If anyone runs into the same issue, we were able to resolve it by removing the PERC 6/E controller for the duration of the Windows Server upgrade process. The controller was added back in once the upgrade was complete without any issue. Thanks again to those who provided ideas.
With Windows Server 2008 R2 at end of life, we're attempting to upgrade our R510 server to Windows Server 2012 R2. The server functions exclusively as a SQL Server (also version 2008 R2). After disabling all SQL Server-related services we attempted an in-place upgrade, but are receiving a SYSTEM THREAD EXCEPTION NOT HANDLED screen just about a minute after the server begins the actual upgrade work after rebooting. The only change to hardware we've made from the original configuration was adding a PERC 6/E controller from a previous server to preserve access to an attached storage device, but that controller appears to be supported in WS 2012 R2. OS installation isn't really my area of expertise, so if anyone would be so kind as to point me to where I might need to look to figure out why this isn't working, I'd very much appreciate it. Thank you.
PowerEdge R510 Windows 2012 R2 upgrade fails