Thank you for your detailed response. I'm embarrassed to admit that it turned out to be a simple fix, and I wish I had thought of it sooner. All I had to do was disable the SATA ports that were not reported correctly to Windows (via Setup) and reboot, then go back into Setup and re-enable the ports so the change would be reported to Windows and then reboot. Took a lot of re-booting into Setup and then Windows to accomplish my task of cloning a drive for a laptop (switching drives in and out), but I got done what I needed and all systems are operating properly. 
My Optiplex 3010 SATA ports were originally configured with an HDD and a DVD (2 of 4 ports used). I have previously reconfigured the SATA ports to add a cloned SSD and reuse the (cleaned) HDD as a data drive (now 3 of 4 ports used). The Optiplex recognized the reconfigured SATA ports and all was fine for over a year. I recently temporarily reconfigured the SATA ports to clone another SSD for a different computer (using it's HDD), but while the Optiplex System Setup recognizes the SATA ports correctly, Windows 10 does not see the reconfigured drives. I never relocated the boot drive, so Win 10 always boots and sees the C-drive, but I can't get Win 10 to "see" the other drives, even when I reconfigured the SATA ports back to the last working configuration (Dell System Setup always correctly sees the changes). Can anybody tell me how to get Windows 10 to recognize the drives on the other SATA ports? Thanks.     
OptiPlex 3010 SATA drive recognition problem in Win 10