Item 1.
Business
Introduction and History
Manpower Inc. is the world leader in innovative workforce solutions and services. Our global network of nearly 3,900 offices in 82 countries and territories allows us to meet the needs of our clients in all industry segments, whether they are global, multinational or local companies. We create power that drives organizations forward, accelerates personal success and builds more sustainable communities. We power the world of work.
By offering a complete range of workforce solutions and services, we can help any company - no matter where they are in their business evolution - raise productivity, improve strategy, quality, efficiency and cost reduction across their total workforce to achieve their business goals. Manpower Inc. provides a comprehensive suite of high-impact innovative workforce solutions and services for the entire business cycle including:
• Recruitment and Assessment - By leveraging our trusted brand, vertical knowledge and expertise, we know what talent looks like and where to find it; and we have built a deeper talent pool to provide our clients access to the people they need faster. Through our world-leading assessments, we gain a deeper understanding of the people we serve, allowing us to truly identify a candidate’s potential, resulting in a better cultural match.
• Training and Development - We effectively and efficiently assess and develop skills, keeping our associates ahead of the curve so they can get the job done each time every time. We offer extensive training courses and leader development solutions for clients to maximize talent and optimize performance.
• Career Management - Right Management, the global leader in Talent and Career Management workforce solutions, engages consultants that value and understand the human side of business, making meaningful impact on both the people and organizations we serve. The countercyclical nature of the career transition industry helps strengthen our portfolio during down economic cycles.
• Outsourcing - Manpower Business Solutions (MBS) provides clients with outsourcing services related to human resources functions primarily in the areas of large-scale recruiting and workforce-intensive initiatives that are outcome-based, thereby sharing in the risk and reward with our clients. MBS includes Talent Based Outsourcing (TBO), Managed Service Programs (MSP), Borderless Talent Solutions (BTS) and Recruitment Process Outsourcing (RPO), where we are one of the largest providers of permanent and contingent recruitment in the world.
• Workforce Consulting - We are the global leader in innovative workforce solutions. We help clients create and align their workforce strategy to achieve their business strategy, increasing business agility and personal flexibility and accelerating personal and business success.
This comprehensive and diverse business mix allows us to mitigate the cyclical effects of the national economies in which we operate.
Our leadership position also allows us to be a center for quality employment opportunities for people at all points in their career paths. In 2010, we connected 3.5 million people to opportunities and purpose, who worked to help our more than 400,000 clients meet their business objectives. Seasoned professionals, temporary to permanent, skilled laborers, mothers returning to work, elderly persons wanting to supplement pensions and disabled individuals - all turn to the Manpower group of companies for employment possibilities. Similarly, governments of the nations in which we operate look to us to help reduce unemployment and train the unemployed with the skills they need to enter the workforce. We provide a bridge to employment, building more sustainable communities. We have a unique ability to connect our deep understanding of human potential to the ambition of business so that organizations and individuals can capitalize on unseen opportunities and achieve more than they imagined.
We, and our predecessors, have been in business since 1948, with shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange since 1967.
Our Internet address is www.manpower.com. We make available through our Internet website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, we also make available through our Internet website:
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our articles of incorporation and bylaws;
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our Manpower Code of Business Conduct and Ethics;
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our Corporate Governance Guidelines;
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the charters of the Audit, Executive Compensation and Nominating and Governance Committees of the Board of Directors;
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our guidelines for selecting board candidates;
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our categorical standards for relationships deemed not to impair independence of non-employee directors;
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our policy on services provided by independent auditors; and
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our regular update on corporate social responsibility.
Documents available on the website are also available in print for any shareholder who requests them. Requests may be made by writing to Mr. Kenneth C. Hunt, Secretary, Manpower Inc., 100 Manpower Place, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212. We are not including the information contained on or available through our website as a part of, or incorporating such information by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our Operations
Americas
In the Americas, our operations are carried out through both branch and franchise offices. The total Americas segment had 872 branch and 204 franchise offices. In the U.S., where we earned 69% of the Americas’ revenue, we had 592 branch and 184 franchise offices as of December 31, 2010, as well as on-site locations at clients with significant permanent, temporary and contract recruitment requirements. In Mexico and Central America, we had 96 branch and 5 franchise offices and in the South American Region, we had 152 branch and 9 franchise offices. We provide a number of central support services to our branches and franchises, which enable us to maintain consistent service quality throughout the region regardless of whether an office is a branch or franchise. In the U.S., we provide client invoicing and payroll processing of our contingent workers for all branch offices and some of our franchise offices through administrative centers managed by our Milwaukee headquarters.
Our franchise agreements provide the franchisee with the right to use the Manpower® or Manpower Professional® service mark and associated marks in a specifically defined exclusive territory. In the United States, franchise fees range from 2-3% of franchise sales. Our franchise agreements provide that in the event of a proposed sale of a franchise to a third party, we have the right to repurchase the franchise at the same price and on the same terms as proposed by the third party. We exercise this right and intend to continue to do so in the future if opportunities arise with appropriate prices and terms.
In the Americas, our Manpower operations provide a variety of workforce solutions and services, including permanent, temporary and contract recruitment, assessment and selection, training, recruitment process outsourcing, managed service solutions and outsourcing. During 2010 in this segment, approximately 32% of temporary and contract recruitment revenues were derived from placing office staff, 38% from placing industrial staff and 30% from placing professional and technical staff. For our U.S. operations in 2010, approximately 22% of the temporary and contract recruitment revenues were derived from placing office staff, 44% from placing industrial staff and 34% from placing professional and technical staff.
On April 5, 2010, we acquired COMSYS IT Partners, Inc. (“COMSYS”), a leading information technology (“IT”) services company. COMSYS has been integrated with our Manpower Professional IT business unit. These operations provide a full range of specialized IT staffing and project implementation services, including website development and integration, application programming and development, client/server development, systems software architecture and design, systems engineering and systems integration.
Jefferson Wells, which is now included within our Americas reportable segment, delivers professional services in the areas of risk advisory, tax, and finance and accounting through highly experienced professionals who have significant practical, hands-on experience.
The professional services industry for both COMSYS and Jefferson Wells is highly competitive and comprised of mid-level consulting firms, specialty consulting boutique firms and public accounting firms. Competitors for these kinds of services include Ajilon Consulting, CDI, Computer Task Group, Grant Thorton, Huron Consulting, Kforce, Protiviti, RCM Technologies, Resources Global Professionals, Robert Half, Spherion, TEKsystems, and “Big Four” accounting firms.
To complement our core staffing and professional services, we also provide additional business solution services such as MSP.
We also conduct business in the Americas under our Right Management brand, which will be discussed further in this section.
France
We are a leading workforce solutions and service provider in France. We conduct our operations in France and the surrounding region through 865 branch offices under the name of Manpower and 99 branch offices under the name Supplay.
The employment services market in France calls for a wide range of our services including permanent, temporary and contract recruitment, assessment and selection, and training. The temporary recruitment market is predominately focused on recruitment for industrial positions. In 2010, we derived approximately 67% of our temporary recruitment revenues in France from the supply of industrial staff, 17% from the supply of construction workers and 16% from the supply of office staff.
We also conduct business in France under our Elan and Right Management brands, which are discussed further in the following sections.
EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa excluding France)
We are a leading provider of permanent, temporary and contract recruitment, assessment and selection, training and outsourcing services throughout Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Our largest operations are in Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Collectively, we operate through 1,363 branch offices and 51 franchise offices in this region. We have 47 franchise offices in Switzerland, where we own 49% of the franchise.
Manpower Italy, the largest operation in the EMEA segment, comprising 15% of EMEA revenues, is a leading workforce solutions and services provider. As of December 31, 2010, Manpower Italy conducted operations through a network of 266 branch offices. It provides a comprehensive line of workforce solutions and services, including permanent, temporary and contract recruitment, assessment and selection, training and outsourcing. In 2010, approximately 2% of our temporary and contract recruitment revenues in Italy were derived from placing office staff, including contract center staff, 63% from placing industrial staff and 35% from placing professional and technical staff.
The second largest operation in this segment is Manpower U.K., comprising 11% of EMEA revenues. Manpower U.K. is a leading provider of workforce solutions and services in the United Kingdom. As of December 31, 2010, Manpower U.K. conducted operations in the United Kingdom under the Manpower and Professional brands through a network of 100 branch offices and also provided on-site services to clients who have significant permanent, temporary and contract recruitment requirements. During 2010, approximately 43% of Manpower U.K.’s temporary recruitment revenues were derived from the supply of office staff, 46% from the supply of industrial staff and 11% from the supply of technical staff.
We also own Brook Street Bureau PLC, or Brook Street, which operates through a total of 112 branch offices, separate from our other brands in the United Kingdom. Its core business is secretarial, office and light industrial recruitment. Brook Street operates as a local network of branches supported by a national head office and competes primarily with local or regional independents. Brook Street’s revenues are comprised of temporary and contract placements as well as permanent recruitment.
Also included in our EMEA operations is Elan, which is a leading IT and technical recruitment firm. In addition to IT and technical recruitment, Elan provides managed service solutions to clients, which enable them to recruit personnel efficiently and achieve ongoing cost savings. Elan provides services in 17 countries, with the largest operations in the United Kingdom.
For our EMEA operations in total during 2010, approximately 22% of temporary and contract recruitment revenues were derived from placing office staff, 39% from placing industrial staff and 39% from placing professional and technical staff.
We also conduct business in EMEA under our Jefferson Wells and Right Management brands. Right Management operations are discussed further in the following section.
Asia Pacific
We operate through 211 branch offices in the Asia Pacific Region. The largest of these operations are located in Australia, China, India, Japan, and the Southeast Asia Region, all of which operate through branch offices. Our Asia Pacific operations provide a variety of workforce solutions and services, including permanent, temporary and contract recruitment, assessment and selection, training and outsourcing. During 2010, approximately 59% of our Asia Pacific temporary and contract recruitment revenues were derived from placing office staff, 12% from placing industrial staff and 29% from placing professional and technical staff.
We also conduct business in Asia Pacific under our Right Management brand. Right Management operations are discussed further in the following section.
Right Management
Right Management is the Talent and Career Management expert within Manpower and helps clients win by designing and executing workforce solutions that align talent strategy with business strategy. Our expertise spans Talent Assessment, Leader Development, Organizational Effectiveness, Employee Engagement, and Workforce Transition and Outplacement. Right Management has more than 200 service locations in 50 countries. Today, Right Management serves 80% of the Fortune 500 and over 70% of the Fortune Global 500 companies by helping them to grow talent, reduce costs, accelerate performance and realize their business goals.
Right Management’s Career Management capability includes Outplacement, Career Decision, Redeployment and Career Development solutions, designed to strategically mobilize and size workforces to meet client needs, while minimizing turnover and maintaining productivity.
Right Management’s Talent Management capability includes: Talent Assessment solutions that provide assessment and actionable feedback on current talent, to forecast for future business needs; Leader Development solutions focused on creating organizational capacity through careful grooming of a client’s most promising leader talent; Organizational Effectiveness solutions that facilitate the integration and alignment of the business strategy with a workable talent management strategy; and Employee Engagement solutions that help organizations identify the levels of engagement present within a given workforce population, set benchmarks by which to evaluate the level of engagement, and analysis to enable managers to understand and leverage the drivers of employee engagement unique to their organizations.
Competition
Introduction
We compete in the employment services industry by offering a complete range of services, including permanent, temporary and contract recruitment, assessment and selection, training, managed service solutions, outsourcing, consulting and professional services.
Our industry is large and fragmented, comprised of thousands of firms employing millions of people and generating billions of U.S. Dollars in annual revenues. It is also a highly competitive industry, reflecting several trends in the global marketplace such as the notably increasing demand for skilled people, employers’ desire for more flexible working models and consolidation among clients and in the employment services industry itself. We manage these trends by leveraging established strengths, including one of the employment services industry’s most recognized and respected brands; geographic diversification; size and service scope; an innovative product mix; and a strong client base. While staffing is an important aspect of our business, our strategy is focused on providing both the skilled employees our clients need and high-value workforce management, outsourcing and consulting solutions.
Client demand for workforce solutions and services is dependent on the overall strength of the labor market and secular trends toward greater workforce flexibility within each of the countries and territories in which we operate. Improving economic growth typically results in increasing demand for labor, resulting in greater demand for our staffing services. Correspondingly, during periods of weak economic growth or economic contraction, the demand for our staffing services typically declines, while demand for our outplacement services typically accelerates.
During the last several years, secular trends toward greater workforce flexibility have had a favorable impact on demand for our innovative workforce solutions and services around the world. As companies attempt to increase the variability of their cost base, the contemporary work solutions we provide help them to effectively address the fluctuating demand for their products or services. As the economy recovers we will play an increasing role, as the need for a robust workforce strategy and talent acquisition plan is critical due to the deep staff cuts many companies have made during the recession, particularly at large organizations.
Our client mix consists of both small- and medium-size businesses, which are based upon a local or regional relationship with our office network in each market, and large national/multinational client relationships, which comprised approximately 54% of our revenues in 2010. These large national and multinational clients will frequently enter into non-exclusive arrangements with several firms, with the ultimate choice among them being left to the local managers. As a result, employment services firms with a large network of offices compete most effectively for this business which generally has agreed-upon pricing or mark-up on services performed. Client relationships with small- and medium-size businesses tend to rely less upon longer-term contracts, and the competitors for this business are primarily locally-owned businesses.
Recruitment Services and Solutions Market
Our portfolio of recruitment services includes permanent, temporary and contract recruitment of professionals, as well as administrative and industrial positions. All of these services are provided under the Manpower group’s Manpower and Professional Resourcing brands.
We are preparing for the global expansion and acceleration of our Professional Resourcing business, particularly in the areas of Information, Communications and Technology (ICT), Engineering, and Finance and Accounting. These high-growth, high-profitability solutions, provide the mission critical in-demand skills our clients require. Professional Resourcing will be a critical revenue stream for us in the future, as we continue to build our brand and attract the talent our clients need as skills shortages rise.
MBS, a dedicated business unit within the Manpower group of companies, specializes in the delivery of customized workforce strategies and outcome-based solutions. Within MBS, our recruitment solutions and services also include our RPO offering, where we take on the management of customized, large-scale recruiting and workforce productivity initiatives for clients in an exclusive outsourcing contract. Through our RPO offering, MBS manages any part or all of a client's permanent recruiting and hiring processes, from job profiling to on-boarding, globally or in a single location. The global RPO market was approximately $1.9 billion in 2010 and is projected to grow to $2.8 billion by 2013. RPO accounts for approximately 4% of the overall Human Resource Outsourcing market. The MSP and RPO offerings provide specialty expertise in contingent workforce management and broader administrative functions. MSP services include overall program management, reporting and tracking, supplier selection and management and order distribution. TBO services include management of financial and administrative processes, including call center and customer service activities and accounting and payroll. BTS provides our clients with access to the world’s labor market and the expertise of Manpower’s global network. BTS services include the placement of candidates from one country to another country who best meet the qualifications sought by our clients. Our proven experience, process and digital and physical network allow us to drive the per hire cost savings down through an end-to-end recruitment process.
The temporary recruitment market throughout the world is large and highly fragmented with more than 15,000 firms competing throughout the world. In most areas, no single company has a dominant share of the temporary and contract recruitment market. In addition to us, the largest publicly owned companies specializing in recruitment services are Adecco, S.A. (Switzerland), Randstad Holding N.V. (Netherlands) and Kelly Services, Inc. (U.S.).
Historically, in periods of economic prosperity, the number of firms providing recruitment services has increased significantly due to the combination of a favorable economic climate and low barriers to entry. Recessionary periods generally result in a reduction in the number of competitors through consolidation and closures; however, historically this reduction has proven to be for a limited time as the following periods of economic recovery have led to a return in growth in the number of competitors. As we projected, due to the difficult economic environment, we saw many of our smaller, local competitors struggle, with many national markets consolidating further. In many markets, we were able to improve market share and we see further opportunity to do so in the future.
Recruitment firms act as intermediaries in matching available permanent, temporary and contract workers to employers’ talent needs. As a result, these firms compete both to recruit and retain a supply of permanent, temporary and contract workers and to attract clients to employ these workers. We recruit permanent, temporary and contract workers through a wide variety of means, including personal referrals, online resources and advertisements, and by providing an attractive compensation package in jurisdictions where such benefits are not otherwise required by law, including health insurance, vacation and holiday pay, incentive and pension plans and a recognition program.
Methods used to market recruitment services to clients vary depending on the client’s need for permanent, temporary and RPO services, the local labor supply, the length of assignment and the number of workers required. Our full range of innovative workforce solutions and services and multiple brands enable us to cross-market to clients in order to leverage our relationships and expand our solutions and services provided, from career management services at Right Management to permanent recruitment services at Professional, to RPO services, etc. We compete by means of quality of service provided, scope of service offered, ability to source the right talent and price. Success in providing high quality recruitment services is an ability to access a supply of available workers, finding the right match of individuals for a particular assignment and, in some cases, train available workers in skills required for an assignment. For MBS services, success is defined primarily by the ability to perform the recruitment function more effectively and efficiently than the client could perform those functions internally.
An important aspect in the selection of temporary and contract workers for an assignment is the ability of the recruitment firm to identify the skills, knowledge, abilities, and personal characteristics of an individual and match their competencies or capabilities to an employer’s requirements. We have a variety of proprietary programs for identifying and assessing the skill level of our candidates and associates, which are used in selecting a particular individual for a specific assignment. Our assessment systems enable us to offer a higher quality service by increasing productivity, decreasing turnover and reducing absenteeism.
Building a more sustainable workforce at large allows us to “develop” hard-to-find skills and access a deeper talent pool to provide our clients the people they need, faster. Our competitive position is enhanced by our ability to offer a wide variety of skills, in some of the most important market segments, through the use of training systems. Our Manpower Training and Development Center (TDC) provides over 5,000 hours of online courses that are accessible 24/7 and are free to our employees, associates and candidates to help them improve their skills. The courses cover a wide range of subjects in many languages and feature the latest information for a variety of fields, from learning the latest technology in the IT field, to brushing up on business management courses or software programs. This training can also enable students in any profession to further develop their skills, improve their employability and earn higher wages.
Career and Talent Management Consulting Services and Solutions Market
Our Career and Talent Management consulting services and solutions are primarily provided under our Right Management brand. As the global leader in talent and career management, Right Management helps clients win in the changing world of work by designing and executing workforce solutions that align talent strategy with business strategy. Its expertise spans talent assessment, leader development, organizational effectiveness, employee engagement, and workforce transition and career management (also known as outplacement services). With offices in over 50 countries, Right Management partners with companies of all sizes. More than 80% of Fortune 500 companies and over 70% of the Fortune Global 500 companies are currently working with Right Management to help them develop talent, reduce costs and accelerate performance. The market for these consulting and outplacement services is highly competitive. In the market for services required by global clients, there are several barriers to entry, such as the need for global coverage, specialized local knowledge and technology to provide outstanding services to corporations on a global scale.
Our competitors in the consulting space related to Right Management's core capabilities include major firms that compete in serving the large employer worldwide, such as Mercer, Towers Watson, DDI and Aon Hewitt. Additional significant competition comes from smaller regional and boutique firms in this same space, along with firms in related areas such as management and technology consulting and human resource IT that are starting to compete in portions of the Talent Management space (e.g. Accenture, Kenexa). Public accounting and consulting firms such as PricewaterhouseCoopers and Deloitte & Touche are also competitors in this space, although these firms must provide their consulting services within the constraints of the auditor independence provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act legislation.
Our competitors in the outplacement market include firms such as Drake Beam Morin, Lee Hecht Harrison (owned by Adecco) and career service divisions of global employment services firms. Additionally, there are regional firms and numerous smaller boutiques operating in either limited geographic markets or providing limited services. Companies provide outplacement services for several reasons. First, as the competition for attracting and retaining qualified employees increases, companies are increasingly attempting to distinguish themselves in the marketplace as attractive employers. Consequently, more companies are providing outplacement services as part of a comprehensive benefits package that provides for the well- being of employees - not only during their period of employment, but also after their employment ceases. Additionally, when companies experience layoffs, providing career management services is a more responsible way of facilitating outplacement and projects a positive corporate image, improving morale among the remaining employees. Finally, companies may provide outplacement services to reduce costs by preparing and assisting separated employees to find new employment, thereby diminishing employment-related litigation.
Companies augment their internal human resources professional staff with external consultants for many reasons. First, the growing importance and complexity of employee issues is creating an unprecedented theoretical and technical service expectation on human resources departments. Additionally, human resources departments have continued pressure to contain costs without minimizing the resources available to managers. Finally, companies increasingly choose to outsource non-core functions that can be addressed more effectively by outside professionals. These organizations look to Right Management for thought leadership and best practices on attracting and assessing organizational talent, leadership development and engaging and aligning their workforce.
Companies also choose Right Management for the high-tech, high-touch approach of our outplacement services and the range of expertise and solutions within our core capabilities that can be tailored to meet specific organizational and candidate needs. Our technology capabilities are integral to our services, particularly for outplacement. We have made significant investments in technology to augment our core services with online, 24/7 access and support for both clients and candidates. Our solutions include: Right Navigator TM, RightChoice TM, RightTrack SM, RightEverywhereTM, Right Connection ®, Right FasTrack SM, Right Access SM , iView TM and Wellness and Productivity Management, along with Job Banks and Resume Banks.
Professional Resourcing and Project-Based Solutions
We compete in the Professional Resourcing and Project-Based Workforce Solutions industry as a high-value alternative to public accounting firms and other consulting groups as noted earlier. We provide high-impact solutions in the areas of ICT, engineering, finance and accounting, and healthcare, accelerating organizations’ growth by intensely attracting, assessing and placing specialized expertise to deliver in-demand talent for mission-critical positions. We have a deep understanding of vertical knowledge that allows us to truly assess a candidate’s human potential and technical skills, matching them to the visions of our clients.
While public accounting and consulting firms can be primary competitors, these firms also frequently refer our financial and accounting services to assist clients with engagements where there are conflict-of-interest concerns. Because we do not perform attestation work, we can provide an objective review of a client’s business processes, thus avoiding potential conflicts of interest.
Regulation
The workforce solutions and services industry is closely regulated in all of the major markets in which we operate, except the United States and Canada. Employment services firms are generally subject to one or more of the following types of government regulation:
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regulation of the employer/employee relationship between the firm and its temporary and contract employees;
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registration, licensing, record keeping and reporting requirements; and
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substantive limitations on the operations or the use of temporary and contract employees by clients.
In many markets, the existence or absence of collective bargaining agreements with labor organizations has a significant impact on our operations and the ability of clients to use our services. In some markets, labor agreements are structured on an industry-wide, rather than company-by-company, basis. Changes in these collective bargaining agreements have occurred in the past and are expected to occur in the future and may have a material impact on the operations of employment services firms, including us.
In many countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, workforce solutions and services firms are considered the legal employers of temporary and contract workers. Therefore, laws regulating the employer/employee relationship, such as tax withholding or reporting, social security or retirement, anti-discrimination and workers’ compensation, govern the firm. In other countries, employment services firms, while not the direct legal employer of temporary and contract workers, are still responsible for collecting taxes and social security deductions and transmitting such amounts to the taxing authorities.
In many countries, particularly in continental Europe and Asia, entry into the employment services market is restricted by the requirement to register with, or obtain licenses from, a government agency. In addition, a wide variety of ministerial requirements may be imposed, such as record keeping, written contracts and reporting. The United States and Canada do not presently have any form of national registration or licensing requirement.
In addition to licensing or registration requirements, many countries impose substantive restrictions on the use of temporary and contract workers. Such restrictions include regulations affecting the types of work permitted, the maximum length of assignment, wage levels or reasons for which temporary and contract workers may be employed. In some countries, special taxes, fees or costs are imposed in connection with the use of temporary and contract workers. For example, temporary and contract workers in France are entitled to a 10% allowance for the uncertain duration of employment, which is eliminated if a full-time position is offered to them within three days after assignment termination. In some countries, the contract of employment with temporary and contract employees must differ from the length of assignment.
Our outplacement and consulting services generally are not subjected to governmental regulation in the markets in which we operate.
In the United States, we are subject to various federal and state laws relating to franchising, principally the Federal Trade Commission’s Franchise Rules and analogous state laws which impact our agreements with our franchised operations. These laws and related rules and regulations impose specific disclosure requirements. Virtually all states also regulate the termination of franchises.
Also see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Legal Regulations.”
Trademarks
We maintain a number of registered trademarks, trade names and service marks in the United States and various other countries. We believe that many of these marks and trade names, including Manpower®, Manpower Professional®, Right Management Consultants®, Brook Street®, Elan®, Ultraskill®, and Skillware®, have significant value and are materially important to our business. In addition, we maintain other intangible property rights. The trademarks have been assigned an indefinite life based on our expectation of renewing the trademarks, as required, without material modifications and at a minimal cost, and our expectation of positive cash flows beyond the foreseeable future.
Employees
We had approximately 30,000 full-time equivalent employees as of December 31, 2010. In addition, we estimate that we recruit on behalf of our clients approximately 3.5 million permanent, temporary and contract workers on a worldwide basis each year.
As described above, in most jurisdictions, we, as the employer of our temporary and contract workers or as otherwise required by applicable law, are responsible for employment administration. This administration includes collection of withholding taxes, employer contributions for social security or its equivalent outside the United States, unemployment tax, workers’ compensation and fidelity and liability insurance, and other governmental requirements imposed on employers. In most jurisdictions where such benefits are not legally required, including the United States, we provide health and life insurance, paid holidays and paid vacations to qualifying temporary and contract employees.
Financial Information about Foreign and Domestic Operations
Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements sets forth the information required for each segment and geographical area for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008. Such note is found in our 2010 Annual Report to Shareholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 1A.
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Statements made in this report that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. In addition, from time to time, we and our representatives may make statements that are forward-looking. All forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. This section provides you with cautionary statements identifying, for purposes of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements made in this report or otherwise made by us or on our behalf. You can identify these forward-looking statements by forward-looking words such as “expect”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “plan”, “may”, “will”, “believe”, “seek”, “estimate”, and similar expressions. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.
The following are some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from estimates contained in our forward-looking statements:
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cost structure of subsidiaries;
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management turnover;
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reorganizations;
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material changes in the demand from larger clients, including clients with which we have national, multi-national, or sole-supplier arrangements;
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availability of workers with the skills required by clients;
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increases in the wages paid to our associates;
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competitive market pressures, including pricing pressures;
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inability to pass along direct cost increases to clients;
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changes in demand for our specialized services, including assisting companies in complying with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act legislation, and outplacement services;
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our ability to successfully expand into new markets or offer new service lines;
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our ability to successfully invest in and implement information systems;
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unanticipated technological changes, including obsolescence or impairment of information systems;
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changes in client attitudes toward the use of staffing services;
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government, tax or regulatory policies adverse to the employment services industry;
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general economic conditions in domestic and international markets;
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interest rate and exchange rate fluctuations;
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difficulties related to acquisitions, including integrating the acquired companies and achieving the expected benefits;
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impairments to the carrying value of acquisitions and other investments resulting from poor financial performance or other factors;
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the risk factors disclosed below; and
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other factors that may be disclosed from time to time in our SEC filings or otherwise.
Some or all of these factors may be beyond our control. We caution you that any forward-looking statement reflects only our belief at the time the statement is made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made.
RISK FACTORS
Any significant economic downturn could result in our clients using fewer temporary and contract workers or becoming unable to pay us for our services on a timely basis or at all, which would materially adversely affect our business.
Because demand for recruitment services is sensitive to changes in the level of economic activity, our business may suffer during economic downturns. As economic activity begins to slow down, companies tend to reduce their use of temporary and contract workers before undertaking layoffs of their regular employees, resulting in decreased demand for temporary and contract workers. Significant declines in demand, and thus in revenues, can result in expense de-leveraging, which would result in lower profit levels.
In addition, during economic downturns companies may slow the rate at which they pay their vendors or become unable to pay their debts as they become due. If any of our significant clients does not pay amounts owed to us in a timely manner or becomes unable to pay such amounts to us at a time when we have substantial amounts receivable from such client, our cash flow and profitability may suffer.
The worldwide employment services industry is highly competitive with limited barriers to entry, which could limit our ability to maintain or increase our market share or profitability.
The worldwide employment services market is highly competitive with limited barriers to entry, and in recent years has been undergoing significant consolidation. We compete in markets throughout the world with full-service and specialized employment services agencies. Several of our competitors, including Adecco S.A., Randstad Holding N.V. and Kelly Services, Inc., have very substantial marketing and financial resources. Price competition in the staffing industry is intense and pricing pressures from competitors and clients are increasing. We expect that the level of competition will remain high in the future, which could limit our ability to maintain or increase our market share or our profitability.
Government regulations may result in prohibition or restriction of certain types of employment services or the imposition of additional licensing or tax requirements that may reduce our future earnings.
In many jurisdictions in which we operate, such as France and Germany, the employment services industry is heavily regulated. For example, governmental regulations in Germany restrict the length of contracts and the industries in which our associates may be used. In some countries, special taxes, fees or costs are imposed in connection with the use of our associates. For example, our associates in France are entitled to a 10% allowance for the uncertain duration of employment, which is eliminated if a full-time position is offered to them within three days after assignment termination. The countries in which we operate may, among other things:
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create additional regulations that prohibit or restrict the types of employment services that we currently provide;
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require new or additional benefits be paid to our associates;
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require us to obtain additional licensing to provide employment services; or
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increase taxes, such as sales or value-added taxes, payable by the providers of temporary and contract recruitment centers.
Any future regulations may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity because they may make it more difficult or expensive for us to continue to provide employment services.
Our acquisition strategy may have a material adverse effect on our business due to unexpected or underestimated costs.
From time to time, we acquire and invest in companies throughout the world, including franchises. The total cash consideration paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, was $270.0 million and $21.6 million in 2010 and 2009, respectively.
We may make additional acquisitions in the future. Our acquisition strategy involves significant risks, including:
•
difficulties in the assimilation of the operations, services and corporate culture of acquired companies;
•
over-valuation by us of acquired companies;
•
insufficient indemnification from the selling parties for legal liabilities incurred by the acquired companies prior to the acquisitions; and
•
diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns.
These risks could have a material adverse effect on our business because they may result in substantial costs to us and disrupt our business. In addition, future acquisitions could materially adversely effect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity because they would likely result in the incurrence of additional debt or dilution, contingent liabilities, an increase in interest expense and amortization expenses related to separately identified intangible assets. Possible impairment losses on goodwill and intangible assets with an indefinite life, or restructuring charges could also occur. For example, we recorded a goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge of $428.8 million in 2010 and $61.0 million in 2009 related to our acquisitions of Jefferson Wells and Right Management, respectively.
Intense competition may limit our ability to attract, train and retain the qualified personnel necessary for us to meet our clients’ staffing needs.
We depend on our ability to attract and retain qualified associates who possess the skills and experience necessary to meet the requirements of our clients. We must continually evaluate and upgrade our base of available qualified personnel through recruiting and training programs to keep pace with changing client needs and emerging technologies. Competition for individuals with proven professional skills, particularly employees with accounting and technological skills, is intense, and we expect demand for such individuals to remain very strong for the foreseeable future. Qualified personnel may not be available to us in sufficient numbers and on terms of employment acceptable to us. Developing and implementing training programs requires significant expenditures and may not result in the trainees developing effective or adequate skills. We may not be able to develop training programs to respond to our clients’ changing needs or retain associates who we have trained. The failure to recruit, train and retain qualified associates could materially adversely affect our business because it may result in an inability to meet our clients’ needs.
We may be exposed to employment-related claims and costs from clients or third parties that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are in the business of employing people and placing them in the workplaces of other businesses. Risks relating to these activities include:
•
claims arising out of the actions or inactions of our associates, including matters for which we may have indemnified a client;
•
claims by our associates of discrimination or harassment directed at them, including claims relating to actions of our clients;
•
claims related to the employment of illegal aliens or unlicensed personnel;
•
payment of workers’ compensation claims and other similar claims;
•
violations of wage and hour requirements;
•
retroactive entitlement to employee benefits;
•
errors and omissions of our associates, particularly in the case of professionals, such as accountants; and
•
claims by our clients relating to our associates’ misuse of clients’ proprietary information, misappropriation of funds, other criminal activity or torts or other similar claims.
We may incur fines and other losses or negative publicity with respect to these problems. In addition, some or all of these claims may give rise to litigation, which could be time-consuming to our management team and costly and could have a negative impact on our business. We cannot be certain we will not experience these problems in the future.
We cannot be certain our insurance will be sufficient in amount or scope to cover all claims that may be asserted against us. Should the ultimate judgments or settlements exceed our insurance coverage, they could have a material effect on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows. We cannot be certain we will be able to obtain appropriate types or levels of insurance in the future, that adequate replacement policies will be available on acceptable terms, if at all, or that the companies from which we have obtained insurance will be able to pay claims we make under such policies.
If we lose our key personnel, then our business may suffer.
Our operations are dependent on the continued efforts of our officers and executive management and the performance and productivity of our local managers and field personnel. Our ability to attract and retain business is significantly affected by local relationships and the quality of service rendered. The loss of those key officers and members of management who have acquired significant experience in operating an employment services company on an international level may cause a significant disruption to our business. Moreover, the loss of our key managers and field personnel may jeopardize existing client relationships with businesses that continue to use our services based upon past relationships with these local managers and field personnel. The loss of such key personnel could materially adversely affect our operations, because it may result in an inability to establish and maintain client relationships and otherwise operate our business.
Foreign currency fluctuations may have a material adverse effect on our operating results.
We conduct our operations in 82 countries and territories and the results of our local operations are reported in the applicable foreign currencies and then translated into U.S. Dollars at the applicable foreign currency exchange rates for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. During 2010, approximately 84% of our revenues were generated outside of the United States, the majority of which were generated in Europe. Furthermore, approximately $696.4 million of our outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2010 was denominated in foreign currencies. Because of devaluations and fluctuations in currency exchange rates or the imposition of limitations on conversion of foreign currencies into U.S. Dollars, we are subject to currency translation exposure on the profits of our operations, in addition to economic exposure. This exposure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flow and results of operations in the future because, among other things, it could cause our reported revenues and profitability to decline or debt levels and interest expense to increase.
As of December 31, 2010 and 2009, we had $698.0 million and $757.3 million of total debt, respectively. This level of debt could adversely affect our operating flexibility and put us at a competitive disadvantage.
Our level of debt and the limitations imposed on us by our credit agreements could have important consequences for investors, including the following:
•
we will have to use a portion of our cash flow from operations for debt service rather than for our operations;
•
we may not be able to obtain additional debt financing for future working capital, capital expenditures or other corporate purposes or may have to pay more for such financing;
•
some or all of the debt under our current or future revolving credit facilities may be at a variable interest rate, making us more vulnerable to increases in interest rates;
•
we could be less able to take advantage of significant business opportunities, such as acquisition opportunities, and to react to changes in market or industry conditions;
•
we will be more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions; and
•
we may be disadvantaged compared to competitors with less leverage.
The terms of our revolving credit facility permit additional borrowings, subject to certain conditions. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks we now face could intensify.
We expect to obtain the money to pay our expenses, to repay borrowings under our credit facility and to repay our other debt primarily from our operations. Our ability to meet our expenses thus depends on our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic and other factors. We are not able to control many of these factors, such as economic conditions in the markets where we operate and pressure from competitors. The money we earn may not be sufficient to allow us to pay principal and interest on our debt and to meet our other debt obligations. If we do not have enough money, we may be required to refinance all or part of our existing debt, sell assets or borrow additional funds. We may not be able to take such actions on terms that are acceptable to us, if at all. In addition, the terms of our existing or future debt agreements, including the revolving credit facilities and our indentures, may restrict us from adopting any of these alternatives.
Our failure to comply with restrictive covenants under our revolving credit facilities and other debt instruments could trigger prepayment obligations.
Our failure to comply with the restrictive covenants under our revolving credit facilities and other debt instruments could result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could result in us being required to repay these borrowings before their due date. If we are forced to refinance these borrowings on less favorable terms, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected by increased costs and rates.
The lenders under our and our subsidiaries’ credit facilities may be unwilling or unable to extend credit to us on acceptable terms or at all.
Our liquidity is dependent in part on our revolving credit facility, which is provided by a syndicate of banks. Each bank in the syndicate is responsible on a several, but not joint, basis for providing a portion of the loans under the facility. If any of the participants in the syndicate fails to satisfy its obligations to extend credit under the facility, the other participants refuse or are unable to assume its obligations and we are unable to find an alternative source of funding at comparable rates, our liquidity may be adversely affected or our interest expense may increase substantially.
Furthermore, a number of our subsidiaries maintain uncommitted lines of credit with various banks. Under the terms of these lines of credit, the bank is not obligated to make loans to the subsidiary or to make loans to the subsidiary at a particular interest rate. If any of these banks cancel these lines of credit or otherwise refuse to extend credit on acceptable terms, we may need to extend credit to those subsidiaries or the liquidity of our subsidiaries may be adversely affected.
The performance of our subsidiaries and their ability to distribute cash to our parent company may vary, negatively affecting our ability to service our debt at the parent company level or in other subsidiaries.
Since we conduct a significant portion of our operations through our subsidiaries, our cash flow and our consequent ability to service our debt depends in part upon the earnings of our subsidiaries and the distribution of those earnings to our parent company, or upon loans or other payments of funds by those subsidiaries to our parent company or to other subsidiaries. The payment of such dividends and the making of such loans and advances by our subsidiaries may be subject to legal or contractual restrictions, depend upon the earnings of those subsidiaries and be subject to various business considerations, including the ability of such subsidiaries to pay such dividends or make such loans and advances in a manner that does not result in substantial tax liability.
We are exposed to counterparty risk in our hedging arrangements.
From time to time we enter into arrangements with other parties to hedge our exposure to fluctuations in currency and interest rates, including forward contracts and swap agreements. A number of financial institutions similar to those that serve as counterparties to our hedging arrangements have been adversely affected by the global credit crisis and in some cases have been unable to fulfill their debts and other obligations. If any of the counterparties to our hedging arrangements become unable to fulfill their obligations to us, we may lose the financial benefits of these arrangements. The fair value of our derivative financial instruments related to foreign currency forward exchange contracts reflected in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2010 were assets of $0.1 million. We had no swap agreements outstanding as of December 31, 2010.
Our inability to secure letters of credit on acceptable terms may substantially increase our cost of doing business in various countries.
In a number of countries in which we conduct business we are obligated to provide guarantees or letters of credit to secure licenses, lease space or for insurance coverage. We typically receive these guarantees and letters of credits from a number of financial institutions around the world. In the event that we are unable to secure these arrangements from a bank, lender or other third party on acceptable terms, our liquidity may be adversely affected, there could be a disruption to our business or there could be a substantial increase in cost for our business.
The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, which may result in losses for investors.
The market price for our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile. For example, during 2010, the prices of our common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange ranged from a high of $65.14 to a low of $40.58. Our stock price can fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, including factors listed in these “Risk Factors” and others, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include:
•
actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results;
•
announcement of new services by us or our competitors;
•
announcements relating to strategic relationships or acquisitions;
•
changes in financial estimates or other statements by securities analysts; and
•
changes in general economic conditions such as the current credit environment.
Because of this volatility, we may fail to meet the expectations of our shareholders or of securities analysts, and our stock price could decline as a result.
Wisconsin law and our articles of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could make the takeover of our company more difficult.
Certain provisions of Wisconsin law and our articles of incorporation and bylaws could have the effect of delaying or preventing a third party from acquiring us, even if a change in control would be beneficial to our shareholders. These provisions of our articles of incorporation and bylaws include:
•
providing for a classified board of directors with staggered, three-year terms;
•
permitting removal of directors only for cause;
•
providing that vacancies on the board of directors will be filled by the remaining directors then in office; and
•
requiring advance notice for shareholder proposals and director nominees.
In addition, the Wisconsin control share acquisition statute and Wisconsin’s “fair price” and “business combination” provisions limit the ability of an acquiring person to engage in certain transactions or to exercise the full voting power of acquired shares under certain circumstances. These provisions and other provisions of Wisconsin law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would benefit our shareholders. As a result, offers to acquire us, which may represent a premium over the available market price of our common stock, may be withdrawn or otherwise fail to be realized. The provisions described above could cause our stock price to decline.
Improper disclosure of employee and client data could result in liability and harm our reputation.
Our business involves the use, storage and transmission of information about our employees, our clients and employees of our clients. We and our third party service providers have established policies and procedures to help protect the security and privacy of this information. It is possible that our security controls over personal and other data and other practices we and our third party service providers follow may not prevent the improper access to or disclosure of personally identifiable or otherwise confidential information. Such disclosure could harm our reputation and subject us to liability under our contracts and laws that protect personal data and confidential information, resulting in increased costs or loss of revenue. Further, data privacy is subject to frequently changing rules and regulations, which sometimes conflict among the various jurisdictions and countries in which we provide services. Our failure to adhere to or successfully implement processes in response to changing regulatory requirements in this area could result in legal liability or impairment to our reputation in the marketplace.
Outsourcing certain aspects of our business could result in disruption and increased costs.
We have outsourced certain aspects of our business to third party vendors that subject us to risks, including disruptions in our business and increased costs. For example, we have engaged third parties to host and manage certain aspects of our data center information and technology infrastructure and to provide certain back office support in several countries. Accordingly, we are subject to the risks associated with the vendor’s ability to provide these services to meet our needs. Our operations will depend significantly upon their and our ability to make our servers, software applications and websites available and to protect our data from damage or interruption from human error, computer viruses, intentional acts of vandalism, labor disputes, natural disasters and similar events. If the cost of these services is more than expected, or if the vendor or we are unable to adequately protect our data and information is lost, or our ability to deliver our services is interrupted, then our business and results of operations may be negatively impacted.
Item 1B.
Item 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.
Item 2.
Item 2.
Properties
We own properties at various locations worldwide, none of which are material. Most of our operations are conducted from leased premises and we do not anticipate any difficulty in renewing these leases or in finding alternative sites in the ordinary course of business.
Item 3.
Item 3.
Legal Proceedings
We are involved in litigation of a routine nature and various legal matters, which are being defended and handled in the ordinary course of business.
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010, under the heading “Significant Matters Affecting Results of Operations” (pages 38 to 41), which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Item 4.
Item 4.
[Removed and reserved.]
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF MANPOWER
(as of March 1, 2011)
Name of Officer
Office
Jeffrey A. Joerres
Age 51
Chairman of Manpower since May 2001, and President and Chief Executive Officer of Manpower since April 1999. A director of Artisan Funds, Inc., Johnson Controls, Inc. and the Federal Board Reserve of Chicago. A director of Manpower for more than five years. An employee of Manpower since July 1993.
Michael J. Van Handel
Age 51
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of Manpower since January 2008. Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of Manpower from April 2002 to January 2008. Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of Manpower from August 1999 to April 2002. An employee of Manpower since May 1989. A director of Harris Financial Corp.
Hans Leentjes
Age 45
Executive Vice President of Manpower, President - Northern Europe since January 2011. Regional Managing Director of EMEA’s Central Region from January 2009 to December 2010. Country Manager of the Netherlands from March 2005 to December 2008. An employee of Manpower since March 2005. A director of ABU, the Dutch Association of temporary work agencies.
Jonas Prising
Age 45
Executive Vice President of Manpower, President - The Americas of Manpower since January 2009. Executive Vice President of Manpower, President - United States and Canadian Operations from January 2006 to December 2008. Managing Director of Manpower Italy from July 2002 to December 2005. An employee of Manpower since June 1999.
Owen J. Sullivan
Age 53
Executive Vice President of Manpower, and Chief Executive Officer of Right Management since January 2005. An employee of Manpower since April 2003. A director of Journal Communications since 2007.
Francoise Gri
Age 53
Executive Vice President of Manpower, President - Southern Europe since January 2011. Executive Vice President of Manpower, President - France from February 2007 to December 2010. Prior to joining Manpower, held various leadership roles with IBM from 1981 to February 2007 including: regional general manager of France, Belgium and Luxembourg; vice president of marketing and channels software for IBM EMEA; and executive of e-business solutions for IBM EMEA. An employee of Manpower since February 2007.
Darryl Green
Age 50
Executive Vice President of Manpower, President -Asia-Pacific and Middle East Operations since January 2009. Executive Vice President of Manpower, President - Asia-Pacific Operations from May 2007 to December 2008. Prior to joining Manpower, served as CEO of Tata Teleservices. Previously, CEO of Vodafone Japan, a publicly listed mobile services provider. An employee of Manpower since May 2007.
Mara E. Swan
Age 51
Executive Vice President - Global Strategy and Talent since January 2009. Senior Vice President of Global Human Resources from August 2005 to December 2008. Prior to Manpower, served as Chief People Officer for the Molson Coors Brewing Company for its global operations. An employee of Manpower since August 2005.
Kenneth C. Hunt
Age 61
Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Manpower since January 2008. Prior to joining Manpower, a shareholder with the law firm of Godfrey & Kahn, S.C. from 1981 to 2007. An employee of Manpower since January 2008.
OTHER INFORMATION
Audit Committee Approval of Audit-Related and Non-Audit Services
The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors has approved the following audit-related and non-audit services performed or to be performed for us by our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, in 2010:
(a)
preparation and/or review of tax returns, including sales and use tax, excise tax, income tax, local tax, property tax, and value-added tax;
(b)
consultation regarding appropriate handling of items on tax returns, required disclosures, elections and filing positions available to us;
(c)
assistance with tax audits and examinations, including providing technical advice on technical interpretations, applicable laws and regulations, tax accounting, foreign tax credits, foreign income tax, foreign earnings and profits, U.S. treatment of foreign subsidiary income, and value-added tax, excise tax or equivalent taxes in foreign jurisdictions;
(d)
advice and assistance with respect to transfer pricing matters, including the preparation of reports used by us to comply with taxing authority documentation requirements regarding royalties and inter-company pricing, and assistance with tax exemptions;
(e)
assistance relating to our filings with Securities and Exchange Commission, including the issuance of consents;
(f)
assistance with due diligence work;
(g)
advice regarding tax issues relating to our internal reorganizations;
(h)
consultation on various projects, including training for new reporting requirements in our foreign operations; and
(i)
reviews of our quarterly financial statements.
PART II
Item 5.
Item 5.
Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
In December 2010, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of 3.0 million shares of our common stock. This authorization is in addition to the 2007 authorization to repurchase 5.0 million shares of our common stock, not to exceed a total purchase price of $400.0 million. The authorizations permit share repurchases from time to time through a variety of methods, including open market purchases, block transactions, privately negotiated transactions, accelerated share repurchase programs, forward repurchase agreements or similar facilities. The following table shows the total amount of shares repurchased under these authorizations during the fourth quarter of 2010.
(1) Shares of restricted stock delivered by a director to Manpower, upon vesting, to satisfy tax withholding requirements.
(2) Of which 236,790 under the 2007 authorization must not exceed a cost of $147.3 million.
The remaining information required by this Item is set forth in our Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010, under the heading “Note 15-Quarterly Data” (page 77) and “Corporate Information” (page 80) and in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 3, 2011, under the caption “Equity Compensation Plan Information”, which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Item 6.
Item 6.
Selected Financial Data
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010, under the heading “Selected Financial Data” (page 78), which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Item 7.
Item 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010, under the headings “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (pages 19 to 41), which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Item 7A.
Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010, under the heading “Significant Matters Affecting Results of Operations” (pages 38 to 41), which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Item 8.
Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The information required by this Item is set forth in the financial statements and the notes thereto (pages 44 to 77) contained in our Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010, which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Item 9A.
Item 9A.
Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain a set of disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports filed by us under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file under the Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting is set forth on page 41 in our Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s report with respect to the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting is included on page 43 of our Annual Report to Shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2010 which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART III
Item 10.
Item 10.
Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant
(a)
Executive Officers. Reference is made to “Executive Officers of Manpower” in Part I after Item 4.
(b)
Directors. The information required by this Item is set forth in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 3, 2011 under the caption “Election of Directors,” which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
(c)
The board of directors has determined that Edward J. Zore, chairman of the audit committee, is an “audit committee financial expert.” Mr. Zore is “independent” as that term is used in Item 7(d)(3)(iv) of Schedule 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
(d)
Audit Committee. The information required by this Item is set forth in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 3, 2011 under the caption “Meetings and Committees of the Board,” which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
(e)
Section 16 Compliance. The information required by this Item is set forth in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 3, 2011 under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
(f)
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and controller. We have posted the Code on our Internet website at www.manpower.com.
Item 11.
Item 11.
Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 3, 2011, under the caption “Executive and Director Compensation”; under the caption “Executive Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation”; and under the caption “Report of the Executive Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors,” which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12.
Item 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 3, 2011, under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” and under the caption “Security Ownership of Management”; and under the caption “Equity Compensation Plan Information,” which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13.
Item 13.
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 3, 2011, under the caption “Meetings and Committees of the Board,” which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14.
Item 14.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this Item is set forth in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 3, 2011, under the caption “Audit Committee Report,” which information is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV
Item 15.
Item 15.
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)(1) Financial Statements.
Page Number(s) in Annual Report
to Shareholders
Consolidated Financial Statements (data incorporated by reference from the attached Annual Report to Shareholders):
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
42-43
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2010 and 2009
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
48-77
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedule.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Financial Statement Schedule
SCHEDULE II-Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
(a)(3) Exhibits.
See (c) below.
Pursuant to Regulation S-K, Item 601(b)(4)(iii), Manpower hereby agrees to furnish to the Commission, upon request, a copy of each instrument and agreement with respect to long-term debt of Manpower and its consolidated subsidiaries which does not exceed 10 percent of the total assets of Manpower and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
(c) Exhibits.
3.1
Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Manpower Inc. effective as of February 28, 1991, as amended on May 8, 2001 and April 28, 2010, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2010.
3.2
Amended and Restated By-laws of Manpower Inc. effective as of April 28, 2010, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2010.
4.1
Fiscal and Paying Agency Agreement between Manpower Inc. and Citibank, N.A. as Fiscal Agent, Principal Paying Agent, Registrar and Transfer Agent and Citibank International PLC as Irish Paying Agent, dated as of June 1, 2005 (including the forms of Rule 144A Global Note and Regulation S Global Note, attached thereto as Exhibits A and B, respectively), incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2005.
4.2
Fiscal and Paying Agency Agreement between Manpower Inc. and Citibank, N.A. as Fiscal Agent, Principal Paying Agent, Registrar and Transfer Agent and Citibank International PLC as Irish Paying Agent, dated as of June 14, 2006 (including the form of Note attached thereto as Schedule 1), incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2006.
10.1
Amended and Restated Manpower Inc. Senior Management Performance-Based Deferred Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005. **
10.2(a)
Five-Year Credit Agreement dated as of October 8, 2004 among Manpower Inc., the initial lenders named therein, Citibank N.A., Wachovia Bank, BNP Paribas, Bank One N.A., and The Royal Bank of Scotland, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 14, 2004.
10.2(b)
Amendment to Five-Year Credit Agreement dated as of March 14, 2005, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2005.
10.2(c)
Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement dated as of January 10, 2006, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005.
10.2(d)
Amendment No. 3 to the Credit Agreement dated as of November 16, 2007, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007.
10.2(e)
Amendment No. 4 to the Credit Agreement dated as of October 16, 2009, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 16, 2009.
10.3
Amended and Restated Manpower 1991 Executive Stock Option and Restricted Stock Plan, incorporated by reference to Form 10-Q of Manpower Inc. dated September 30, 1996. **
10.4
Manpower Savings Related Share Option Scheme. **
10.5
Manpower 1990 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Amended and Restated effective April 26, 2005), incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2005.
10.6
Manpower Retirement Plan, as amended and restated effective as of March 1, 1989, incorporated by reference to Form 10-K of Manpower PLC, SEC File No. 0-9890, filed for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1989. **
10.7
1994 Executive Stock Option and Restricted Stock Plan of Manpower Inc. (Amended and Restated October 29, 2002), incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002. **
10.8
Manpower Inc. Corporate Senior Management Incentive Plan dated as of May 2, 2007, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 2, 2007. **
10.9(a)
Employment Agreement between Jeffrey A. Joerres and Manpower Inc. dated as of February 20, 2008, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. **
10.9(b)
Severance Agreement between Jeffrey A. Joerres and Manpower Inc. dated as of February 20, 2008, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. **
10.10(a)
Employment Agreement between Michael J. Van Handel and Manpower Inc. dated as of February 20, 2008, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. **
10.10(b)
Severance Agreement between Michael J. Van Handel and Manpower Inc. dated as of February 20, 2008, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. **
10.11(a)
Assignment Agreement by and among Manpower Inc., Manpower Holdings Limited and Barbara Beck dated as of December 20, 2005, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 20,
2005. **
10.11(b)
Letter Agreement by and among Manpower Inc., Manpower Holdings Limited and Barbara Beck dated as of April 1,
2008, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. **
10.12(a)
Amended and Restated Assignment Agreement by and among Manpower Inc. and Jonas Prising dated as of December 29, 2008, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 29, 2008. **
10.12(b)
Employment Agreement between Francoise Gri and Manpower Inc. dated as of February 15, 2007, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. **
10.12(c)
Letter Agreement between Darryl Green and Manpower Inc. dated as of April 4, 2007, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. **
10.13(a)
Terms and Conditions Regarding the Grant of Awards to Non-Employee Directors under the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan of Manpower Inc. (Amended and Restated Effective January 1, 2006), incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 19, 2005. **
10.13(b)
Terms and Conditions Regarding the Grant of Awards to Non-Employee Directors under the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan of Manpower Inc. (Amended and Restated Effective January 1, 2008), incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. **
10.13(c)
Manpower Inc. Compensation for Non-Employee Directors (Effective January 1, 2006), incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 19, 2005. **
10.13(d)
Amended and Restated Severance Agreement between Barbara Beck and Manpower Inc. dated as of November 10, 2009, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 10, 2009. **
10.13(e)
Employment Separation Agreement dated December 22, 2010, between Manpower Inc. and Barbara Beck, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 22, 2010. **
10.13(f)
Amended and Restated Severance Agreement between Jonas Prising and Manpower Inc. dated as of November 10, 2009, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 10, 2009. **
10.13(g)
Amended and Restated Severance Agreement between Owen J. Sullivan and Manpower Inc. dated as of November 10, 2009, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 10, 2009. **
10.13(h)
Amended and Restated Severance Agreement between Mara Swan and Manpower Inc. dated as of November 10, 2009, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 10, 2009. **
10.13(i) Amended and Restated Severance Agreement dated November 10, 2008 between Manpower Inc. and Darryl Green, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 3, 2008. **
10.13(j) Severance Agreement dated February 15, 2007 between Manpower Inc. and Francoise Gri, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. **
10.13(k)
Severance Agreement dated December 31, 2007 between Manpower Inc. and Kenneth C. Hunt, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. **
10.13(l)
2003 Equity Incentive Plan of Manpower Inc. (Amended and Restated Effective April 28, 2009), incorporated by reference to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 dated September 4, 2009. **
10.13(m)
Amendment of Manpower Inc. 2003 Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010. **
10.13(n)
Form of Indemnification Agreement, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 31, 2006.
10.14(a)
Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. **
10.14(b)
2008 Form of Performance Share Unit Agreement, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. **
10.14(c)
2010 Form of Performance Share Unit Agreement, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010. **
10.14(d)
Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (CEO Form), incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. **
10.14(e)
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2009. **
10.14(f)
Form of Career Share Unit Agreement, incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2009. **
12.1
Statement Regarding Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges.
2010 Annual Report to Shareholders. Pursuant to Item 601(b)(13) of Regulation S-K, the portions of the Annual Report incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K are filed as an exhibit hereto.
Subsidiaries of Manpower Inc.
23.1
Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP.
Power of Attorney.
31.1
Certification of Jeffrey A. Joerres, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
31.2
Certification of Michael J. Van Handel, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Section 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
32.1 Statement of Jeffrey A. Joerres, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. ss. 1350.
32.2
Statement of Michael J. Van Handel, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. ss. 1350
**
Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Name
Title
Date
/s/ Jeffrey A. Joerres
Jeffrey A. Joerres
Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer and a Director (Principal
Executive Officer)
February 24, 2011
/s/ Michael J. Van Handel
Michael J. Van Handel
Executive Vice President and Chief
Financial Officer (Principal Financial
Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
February 24, 2011
Directors: Marc J. Bolland, Gina R. Boswell, Cari M. Dominguez, Jack M. Greenberg, Terry A. Hueneke, Roberto Mendoza, Ulice Payne, Jr., Elizabeth P. Sartain, John R. Walter and Edward J. Zore
February 24, 2011
By:
/s/ Kenneth C. Hunt
Kenneth Hunt
Attorney-In-Fact*
*
Pursuant to authority granted by powers of attorney, copies of which are filed herewith.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Manpower Inc.:
We have audited the consolidated financial statements of Manpower Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2010, and the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, and have issued our reports thereon dated February 24, 2011; such consolidated financial statements and reports are included in the 2010 Annual Report to Shareholders and are incorporated herein by reference. Our audits also included the consolidated financial statement schedule of the Company listed in Item 15. This consolidated financial statement schedule is the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion based on our audits. In our opinion, such consolidated financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
February 24, 2011
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, in millions:
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: