I did some more searching and the R410 manual is explicit about what the E171F error is—reseating the PCIe card (as well as the riser it was attached to and the daughter card on it) resolved the issue.
Seeing the error in the subject: E171F PCIe fatal error on bus 0 device 0 function 0. The machine will not boot correctly after power on so I cannot use device manager to identify what specific device is causing the issue. I do have an SCCM HW inventory but am not turning anything up there. I am new to hardware sysadmin things—any advice on where to start?
R410 E171F PCIe fatal error on bus 0 device 0 function 0