, test if you have the means): simply think of yourself waiting for the system to start, then you hear the sound. Is your mood the same?
If you want, try doing this very simple experiment (we already did it!): simply call some people, maybe even your fellow co-workers or family, and film them from the point they press the ON button on a computer, until they hear the sound. 5-10 testers will be enough for this simple experiment. If your results are similar to ours, you'll see a very perceptible change on the testers. They will usually smile, or they will change their body position, or they will look more alert. Anyways, no matter the attitude they take, the important part is that most users (if not all) will react in some way
Note: New technologies will rely on aural(auditory)-haptic cues rather than only aural cues, so this answer is more related to desktop or laptop devices
edited Feb 13 '17 at 17:53
answered Feb 13 '17 at 17:42
Of course there are other reasons to include it, like letting the user know the hardware is working, start up is finished and they can interact with the computer, etc. but it is an extremely powerful branding tool. It is familiar, it becomes expected, and if it's a good one, it can evoke strong feelings in us (see for instance http://gizmodo.com/end-of-an-era-goodbye-mac-startup-sound-1788383059 ). It reminds us of our relationship with the computer.
answered Feb 13 '17 at 15:49
Although I'm sure things are much more advanced now, my Grandfather who was blind used the POST beeps in tandem the Windows opening noises (especially once 95 released) to let him know that his speech card had not caused the system to hang. I'm not sure if it was an issue with the brand of cards he would purchase, the retailer, or just the technology wasn't mature enough yet at he time but often his various speech cards (he went through a lot) would cause either a flat no POST beep (the single letting him know it was OK) and hang the system, or get up to Windows, and once there, the card would conflict with the Windows audio itself sometimes.
I just thought I'd toss in my personal experience with having a family member that always had me calling up places asking questions about the cards, and if it wasn't for the entire fanfare at startup (POST speaker beep, Windows blasting out, etc), he would have been completely at a loss as to there being any problem whatsoever. Clearly this is isolated to his particular disability, but, just hearing Windows startup cleanly and not get garbled, let him know at least it was getting to the desktop, which followed the speech card to start it's incredibly verbose description of where he was tabbed onto. I can't clearly say for sure whether or not Microsoft had this implemented with the thought of it ever being used in such a way past say having a brand 'tone' so to speak, but, it was the bread and butter for getting the PC going for my Grandfather.
Also, I wish I could have provided a better term than 'speech card', but that's what he always called them, and they were quite hefty chunks of PCB that I believed actually used the ISA slot on his motherboard. Apologies on that sparse detail!
answered Feb 15 '17 at 1:19
"hefty chunks of PCB", "ISA slot", whew that stuff brings me back. The heavy ones I'm sure your could kill somebody with, or at least give them open gashes full of silicon and lead. And if they used through-hole solder joints, I considered those almost apocalypse-proof, because you could easily fix them with the most basic solder gun and spare parts around the shop carrying those kind of items. +1 – IT Bear Feb 15 '17 at 19:19
It's about saying Hello
The start-up sound was a machine, designed and made by people, announcing its variant of "Hello", indicating it's now present, here, and in being on, is a being, here.
By which I mean to say it's antiquated. A greeting of the past. Just as beeps and blips indicating errors in boot are now a thing of the past, the welcoming chime of a computer turning on is done.
This is most clearly felt and understood when it's removed.
This is the reason it's a big deal the new Apple Macbook Pro has turned it off.
Apple (and Tim Cook) no longer care about the deeper and more profound aspects of a relationship between a man and his machine, that which he has bought from Apple, designed and made by them.
Apple is moving to a place of presumption. One in which computers are presumed to always be present, where we must announce our presence to them, instead.
Now we are obliged to announce our presence, and issue requests:
The cloud, longer battery life and our awareness of most computing devices being a surveillance assistant for our perceptions of the powers-that-be have ruined the romance. Our love affair with computing is over. Big Data is our new overlord.
answered Feb 16 '17 at 15:49
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Well that was emphatic, even if it's liable to upset SE purists. – TernaryTopiary Mar 7 '17 at 10:04
It is a notification that the software and hardware checks have passed (with no beep codes), and that the user is now able to access an operating system through a command interface shell or an associated GUI (Graphical User Interface) desktop.
answered Feb 13 '17 at 20:58
user97110user97110
Depends on what you mean by the startup, do you mean when you actually log in? Or do you mean when you turn the computer on, once you get to the login screen the noises made serve to do nothing at all and are just branding?
When you actually turn on the computer it can make a variety of noises most commonly heard are beeps, depending on the motherboard each beep be it single double triple etc.. or long drawn out "solid" pings so to speak are typically intended to alert the user to an issue such as a malfunction on the board its self or the failure of hardware; HDDs, GPUs, CPUs, unfortunately, more people are unaware of this than those that aren't which means these noises typically go ignored and if one happens to be an alert tone for a malfunction the issue only gets worse down the line.
answered Feb 13 '17 at 18:21
AfflictedAfflicted
At least for computers, beeps are a way to inform the user of problems if there is no (connection to the) screen.
Different mainboard brands have different beeps: Mainboard debug sounds so that a technician has a hint on where to start his search if the system is not booting.
answered Feb 13 '17 at 19:13
There are different ways an OS uses to give feedback to the user aside from visual. In the case of desktop devices, sound is used to give feedback and communicate something happened or to call for the attention of the user.
As @MattObee states in his answer, a start-up sound tells the user that the system turned on and thus is responsive. Other sound notifications can be used when an error happened or some process finished. The same happens when the system is turned off.
In the case of Mobile devices the sound feedback can be substituted with haptic feedback.
answered Feb 13 '17 at 15:38
Part of the reason at least would be a way to notify the user that their sound system is working (or not working in the case of absence).
I can imagine how irritating it would be to have to wait for the entire PC to boot properly to test the sound was working!
answered Feb 15 '17 at 17:30
You do have to. The startup sound comes right at the end of the operating system load. Error beeps (if any) from POST are played through a different system. – Laurence Payne Feb 16 '17 at 15:15
I can speak to one particular UX detail where the sounds were indeed meaningful. On older macs, if there were errors which prevented booting up, the mac would present an icon (such as a disk with a question mark on it) indicating what went wrong.
However, sometimes things to so unbearably wrong that the mac couldn't even initialize the graphics card. On moments such as these, the mac would start up not with its usual "hello" sound, but would instead emit "death chimes."
These sounds were typically chosen for intuitive effect. From experience, when a Macintosh LC emits death chimes, you know instantly that your day is not going to go well.
answered Feb 17 '17 at 0:43
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To function-check the audio system as early as possible.
Specifically, to verify that the hardware resources in use by the sound card were not also assigned to other devices, such as a disk controller, serial port, or printer port. Specifically, base port address, IRQ channel, and DMA channel.
When a shop assembled a PC from off-the-shelf parts, it had to be careful what they mixed and matched. You generally could use almost any combination you wanted, provided you paid close attention when configuring the options above. At the time, this was done with mechanical "jumpers", or "short-pins"-- "short" in the electrical sense of tying two wires together.
If one of these jumpers fell off the pins it was supposed to short-- not uncommon after cross-country shipping, especially if the jumper was on upside-down-- the configuration of these options could change. The drive controller and the sound card might wind up on the same IRQ, and if that happened, the computer could very well corrupt data when trying to play audio (or vice-versa).
So, testing the audio hardware as early as possible was strongly desirable-- but sound cards were still add-on cards, not stock parts. The BIOS of the computer couldn't even see them, let alone talk to them, so the operating system had to boot first, and load drivers for the card, before a test sound could play.
Here's the practical result (in those days):
Customer calls in and says the system hangs. Tech asks if the system makes it through BIOS boot. Customer says yes. Tech asks if Windows makes it to the login screen. Customer says yes. Tech asks if user can log in. Customer says no, system hangs at the desktop before any icons are displayed. Tech asks if Windows plays the test sound. Customer says no. Tech tells customer how to reboot into DOS. Customer reboots into DOS. Tech tells customer to use "sbplay" to play a test file to the Sound Blaster card. Customer says system hangs. Tech tells customer to power down system, pull sound card, and reboot. Customer powers down system, removes Sound Blaster, reboots. Customer reports he can successfully log into and use Windows. Tech tells customer to check IRQ settings on all peripherals and sound card, return for service if no conflict found.
Without it, the system might very well hang at the first thing the customer did that went "click", which could be anything. "System hangs when I log out" was sometimes caused by this, for example-- some offices would disable every sound except the shutdown sound, and that's when the problem would show up, if present.
Whatever you stick in your box, app, or vehicle, TEST IT ON STARTUP whenever possible.
edited Feb 18 '17 at 3:10
answered Feb 18 '17 at 3:04
breakpointbreakpoint
A bit more technical detail, for those who find it interesting. The classic Sound Blaster cards used a memory port range (offset 0x200, 0x220, 0x240, or 0x260), an IRQ channel (3, 5, 7, 9, or 11), and a DMA channel (0, 1, or disabled). You might see the problem if you realize that many hard disk controller cards used IRQ 9 or 11, the standard parallel printer port ("LPT1") used IRQ 7, or sometimes 5, standard serial ports typically used IRQ 3 or 4, and DRAM refresh (critical) used DMA 0. Also, some joystick controllers used base address 0x220 or 0x240. – breakpoint Feb 18 '17 at 3:04
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Battle of Mount Chimborazo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Battle of Mount Chimborazo
This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008) Battle of Mount Chimborazo
Central part of modern-day Ecuador
Remnants of Inca Empire
Unknown, but severely high
Francisco Pizarro had toppled the Inca Empire, captured its Emperor Atahualpa and demanded a room of gold and two rooms with silver, he got the treasure but still executed Atahualpa. Hearing of this Rumiñahui took his forces towards the Northern Inca Capital of Quito, where it's believed he buried the gold then he heard that the Spanish forces were marching towards Ecuador to capture him. So he decided to burn Quito to the ground to take the glory away from the Spanish of taking the city, then he took the Sun Virgins and killed them to preserve their purity. Then he prepared his army for the battle.
Pizarro sent his lieutenant Sebastián de Belalcázar to capture Rumiñahui, take the gold as well as the city of Quito. While in Ecuador, Rumiñahui rallied his forces and marched them south. Both forces met at the valley of Mount Chimborazo. Neither the Spanish or the Incas had the upper hand at the beginning but then Rumiñahui's army started beating the Spanish back even though the Spanish possessed guns and cannons, Belalcázar was about to retreat so he wouldn't have a lot of casualties, but then the volcano erupted so the Incas saw it as an omen from the gods so they started to run away. This battle was the last stand of the Incas before the fall of the Empire. Eventually, Rumiñahui was captured and tortured but he would not reveal where the gold was hidden. He took the knowledge of the treasure's location to his grave. The Spanish never found it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mount_Chimborazo&oldid=545029044"	Categories: Battles involving SpainBattles involving the Inca EmpireSpanish conquests in the AmericasConflicts in 1534Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from August 2008All articles lacking sourcesEcuador articles missing geocoordinate dataAll articles needing coordinates	Navigation menu
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EP0842568B1 - Adaptive despreader - Google Patents
EP0842568B1
EP0842568B1 EP19960927283 EP96927283A EP0842568B1 EP 0842568 B1 EP0842568 B1 EP 0842568B1 EP 19960927283 EP19960927283 EP 19960927283 EP 96927283 A EP96927283 A EP 96927283A EP 0842568 B1 EP0842568 B1 EP 0842568B1
EP19960927283
EP0842568A1 (en
1995-07-31 Priority to US509722 priority Critical
1995-07-31 Priority to US08/509,722 priority patent/US5692006A/en
1996-07-31 Application filed by Qualcomm Inc filed Critical Qualcomm Inc
1996-07-31 Priority to PCT/US1996/012531 priority patent/WO1997005709A1/en
1998-05-20 Publication of EP0842568A1 publication Critical patent/EP0842568A1/en
2004-10-13 Publication of EP0842568B1 publication Critical patent/EP0842568B1/en
However, CDMA has significant advantages over these modulation techniques for multiple access communication systems. The use of CDMA techniques in a multiple access communication system is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,901,307, entitled "SPREAD SPECTRUM MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING SATELLITE OR TERRESTRIAL REPEATERS", and U.S. Patent No. 5,103,459, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING SIGNAL WAVEFORMS IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM", both are assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and both are incorporated by reference herein.
The deleterious effects of fading can be controlled somewhat by controlling transmitter power in the CDMA system. A system for cell-site and mobile unit power control is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,056,109, entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING TRANSMISSION POWER IN A CDMA CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM" assigned to the Assignee of the present invention. Furthermore, the effect of multipath fading can be reduced in the hand-off mode when the mobile unit is transitioning between cell-site service area with the mobile unit communicating cell-sites during the hand-off process. The hand-off scheme is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,101,501, entitled "SOFT HANDOFF IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM", assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
The existence of multipaths can provide path diversity to a wideband CDMA system. If two or more paths are available with greater than one microsecond differential path delay, two or more receivers can be employed to separately receive the signals. Since these signals will typically exhibit independence in multipath fading (i.e., they usually do not fade together), the outputs of the two receivers can be diversity combined. A method and apparatus for implementing a combining receiver of this sort is described in detail in U.S. Patent No. 5,109,390, entitled "DIVERSITY RECEIVER IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM", assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
European Patent Publication No. 0 658 985 A2 "NEC Corporation" discloses a CDMA Signal Receiving Apparatus For A Base Station. The apparatus comprises a spread spectrum demodulation section which has a plurality of channel signaling processing sections and a common signal processing section. Each of the channel signal processing sections receives a digital spread spectrum modulated base band signal and performs both equalisation and de-spreading.
The present invention as laid out in the appendent claims is a novel and improved method and apparatus for enhancing the performance of direct sequence spread spectrum receivers in the presence of unresolved multipath fading. The present invention is an alternative to the diversity receiver structure, described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 5,101,501, for direct sequence spread spectrum receivers. The present invention is similar in function to the diversity receiver, but it has the advantages of simplicity and improved performance in the presence of unresolved multipath. It is also more appropriate for high data rate systems, which may be desirable in indoor applications. Its novelty lies in the incorporation of a despreading and re-spreading operation within a traditional adaptive equalizer.
The multipath propagation channels found in indoor environments in the 800 to 2000 MHz range typically have rather short delay spreads. The spread can range from approximately 20 ns to 300 ns depending on the size of the building, the nature and design of the walls, and other factors. The diversity receivers that are used for direct sequence reception in the cellular outdoor environment are most effective when the delays between multipath components are large compared to a spreading sequence chip. In the standardized CDMA design, as described in detail in the aforementioned U.S. Patent Nos. 4,901,307 and 5,103,459, the chip duration is approximately 800 ns long. The long chip duration relative to the delay spread means that only one demodulated signal of the diversity receiver will be useful. Moreover, the unresolved multipath will lead to flat Rayleigh fading of the output from that one demodulated signal of the diversity receiver. Thus, the diversity receiver gain that is possible with longer delays is not achieved.
The exemplary implementation of the present invention is used in demodulating a pilot channel. A pilot channel is channel used to provide basic timing synchronization information and carries no data. The use and implementation of a pilot channel is described in detail in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 5,103,459. The present invention can be use in demodulating other information channels with minor modifications.
FIG. 1 shows the novel adaptive despreader structure which permits equalization of the broadband channel. Not illustrated in FIG. 1 is a receiver which down converts in frequency the spread spectrum signal and converts it to a digital baseband signal as is well known in the art. The adaptive despreader 100 is comprised of: transversal filter 101, least means squares (LMS) tap updating circuit 103 and symbol estimation, despreading and re-spreading circuitry 121. Adaptive despreader 100 is illustrated as comprised of discrete elements. In the exemplary embodiment, adaptive despreader 100 is implemented in a microprocessor or micro-controller programmed to perform the functions described. Though FIG. 1 does not illustrate a separate timing block it should be noted that such clock timing is typically provided within a microprocessor or micro-controller or could be provided by an independent timing source.
The current sample R(n) and output of each of delay elements 102, 104, 106 and 108 are respectively provided to multipliers 110, 112, 114, 116 and 118. In multipliers 110, 112, 114, 116 and 118, the sample values are weighted by weighting tap values w1, w2,w3, w4 and w5, respectively, which are computed by LMS tap updating circuit 103, described later herein. Each of the weighted sample values are provided to summer (Σ) 146. Summer 146 sums each of the weighted sample values to generate the output value, Sn. Summer 146 outputs the filtered values Sn at the chip rate, that is one per chip period.
The output chip from transversal filter 101, Sn, is provided to symbol estimation, despreading and re-spreading circuitry 121. The output chip, Sn, is provided to multiplier 120. In multiplier 120 the input filtered chips Sn are multiplied by binary digits of a pseudo random sequence provided by pseudo random sequence (PRS) generator 132 at the chip rate. The product of multiplier 120 is provided to symbol estimator 122. Symbol estimator 122 integrates the results of the outputs from multiplier 120 over a symbol period, which is greater than the chip period, in order to generate the despread symbol. Symbol estimator 122 may be formed from a digital integrator well known in the art. Symbol estimator 122 may also provide a symbol mapping, where the integrated chip values provide a first symbol estimate which maps into soft symbol by a predetermined mapping. A typical mapping is the Hadamard transform mapping.
The despreading operation yields a low-pass signal component corresponding to the data modulation present in the original transmitted signal of interest. Interference from other stations will not be compressed by the pseudonoise multiplication and will remain a wideband waveform as is described in detail in the aforementioned U.S. Patent Nos. 4,901,307 and 5,103,459.
Symbol estimator 122 operates on the output of summer 146. Symbol estimator 122 filters or otherwise processes the samples from transversal filter 101 and generates an estimate of the modulation symbol which was transmitted during each symbol period. Normally, a large number of chips affect each symbol, reflecting the large ratio of spreading bandwidth to data rate. This symbol estimator output is labeled 'soft symbol' in FIG. 1.
The soft symbols are further processed by decision circuit 124. The output of decision circuit 124 is a complex value which is a reconstruction of the original transmitted modulation symbol. In the case of demodulating a pilot signal, that symbol is represented by a single complex number, such as 1 + 0j. In the case of demodulating a pilot signal, decision circuit 124 is a comparator where the integrated chip values provided by symbol estimator 122 are compared to a constant. This implementation of decision circuit 124 is useful in generating an unmodulated pilot estimate. On the other hand, decision circuit 124 may be a complex circuit such as a Viterbi decoder which supplies re-encoded channel symbols as a result of its final decisions.
The structure of decision circuit 124 can have different implementations depending on its application. IN the exemplary embodiment, where a substantial portion of the forward link power is devoted to a spread but otherwise unmodulated pilot, the transmitted symbol is known a priori to be a constant. So the output of decision circuit 124 does not depend on the received signal at all, but is simply a constant, such as 1 + j0. Thus, the soft symbols are short term averages of the despreader output, and the symbol errors are differences between those short term averages and the constant target.
The delays shown in FIG. 1 are there to bring the decision error feedback into time alignment with the channel samples. They are, therefore, approximately one symbol in duration. Typical symbol periods are 52.1µs. on the forward link and 208.3 µs on the reverse link. The spreading code delay need remember only two bits per chip, or 128 and 512 bits. Thus, the signal samples, at 8X oversampling and 4 bits for I and Q would need 8192 and 32768 bits, respectively.
In a system with code rate p, m-ary modulation, and data rate R, the symbol period is given by: Tsymb=ρ·log2m R . So the delay in terms of samples are computed as: Tsymb·fchip=ρ·log2m·fchip·S R , where S is the oversampling ratio for the signal.
One can compute the number of taps needed in transversal filter 101 in terms of the total delay span of the multipath signals. Thus, if the delay span is set at 200 nanoseconds, then at this sampling rate of 20 MHz the number of taps can be computed as: 200 ns • 20 MHz + 1 ≥ 5 taps will be necessary.
The success of this scheme depends on the adaptation speed being fast enough to follow the short term changes in apparent multipath, mostly due to motion of the handset. For a handheld unit the rate of change at 1800 MHz and 3 m/s (6.7 mph) can be estimated to be about 2fv/c = 36 nulls/sec, or about 28 ms between nulls. This suggests that the adaptation time should be no more than a few hundred microseconds for the scheme to be successful. At vehicular speeds the time is reduced by about a factor of 10, or about 2.8 ms.
The outputs from delay elements 176, 168, 170, 172 and 174 are provided to multipliers 158, 160, 162, 164 and 166, respectively. The output of multipliers 158, 160, 162, 164 and 166 are provided to a first input of summers 148, 150, 152, 154 and 156, respectively. The outputs from summing elements 148, 150, 152, 154 and 156 are provided to delay elements 136, 138, 140, 142 and 144. The second input to summers 148, 150, 152, 154 and 156 is a single sample delayed output of each of the respective summers 136, 138, 140, 142 and 144. Delay elements 136, 138, 140, 142 and 144 delay the input sample by a single sampling period. The outputs from delay elements 136, 138, 140, 142 and 144 are provided as the tap values to transversal filter 101 as provided to multipliers 110,112,114,116 and 118, respectively.
An adaptive despreader comprising:
transversal filter means (101) for receiving input samples and filtering said input samples in accordance with a set of adaptive filter tap values to provide filtered chip values, characterised by further comprising;
de-spreading and deciding means (120, 122, 124, 132) for receiving said filtered chip values and de-spreading said filtered chip values in accordance with a direct sequence spread spectrum format to provide a first estimated symbol and for generating a second estimated symbol in accordance with a predetermined hard decision format;
error calculator means (126) for receiving said first estimated symbol and said second estimated symbol and for generating an error signal from said first estimated symbol and said second estimated symbol;
spreading means (128) for receiving said error signal and for spread spectrum spreading said error signal in accordance with said spread spectrum format to provide a re-spread error signal; and
tap adapting means (103) for adapting said adaptive tap values in accordance with said re-spread error signal.
The adaptive despreader of Claim 1 wherein said transversal filter means (101) is a finite impulse response (FIR) filter.
The adaptive despreader of Claim 1 wherein said de-spreading and deciding means (120, 122, 124, 132) comprises:
symbol estimator means (122) for generating a first symbol estimate from said filtered chip values; and
hard decision means (124) for generating a hard symbol estimate from said first symbol estimate in accordance with said predetermined hard decision format.
The adaptive despreader of Claim 3 wherein said hard decision means (124) comprises a comparator circuit.
The adaptive despreader of Claim 3 wherein said hard decision means (124) comprises a Viterbi decoder.
The adaptive despreader of Claim 3 wherein said de-spreading and deciding means (120, 122, 124, 132) further comprises:
pseudo random sequence generator means (132) for generating a pseudo random sequence; and
multiplier means (120) for receiving said filtered chip values and for receiving said pseudo random sequence and for multiplying said filtered chip values by said pseudo random sequence to provide a product sequence.
The adaptive despreader of Claim 1 wherein said transversal filter means (101) is adapted to update said tap values in accordance with a least means square (LMS) tap adaptation format.
The adaptive despreader of Claim 6 wherein said symbol estimator means (122) is adapted to integrate said product sequence to provide a de-spread sequence.
The adaptive despreader of Claim 8 wherein said symbol estimator means (122) is further adapted to map said de-spread sequence to a second sequence according to a predetermined mapping format.
The adaptive despreader of Claim 9 wherein said mapping format is a Hadamard transform.
The adaptive despreader of Claim 1 wherein said transversal filter means (101) comprises a transversal filter having a first input for receiving input samples and having a second input for receiving tap update values and having an output;
said error calculator means (126) comprises an error calculator having an input coupled to said transversal filter output and having an output for providing said error signal; and
said tap adapting means (103) comprises a tap update calculator having a first input coupled to said error calculator output and having an output coupled to said second transversal filter input.
The adaptive despreader to Claim 11 wherein said despreading and deciding means comprises:
a symbol estimator (122) having an input and an output;
a decision circuit (124) having an input coupled to said symbol estimator output;
and said error calculator means comprises:
a subtractor having a first input coupled to said symbol estimator output and a second input coupled to said decision circuit output and having an output.
The adaptive despreader of Claim 12 wherein said error calculator further comprises a de-spreader having an input coupled to said transversal filter output coupled to said symbol estimator input.
A method for adaptively dispreading a spread spectrum signal comprising the steps of:
filtering said input samples with a transversal filter having a set of adaptive filter tap values to provide filtered chip values;
characterised by the further steps of de-spreading said filtered chip values in accordance with a direct sequence spread spectrum format to provide a first estimated symbol;
generating a second estimated symbol in accordance with a predetermined hard decision format
generating an error signal from said first estimated symbol and second estimated symbol spreading said error signal in accordance with a predetermined spread spectrum format to provide a re-spread error signal; and
adapting said adaptive tap values in accordance with said re-spread error signal.
The method of Claim 14 wherein said step of filtering comprises finite impulse response (FIR) filtering said input samples.
The method of Claim 14 wherein said step of de-spreading said filtered chip values comprises a step of
generating a first symbol estimate in accordance with said filtered chip values; and said step of generating a second estimated symbol comprises a step of generating a hard symbol estimate from said first symbol estimate in accordance with said predetermined hard decision format.
The method of Claim 16 wherein said step of generating a hard symbol estimate comprises a comparing said first symbol estimate to a set of threshold values.
The method of Claim 16 wherein said step of generating a hard symbol estimate comprises Viterbi decoding said first symbol estimate.
The method of Claim 16 wherein said step of de-spreading further comprises:
The method of Claim 14 further comprising updating said tap values in accordance with a least means square (LMS) tap adaptation format.
The method of Claim 19 wherein said step of de-spreading further comprises integrating said product sequence to provide a de-spread sequence.
The method of Claim 21 wherein said step of de-spreading further comprises mapping said de-spread sequence to a second sequence according to a predetermined mapping format.
The method of Claim 22 wherein said mapping format is a Hadamard transform.
EP19960927283 1995-07-31 1996-07-31 Adaptive despreader Expired - Lifetime EP0842568B1 (en)
US509722 1995-07-31
EP0842568A1 EP0842568A1 (en) 1998-05-20
EP0842568B1 true EP0842568B1 (en) 2004-10-13
EP19960927283 Expired - Lifetime EP0842568B1 (en) 1995-07-31 1996-07-31 Adaptive despreader
EP0973264B1 (en) * 1998-07-13 2006-09-13 Hewlett-Packard Company, A Delaware Corporation Decoding chip streams
US5692006A (en) 1997-11-25
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Jackson Riley: because it can't all be etsy posts and pretty things.
this is important. i could get all sappy with going-ons about equal rights, justice, and freedom. i could quote famous human right activists. or i could just turn it over to dan savage (via the stranger) because he's so darn eloquent:
E-mail, call, and fax Itawamba Schools superintendent Teresa McNeece (tmcneece@itawamba.k12.ms.us, phone 662-862-2159 ext. 14, fax 662-862-4713) and Itawamba Agricultural principal Trae Wiygul (twiygul@itawamba.k12.ms.us, 662-862-3104). Then join the Facebook page "Let Constance Take Her Girlfriend to Prom." And, finally, make donations to the Mississippi Safe Schools Coalition (www.mssafeschools.org), which is organizing an alternate prom that will welcome all students, and make a larger donation to the ACLU LGBT Project (www.tinyurl.com/yl9mvkb). Call, write, fax, donate. Constance needs to know that there are people all over the world who are on her side. And, more importantly, Itawamba County Schools needs to know that we're not going to let them get away with this. Be respectful, but be relentless. Let's show these bigots what a real distraction looks like. Get 'em. End Dan Savage. Enter me. This makes me so sad: it shouldn't be acceptable to only 'come out' as an adult. It robs our LGBT community of their youth, and taking youth away from someone is one of the most cruel acts a society can impose. If we don't teach inclusion to our children, if we don't say that rights apply to all people, not just some, we are doing ourselves a huge disservice. If we remain quiet because it isn't polite to discuss contentious things, than we are refusing to acknowledge the beauty that comes from a society where people are accepted and judged for what they contribute to the world, not who they take to the prom.

value: Blogger is an American online content management system (CMS) which enables multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. Pyra Labs developed it before being acquired by Google in 2003.


text:
Simple Smile Saturday (Dec-3) – JaimeKristal: Tales of a Book Lover
Author JaimeKristalPosted on December 22, 2012 December 22, 2012 Categories Simple Smile SaturdayTags birthday, david pilling, martin bolton, Musa Publishing, sorrow, the gelded wolf
Previous Previous post: Book Review: The Grimm Legacy by Polly Shulman
Next Next post: Teaser Tuesday (Jan-1)


text:
The Wind Up Bird Chronicle, Media, ACLU to argue against censorship at Guantánamo
Media, ACLU to argue against censorship at Guantánamo →
The newspaper groups represented in their separate brief call themselves “the press objectors.” Besides The Herald and its owners, The McClatchy Company, they include ABC Inc., the Associated Press, Bloomberg News, CBS Broadcasting Inc., Fox News Network, National Public Radio, The New York Times, The New Yorker, Reuters, Tribune Company, Wall Street Journal and Washington Post.
The media motion calls the government’s protective order “overly broad” in its bid to shield CIA activities from public scrutiny.
“The First Amendment allows commission proceedings to be closed only upon a specific finding of a “substantial probability” of harm to national security or some equally compelling governmental interest,” First Amendment lawyer David Schulz wrote in the press objectors’ motion filed on May 16.
The start of the trial itself is at least a year away.

value: Tumblr (stylized as tumblr and pronounced "tumbler") is an American microblogging and social networking website founded by David Karp in 2007 and currently owned by Automattic. The service allows users to post multimedia and other content to a short-form blog.


text:
Joey and Debbie's Travels: Snowshoeing???
Debbie asked me what I thought I might do for Christmas. Hummmmm......... I decided to count may blessings for the last year. Easy, I thought at first, then quickly I realized that I don't have enough fingers, hummmmm, and I almost immediately ran out of toes. I realized I needed as more legs than a millipede!!! So, I ask Debbie if she thought she would like to go up to Lone Pine State Park and and photograph the Flathead Valley to send everyone some photos of where we live now. She said that sounded good so we dressed like penguins and loaded our camera gear and headed out. As we turned onto the Park road, the scenery was awesome.
When we got up to the Nature Center I snapped a photo of the snow covered trees with the Picnic Table to show how much snow had fallen. After changing to our boots in the Nature Center, (who wants to do that outside in the snow), we headed out on the trail to the overlooks. The Scenery is breathtaking!
Here you notice the tree tops are below me and almost close enough to touch.
This photo is looking Southeast across the Flathead Valley. Flathead Lake is visible in the distance.
Looking across the Flathead Valley at the Swan Mountain Range (almost due East). Downtown Kalispell is at the left edge of the photo.
This Photo shows the smoke coming from the smoke stacks at the Lumber Mill in Columbia Falls.
Our lot is almost directly in line with the V-notch in the mountains, just this side of it. That notch is the place the Flathead River comes out of the mountains. The mountain on the left of the notch is Teakettle Mountain and on the right is Columbia Falls Mountain. Downtown Kalispell is in the lower right of the photo.
This view is looking North toward Whitefish. The Whitefish Mountain is where most of the skiing is done in this area... almost in the center of the photo.
When we returned to the Nature Center, the person there must have been out in the cold a bit too much as he insisted we try Snowshoeing! What was wrong with him! He new we had just hiked a trail in the deep snow. But he was very insistent so we thought we would appease him and try on a pair. (as they rent them there and he must have been getting a commission) And it was a balmy 5 degrees out! Did you ever try to walk with a piece of sheet metal barn roofing tied to each foot? Well, with much prodding from Debbie and the Nature Center tyrant, I relented and we started off. Again, I can't say it enough, the scenery was breathtaking!
So, not long after we started out, I found Snowshoeing to be not too bad............ Hummm......
Debbie seemed to be quite happy with all this plodding through the snow. Sometimes I wonder about her.......
The trail was awesome, so we just kept going. I thought she would have frozen by now, but she was practically jogging up the trails! We climbed to the highest point on the trail and could see the Snow covered peaks of the Mountains in Glacier National Park! WOW!
The trails became more awesome as we went and I began to think maybe I was enjoying this! But far from it for me let that be known! So I tried not to smile but that did not work well either.........
You can tell I was trying very hard to maintain my composure. All went well, except as Debbie was leading ahead of me, somehow, still not sure how, I apparently tripped, (so very unusual for me) and fell. Fortunately, Debbie had her back to me and was not paying attention for if she had gotten a photo of this I would have not been able to show my face in public! Oddly, I had not thought to ask (I would have never asked!) how to get up if you fall down. With a bit of woodsman wisdom that I have acquired over the years, I was able to figure it out and got to my feet and dusted myself off before Debbie bothered to notice. (Before he FINALLY caught up with me!) Hopefully she won't read this blog and find out. (Too Late) Of course nobody else reads these, so I feel I am quite safe rambling along about this embarrassing little detail.
So, we headed back down the trail to the Nature Center.
The scenery had to be experienced to be believed. My words cannot begin to express what it was like.
As we approached the Nature Center, we noticed we were almost overheated. An awesome experience, even at 5 degrees, we found Snowshoeing to be a great form of exercise for us. We plan to do it often this winter.
Posted by Joseph Ashby at 6:50 PM


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Fashion Trainers Men's Shoes | eBay Please enable JavaScript Our new search experience requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please enable JavaScript on your browser, then try again.
Fashion Trainers Men's Shoes
This page was last updated: 26-Jul 10:36. Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date. See each listing for international postage options and costs.


text:
Meet 9-yr-old Indian American Mensa boy who's working on college degree - Yahoo! News India
Meet 9-yr-old Indian American Mensa boy who's working on college degreeBy ANI | ANI – Fri 6 Jul, 2012
London, July 6 (ANI): A nine-year-old Indian American boy is already working on earning his college degree. Tanishq Abraham was inducted into genius society Mensa at the age of 4, and scored in the 99.9 percentile on a standardized intelligence test.
"I'll make the United States more healthy for us and more efficient," he added. (ANI)
Explore Related ContentIndian American wins awards in US varsityIndian American Vivek Ranadive buys US basketball teamIndian-American woman running for US city councilIndian American surgeon to discuss 'Obamacare' impact on IndiaRenowned Indian American health expert Mukesh Hariawala to address India …Indian-origin man in Singapore jailedIndian-origin student in Singapore jailedBoy genius diagnosed with autism found to have IQ higher than EinsteinIndian-origin woman in Trinidad seeks government securityIndian-American lawmaker joins Sikh caucus'Sinister' quest for gold lands man 20 years' prisonIndian-origin doctors to meet in ChicagoObama speaks about fatherless childhood at stop in BaltimoreFarrah Abraham signs six figure endorsement deal

value: Yahoo (, styled as yahoo!) is an American web services provider. It is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California and operated by the namesake Yahoo!


text:
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} .blog-feeds a:visited, .post-feeds a:visited { color: #444444; } .blog-feeds a:hover, .post-feeds a:hover { color: #cccccc; } .post-outer .comments { margin-top: 2em; } /* Footer ----------------------------------------------- */ .footer-outer { margin: -0 0 -1px; padding: 0 0 0; color: #ffffff; overflow: hidden; } .footer-fauxborder-left { border-top: 1px solid #222222; background: #000000 none repeat scroll 0 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); -goog-ms-box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); margin: 0 -0; } /* Mobile ----------------------------------------------- */ *+html body.mobile .main-inner .column-center-inner { margin-top: 0; } .mobile .main-inner { padding-top: 0; } .mobile .main-inner .widget { padding: 0 0 15px; } .mobile .main-inner .widget h2 + div, .mobile .footer-inner .widget h2 + div { border-top: none; padding-top: 0; } .mobile .footer-inner .widget h2 { padding: 0.5em 0; border-bottom: none; 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} .mobile .main-inner .widget .widget-content { margin: 0; padding: 7px 0 0; } .mobile .main-inner .column-center-inner, .mobile .main-inner .column-left-inner, .mobile .main-inner .column-right-inner { padding: 0; } .mobile .main-inner .column-left-inner, .mobile .main-inner .column-right-inner { background: transparent none repeat 0 0; -moz-box-shadow: none; -webkit-box-shadow: none; -goog-ms-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; } .mobile .date-posts { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .mobile .post-outer { margin: 0; padding: 10px; } .mobile .footer-fauxborder-left { margin: 0; } .mobile .main-inner .section:last-child .Blog:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } .mobile .mobile-link-button { background: #444444 none repeat-x scroll 0 -100px; } .mobile-link-button a:link, .mobile-link-button a:visited { color: #ffffff; } .post-labels { height: 0px; visibility: hidden; display: none; } -->
Backstage pass: Oil and glitters everywhere
The Bench male and female models heating up the backstage