Item 1. Business - Continued
Efficiently Operate and Develop Acquired Properties
The Company has centralized the operation of its acquired properties into defined operating regions to minimize operating costs and maximize production and capital efficiency. The Company maintains a large inventory of drilling and optimization projects within each region to achieve organic growth from its capital development program. The Company generally seeks to be the operator of its properties so that it can develop drilling programs and optimization projects that not only replace production, but add value through reserve and production growth and future operational synergies. The development program is focused on lower-risk, repeatable drilling opportunities to maintain and/or grow cash flow. Many of the wells are completed in multiple producing zones with commingled production and long economic lives. In addition, the Company seeks to deliver attractive financial returns by leveraging its experienced workforce and scalable infrastructure. For 2013, the Company estimates its total capital expenditures, excluding acquisitions, will be approximately $1.2 billion, including $1.1 billion related to its oil and natural gas capital program and $67 million related to its plant and pipeline capital. This estimate is under continuous review and is subject to ongoing adjustments. The Company expects to fund these capital expenditures primarily with cash flow from operations and bank borrowings.
Reduce Cash Flow Volatility Through Hedging
An important part of the Company’s business strategy includes hedging a significant portion of its forecasted production to reduce exposure to fluctuations in the prices of oil and natural gas and provide long-term cash flow predictability to pay distributions, service debt and manage its business. By removing a significant portion of the price volatility associated with future production, the Company expects to mitigate, but not eliminate, the potential effects of variability in cash flow from operations due to fluctuations in commodity prices.
The Company enters into commodity hedging transactions primarily in the form of swap contracts and put options that are designed to provide a fixed price (swap contracts) or fixed price floor with the opportunity for upside (put options) that the Company will receive as compared to floating market prices. For additional details about the Company’s commodity derivative contracts, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” See also Note 7 and Note 8.
In addition, the Company may from time to time enter into derivative contracts in the form of interest rate swaps to minimize the effects of fluctuations in interest rates. Currently, the Company has no outstanding interest rate swaps.
Recent Developments
LinnCo Initial Public Offering
On October 17, 2012, LinnCo, LLC (“LinnCo”), an affiliate of LINN Energy, completed its initial public offering (the “LinnCo IPO”) of 34,787,500 common shares representing limited liability company interests (“Common Shares”) for net proceeds of approximately $1.2 billion. The net proceeds LinnCo received from the offering were used to acquire 34,787,500 LINN Energy units which are equal to the number of LinnCo shares sold in the offering. The Company used the proceeds from the sale of the units to LinnCo to pay the expenses of the offering and repay a portion of the outstanding indebtedness under its Credit Facility.
LinnCo is a Delaware limited liability company formed on April 30, 2012, under the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act and its Common Shares are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “LNCO.” LinnCo’s sole purpose is to own units in LINN Energy and it expects to have no significant assets or operations other than those related to its interest in LINN Energy. At December 31, 2012, LINN Energy owned 100% of LinnCo’s sole voting share and all of LinnCo’s Common Shares were held by the public. At December 31, 2012, LinnCo owned approximately 15% of LINN Energy’s outstanding units.
Acquisitions
On July 31, 2012, the Company completed the acquisition of certain oil and natural gas properties in the Jonah Field located in the Green River Basin of southwest Wyoming from BP America Production Company (“BP”) for total consideration of approximately $990 million. The acquisition included approximately 806 Bcfe of proved reserves as of the acquisition date.
Item 1. Business - Continued
On May 1, 2012, the Company completed the acquisition of certain oil and natural gas properties located in east Texas for total consideration of approximately $168 million. The acquisition included approximately 110 Bcfe of proved reserves as of the acquisition date.
On April 3, 2012, the Company entered into a joint-venture agreement (“JV Agreement”) with an affiliate of Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (“Anadarko”) whereby the Company participates as a partner in the CO2 enhanced oil recovery development of the Salt Creek Field, located in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming. Anadarko assigned the Company 23% of its interest in the field in exchange for future funding of $400 million of Anadarko’s development costs. As of December 31, 2012, the Company has paid approximately $201 million towards the future funding commitment. The acquisition included approximately 16 MMBoe (96 Bcfe) of proved reserves as of the JV Agreement date.
On March 30, 2012, the Company completed the acquisition of certain oil and natural gas properties and the Jayhawk natural gas processing plant located in the Hugoton Basin in Kansas from BP for total consideration of approximately $1.16 billion. The acquisition included approximately 689 Bcfe of proved reserves as of the acquisition date.
During 2012, the Company completed other smaller acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties located in its various operating regions. The Company, in the aggregate, paid approximately $122 million in total consideration for these properties.
Proved reserves as of the acquisition date for all of the above referenced acquisitions were estimated using the average oil and natural gas prices during the preceding 12-month period, determined as an unweighted average of the first-day-of-the-month prices for each month.
The Company regularly engages in discussions with potential sellers regarding acquisition opportunities. Such acquisition efforts may involve its participation in auction processes, as well as situations in which the Company believes it is the only party or one of a very limited number of potential buyers in negotiations with the potential seller. These acquisition efforts can involve assets that, if acquired, would have a material effect on its financial condition and results of operations.
Distributions
On January 24, 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a cash distribution of $0.725 per unit, or $2.90 per unit on an annualized basis, with respect to the fourth quarter of 2012. The distribution, totaling approximately $170 million, was paid on February 14, 2013, to unitholders of record as of the close of business on February 7, 2013.
Operating Regions
The Company’s properties are located in eight operating regions in the U.S.:
•
Mid-Continent, which includes properties in Oklahoma, Louisiana and the eastern portion of the Texas Panhandle (including the Granite Wash and Cleveland horizontal plays);
•
Hugoton Basin, which includes properties located primarily in Kansas and the Shallow Texas Panhandle;
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Green River Basin, which includes properties located in southwest Wyoming;
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Permian Basin, which includes areas in west Texas and southeast New Mexico;
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Michigan/Illinois, which includes the Antrim Shale formation in the northern part of Michigan and oil properties in southern Illinois;
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Williston/Powder River Basin, which includes the Bakken formation in North Dakota and the Powder River Basin in Wyoming;
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California, which includes the Brea Olinda Field of the Los Angeles Basin; and
•
East Texas, which includes properties located in east Texas.
Mid-Continent
The Mid-Continent region includes properties located in Oklahoma, Louisiana and the eastern portion of the Texas Panhandle (including the Granite Wash and Cleveland horizontal plays). Wells in this diverse region produce from both oil and natural gas reservoirs at depths ranging from 1,500 feet to over 18,000 feet. The Granite Wash formation and other shallower producing horizons are currently being developed using horizontal drilling and multi-stage stimulations. In the northern
Item 1. Business - Continued
Texas Panhandle and extending into western Oklahoma, the Cleveland formation is being developed as a horizontal oil play. Elsewhere in Oklahoma, several producing formations are being targeted using similar horizontal drilling and completion technologies. The majority of wells in this region are mature, low-decline oil and natural gas wells.
Mid-Continent proved reserves represented approximately 34% of total proved reserves at December 31, 2012, of which 59% were classified as proved developed. This region produced 313 MMcfe/d or 48% of the Company’s 2012 average daily production. During 2012, the Company invested approximately $578 million to drill in this region. During 2013, the Company anticipates spending approximately 49% of its total oil and natural gas capital budget for development activities in the Mid-Continent region, primarily in the Granite Wash formation.
To more efficiently transport its natural gas in the Mid-Continent region to market, the Company owns and operates a network of natural gas gathering systems comprised of approximately 300 miles of pipeline and associated compression and metering facilities. In connection with the horizontal development activities in the Granite Wash formation, the Company continues to expand this gathering system which connects to numerous natural gas processing facilities in the region.
Hugoton Basin
The Hugoton Basin is a large oil and natural gas producing area located in the central portion of the Texas Panhandle extending into southwestern Kansas. The Company’s Texas properties in the basin primarily produce from the Brown Dolomite formation at depths of approximately 3,200 feet. The Company’s Kansas properties in the basin, acquired in March 2012, primarily produce from the Council Grove and Chase formations at depths ranging from 2,500 feet to 3,000 feet. Hugoton Basin proved reserves represented approximately 21% of total proved reserves at December 31, 2012, of which 85% were classified as proved developed. This region produced 120 MMcfe/d or 18% of the Company’s 2012 average daily production. During 2012, the Company invested approximately $11 million to drill in this region. During 2013, the Company anticipates spending approximately 3% of its total oil and natural gas capital budget for development activities in the Hugoton Basin region.
To more efficiently transport its natural gas in the Texas Panhandle to market, the Company owns and operates a network of natural gas gathering systems comprised of approximately 665 miles of pipeline and associated compression and metering facilities that connect to numerous sales outlets in the area. The Company also owns and operates the Jayhawk natural gas processing plant in southwestern Kansas with a capacity of approximately 450 MMcfe/d, allowing it to extract maximum value from the liquids-rich natural gas produced in the area. The Company’s production in the area is delivered to the plant via a system of approximately 2,100 miles of pipeline and related facilities operated by the Company, of which approximately 250 miles of pipeline are owned by the Company.
Green River Basin
The Green River Basin region consists of properties acquired in July 2012. These properties are located in southwest Wyoming and primarily produce natural gas at depths ranging from 8,000 feet to 12,000 feet. Green River Basin proved reserves represented approximately 21% of total proved reserves at December 31, 2012, of which 43% were classified as proved developed. This region produced 62 MMcfe/d or 9% of the Company’s 2012 average daily production. During 2012, the Company invested approximately $22 million to drill in this region. During 2013, the Company anticipates spending approximately 12% of its total oil and natural gas capital budget for development activities in the Green River Basin region.
Permian Basin
The Permian Basin is one of the largest and most prolific oil and natural gas basins in the U.S. The Company’s properties are located in west Texas and southeast New Mexico and produce at depths ranging from 2,000 feet to 12,000 feet. The Wolfberry trend is located in the north central portion of the basin where the Company has been actively drilling vertical oil wells since 2010. The Company also produces oil and natural gas from mature, low-decline wells including several waterflood properties located across the basin. Permian Basin proved reserves represented approximately 8% of total proved reserves at December 31, 2012, of which 56% were classified as proved developed. This region produced 83 MMcfe/d or 12% of the Company’s 2012 average daily production. During 2012, the Company invested approximately $240 million to drill in this region. During 2013, the Company anticipates spending approximately 20% of its total oil and natural gas capital budget for development activities in the Permian Basin region, primarily in the Wolfberry trend.
Item 1. Business - Continued
Michigan/Illinois
The Michigan/Illinois region includes properties producing from the Antrim Shale formation in the northern part of Michigan and oil properties in southern Illinois. These wells produce at depths ranging from 600 feet to 4,000 feet. Michigan/Illinois proved reserves represented approximately 6% of total proved reserves at December 31, 2012, of which 94% were classified as proved developed. This region produced 35 MMcfe/d or 5% of the Company’s 2012 average daily production. During 2013, the Company anticipates spending approximately 1% of its total oil and natural gas capital budget for development activities in the Michigan/Illinois region.
Williston/Powder River Basin
The Williston/Powder River Basin region includes the Bakken formation in North Dakota and the Powder River Basin in Wyoming. The Company’s nonoperated properties in the Williston Basin, one of the premier oil basins in the U.S., produce at depths ranging from 9,000 feet to 12,000 feet. The Company’s properties in the Powder River Basin, acquired in April 2012, consist of a CO2 flood operated by Anadarko in the Salt Creek Field. Williston/Powder River Basin proved reserves represented approximately 4% of total proved reserves at December 31, 2012, of which 66% were classified as proved developed. This region produced 29 MMcfe/d or 4% of the Company’s 2012 average daily production. During 2012, the Company invested approximately $124 million to drill in this region. During 2013, the Company anticipates spending approximately 12% of its total oil and natural gas capital budget for development activities in the Williston/Powder River Basin region.
California
The California region consists of the Brea Olinda Field of the Los Angeles Basin. The Brea Olinda Field was discovered in 1880 and produces from the shallow Pliocene formation to the deeper Miocene formation at depths ranging from 1,000 feet to 7,500 feet. California proved reserves represented approximately 4% of total proved reserves at December 31, 2012, of which 96% were classified as proved developed. This region produced 13 MMcfe/d or 2% of the Company’s 2012 average daily production. During 2012, the Company invested approximately $1 million to drill in this region. During 2013, the Company anticipates spending approximately 2% of its total oil and natural gas capital budget for development activities in the California region.
East Texas
The East Texas region consists of properties acquired in May 2012. These properties are located in east Texas and primarily produce natural gas from the Cotton Valley formation at depths of approximately 11,000 feet. Proved reserves for these mature, low-decline producing properties, all of which are proved developed, represented approximately 2% of total proved reserves at December 31, 2012. This region produced 16 MMcfe/d or 2% of the Company’s 2012 average daily production. During 2013, the Company anticipates spending approximately 1% of its total oil and natural gas capital budget for development activities in the East Texas region.
Item 1. Business - Continued
Drilling and Acreage
The following sets forth the wells drilled during the periods indicated (“gross” refers to the total wells in which the Company had a working interest and “net” refers to gross wells multiplied by the Company’s working interest):
The totals above do not include 8 lateral segments added to existing vertical wellbores in the Hugoton Basin region during the year ended December 31, 2010. There were no lateral segments added to existing vertical wellbores during the years ended December 31, 2012, or December 31, 2011. At December 31, 2012, the Company had 139 gross (53 net) wells in progress (two wells were temporarily suspended).
This information should not be considered indicative of future performance, nor should it be assumed that there is necessarily any correlation between the number of productive wells drilled and the quantities or economic value of reserves found. Productive wells are those that produce commercial quantities of oil, natural gas or NGL, regardless of whether they generate a reasonable rate of return.
The following sets forth information about the Company’s drilling locations and net acres of leasehold interests as of December 31, 2012:
(1)
Does not include optimization projects.
As shown in the table above, as of December 31, 2012, the Company had 2,504 proved undeveloped drilling locations (specific drilling locations as to which the independent engineering firm, DeGolyer and MacNaughton, assigned proved undeveloped reserves as of such date) and the Company had identified 8,477 additional unproved drilling locations (specific drilling locations as to which DeGolyer and MacNaughton has not assigned any proved reserves) on acreage that the Company has under existing leases. As successful development wells frequently result in the reclassification of adjacent lease acreage from unproved to proved, the Company expects that a significant number of its unproved drilling locations will be reclassified as proved drilling locations prior to the actual drilling of these locations.
Item 1. Business - Continued
Productive Wells
The following sets forth information relating to the productive wells in which the Company owned a working interest as of December 31, 2012. Productive wells consist of producing wells and wells capable of production, including wells awaiting pipeline or other connections to commence deliveries. “Gross” wells refers to the total number of producing wells in which the Company has an interest, and “net” wells refers to the sum of its fractional working interests owned in gross wells. The number of wells below does not include approximately 2,590 productive wells in which the Company owns a royalty interest only.
(1)
The Company had 12 operated wells with multiple completions at December 31, 2012.
(2)
The Company had no nonoperated wells with multiple completions at December 31, 2012.
Developed and Undeveloped Acreage
The following sets forth information relating to leasehold acreage as of December 31, 2012:
Production, Price and Cost History
The Company’s natural gas production is primarily sold under market sensitive contracts which are typically priced at a differential to the New York Mercantile Exchange (“NYMEX”) price or the published natural gas index price for the producing area due to the natural gas quality and the proximity to major consuming markets. The Company’s natural gas production is sold to purchasers under percentage-of-proceeds contracts, percentage-of-index contracts or spot price contracts. Under percentage-of-proceeds contracts, the Company receives a percentage of the resale price received by the purchaser for sales of residual natural gas and NGL recovered after transportation and processing of natural gas. These purchasers sell the residual natural gas and NGL based primarily on spot market prices. Under percentage-of-index contracts, the Company receives a price for natural gas based on indexes published for the producing area. Although exact percentages vary daily, as of December 31, 2012, approximately 85% of the Company’s natural gas and NGL production was sold under short-term contracts at market-sensitive or spot prices. At December 31, 2012, the Company had natural gas throughput delivery commitments under long-term contracts of approximately 24 Bcf to be delivered by August 2015.
The Company’s oil production is primarily sold under market sensitive contracts, which typically sell at a differential to NYMEX, and as of December 31, 2012, approximately 90% of its oil production was sold under short-term contracts. At December 31, 2012, the Company had no delivery commitments for oil production.
As discussed in the “Strategy” section above, the Company enters into derivative contracts primarily in the form of swap contracts and put options to reduce the impact of commodity price volatility on its cash flow from operations. By removing a significant portion of the price volatility associated with future production, the Company expects to mitigate, but not eliminate, the potential effects of variability in cash flow due to fluctuations in commodity prices.
Item 1. Business - Continued
The following sets forth information regarding average daily production, average prices and average costs for each of the periods indicated:
(1)
Includes the effect of realized gains on derivatives of approximately $381 million (excluding $22 million realized gains on recovery of bankruptcy claim), $230 million (excluding $27 million realized gains on canceled contracts of which the proceeds were reallocated within the Company’s derivatives portfolio), and $308 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, respectively.
(2)
Does not include the effect of realized gains (losses) on derivatives.
(3)
General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, include approximately $28 million, $21 million and $13 million, respectively, of noncash unit-based compensation expenses. Excluding these amounts, general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, were $0.59 per Mcfe, $0.83 per Mcfe and $0.88 per Mcfe, respectively. This measure is not in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) and thus is a non-GAAP measure, used by management to analyze the Company’s performance.
Item 1. Business - Continued
Reserve Data
Proved Reserves
The following sets forth estimated proved oil, natural gas and NGL reserves and the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows at December 31, 2012, based on reserve reports prepared by independent engineers, DeGolyer and MacNaughton:
(1)
This measure is not intended to represent the market value of estimated reserves.
(2)
In accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regulations, reserves were estimated using the average price during the 12-month period, determined as an unweighted average of the first-day-of-the-month price for each month, unless prices are defined by contractual arrangements, excluding escalations based upon future conditions. The average price used to estimate reserves is held constant over the life of the reserves.
During the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company’s proved undeveloped reserves (“PUDs”) increased to 1,669 Bcfe from 1,336 Bcfe at December 31, 2011, representing an increase of 333 Bcfe. The increase was primarily due to 415 Bcfe added as a result of the Company’s acquisitions in the Mid-Continent, Hugoton Basin, Williston/Powder River Basin, East Texas and Green River Basin regions and 588 Bcfe added as a result of its drilling activities, partially offset by 443 Bcfe of revisions and 227 Bcfe of PUDs developed during 2012.
During the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company incurred approximately $442 million in capital expenditures to convert 208 Bcfe of reserves classified as PUDs at December 31, 2011. Based on the December 31, 2012 reserve report, the amounts of capital expenditures estimated to be incurred in 2013, 2014 and 2015 to develop the Company’s PUDs are approximately $679 million, $688 million and $622 million, respectively. The amount and timing of these expenditures will depend on a number of factors, including actual drilling results, service costs and product prices. None of the 1,669 Bcfe of PUDs at December 31, 2012, has remained undeveloped for five years or more. All PUD properties are included in the Company’s current five-year development plan.
Reserve engineering is inherently a subjective process of estimating underground accumulations of oil, natural gas and NGL that cannot be measured exactly. The accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the quality of available data and engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. Accordingly, reserve estimates may vary from the quantities of oil, natural gas and NGL that are ultimately recovered. Future prices received for production may vary, perhaps significantly, from the prices assumed for the purposes of estimating the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows. The
Item 1. Business - Continued
standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows should not be construed as the market value of the reserves at the dates shown. The 10% discount factor required to be used under the provisions of applicable accounting standards may not be the most appropriate discount factor based on interest rates in effect from time to time and risks associated with the Company or the oil and natural gas industry. The standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows is materially affected by assumptions about the timing of future production, which may prove to be inaccurate.
The reserve estimates reported herein were prepared by independent engineers, DeGolyer and MacNaughton. The process performed by the independent engineers to prepare reserve amounts included their estimation of reserve quantities, future producing rates, future net revenue and the present value of such future net revenue, is based in part on data provided by the Company. When preparing the reserve estimates, the independent engineering firm did not independently verify the accuracy and completeness of the information and data furnished by the Company with respect to ownership interests, production, well test data, historical costs of operation and development, product prices, or any agreements relating to current and future operations of the properties and sales of production. However, if in the course of their work, something came to their attention that brought into question the validity or sufficiency of any such information or data, they did not rely on such information or data until they had satisfactorily resolved their questions relating thereto. The estimates of reserves conform to the guidelines of the SEC, including the criteria of “reasonable certainty,” as it pertains to expectations about the recoverability of reserves in future years. The independent engineering firm also prepared estimates with respect to reserve categorization, using the definitions for proved reserves set forth in Regulation S-X Rule 4-10(a) and subsequent SEC staff interpretations and guidance.
The Company’s internal control over the preparation of reserve estimates is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Company’s reserve estimates in accordance with SEC regulations. The preparation of reserve estimates was overseen by the Company’s Reservoir Engineering Advisor, who has Master of Petroleum Engineering and Master of Business Administration degrees and more than 25 years of oil and natural gas industry experience. The reserve estimates were reviewed and approved by the Company’s senior engineering staff and management, with final approval by its Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. For additional information regarding estimates of reserves, including the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows, see “Supplemental Oil and Natural Gas Data (Unaudited)” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” The Company has not filed reserve estimates with any federal authority or agency, with the exception of the SEC.
Operational Overview
General
The Company generally seeks to be the operator of its properties so that it can develop drilling programs and optimization projects that not only replace production, but add value through reserve and production growth and future operational synergies. Many of the Company’s wells are completed in multiple producing zones with commingled production and long economic lives.
Principal Customers
For the year ended December 31, 2012, sales of oil, natural gas and NGL to Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. and DCP Midstream Partners, LP accounted for approximately 24% and 13%, respectively, of the Company’s total production volumes, or 37% in the aggregate. If the Company were to lose any one of its major oil and natural gas purchasers, the loss could temporarily cease or delay production and sale of its oil and natural gas in that particular purchaser’s service area. If the Company were to lose a purchaser, it believes it could identify a substitute purchaser. However, if one or more of these large purchasers ceased purchasing oil and natural gas altogether, it could have a detrimental effect on the oil and natural gas market in general and on the volume of oil and natural gas that the Company is able to sell.
Competition
The oil and natural gas industry is highly competitive. The Company encounters strong competition from other independent operators and master limited partnerships in acquiring properties, contracting for drilling and other related services and securing trained personnel. The Company is also affected by competition for drilling rigs and the availability of related equipment. In the past, the oil and natural gas industry has experienced shortages of drilling rigs, equipment, pipe and
Item 1. Business - Continued
personnel, which has delayed development drilling and has caused significant price increases. The Company is unable to predict when, or if, such shortages may occur or how they would affect its drilling program.
Operating Hazards and Insurance
The oil and natural gas industry involves a variety of operating hazards and risks that could result in substantial losses from, among other things, injury or loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property, natural resources and equipment, pollution or other environmental damage, cleanup responsibilities, regulatory investigation and penalties and suspension of operations. The Company may be liable for environmental damages caused by previous owners of property it purchases and leases. As a result, the Company may incur substantial liabilities to third parties or governmental entities, the payment of which could reduce or eliminate funds available for acquisitions, development or distributions, or result in the loss of properties. In addition, the Company participates in wells on a nonoperated basis and therefore may be limited in its ability to control the risks associated with the operation of such wells.
In accordance with customary industry practices, the Company maintains insurance against some, but not all, potential losses. The Company cannot provide assurance that any insurance it obtains will be adequate to cover any losses or liabilities. The Company has elected to self-insure for certain items for which it has determined that the cost of available insurance is excessive relative to the risks presented. In addition, pollution and environmental risks generally are not fully insurable. The occurrence of an event not fully covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations. For more information about potential risks that could affect the Company, see Item 1A.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our business has many risks. Factors that could materially adversely affect our business, financial position, operating results or liquidity and the trading price of our units are described below. This information should be considered carefully, together with other information in this report and other reports and materials we file with the SEC.
We may not have sufficient cash flow from operations to pay the quarterly distribution at the current distribution level, or at all, and future distributions to our unitholders may fluctuate from quarter to quarter.
We may not have sufficient cash flow from operations each quarter to pay the quarterly distribution at the current distribution level or at all. Under the terms of our limited liability company agreement, the amount of cash otherwise available for distribution will be reduced by our operating expenses and any cash reserve amounts that our Board of Directors establishes to provide for future operations, future capital expenditures, future debt service requirements and future cash distributions to our unitholders. The amount of cash we can distribute on our units principally depends upon the amount of cash we generate from our operations, which will fluctuate from quarter to quarter based on, among other things:
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produced volumes of oil, natural gas and NGL;
•
prices at which oil, natural gas and NGL production is sold;
•
level of our operating costs;
•
payment of interest, which depends on the amount of our indebtedness and the interest payable thereon; and
•
level of our capital expenditures.
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Continued
In addition, the actual amount of cash we will have available for distribution will depend on other factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:
•
availability of borrowings on acceptable terms under our Credit Facility to pay distributions;
•
the costs of acquisitions, if any;
•
fluctuations in our working capital needs;
•
timing and collectibility of receivables;
•
restrictions on distributions contained in our Credit Facility and the Indentures governing our November 2019 Senior Notes, May 2019 Senior Notes, 2010 Issued Senior Notes, and our Original Senior Notes, as defined in Note 6;
•
prevailing economic conditions;
•
access to credit or capital markets; and
•
the amount of cash reserves established by our Board of Directors for the proper conduct of our business.
As a result of these factors, the amount of cash we distribute to our unitholders may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and may be significantly less than the current distribution level, or the distribution may be suspended.
We actively seek to acquire oil and natural gas properties. Acquisitions involve potential risks that could adversely impact our future growth and our ability to increase or pay distributions at the current level, or at all.
Any acquisition involves potential risks, including, among other things:
•
the risk that reserves expected to support the acquired assets may not be of the anticipated magnitude or may not be developed as anticipated;
•
the risk of title defects discovered after closing;
•
inaccurate assumptions about revenues and costs, including synergies;
•
significant increases in our indebtedness and working capital requirements;
•
an inability to transition and integrate successfully or timely the businesses we acquire;
•
the cost of transition and integration of data systems and processes;
•
the potential environmental problems and costs;
•
the assumption of unknown liabilities;
•
limitations on rights to indemnity from the seller;
•
the diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;
•
increased demands on existing personnel and on our corporate structure;
•
disputes arising out of acquisitions;
•
customer or key employee losses of the acquired businesses; and
•
the failure to realize expected growth or profitability.
The scope and cost of these risks may ultimately be materially greater than estimated at the time of the acquisition. Further, our future acquisition costs may be higher than those we have achieved historically. Any of these factors could adversely impact our future growth and our ability to increase or pay distributions.
If we do not make future acquisitions on economically acceptable terms, then our growth and ability to increase distributions will be limited.
Our ability to grow and to increase distributions to our unitholders is partially dependent on our ability to make acquisitions that result in an increase in available cash flow per unit. We may be unable to make such acquisitions because we are:
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unable to identify attractive acquisition candidates or negotiate acceptable purchase contracts with them;
•
unable to obtain financing for these acquisitions on economically acceptable terms; or
•
outbid by competitors.
In any such case, our future growth and ability to increase distributions will be limited. Furthermore, even if we do make acquisitions that we believe will increase available cash flow per unit, these acquisitions may nevertheless result in a decrease in available cash flow per unit.
We have significant indebtedness under our November 2019 Senior Notes, May 2019 Senior Notes, 2010 Issued Senior Notes, and Original Senior Notes (collectively, “Senior Notes”) and, from time to time, our Credit Facility. For a discussion of our Senior Notes, see Note 6. Our Credit Facility and the Indentures governing our Senior Notes have
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Continued
substantial restrictions and financial covenants and we may have difficulty obtaining additional credit, which could adversely affect our operations, our ability to make acquisitions and our ability to pay distributions to our unitholders.
As of January 31, 2013, we had an aggregate of approximately $6.1 billion outstanding under Senior Notes and our Credit Facility (with additional borrowing capacity of approximately $1.8 billion under our Credit Facility). As a result of our indebtedness, we will use a portion of our cash flow to pay interest and principal when due, which will reduce the cash available to finance our operations and other business activities and could limit our flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in our business and the industry in which we operate.
The Credit Facility restricts our ability to obtain additional financing, make investments, lease equipment, sell assets, enter into commodity and interest rate derivative contracts and engage in business combinations. We are also required to comply with certain financial covenants and ratios under our Credit Facility and the Indentures governing our Senior Notes. Our ability to comply with these restrictions and covenants in the future is uncertain and will be affected by the levels of cash flow from our operations and events or circumstances beyond our control. Our failure to comply with any of the restrictions and covenants could result in an event of default, which, if it continues beyond any applicable cure periods, could cause all of our existing indebtedness to be immediately due and payable.
We depend, in part, on our Credit Facility for future capital needs. We have drawn on our Credit Facility to fund or partially fund quarterly cash distribution payments, since we use operating cash flow primarily for drilling and development of oil and natural gas properties and acquisitions and borrow as cash is needed. Absent such borrowing, we would have at times experienced a shortfall in cash available to pay our declared quarterly cash distribution amount. If there is a default by us under our Credit Facility that continues beyond any applicable cure period, we would be unable to make borrowings to fund distributions. In addition, we may finance acquisitions through borrowings under our Credit Facility or the incurrence of additional debt. To the extent that we are unable to incur additional debt under our Credit Facility or otherwise because we are not in compliance with the financial covenants in the Credit Facility, we may not be able to complete acquisitions, which could adversely affect our ability to maintain or increase distributions. Furthermore, to the extent we are unable to refinance our Credit Facility on terms that are as favorable as those in our existing Credit Facility, or at all, our ability to fund our operations and our ability to pay distributions could be affected.
The borrowing base under our Credit Facility is determined semi-annually at the discretion of the lenders and is based in part on oil, natural gas and NGL prices. Significant declines in oil, natural gas or NGL prices may result in a decrease in our borrowing base. The lenders can unilaterally adjust the borrowing base and therefore the borrowings permitted to be outstanding under the Credit Facility. Any increase in the borrowing base requires the consent of all the lenders. Outstanding borrowings in excess of the borrowing base must be repaid immediately, or we must pledge other properties as additional collateral. We do not currently have substantial unpledged properties, and we may not have the financial resources in the future to make any mandatory principal prepayments required under the Credit Facility. Significant declines in our production or significant declines in realized oil, natural gas or NGL prices for prolonged periods and resulting decreases in our borrowing base may force us to reduce or suspend distributions to our unitholders.
Our ability to access the capital and credit markets to raise capital and borrow on favorable terms will be affected by disruptions in the capital and credit markets, which could adversely affect our operations, our ability to make acquisitions and our ability to pay distributions to our unitholders.
Disruptions in the capital and credit markets could limit our ability to access these markets or significantly increase our cost to borrow. Some lenders may increase interest rates, enact tighter lending standards, refuse to refinance existing debt at maturity on favorable terms or at all and may reduce or cease to provide funding to borrowers. If we are unable to access the capital and credit markets on favorable terms, our ability to make acquisitions and pay distributions could be affected.
Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.
Borrowings under our Credit Facility bear interest at variable rates and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase and we are unable to effectively hedge our interest rate risk, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income and cash available for servicing our indebtedness would decrease.
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Continued
Increases in interest rates could adversely affect the demand for our units.
An increase in interest rates may cause a corresponding decline in demand for equity investments, in particular for yield-based equity investments such as our units. Any such reduction in demand for our units resulting from other more attractive investment opportunities may cause the trading price of our units to decline.
Our commodity derivative activities could result in financial losses or could reduce our income, which may adversely affect our ability to pay distributions to our unitholders.
To achieve more predictable cash flow and to reduce our exposure to adverse fluctuations in the prices of oil and natural gas, we enter into commodity derivative contracts for a significant portion of our production. Commodity derivative arrangements expose us to the risk of financial loss in some circumstances, including situations when production is less than expected. If we experience a sustained material interruption in our production or if we are unable to perform our drilling activity as planned, we might be forced to satisfy all or a portion of our derivative obligations without the benefit of the cash flow from our sale of the underlying physical commodity, resulting in a substantial reduction of our liquidity, which may adversely affect our ability to pay distributions to our unitholders.
Our limited ability to hedge our NGL production could adversely impact our cash flow and results of operations.
A liquid, readily available and commercially viable market for hedging NGLs has not developed in the same way that exists for crude oil and natural gas. The current direct NGL hedging market is constrained in terms of price, volume, tenor and number of counterparties, which limits our ability to hedge our NGL production effectively or at all. As a result, our cash flow and results of operations could be adversely impacted by fluctuations in the market prices for NGL products.
Counterparty failure may adversely affect our derivative positions.
We cannot be assured that our counterparties will be able to perform under our derivative contracts. If a counterparty fails to perform and the derivative arrangement is terminated, our cash flow and ability to pay distributions could be impacted.
Commodity prices are volatile, and a significant decline in commodity prices for a prolonged period would reduce our revenues, cash flow from operations and profitability and we may have to lower our distribution or may not be able to pay distributions at all.
Our revenue, profitability and cash flow depend upon the prices of and demand for oil, natural gas and NGL. The oil, natural gas and NGL market is very volatile and a drop in prices can significantly affect our financial results and impede our growth. Changes in oil, natural gas and NGL prices have a significant impact on the value of our reserves and on our cash flow. Prices for these commodities may fluctuate widely in response to relatively minor changes in the supply of and demand for them, market uncertainty and a variety of additional factors that are beyond our control, such as:
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the domestic and foreign supply of and demand for oil, natural gas and NGL;
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the price and level of foreign imports;
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the level of consumer product demand;
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weather conditions;
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overall domestic and global economic conditions;
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political and economic conditions in oil and natural gas producing countries;
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the ability of members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries to agree to and maintain price and production controls;
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the impact of the U.S. dollar exchange rates on oil, natural gas and NGL prices;
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technological advances affecting energy consumption;
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domestic and foreign governmental regulations and taxation;
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the impact of energy conservation efforts;
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the proximity and capacity of pipelines and other transportation facilities; and
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the price and availability of alternative fuels.
In the past, the prices of oil, natural gas and NGL have been extremely volatile, and we expect this volatility to continue. If commodity prices decline significantly for a prolonged period, our cash flow from operations will decline, and we may have to lower our distribution or may not be able to pay distributions at all.
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Continued
Future price declines or downward reserve revisions may result in a write down of our asset carrying values, which could adversely affect our results of operations and limit our ability to borrow funds.
Declines in oil, natural gas and NGL prices may result in our having to make substantial downward adjustments to our estimated proved reserves. If this occurs, or if our estimates of development costs increase, production data factors change or drilling results deteriorate, accounting rules may require us to write down, as a noncash charge to earnings, the carrying value of our properties for impairments. We capitalize costs to acquire, find and develop our oil and natural gas properties under the successful efforts accounting method. We are required to perform impairment tests on our assets periodically and whenever events or changes in circumstances warrant a review of our assets. To the extent such tests indicate a reduction of the estimated useful life or estimated future cash flows of our assets, the carrying value may not be recoverable and therefore would require a write down. We have incurred impairment charges in the past and may do so in the future. Any impairment could be substantial and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in the period incurred and on our ability to borrow funds under our Credit Facility, which in turn may adversely affect our ability to make cash distributions to our unitholders.
Unless we replace our reserves, our reserves and production will decline, which would adversely affect our cash flow from operations and our ability to make distributions to our unitholders.
Producing oil, natural gas and NGL reservoirs are characterized by declining production rates that vary depending upon reservoir characteristics and other factors. The overall rate of decline for our production will change if production from our existing wells declines in a different manner than we have estimated and can change when we drill additional wells, make acquisitions and under other circumstances. Thus, our future oil, natural gas and NGL reserves and production and, therefore, our cash flow and income, are highly dependent on our success in efficiently developing our current reserves and economically finding or acquiring additional recoverable reserves. We may not be able to develop, find or acquire additional reserves to replace our current and future production at acceptable costs, which would adversely affect our cash flow from operations and our ability to make distributions to our unitholders.
Our estimated reserves are based on many assumptions that may prove to be inaccurate. Any material inaccuracies in these reserve estimates or underlying assumptions will materially affect the quantities and present value of our reserves.
No one can measure underground accumulations of oil, natural gas and NGL in an exact manner. Reserve engineering requires subjective estimates of underground accumulations of oil, natural gas and NGL and assumptions concerning future oil, natural gas and NGL prices, production levels and operating and development costs. As a result, estimated quantities of proved reserves and projections of future production rates and the timing of development expenditures may prove to be inaccurate. Independent petroleum engineering firms prepare estimates of our proved reserves. Some of our reserve estimates are made without the benefit of a lengthy production history, which are less reliable than estimates based on a lengthy production history. Also, we make certain assumptions regarding future oil, natural gas and NGL prices, production levels and operating and development costs that may prove incorrect. Any significant variance from these assumptions by actual amounts could greatly affect our estimates of reserves, the economically recoverable quantities of oil, natural gas and NGL attributable to any particular group of properties, the classifications of reserves based on risk of recovery and estimates of the future net cash flows. Numerous changes over time to the assumptions on which our reserve estimates are based, as described above, often result in the actual quantities of oil, natural gas and NGL we ultimately recover being different from our reserve estimates.
The present value of future net cash flows from our proved reserves is not necessarily the same as the current market value of our estimated oil, natural gas and NGL reserves. We base the estimated discounted future net cash flows from our proved reserves on an unweighted average of the first-day-of-the month price for each month during the 12-month calendar year and year-end costs. However, actual future net cash flows from our oil and natural gas properties also will be affected by factors such as:
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actual prices we receive for oil, natural gas and NGL;
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the amount and timing of actual production;
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the timing and success of development activities;
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supply of and demand for oil, natural gas and NGL; and
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changes in governmental regulations or taxation.
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Continued
In addition, the 10% discount factor required to be used under the provisions of applicable accounting standards when calculating discounted future net cash flows, may not be the most appropriate discount factor based on interest rates in effect from time to time and risks associated with us or the oil and natural gas industry in general.
Our development operations require substantial capital expenditures, which will reduce our cash available for distribution. We may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms, which could lead to a decline in our reserves.
The oil and natural gas industry is capital intensive. We make and expect to continue to make substantial capital expenditures in our business for the development and production of oil, natural gas and NGL reserves. These expenditures will reduce our cash available for distribution. We intend to finance our future capital expenditures with cash flow from operations and to the extent necessary, with equity and debt offerings or bank borrowings. Our cash flow from operations and access to capital are subject to a number of variables, including:
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our proved reserves;
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the level of oil, natural gas and NGL we are able to produce from existing wells;
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the prices at which we are able to sell our oil, natural gas and NGL; and
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our ability to acquire, locate and produce new reserves.
If our revenues or the borrowing base under our Credit Facility decrease as a result of lower oil, natural gas and NGL prices, operating difficulties, declines in reserves or for any other reason, we may have limited ability to obtain the capital necessary to sustain our operations at current levels. Our Credit Facility restricts our ability to obtain new financing. If additional capital is needed, we may not be able to obtain debt or equity financing on terms favorable to us, or at all. If cash flow from operations or cash available under our Credit Facility is not sufficient to meet our capital requirements, the failure to obtain additional financing could result in a curtailment of our development operations, which in turn could lead to a possible decline in our reserves.
We may decide not to drill some of the prospects we have identified, and locations that we decide to drill may not yield oil, natural gas and NGL in commercially viable quantities.
Our prospective drilling locations are in various stages of evaluation, ranging from a prospect that is ready to drill to a prospect that will require additional geological and engineering analysis. Based on a variety of factors, including future oil, natural gas and NGL prices, the generation of additional seismic or geological information, the availability of drilling rigs and other factors, we may decide not to drill one or more of these prospects. As a result, we may not be able to increase or maintain our reserves or production, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and our ability to pay distributions. In addition, the SEC’s reserve reporting rules include a general requirement that, subject to limited exceptions, proved undeveloped reserves may only be booked if they relate to wells scheduled to be drilled within five years of the date of booking. At December 31, 2012, we had 2,504 proved undeveloped drilling locations. To the extent that we do not drill these locations within five years of initial booking, they may not continue to qualify for classification as proved reserves, and we may be required to reclassify such reserves as unproved reserves. The reclassification of such reserves could also have a negative effect on the borrowing base under our Credit Facility.
The cost of drilling, completing and operating a well is often uncertain, and cost factors can adversely affect the economics of a well. Our efforts will be uneconomic if we drill dry holes or wells that are productive but do not produce enough oil, natural gas and NGL to be commercially viable after drilling, operating and other costs. If we drill future wells that we identify as dry holes, our drilling success rate would decline, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations.
Our business depends on gathering and transportation facilities. Any limitation in the availability of those facilities would interfere with our ability to market the oil, natural gas and NGL we produce, and could reduce our cash available for distribution and adversely impact expected increases in oil, natural gas and NGL production from our drilling program.
The marketability of our oil, natural gas and NGL production depends in part on the availability, proximity and capacity of gathering and pipeline systems. The amount of oil, natural gas and NGL that can be produced and sold is subject to limitation in certain circumstances, such as pipeline interruptions due to scheduled and unscheduled maintenance, excessive pressure, physical damage to the gathering or transportation system, or lack of contracted capacity on such systems. The curtailments arising from these and similar circumstances may last from a few days to several months. In many cases, we are
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Continued
provided only with limited, if any, notice as to when these circumstances will arise and their duration. In addition, some of our wells are drilled in locations that are not serviced by gathering and transportation pipelines, or the gathering and transportation pipelines in the area may not have sufficient capacity to transport additional production. As a result, we may not be able to sell the oil, natural gas and NGL production from these wells until the necessary gathering and transportation systems are constructed. Any significant curtailment in gathering system or pipeline capacity, or significant delay in the construction of necessary gathering and transportation facilities, would interfere with our ability to market the oil, natural gas and NGL we produce, and could reduce our cash available for distribution and adversely impact expected increases in oil, natural gas and NGL production from our drilling program.
We depend on certain key customers for sales of our oil, natural gas and NGL. To the extent these and other customers reduce the volumes they purchase from us or delay payment, our revenues and cash available for distribution could decline. Further, a general increase in nonpayment could have an adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations.
For the year ended December 31, 2012, Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. and DCP Midstream Partners, LP accounted for approximately 24% and 13%, respectively, of our total production volumes, or 37% in the aggregate. For the year ended December 31, 2011, Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. and DCP Midstream Partners, LP accounted for approximately 21% and 19%, respectively, of our total production volumes, or 40% in the aggregate. To the extent these and other customers reduce the volumes of oil, natural gas or NGL that they purchase from us, our revenues and cash available for distribution could decline.
Many of our leases are in areas that have been partially depleted or drained by offset wells.
Our key project areas are located in some of the most active drilling areas of the producing basins in the U.S. As a result, many of our leases are in areas that have already been partially depleted or drained by earlier offset drilling. This may inhibit our ability to find economically recoverable quantities of reserves in these areas.
Our identified drilling location inventories are scheduled out over several years, making them susceptible to uncertainties that could materially alter the occurrence or timing of their drilling, resulting in temporarily lower cash from operations, which may impact our ability to pay distributions.
Our management has specifically identified and scheduled drilling locations as an estimation of our future multi-year drilling activities on our existing acreage. As of December 31, 2012, we had identified 10,981 drilling locations, of which 2,504 were proved undeveloped locations and 8,477 were other locations. These identified drilling locations represent a significant part of our growth strategy. Our ability to drill and develop these locations depends on a number of factors, including the availability of capital, seasonal conditions, regulatory approvals, oil, natural gas and NGL prices, costs and drilling results. In addition, DeGolyer and MacNaughton has not estimated proved reserves for the 8,477 other drilling locations we have identified and scheduled for drilling, and therefore there may be greater uncertainty with respect to the success of drilling wells at these drilling locations. Our final determination on whether to drill any of these drilling locations will be dependent upon the factors described above as well as, to some degree, the results of our drilling activities with respect to our proved drilling locations. Because of these uncertainties, we do not know if the numerous drilling locations we have identified will be drilled within our expected timeframe or will ever be drilled or if we will be able to produce oil, natural gas and NGL from these or any other potential drilling locations. As such, our actual drilling activities may materially differ from those presently identified, which could adversely affect our business.
Drilling for and producing oil, natural gas and NGL are high risk activities with many uncertainties that could adversely affect our financial position or results of operations and, as a result, our ability to pay distributions to our unitholders.
Our drilling activities are subject to many risks, including the risk that we will not discover commercially productive reservoirs. Drilling for oil, natural gas and NGL can be uneconomic, not only from dry holes, but also from productive wells that do not produce sufficient revenues to be commercially viable. In addition, our drilling and producing operations may be curtailed, delayed or canceled as a result of other factors, including:
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the high cost, shortages or delivery delays of equipment and services;
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unexpected operational events;
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adverse weather conditions;
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facility or equipment malfunctions;
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Continued
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title problems;
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pipeline ruptures or spills;
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compliance with environmental and other governmental requirements;
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unusual or unexpected geological formations;
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loss of drilling fluid circulation;
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formations with abnormal pressures;
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fires;
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blowouts, craterings and explosions; and
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uncontrollable flows of oil, natural gas and NGL or well fluids.
Any of these events can cause increased costs or restrict our ability to drill the wells and conduct the operations which we currently have planned. Any delay in the drilling program or significant increase in costs could impact our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to pay quarterly distributions to our unitholders at the current distribution level or at all. Increased costs could include losses from personal injury or loss of life, damage to or destruction of property, natural resources and equipment, pollution, environmental contamination, loss of wells and regulatory penalties. We ordinarily maintain insurance against certain losses and liabilities arising from our operations. However, it is impossible to insure against all operational risks in the course of our business. Additionally, we may elect not to obtain insurance if we believe that the cost of available insurance is excessive relative to the perceived risks presented. Losses could therefore occur for uninsurable or uninsured risks or in amounts in excess of existing insurance coverage. The occurrence of an event that is not fully covered by insurance could have a material adverse impact on our business activities, financial position and results of operations.
We have limited control over the activities on properties we do not operate.
Other companies operate some of the properties in which we have an interest. Nonoperated wells represented approximately 30% of our total owned gross wells, or approximately 9% of our owned net wells, as of December 31, 2012. We have limited ability to influence or control the operation or future development of these nonoperated properties, including timing of drilling and other scheduled operations activities, compliance with environmental, safety and other regulations, or the amount of capital expenditures that we are required to fund with respect to them. The failure of an operator of our wells to adequately perform operations, an operator’s breach of the applicable agreements or an operator’s failure to act in ways that are in our best interest could reduce our production and revenues. Our dependence on the operator and other working interest owners for these projects and our limited ability to influence or control the operation and future development of these properties could materially adversely affect the realization of our targeted returns on capital in drilling or acquisition activities and lead to unexpected future costs.
Because we handle oil, natural gas and NGL and other hydrocarbons, we may incur significant costs and liabilities in the future resulting from a failure to comply with new or existing environmental regulations or an accidental release of hazardous substances into the environment.
The operations of our wells, gathering systems, turbines, pipelines and other facilities are subject to stringent and complex federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may trigger a variety of administrative, civil and criminal enforcement measures, including the assessment of monetary penalties, the imposition of remedial requirements, and the issuance of orders enjoining future operations. There is an inherent risk that we may incur environmental costs and liabilities due to the nature of our business and the substances we handle. Certain environmental statutes, including the RCRA, CERCLA and analogous state laws and regulations, impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed of or otherwise released. In addition, an accidental release from one of our wells or gathering pipelines could subject us to substantial liabilities arising from environmental cleanup and restoration costs, claims made by neighboring landowners and other third parties for personal injury and property damage and fines or penalties for related violations of environmental laws or regulations.
Moreover, the possibility exists that stricter laws, regulations or enforcement policies could significantly increase our compliance costs and the cost of any remediation that may become necessary, and these costs may not be recoverable from insurance. For a more detailed discussion of environmental and regulatory matters impacting our business, see Item 1. “Business - Environmental Matters and Regulation.”
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Continued
We are subject to complex federal, state, local and other laws and regulations that could adversely affect the cost, manner or feasibility of doing business.
Our operations are regulated extensively at the federal, state and local levels. Environmental and other governmental laws and regulations have resulted in delays and increased the costs to plan, design, drill, install, operate and abandon oil and natural gas wells. Under these laws and regulations, we could also be liable for personal injuries, property damage and other damages. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in the suspension or termination of our operations and subject us to administrative, civil and criminal penalties. Moreover, public interest in environmental protection has increased in recent years, and environmental organizations have opposed, with some success, certain drilling projects.
Part of the regulatory environment in which we operate includes, in some cases, legal requirements for obtaining environmental assessments, environmental impact studies and/or plans of development before commencing drilling and production activities. In addition, our activities are subject to the regulations regarding conservation practices and protection of correlative rights. These regulations affect our operations and limit the quantity of oil, natural gas and NGL we may produce and sell. A major risk inherent in our drilling plans is the need to obtain drilling permits from state and local authorities. Delays in obtaining regulatory approvals or drilling permits, the failure to obtain a drilling permit for a well or the receipt of a permit with unreasonable conditions or costs could have a material adverse effect on our ability to develop our properties. Additionally, the regulatory environment could change in ways that might substantially increase the financial and managerial costs of compliance with these laws and regulations and, consequently, adversely affect our ability to pay distributions to our unitholders. For a description of the laws and regulations that affect us, see Item 1. “Business - Environmental Matters and Regulation.”
Federal and state legislation and regulatory initiatives related to hydraulic fracturing could result in increased costs and operating restrictions or delays.
Hydraulic fracturing is an important and common practice that is used to stimulate production of hydrocarbons from tight formations. Due to concerns raised relating to potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on groundwater quality, legislative and regulatory efforts at the federal level and in some states have been initiated to render permitting and compliance requirements more stringent for hydraulic fracturing or prohibit the activity altogether. For example, the EPA has asserted federal regulatory authority over hydraulic fracturing involving fluids that contain diesel fuel under the Safe Drinking Water Act’s Underground Injection Control Program and has released draft permitting guidance for hydraulic fracturing operations that use diesel fuel in fracturing fluids in those states where the EPA is the permitting authority. In addition, both Texas and Louisiana have adopted disclosure regulations requiring varying degrees of disclosure of the constituents in hydraulic fracturing fluids. Such efforts could have an adverse effect on our oil and natural gas production activities. For a more detailed discussion of hydraulic fracturing matters impacting our business, see Item 1. “Business - Environmental Matters and Regulation.”
We may issue additional units without unitholder approval, which would dilute existing ownership interests.
We may issue an unlimited number of limited liability company interests of any type, including units, without the approval of our unitholders.
The issuance of additional units or other equity securities may have the following effects:
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an individual unitholder’s proportionate ownership interest in us may decrease;
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the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding unit may be reduced;
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the amount of cash available for distribution per unit may decrease; and
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the market price of the units may decline.
Our management may have conflicts of interest with the unitholders. Our limited liability company agreement limits the remedies available to our unitholders in the event unitholders have a claim relating to conflicts of interest.
Conflicts of interest may arise between our management on one hand, and the Company and our unitholders on the other hand, related to the divergent interests of our management. Situations in which the interests of our management may differ from interests of our nonaffiliated unitholders include, among others, the following situations:
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our limited liability company agreement gives our Board of Directors broad discretion in establishing cash reserves for the proper conduct of our business, which will affect the amount of cash available for distribution. For example, our
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Continued
management will use its reasonable discretion to establish and maintain cash reserves sufficient to fund our drilling program;
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our management team, subject to oversight from our Board of Directors, determines the timing and extent of our drilling program and related capital expenditures, asset purchases and sales, borrowings, issuances of additional units and reserve adjustments, all of which will affect the amount of cash that we distribute to our unitholders; and
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affiliates of our directors are not prohibited from investing or engaging in other businesses or activities that compete with the Company.
We do not have the same flexibility as other types of organizations to accumulate cash and equity to protect against illiquidity in the future.
Unlike a corporation, our limited liability company agreement requires us to make quarterly distributions to our unitholders of all available cash reduced by any amounts of reserves for commitments and contingencies, including capital and operating costs and debt service requirements. The value of our units may decrease in direct correlation with decreases in the amount we distribute per unit. Accordingly, if we experience a liquidity problem in the future, we may have difficulty issuing more equity to recapitalize.
Our tax treatment depends on our status as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, as well as our not being subject to a material amount of entity level taxation by individual states. If the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) were to treat us as a corporation for federal income tax purposes or we were to become subject to entity level taxation for state tax purposes, taxes paid, if any, would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution.
The anticipated after-tax economic benefit of an investment in our units depends largely on our being treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. We have not requested, and do not plan to request, a ruling from the IRS on this or any other tax matter that affects us.
If we were treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, we would pay federal income tax on our taxable income at the corporate tax rates, currently at a maximum rate of 35%. Distributions would generally be taxed again as corporate distributions, and no income, gain, loss, deduction or credit would flow through to unitholders. Because a tax may be imposed on us as a corporation, our cash available for distribution to our unitholders could be reduced. Therefore, treatment of us as a corporation would result in a material reduction in the anticipated cash flow and after-tax return to our unitholders, likely causing a substantial reduction in the value of our units.
Current law or our business may change so as to cause us to be treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes or otherwise subject us to entity level taxation. Any modification to current law or interpretations thereof may or may not be applied retroactively and could make it more difficult or impossible to meet the requirements for partnership status, affect or cause us to change our business activities, affect the tax considerations of an investment in us, change the character or treatment of portions of our income and adversely affect an investment in our units.
In addition, because of widespread state budget deficits and other reasons, several states are evaluating ways to subject partnerships and limited liability companies to entity level taxation through the imposition of state income, franchise or other forms of taxation. For example, we are required to pay Texas franchise tax on our total revenue apportioned to Texas at a maximum effective rate of 0.7%. Imposition of a tax on us by any other state would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our unitholders.
A successful IRS contest of the federal income tax positions we take may adversely affect the market for our units, and the cost of an IRS contest will reduce our cash available for distribution to our unitholders.
The IRS may adopt tax positions that differ from the positions we take. It may be necessary to resort to administrative or court proceedings to sustain some or all of the positions we take. A court may not agree with some or all of the positions we take. Any contest with the IRS may materially and adversely impact the market for our units and the price at which they trade.
Unitholders are required to pay taxes on their share of our taxable income, including their share of ordinary income and capital gain upon dispositions of properties by us, even if they do not receive any cash distributions from us. A unitholder’s share of our taxable income, gain, loss and deduction, or specific items thereof, may be substantially different than the unitholder’s interest in our economic profits.
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Continued
Our unitholders are required to pay federal income taxes and, in some cases, state and local income taxes on their share of our taxable income, whether or not they receive cash distributions from us. Our unitholders may not receive cash distributions from us equal to their share of our taxable income or even equal to the actual tax liability that results from their share of our taxable income. For example, we may sell a portion of our properties and use the proceeds to pay down debt or acquire other properties rather than distributing the proceeds to our unitholders, and some or all of our unitholders may be allocated substantial taxable income with respect to that sale.
A unitholder’s share of our taxable income upon a disposition of property by us may be ordinary income or capital gain or some combination thereof. Even where we dispose of properties that are capital assets, what otherwise would be capital gains may be recharacterized as ordinary income in order to “recapture” ordinary deductions that were previously allocated to that unitholder related to the same property.
A unitholder’s share of our taxable income and gain (or specific items thereof) may be substantially greater than, or our tax losses and deductions (or specific items thereof) may be substantially less than, the unitholder’s interest in our economic profits. This may occur, for example, in the case of a unitholder who purchases units at a time when the value of our units or of one or more of our properties is relatively low or a unitholder who acquires units directly from us in exchange for property whose fair market value exceeds its tax basis at the time of the exchange.
A unitholder’s taxable gain or loss on the disposition of our units could be more or less than expected.
If unitholders sell their units, they will recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and their tax basis in those units. Prior distributions to our unitholders in excess of the total net taxable income they were allocated for a unit, which decreases their tax basis, will become taxable income to our unitholders if the unit is sold at a price greater than their tax basis in that unit, even if the price received is less than their original cost.
A substantial portion of the amount realized, whether or not representing gain, may be ordinary income. In addition, if unitholders sell their units, they may incur a tax liability in excess of the amount of cash they receive from the sale. If the IRS successfully contests some positions we take, unitholders could recognize more gain on the sale of units than would be the case under those positions, without the benefit of decreased income in prior years.
Tax-exempt entities and non-U.S. persons face unique tax issues from owning our units that may result in adverse tax consequences to them.
Investment in units by tax-exempt entities, such as individual retirement accounts (known as IRAs) and other retirement plans, and non-U.S. persons raises issues unique to them. For example, virtually all of our income allocated to organizations that are exempt from federal income tax, including IRAs and other retirement plans, will be unrelated business taxable income and will be taxable to them. Distributions to non-U.S. persons will be reduced by withholding taxes at the highest applicable effective tax rate, and non-U.S. persons will be required to file U.S. federal tax returns and pay tax on their share of our taxable income.
We treat each purchaser of units as having the same economic and tax characteristics without regard to the units purchased. The IRS may challenge this treatment, which could adversely affect the value of the units.
Because we cannot match transferors and transferees of units, we must maintain uniformity of the economic and tax characteristics of our units to a purchaser of units. We take depletion, depreciation and amortization and other positions that are intended to maintain such uniformity. These positions may not conform with all aspects of existing Treasury regulations and may affect the amount or timing of income, gain, loss or deduction allocable to a unitholder or the amount of gain from a unitholder’s sale of units. A successful IRS challenge to those positions could also adversely affect the amount or timing of income, gain, loss or deduction allocable to a unitholder, or the amount of gain from a unitholder’s sale of units and could have a negative impact on the value of our units or result in audit adjustments to unitholder tax returns.
The sale or exchange of 50% or more of our capital and profits interests within a 12-month period will result in the deemed termination of our tax partnership for federal income tax purposes.
We will be considered to have terminated for federal income tax purposes if there is a sale or exchange of 50% or more of the total interests in our capital and profits within a 12-month period. Our termination would, among other things, result in the closing of our taxable year for all unitholders and could result in a deferral of depreciation deductions allowable in computing
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Continued
our taxable income. If this occurs, our unitholders will be allocated an increased amount of federal taxable income for the year in which we are considered to be terminated as a percentage of the cash distributed to the unitholders with respect to that period.
We prorate our items of income, gain, loss and deduction between transferors and transferees of our units each month (or in some cases for periods shorter than a month) based upon the ownership of our units on the first day of each month (or shorter period), instead of on the basis of the date a particular unit is transferred. The IRS may challenge this treatment, which could change the allocation of items of income, gain, loss and deduction among our unitholders.
We prorate our items of income, gain, loss and deduction between transferors and transferees of our units each month (or in some cases for periods shorter than a month) based upon the ownership of our units on the first day of each month (or shorter period), instead of on the basis of the date a particular unit is transferred. The use of this proration method may not be permitted under existing Treasury regulations. If the IRS were to challenge this method or new Treasury regulations were issued, we may be required to change the allocation of items of income, gain, loss and deduction among our unitholders.
A unitholder whose units are loaned to a “short seller” to cover a short sale of units may be considered as having disposed of those units. If so, the unitholder would no longer be treated for tax purposes as a partner with respect to those units during the period of the loan and may recognize gain or loss from the disposition.
Because a unitholder whose units are loaned to a “short seller” to cover a short sale of units may be considered as having disposed of the loaned units, the unitholder may no longer be treated for tax purposes as a partner with respect to those units during the period of the loan to the short seller and the unitholder may recognize gain or loss from such disposition. Moreover, during the period of the loan to the short seller, any of our income, gain, loss, or deduction with respect to those units may not be reportable by the unitholder and any cash distributions received by the unitholder as to those units could be fully taxable as ordinary income. Unitholders desiring to assure their status as partners and avoid the risk of gain recognition from a loan to a short seller are urged to modify any applicable brokerage account agreements to prohibit their brokers from borrowing their units.
Unitholders may be subject to state and local taxes and return filing requirements in states and jurisdictions where they do not live as a result of investing in our units.
In addition to federal income taxes, our unitholders will likely be subject to other taxes, including state and local taxes, unincorporated business taxes and estate, inheritance or intangible taxes that are imposed by the various jurisdictions in which we do business or own property now or in the future, even if they do not reside in any of those jurisdictions. Our unitholders will likely be required to file foreign, state and local income tax returns and pay state and local income taxes in some or all of these jurisdictions. Further, our unitholders may be subject to penalties for failure to comply with those requirements. In 2012, we have been registered to do business or have owned assets in Arkansas, California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming. As we make acquisitions or expand our business, we may do business or own assets in other states in the future. It is the responsibility of each unitholder to file all U.S. federal, state and local tax returns that may be required of such unitholder.
Changes to current federal tax laws may affect unitholders’ ability to take certain tax deductions.
Substantive changes to the existing federal income tax laws have been proposed that, if adopted, would affect, among other things, the ability to take certain operations-related deductions, including deductions for intangible drilling and percentage depletion and deductions for U.S. production activities. Other proposed changes may affect our ability to remain taxable as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. We are unable to predict whether any changes, or other proposals to such laws, ultimately will be enacted. Any such changes could negatively impact the value of an investment in our units.
Recently enacted derivatives legislation could have an adverse impact on our ability to use derivative instruments to reduce the effect of commodity price, interest rate and other risks associated with our business.
New comprehensive financial reform legislation was signed into law by the President on July 21, 2010. The legislation calls for the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) to regulate certain markets for over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivative products. In its rulemaking under the new legislation, the CFTC has proposed regulations to set position limits for certain futures and option contracts in the major energy markets and for swaps that are their economic equivalent. Certain
Item 1A. Risk Factors - Continued
bona fide hedging transactions or positions would be exempt from these position limits. The position limits rule was challenged in court by two industry associations and was vacated and remanded by a federal district court. The CFTC appealed the district court’s ruling and that appeal is pending. The financial reform legislation may also require our swap-dealer counterparties to comply with margin requirements and/or capital requirements relating to our uncleared swaps with those counterparties, but the timing of any adoption of any such regulations, and their scope, are uncertain. These and other CFTC rules implementing Dodd-Frank could impose burdens on market participants to such an extent that liquidity in the bilateral OTC derivative market decreases substantially. The legislation and new regulations may also require counterparties to our derivative instruments to spin off some of their derivatives activities to separate entities, which may not be as creditworthy as the current counterparties. The new legislation and any new regulations, including determinations with respect to the applicability of margin and capital requirements for uncleared trades, could significantly increase the cost of derivative contracts, materially alter the terms of derivative contracts, reduce the availability of derivatives to protect against risks we encounter, reduce our ability to monetize or restructure our existing derivative contracts, and increase our exposure to less creditworthy counterparties. If we reduce our use of derivatives as a result of the legislation and regulations, our results of operations may become more volatile and our cash flows may be less predictable, which could adversely affect our ability to plan for and fund capital expenditures and to generate sufficient cash flow to pay quarterly distributions at the current levels or at all. Any of these consequences could have a material, adverse effect on us, our financial condition, and our results of operations.
Item 1B.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None
Item 2.
Item 2. Properties
Information concerning proved reserves, production, wells, acreage and related matters are contained in Item 1. “Business.”
The Company’s obligations under its Credit Facility are secured by mortgages on a substantial majority of its oil and natural gas properties. See Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 6 for additional information concerning the Credit Facility.
Offices
The Company’s principal corporate office is located at 600 Travis, Suite 5100, Houston, Texas 77002. The Company maintains additional offices in California, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Wyoming.
Item 3.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
For a discussion of general legal proceedings, see Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Executive Officers of the Company
Name
Age
Position with the Company
Mark E. Ellis
Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer
Kolja Rockov
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Arden L. Walker, Jr.
Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer
Charlene A. Ripley
Senior Vice President and General Counsel
David B. Rottino
Senior Vice President of Finance, Business Development and Chief Accounting Officer
Mark E. Ellis is the Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer and has served in such capacity since December 2011. He previously served as President, Chief Executive Officer and Director from January 2010 to December 2011 and from December 2007 to January 2010, Mr. Ellis served as President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company. Mr. Ellis is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and the National Petroleum Council. Mr. Ellis serves on the boards of America’s Natural Gas Alliance, American Exploration & Production Council, Industry Board of Petroleum Engineering at Texas A&M University, the Visiting Committee of Petroleum Engineering at the Colorado School of Mines, Houston Museum of Natural Science and The Center for the Performing Arts at The Woodlands. In addition, he is Chairman of the Board for The Center for Hearing and Speech, and holds a position as trustee on the Texas A&M University 12th Man Foundation Board of Trustees.
Kolja Rockov is the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and has served in such capacity since joining the Company in March 2005. Mr. Rockov is the founding chairman of a philanthropic organization benefitting Texas Children’s Cancer Center in Houston, which has raised more than $1 million since 2009.
Arden L. Walker, Jr. is the Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer and has served in such capacity since January 2011. From January 2010 to January 2011, he served as Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Walker joined the Company in February 2007 as Senior Vice President, Operations and Chief Engineer. Mr. Walker is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and Independent Petroleum Association of America. He also serves on the boards of the Sam Houston Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America and Theatre Under The Stars.
Charlene A. Ripley is the Senior Vice President and General Counsel and has served in such capacity since April 2007. She also serves on several nonprofit boards, including the Impact Youth Development Center, Girls Inc., the American Heart Association of Houston and Mercury - The Orchestra Redefined.
David B. Rottino is the Senior Vice President of Finance, Business Development and Chief Accounting Officer and has served in such capacity since July 2010. From June 2008 to July 2010, Mr. Rottino served as the Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer. Prior to joining LINN Energy, Mr. Rottino served as Vice President and E&P Controller for El Paso Corporation from June 2006 to May 2008. Mr. Rottino is a Certified Public Accountant. In addition, he currently serves on the Board of Camp for All.
Item 4.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable
Part II
Item 5.
Item 5.
Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The Company’s units are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “LINE.” At the close of business on January 31, 2013, there were approximately 202 unitholders of record.
The following sets forth the range of high and low last reported sales prices per unit, as reported by NASDAQ, for the quarters indicated. In addition, distributions declared during each quarter are presented.
Distributions
The Company’s limited liability company agreement requires it to make quarterly distributions to unitholders of all “available cash.” Available cash means, for each fiscal quarter, all cash on hand at the end of the quarter less the amount of cash reserves established by the Board of Directors to:
•
provide for the proper conduct of business (including reserves for future capital expenditures, future debt service requirements, and for anticipated credit needs); and
•
comply with applicable laws, debt instruments or other agreements;
plus all cash on hand on the date of determination of available cash for the quarter resulting from working capital borrowings made after the end of the quarter for which the determination is being made.
Working capital borrowings are borrowings that will be made under the Company’s Credit Facility and in all cases are used solely for working capital purposes or to pay distributions to unitholders. See Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a discussion on the payment of future distributions.
Unitholder Return Performance Presentation
The performance graph below compares the total unitholder return on the Company’s units, with the total return of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (the “S&P 500 Index”) and the Alerian MLP Index, a weighted composite of 50 prominent energy master limited partnerships. Total return includes the change in the market price, adjusted for reinvested dividends or distributions, for the period shown on the performance graph and assumes that $100 was invested in the Company on December 31, 2007, and the S&P 500 Index and the Alerian MLP Index on the same date. The results shown in the graph below are not necessarily indicative of future performance.
Item 5.
Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - Continued
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in any of the Company’s previous or future filings under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that might incorporate this Annual Report on Form 10-K or future filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), in whole or in part, the preceding performance information shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or incorporated by reference into any filing except to the extent this performance presentation is specifically incorporated by reference therein.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
See the information incorporated by reference under Item 12. “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” regarding securities authorized for issuance under the Company’s equity compensation plans, which information is incorporated by reference into this Item 5.
Sales of Unregistered Securities
None
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
In October 2008, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to $100 million of the Company’s outstanding units from time to time on the open market or in negotiated purchases. The repurchase plan does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of units and may be discontinued at any time. The Company did not repurchase any units during the three months ended December 31, 2012. At December 31, 2012, approximately $56 million was available for unit repurchase under the program.
Item 6.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data - Continued
(2)
Includes premiums paid for derivatives of approximately $583 million, $134 million, $120 million, $94 million and $130 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, December 31, 2010, December 31, 2009, and December 31, 2008, respectively.
(1)
In accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regulations, reserves at December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, December 31, 2010, and December 31, 2009, were estimated using the average price during the 12-month period, determined as an unweighted average of the first-day-of-the-month price for each month, unless prices are defined by contractual arrangements, excluding escalations based upon future conditions. In accordance with SEC regulations, reserves at December 31, 2008, were estimated using year-end prices. The price used to estimate reserves is held constant over the life of the reserves.
Item 7.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
Exploration Costs
Exploration costs decreased by approximately $3 million or 54% to approximately $2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, from approximately $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. The decrease was primarily due to lower leasehold impairment expenses on unproved properties.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization
Depreciation, depletion and amortization increased by approximately $95 million or 40% to approximately $334 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, from approximately $239 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. Higher total production volumes were the primary reason for the increased expense. Depreciation, depletion and amortization per Mcfe also increased to $2.48 per Mcfe for the year ended December 31, 2011, from $2.46 per Mcfe for the year ended December 31, 2010.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company recorded no impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2011. During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company recorded a noncash impairment charge of approximately $39 million primarily associated with the impairment of proved oil and natural gas properties related to an unfavorable marketing contract. See Note 1 and “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” below for additional information.
Taxes, Other Than Income Taxes
Taxes, other than income taxes, which consist primarily of severance and ad valorem taxes, increased by approximately $34 million or 74% to approximately $79 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, from approximately $45 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. Severance taxes, which are a function of revenues generated from production, increased approximately $31 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2010, primarily due to higher commodity prices and higher production volumes. Ad valorem taxes, which are based on the value of reserves and production equipment and vary by location, increased by approximately $3 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2010, primarily due to property acquisitions in 2011.
Other Income and (Expenses)
Other income and (expenses) increased by approximately $94 million during the year ended December 31, 2011, compared to the year ended December 31, 2010. Interest expense increased primarily due to higher outstanding debt during the period and higher amortization of financing fees associated with the 2019 Senior Notes and the 2010 Issued Senior Notes, as defined in Note 6. In addition, in May 2011, the Company entered into a Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Facility, which also resulted in higher amortization of financing fees. For the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company also recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $95 million as a result of the redemptions of and cash tender offers for a portion of the Original Senior Notes, as defined in Note 6. See “Debt” in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for additional details. The year ended December 31, 2010, included approximately $68 million in net losses on interest rate swaps.
Income Tax Expense
The Company is a limited liability company treated as a partnership for federal and state income tax purposes, with the exception of the state of Texas, in which income tax liabilities and/or benefits of the Company are passed through to
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
unitholders. Limited liability companies are subject to Texas margin tax. Limited liability companies were also subject to state income taxes in the state of Michigan during 2011 and 2010. In addition, certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are Subchapter C-corporations subject to federal and state income taxes. The Company recognized income tax expense of approximately $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, compared to approximately $4 million for the same period in 2010. Income tax expense increased primarily due to higher income in 2011 from the Company’s taxable subsidiaries.
Net Income (Loss)
Net income increased by approximately $552 million or 484% to approximately $438 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, from a net loss of approximately $114 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. The increase was primarily due higher revenues, partially offset by higher expenses, including interest. See discussions above for explanations of variances.
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA (a non-GAAP financial measure) increased by approximately $266 million or 36% to approximately $998 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, from approximately $732 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. The increase was primarily due to higher production revenues, partially offset by higher expenses and lower realized gains on oil and natural gas derivatives. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” on page 56 for a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to its most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.
Adjusted Net Income
Adjusted net income (a non-GAAP financial measure) increased by approximately $94 million or 43% to approximately $313 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, from approximately $219 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. The increase was primarily due to higher production revenues, partially offset by higher expenses, including interest and lower realized gains on oil and natural gas derivatives. The year ended December 31, 2010, also included realized losses on interest rate swaps and there was no comparable amount reported for the year ended December 31, 2011. See discussions above for explanations of variances.
Reserve Replacement Metrics
The Company calculates two primary reserve metrics: (i) reserve replacement cost and (ii) reserve replacement ratio, to measure its ability to establish a long-term trend of adding reserves at a reasonable cost. The reserve replacement cost calculation provides an assessment of the cost of adding reserves that is ultimately included in depreciation, depletion and amortization expense. The reserve replacement ratio is an indicator of the Company’s ability to replenish annual production volumes and grow reserves. The metrics are calculated as follow:
Reserve replacement cost per Mcfe
=
Oil and natural gas capital costs expended (1)
Sum of reserve additions (2)
Reserve replacement ratio
=
Sum of reserve additions (2)
Annual production
(1)
Oil and natural gas capital costs expended include the costs of property acquisition, exploration and development activities conducted to add reserves and exclude asset retirement costs. The Company expects to incur development costs in the future for proved undeveloped reserves; such future costs are excluded from costs expended and are not considered in the reserve replacement metrics presented herein.
(2)
Reserve additions include proved reserves (developed and undeveloped) and reflect reserve revisions for prices and performance, extensions, discoveries and other additions and acquisitions, and do not include unproved reserve quantities.
The reserve replacement metrics are presented separately, both: (i) including and excluding the impact of price revisions on reserves, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Company’s drilling program exclusive of economic factors (such as price) outside of its control and (ii) including and excluding acquisitions, to demonstrate the Company’s ability to add reserves through its drilling program and through acquisitions. Reserve replacement cost and reserve replacement ratio are non-
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
GAAP financial measures. The methods used by the Company to calculate these measures may differ from methods used by other companies to compute similar measures. As a result, the Company’s measures may not be comparable to similar measures provided by other companies. The Company believes that providing such measures is useful in evaluating the cost to add proved reserves; however, these measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for GAAP measures. The reserve replacement cost per Mcfe and reserve replacement ratio are statistical indicators that have limitations, including their predictive and comparative value. The reserve replacement ratio is limited because it may vary widely based on the extent and timing of new discoveries, project sanctioning and property acquisitions. In addition, since the reserve replacement ratio does not consider the development cost or timing of future production of new reserves, it should not be used as a measure of value creation.
The following presents reserve replacement cost and reserve replacement ratio including and excluding the effect of price revisions on reserves:
(1)
Not meaningful due to the impact of a significant decrease in year-end natural gas prices at December 31, 2012, compared to December 31, 2011.
The Company considers the premiums it pays for derivatives as part of the investment in its business and includes the cost of acquisition-related derivatives in the transaction economics. For the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, the Company paid premiums of approximately $583 million, $134 million and $120 million, respectively, for derivatives designed to reduce its exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices. The amounts paid were for derivative instruments that hedged production for multiple years. Of these amounts, approximately $320 million, $52 million and $21 million was paid for derivatives specifically related to the acquisitions consummated by the Company during the respective years.
If the premiums paid for derivatives were included in the reserve replacement cost calculations for the year ended December 31, 2012, the reserve replacement cost per Mcfe including price revisions and acquisitions would have been approximately $2.61. The reserve replacement cost including price revisions and excluding acquisitions is not meaningful for the year ended December 31, 2012, due to the impact of a significant decrease in year-end natural gas prices at December 31, 2012, compared to December 31, 2011. For the year ended December 31, 2012, the reserve replacement cost per Mcfe excluding price revisions and including acquisitions would have been approximately $2.27 and approximately $8.63 excluding price revisions and acquisitions. If the premiums paid for derivatives were included in the reserve replacement cost calculations for the years ended December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, the reserve replacement cost per Mcfe including price revisions and acquisitions would have been approximately $2.52 and $1.75, respectively, and approximately $2.19 and $1.11, respectively, including price revisions and excluding acquisitions. For the same periods, the reserve replacement cost per Mcfe excluding price revisions and including acquisitions would have been approximately $2.62 and $2.08, respectively, and approximately $2.43 and $2.21, respectively, excluding price revisions and acquisitions.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
Amounts used for the calculations in the tables above are derived directly from the data presented in “Supplemental Oil and Natural Gas Data (Unaudited)” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” The following provides a reconciliation of oil and natural gas capital costs used in these calculations to its most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP:
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company utilizes funds from equity and debt offerings, bank borrowings and cash flow from operations for capital resources and liquidity. To date, the primary use of capital has been for acquisitions and the development of oil and natural gas properties. For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company’s total capital expenditures, excluding acquisitions, were approximately $1.1 billion. For 2013, the Company estimates its total capital expenditures, excluding acquisitions, will be approximately $1.2 billion, including $1.1 billion related to its oil and natural gas capital program and $67 million related to its plant and pipeline capital. This estimate reflects amounts for the development of properties associated with acquisitions (see Note 2), is under continuous review and subject to ongoing adjustments. The Company expects to fund these capital expenditures primarily with cash flow from operations and bank borrowings.
As the Company pursues growth, it continually monitors the capital resources available to meet future financial obligations and planned capital expenditures. The Company’s future success in growing reserves and production volumes will be highly dependent on the capital resources available and its success in drilling for or acquiring additional reserves. The Company actively reviews acquisition opportunities on an ongoing basis. If the Company were to make significant additional acquisitions for cash, it would need to borrow additional amounts under its Credit Facility, if available, or obtain additional debt or equity financing. The Company’s Credit Facility and Indentures governing its November 2019 Senior Notes, May 2019 Senior Notes, 2010 Issued Senior Notes, and Original Senior Notes impose certain restrictions on the Company’s ability to obtain additional debt financing. Based upon current expectations, the Company believes liquidity and capital resources will be sufficient to conduct its business and operations.
Statements of Cash Flows
The following is a comparative cash flow summary:
(1)
The years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, include premiums paid for derivatives of approximately $583 million, $134 million and $120 million, respectively.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2012, was approximately $351 million, compared to approximately $519 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The decrease was primarily due to approximately $583 million in premiums paid for commodity derivatives during the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $134 million in premiums paid in 2011. Higher premiums and expenses were partially offset by increased revenues primarily due to higher production volumes.
Cash provided by operating activities was approximately $519 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, compared to approximately $271 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. The increase was primarily due to higher production volumes and commodity prices partially offset by higher expenses.
Premiums paid during 2012, 2011 and 2010 were for commodity derivative contracts that hedge future production. These derivative contracts provide the Company long-term cash flow predictability to manage its business, service debt and pay distributions and the premiums are primarily funded through the Company’s Credit Facility. The amount of derivative contracts the Company enters into in the future will be directly related to expected future production. See Note 7 and Note 8 for additional details about the Company’s commodity derivatives.
Investing Activities
The following provides a comparative summary of cash flow from investing activities:
The primary use of cash in investing activities is for capital spending, including acquisitions and the development of the Company’s oil and natural gas properties. Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2012, primarily relates to acquisitions of properties in the Hugoton Basin, Williston/Powder River Basin, East Texas and Green River Basin regions. See Note 2 for additional details of acquisitions. Development expenditures are higher primarily due to increased drilling activities in the Granite Wash formation.
Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2011, primarily relates to acquisitions of properties in the Williston/Powder River Basin, Permian Basin and Mid-Continent regions. See Note 2 for additional details of acquisitions. The year ended December 31, 2011, also includes a deposit of approximately $9 million returned to the Company by the other party to a purchase and sale agreement (“PSA”) terminated by the Company in 2010.
Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2010, primarily relates to acquisitions and the development of properties in the Permian Basin, Mid-Continent and Michigan/Illinois regions (see Note 2). The year ended December 31, 2010, also includes a deposit made by the Company of approximately $9 million and held by the other party to a PSA terminated by the Company (see Note 2).
Financing Activities
Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2012, was approximately $3.3 billion compared to approximately $1.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase in financing cash flow needs was primarily attributable to increased acquisitions and development activity during the year ended December 31, 2012. In comparison, cash provided by financing activities was approximately $1.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2010.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
The following provides a comparative summary of proceeds from borrowings and repayments of debt:
Debt
The Company’s Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (“Credit Facility”) provides for a revolving credit facility up to the lesser of: (i) the then-effective borrowing base and (ii) the maximum commitment amount. The Credit Facility has a borrowing base of $4.5 billion with a maximum commitment amount of $3.0 billion. The maturity date is April 2017. At January 31, 2013, the borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility was approximately $1.8 billion, which includes a $5 million reduction in availability for outstanding letters of credit.
On March 2, 2012, the Company issued $1.8 billion in aggregate principal amount of 6.25% senior notes due November 2019 (see Note 6) and used the net proceeds of approximately $1.77 billion to fund the Hugoton acquisition (see Note 2). The remaining proceeds were used to repay indebtedness under the Company’s Credit Facility and for general corporate purposes.
On May 8, 2012, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-4 to register exchange notes that are identical in all material respects to those of the outstanding May 2019 Senior Notes, except that the transfer restrictions, registration rights and additional interest provisions relating to the outstanding notes do not apply to the exchange notes. On September 24, 2012, the registration statement was declared effective and the Company commenced an offer to exchange any and all of its $750 million outstanding principal amount of May 2019 Senior Notes for an equal amount of new May 2019 Senior Notes. The offer expired on October 23, 2012.
The Company depends, in part, on its Credit Facility for future capital needs. In addition, the Company has drawn on the Credit Facility to fund or partially fund quarterly cash distribution payments, since it uses operating cash flow primarily for investing activities and borrows as cash is needed. Absent such borrowings, the Company would have at times experienced a shortfall in cash available to pay the declared quarterly cash distribution amount. If an event of default occurs and is continuing under the Credit Facility, the Company would be unable to make borrowings to fund distributions. For additional information about this matter and other risk factors that could affect the Company, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”
Counterparty Credit Risk
The Company accounts for its commodity derivatives and, when applicable, its interest rate derivatives at fair value. The Company’s counterparties are current participants or affiliates of participants in its Credit Facility or were participants or affiliates of participants in its Credit Facility at the time it originally entered into the derivatives. The Credit Facility is secured by the Company’s oil, natural gas and NGL reserves; therefore, the Company is not required to post any collateral. The Company does not receive collateral from its counterparties. The Company minimizes the credit risk in derivative instruments by: (i) limiting its exposure to any single counterparty; (ii) entering into derivative instruments only with counterparties that meet the Company’s minimum credit quality standard, or have a guarantee from an affiliate that meets the Company’s minimum credit quality standard; and (iii) monitoring the creditworthiness of the Company’s counterparties on an ongoing basis. In accordance with the Company’s standard practice, its commodity derivatives and, when applicable, its interest rate derivatives are subject to counterparty netting under agreements governing such derivatives and therefore the risk of loss due to counterparty nonperformance is somewhat mitigated.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
LinnCo Initial Public Offering
On October 17, 2012, LinnCo, an affiliate of LINN Energy, completed the LinnCo IPO of 34,787,500 common shares representing limited liability company interests to the public at a price of $36.50 per share ($34.858 per share, net of underwriting discount and structuring fee) for net proceeds of approximately $1.2 billion (after underwriting discount and structuring fee of approximately $57 million). The net proceeds LinnCo received from the offering were used to acquire 34,787,500 LINN Energy units which are equal to the number of LinnCo shares sold in the offering. The Company used the proceeds from the sale of the units to LinnCo to pay the expenses of the offering and repay a portion of the outstanding indebtedness under its Credit Facility.
Public Offering of Units
In January 2012, the Company sold 19,550,000 units representing limited liability company interests at $35.95 per unit ($34.512 per unit, net of underwriting discount) for net proceeds of approximately $674 million (after underwriting discount and offering expenses of approximately $28 million). The Company used the net proceeds from the sale of these units to repay a portion of the indebtedness outstanding under its Credit Facility.
In March 2011, the Company sold 16,726,067 units representing limited liability company interests at $38.80 per unit ($37.248 per unit, net of underwriting discount) for net proceeds of approximately $623 million (after underwriting discount and offering expenses of approximately $26 million). The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the sale of these units to fund the March 2011 redemptions of a portion of the outstanding 2017 Senior Notes and 2018 Senior Notes and to fund the cash tender offers and related expenses for a portion of the remaining 2017 Senior Notes and 2018 Senior Notes (see Note 6). The Company used the remaining net proceeds from the sale of units to finance a portion of the March 31, 2011, acquisition in the Williston/Powder Basin region.
Equity Distribution Agreement
In August 2011, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement, pursuant to which it may from time to time issue and sell units representing limited liability company interests having an aggregate offering price of up to $500 million. Sales of units, if any, will be made through a sales agent by means of ordinary brokers’ transactions, in block transactions, or as otherwise agreed with the agent. The Company expects to use the net proceeds from any sale of the units for general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, capital expenditures, acquisitions and the repayment of debt.
In January 2012, the Company, under its equity distribution agreement, issued and sold 1,539,651 units representing limited liability company interests at an average unit price of $38.02 for proceeds of approximately $57 million (net of approximately $1 million in commissions). In connection with the issue and sale of these units, the Company also incurred professional service expenses of approximately $700,000. The Company used the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of a portion of the indebtedness outstanding under its Credit Facility. At December 31, 2012, units equaling approximately $411 million in aggregate offering price remained available to be issued and sold under the agreement.
In September 2011, the Company issued and sold 16,060 units representing limited liability company interests at an average unit price of $38.25 for proceeds of approximately $602,000 (net of approximately $12,000 in commissions). In December 2011, the Company issued and sold 772,104 units representing limited liability company interests at an average unit price of $38.03 for proceeds of approximately $29 million (net of approximately $587,000 in commissions). In connection with the issue and sale of these units, the Company also incurred professional service expenses of approximately $139,000. The Company used the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of a portion of the indebtedness outstanding under its Credit Facility.
Unit Repurchase Plan
In October 2008, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to $100 million of the Company’s outstanding units from time to time on the open market or in negotiated purchases. In August 2011, the Company repurchased 400,000 units at an average unit price of $32.98 for a total cost of approximately $13 million. In addition, in October 2011, the Company repurchased 129,734 units at an average unit price of $32.08 for a total cost of approximately $4 million. At December 31, 2012, approximately $56 million was available for unit repurchase under the program.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
Distributions
Under the Company’s limited liability company agreement, unitholders are entitled to receive a quarterly distribution of available cash to the extent there is sufficient cash from operations after establishment of cash reserves and payment of fees and expenses. The following provides a summary of distributions paid by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2012:
On April 24, 2012, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an increase in the quarterly cash distribution from $0.69 per unit to $0.725 per unit, representing an increase of 5%. On January 24, 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a cash distribution of $0.725 per unit, or $2.90 per unit on an annualized basis, with respect to the fourth quarter of 2012. The distribution, totaling approximately $170 million, was paid on February 14, 2013, to unitholders of record as of the close of business on February 7, 2013.
Contingencies
The Company has been named as a defendant in a number of lawsuits, including claims from royalty owners related to disputed royalty payments and royalty valuations. The Company has established reserves that management currently believes are adequate to provide for potential liabilities based upon its evaluation of these matters. For a certain statewide class action royalty payment dispute where a reserve has not yet been established, the Company has denied that it has any liability on the claims and has raised arguments and defenses that, if accepted by the court, will result in no loss to the Company. Discovery related to class certification has concluded. Briefing and the hearing on class certification have been deferred by court order pending the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals’ resolution of interlocutory appeals of two unrelated class certification orders. As a result, the Company is unable to estimate a possible loss, or range of possible loss, if any. In addition, the Company is involved in various other disputes arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company is not currently a party to any litigation or pending claims that it believes would have a material adverse effect on its overall business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity; however, cash flow could be significantly impacted in the reporting periods in which such matters are resolved.
During the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, the Company made no significant payments to settle any legal, environmental or tax proceedings. The Company regularly analyzes current information and accrues for probable liabilities on the disposition of certain matters as necessary. Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation or other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
Commitments and Contractual Obligations
The following summarizes, as of December 31, 2012, certain long-term contractual obligations that are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets and/or disclosed in the accompanying notes thereto:
(1)
Represents interest on the Credit Facility computed at the weighted average LIBOR of 1.97% through maturity in April 2017 and interest on the Original Senior Notes, May 2019 Senior Notes, November 2019 Senior Notes, and the 2010 Issued Senior Notes, as defined in Note 6, computed at fixed rates of 11.75%, 9.875%, 6.50%, 6.25%, 8.625% and 7.75% through maturities in May 2017, July 2018, May 2019, November 2019, April 2020 and February 2021, respectively.
Capital Structure
The Company’s capitalization is presented below:
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The non-GAAP financial measures of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income, as defined by the Company, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Therefore, these non-GAAP measures should be considered in conjunction with income and other performance measures prepared in accordance with GAAP, such as operating income or cash flow from operating activities. Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for GAAP measures, such as net income, operating income or any other GAAP measure of liquidity or financial performance.
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP Measure)
Adjusted EBITDA is a measure used by Company management to indicate (prior to the establishment of any reserves by its Board of Directors) the cash distributions the Company expects to make to its unitholders. Adjusted EBITDA is also a quantitative measure used throughout the investment community with respect to publicly-traded partnerships and limited liability companies.
The Company defines adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus the following adjustments:
•
Net operating cash flow from acquisitions and divestitures, effective date through closing date;
•
Interest expense;
•
Depreciation, depletion and amortization;
•
Impairment of long-lived assets;
•
Write-off of deferred financing fees;
•
(Gains) losses on sale of assets and other, net;
•
Provision for legal matters;
•
Loss on extinguishment of debt;
•
Unrealized (gains) losses on commodity derivatives;
•
Unrealized (gains) losses on interest rate derivatives;
•
Realized (gains) losses on interest rate derivatives;
•
Realized (gains) losses on canceled derivatives;
•
Realized gains on recovery of bankruptcy claim;
•
Unit-based compensation expenses;
•
Exploration costs; and
•
Income tax expense (benefit).
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
The following presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted EBITDA:
(1)
Represents cash, based on contractual arrangements, the Company received or paid from the effective date to the closing date of the transaction. The effective date is the first date the buyer is entitled to receive the economic benefit from properties included in the transaction.
(2)
Represent gains or losses on the sale of assets, gains or losses on inventory valuation and amortization of basis difference for equity method investments.
(3)
Represents reserves and settlements related to legal matters.
(4)
Represent adjustments in market valuations of derivatives from period to period and include the premiums associated with put option contracts over time.
(5)
Represent interest-related derivatives settled based on contract terms and are excluded because adjusted EBITDA excludes the impact of interest expense and these derivatives are designed to mitigate interest rate risk.
(6)
Represent derivatives canceled prior to the contract settlement date. In 2011, commodity derivatives were canceled and the proceeds were reallocated within the Company’s derivatives portfolio. In 2010, interest rate swaps were canceled in connection with the issuances of certain fixed-rate senior notes.
(7)
Represent the recoveries of a bankruptcy claim against Lehman Brothers which was not a transaction occurring in the ordinary course of the Company’s business.
Adjusted Net Income (Non-GAAP Measure)
Adjusted net income is a performance measure used by Company management to evaluate its operational performance from oil and natural gas properties, prior to unrealized (gains) losses on derivatives, realized (gains) losses on canceled derivatives, realized gains on recovery of bankruptcy claim, impairment of long-lived assets, loss on extinguishment of debt and (gains) losses on sale of assets, net.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
The following presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted net income:
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations is based upon the consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Certain accounting policies involve judgments and uncertainties to such an extent that there is reasonable likelihood that materially different amounts could have been reported under different conditions, or if different assumptions had been used. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on a regular basis. The Company bases estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of financial statements.
Below are expanded discussions of the Company’s more significant accounting policies, estimates and judgments, i.e., those that reflect more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of its financial statements. See Note 1 for details about additional accounting policies and estimates made by Company management.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In December 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) that requires an entity to disclose information about offsetting and related arrangements to enable users of its financial statements to understand the effect of those arrangements on its financial position. The ASU requires disclosure of both gross information and net information about both instruments and transactions eligible for offset in the statement of financial position and instruments and transactions subject to an agreement similar to a master netting arrangement. The ASU will be
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
applied retrospectively and is effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, of the adoption of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In May 2011, the FASB issued an ASU that further addresses fair value measurement accounting and related disclosure requirements. The ASU clarifies the FASB’s intent regarding the application of existing fair value measurement and disclosure requirements, changes the fair value measurement requirements for certain financial instruments, and sets forth additional disclosure requirements for other fair value measurements. The ASU is to be applied prospectively and is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2011. The Company adopted the ASU effective January 1, 2012. The adoption of the requirements of the ASU, which expanded disclosures, had no effect on the Company's results of operations or financial position.
Oil and Natural Gas Reserves
Proved reserves are based on the quantities of oil, natural gas and NGL that by analysis of geoscience and engineering data can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible from a given date forward, from known reservoirs, and under existing economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations prior to the time at which contracts providing the right to operate expire, unless evidence indicates that renewal is reasonably certain. The independent engineering firm, DeGolyer and MacNaughton, prepared a reserve and economic evaluation of all of the Company properties on a well-by-well basis as of December 31, 2012, and the reserve estimates reported herein were prepared by DeGolyer and MacNaughton. The reserve estimates were reviewed and approved by the Company’s senior engineering staff and management, with final approval by its Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer.
Reserves and their relation to estimated future net cash flows impact the Company’s depletion and impairment calculations. As a result, adjustments to depletion and impairment are made concurrently with changes to reserve estimates. The process performed by the independent engineers to prepare reserve amounts included their estimation of reserve quantities, future producing rates, future net revenue and the present value of such future net revenue, based in part on data provided by the Company. The estimates of reserves conform to the guidelines of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including the criteria of “reasonable certainty,” as it pertains to expectations about the recoverability of reserves in future years.
The accuracy of reserve estimates is a function of many factors including the following: the quality and quantity of available data, the interpretation of that data, the accuracy of various mandated economic assumptions and the judgments of the individuals preparing the estimates. In addition, reserve estimates are a function of many assumptions, all of which could deviate significantly from actual results. As such, reserve estimates may materially vary from the ultimate quantities of oil, natural gas and NGL eventually recovered. For additional information regarding estimates of reserves, including the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows, see “Supplemental Oil and Natural Gas Data (Unaudited)” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and see also Item 1. “Business.”
Oil and Natural Gas Properties
Proved Properties
The Company accounts for oil and natural gas properties in accordance with the successful efforts method. In accordance with this method, all leasehold and development costs of proved properties are capitalized and amortized on a unit-of-production basis over the remaining life of the proved reserves and proved developed reserves, respectively.
The Company evaluates the impairment of its proved oil and natural gas properties on a field-by-field basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The carrying values of proved properties are reduced to fair value when the expected undiscounted future cash flows are less than net book value. The fair values of proved properties are measured using valuation techniques consistent with the income approach, converting future cash flows to a single discounted amount. Significant inputs used to determine the fair values of proved properties include estimates of: (i) reserves; (ii) future operating and development costs; (iii) future commodity prices; and (iv) a market-based weighted average cost of capital rate. The underlying commodity prices embedded in the Company’s estimated cash flows are the product of a process that begins with New York Mercantile Exchange (“NYMEX”) forward curve pricing, adjusted for estimated location and quality differentials, as well as other factors that Company management believes will impact realizable prices. Costs of retired, sold or abandoned properties that constitute a part of an amortization base are charged or credited, net of proceeds, to accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization unless doing so significantly affects the
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
unit-of-production amortization rate, in which case a gain or loss is recognized currently. Gains or losses from the disposal of other properties are recognized currently. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs necessary to maintain properties in operating condition are expensed as incurred. Estimated dismantlement and abandonment costs are capitalized, net of salvage, at their estimated net present value and amortized on a unit-of-production basis over the remaining life of the related proved developed reserves. The Company capitalizes interest on borrowed funds related to its share of costs associated with the drilling and completion of new oil and natural gas wells. Interest is capitalized only during the periods in which these assets are brought to their intended use. The Company capitalized interest costs of approximately $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, and approximately $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2010.
Impairment of Proved Properties
Based on the analysis described above, the Company recorded noncash impairment charges, before and after tax, of approximately $422 million associated with proved oil and natural gas properties related to lower commodity prices for the year ended December 31, 2012, and a noncash impairment charge, before and after tax, of approximately $39 million primarily associated with proved oil and natural gas properties related to an unfavorable marketing contract for the year ended December 31, 2010. The Company recorded no impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2011. The carrying values of the impaired proved properties were reduced to fair value, estimated using inputs characteristic of a Level 3 fair-value measurement. The charges are included in “impairment of long-lived assets” on the consolidated statements of operations.
Unproved Properties
Costs related to unproved properties include costs incurred to acquire unproved reserves. Because these reserves do not meet the definition of proved reserves, the related costs are not classified as proved properties. The fair values of unproved properties are measured using valuation techniques consistent with the income approach, converting future cash flows to a single discounted amount. Significant inputs used to determine the fair values of unproved properties include estimates of: (i) reserves; (ii) future operating and development costs; (iii) future commodity prices; and (iv) a market-based weighted average cost of capital rate. The market-based weighted average cost of capital rate is subjected to additional project-specific risking factors. Unproved leasehold costs are capitalized and amortized on a composite basis if individually insignificant, based on past success, experience and average lease-term lives. Individually significant leases are reclassified to proved properties if successful and expensed on a lease by lease basis if unsuccessful or the lease term expires. Unamortized leasehold costs related to successful exploratory drilling are reclassified to proved properties and depleted on a unit-of-production basis. The Company assesses unproved properties for impairment quarterly on the basis of its experience in similar situations and other factors such as the primary lease terms of the properties, the average holding period of unproved properties, and the relative proportion of such properties on which proved reserves have been found in the past.
Exploration Costs
Geological and geophysical costs, delay rentals, amortization and impairment of unproved leasehold costs and costs to drill exploratory wells that do not find proved reserves are expensed as exploration costs. The costs of any exploratory wells are carried as an asset if the well finds a sufficient quantity of reserves to justify its capitalization as a producing well and as long as the Company is making sufficient progress towards assessing the reserves and the economic and operating viability of the project. The Company recorded noncash leasehold impairment expenses related to unproved properties of approximately $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, and approximately $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2010, which are included in “exploration costs” on the consolidated statements of operations.
Revenue Recognition
Sales of oil, natural gas and NGL are recognized when the product has been delivered to a custody transfer point, persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement exists, the rights and responsibility of ownership pass to the purchaser upon delivery, collection of revenue from the sale is reasonably assured, and the sales price is fixed or determinable.
The Company has elected the entitlements method to account for natural gas production imbalances. Imbalances occur when the Company sells more or less than its entitled ownership percentage of total natural gas production. In accordance with the entitlements method, any amount received in excess of the Company’s share is treated as a liability. If the Company receives less than its entitled share, the underproduction is recorded as a receivable. At December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, the Company had natural gas production imbalance receivables of approximately $28 million and $19 million, respectively, which are included in “accounts receivable - trade, net” on the consolidated balance sheets and natural gas production
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Continued
imbalance payables of approximately $18 million and $9 million, respectively, which are included in “accounts payable and accrued expenses” on the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company engages in the purchase, gathering and transportation of third-party natural gas and subsequently markets such natural gas to independent purchasers under separate arrangements. As such, the Company separately reports third-party marketing sales and natural gas marketing expenses.
Asset Retirement Obligations
The Company has the obligation to plug and abandon oil and natural gas wells and related equipment at the end of production operations. Estimated asset retirement costs are recognized when the obligation is incurred, and are amortized over proved developed reserves using the unit-of-production method. Accretion expense is included in “depreciation, depletion and amortization” on the consolidated statements of operations. The fair values of additions to the asset retirement obligations are estimated using valuation techniques that convert future cash flows to a single discounted amount. Significant inputs to the valuation include estimates of: (i) plug and abandon costs per well based on existing regulatory requirements; (ii) remaining life per well; (iii) future inflation factors; and (iv) a credit-adjusted risk-free interest rate. Revisions in estimated liabilities can result from revisions of estimated inflation rates, escalating retirement costs and changes in the estimated timing of settling asset retirement obligations (see Note 10).
Derivative Instruments
The Company uses derivative financial instruments to reduce exposure to fluctuations in the prices of oil and natural gas. By removing a significant portion of the price volatility associated with future production, the Company expects to mitigate, but not eliminate, the potential effects of variability in cash flow from operations due to fluctuations in commodity prices. These transactions are primarily in the form of swap contracts and put options. A swap contract specifies a fixed price that the Company will receive from the counterparty as compared to floating market prices, and on the settlement date the Company will receive or pay the difference between the swap price and the market price. A put option requires the Company to pay the counterparty a premium equal to the fair value of the option at the purchase date and receive from the counterparty the excess, if any, of the fixed price floor over the market price at the settlement date. In addition, the Company may from time to time enter into derivative contracts in the form of interest rate swaps to minimize the effects of fluctuations in interest rates. Currently, the Company has no outstanding derivative contracts in the form of interest rate swaps.
Derivative instruments (including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts that require bifurcation) are recorded at fair value and included on the consolidated balance sheets as assets or liabilities. The Company did not designate these contracts as cash flow hedges; therefore, the changes in fair value of these instruments are recorded in current earnings. The Company uses certain pricing models to determine the fair value of its derivative financial instruments. Inputs to the pricing models include publicly available prices and forward price curves generated from a compilation of data gathered from third parties. Company management validates the data provided by third parties by understanding the pricing models used, obtaining market values from other pricing sources, analyzing pricing data in certain situations and confirming that those securities trade in active markets. See Note 7 and Note 8 for additional details about the Company’s derivative financial instruments. See Item 7A.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The primary objective of the following information is to provide forward-looking quantitative and qualitative information about potential exposure to market risks. The term “market risk” refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in commodity prices and interest rates. The disclosures are not meant to be precise indicators of expected future losses, but rather indicators of reasonably possible losses. This forward-looking information provides indicators of how the Company views and manages its ongoing market risk exposures. All of the Company’s market risk sensitive instruments were entered into for purposes other than trading.
The following should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A reference to a “Note” herein refers to the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not detect or prevent misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness to future periods are subject to risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or processes may deteriorate.
As of December 31, 2012, our management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework, issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on the assessment, management determined that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on those criteria. KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, which is included herein.
/s/ Linn Energy, LLC
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Unitholders
Linn Energy, LLC:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Linn Energy, LLC and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the related consolidated statements of operations, unitholders’ capital, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2012. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Linn Energy, LLC and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2012, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Linn Energy, LLC’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated February 21, 2013, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Houston, Texas
February 21, 2013
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Unitholders
Linn Energy, LLC:
We have audited Linn Energy, LLC’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Linn Energy, LLC’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Linn Energy, LLC maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Linn Energy, LLC and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the related consolidated statements of operations, unitholders’ capital, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2012, and our report dated February 21, 2013, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Houston, Texas
February 21, 2013
LINN ENERGY, LLC
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF UNITHOLDERS’ CAPITAL
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Business
Linn Energy, LLC (“LINN Energy” or the “Company”) is an independent oil and natural gas company that began operations in March 2003 and was formed as a Delaware limited liability company in April 2005. The Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) in January 2006 and its units representing limited liability company interests (“units”) are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “LINE.” LINN Energy’s mission is to acquire, develop and maximize cash flow from a growing portfolio of long-life oil and natural gas assets.
The Company’s properties are located in the United States (“U.S.”), in the Mid-Continent, the Hugoton Basin, the Green River Basin, the Permian Basin, Michigan, Illinois, the Williston/Powder River Basin, California and east Texas. Effective January 1, 2012, the Company realigned its existing regions. The realignment had no effect on the Company’s operations. The Company added the East Texas region in May 2012 and the Green River Basin region in July 2012, and currently has eight operating regions in the U.S.: Mid-Continent, which includes properties in Oklahoma, Louisiana and the eastern portion of the Texas Panhandle (including the Granite Wash and Cleveland horizontal plays); Hugoton Basin, which includes properties located primarily in Kansas and the Shallow Texas Panhandle; Green River Basin, which includes properties located in southwest Wyoming; Permian Basin, which includes areas in west Texas and southeast New Mexico; Michigan/Illinois, which includes the Antrim Shale formation in the northern part of Michigan and oil properties in southern Illinois; Williston/Powder River Basin, which includes the Bakken formation in North Dakota and the Powder River Basin in Wyoming; California, which includes the Brea Olinda Field of the Los Angeles Basin; and East Texas, which includes properties located in east Texas.
The operations of the Company are governed by the provisions of a limited liability company agreement executed by and among its members. The agreement includes specific provisions with respect to the maintenance of the capital accounts of each of the Company’s unitholders. Pursuant to applicable provisions of the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act (the “Delaware Act”) and the Third Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Linn Energy, LLC (the “LLC Agreement”), unitholders have no liability for the debts, obligations and liabilities of the Company, except as expressly required in the LLC Agreement or the Delaware Act. The Company will remain in existence unless and until dissolved in accordance with the terms of the LLC Agreement.
Principles of Consolidation and Reporting
The Company presents its financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation. Investments in noncontrolled entities over which the Company exercises significant influence are accounted for under the equity method. The Company’s other investment is carried at cost.
The consolidated financial statements for previous periods include certain reclassifications that were made to conform to current presentation. Such reclassifications have no impact on previously reported net income (loss), unitholders’ capital or cash flows.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amount of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. The estimates that are particularly significant to the financial statements include estimates of the Company’s reserves of oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids (“NGL”), future cash flows from oil and natural gas properties, depreciation, depletion and amortization, asset retirement obligations, certain revenues and operating expenses, fair values of commodity and interest rate derivatives, if any, and fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. As fair value is a market-based measurement, it is determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgment. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Such estimates and assumptions are adjusted when
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facts and circumstances dictate. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ from these estimates. Any changes in estimates resulting from continuous changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the financial statements in future periods.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In December 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) that requires an entity to disclose information about offsetting and related arrangements to enable users of its financial statements to understand the effect of those arrangements on its financial position. The ASU requires disclosure of both gross information and net information about both instruments and transactions eligible for offset in the statement of financial position and instruments and transactions subject to an agreement similar to a master netting arrangement. The ASU will be applied retrospectively and is effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, of the adoption of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In May 2011, the FASB issued an ASU that further addresses fair value measurement accounting and related disclosure requirements. The ASU clarifies the FASB’s intent regarding the application of existing fair value measurement and disclosure requirements, changes the fair value measurement requirements for certain financial instruments, and sets forth additional disclosure requirements for other fair value measurements. The ASU is to be applied prospectively and is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2011. The Company adopted the ASU effective January 1, 2012. The adoption of the requirements of the ASU, which expanded disclosures, had no effect on the Company’s results of operations or financial position.
Cash Equivalents
For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company considers all highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Outstanding checks in excess of funds on deposit are included in “accounts payable and accrued expenses” on the consolidated balance sheets and are classified as financing activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Accounts Receivable - Trade, Net
Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses inherent in its accounts receivable portfolio. In establishing the required allowance, management considers historical losses, current receivables aging, and existing industry and national economic data. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts monthly. Past due balances over 90 days and over a specified amount are reviewed individually for collectibility. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential recovery is remote. The balance in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts related to trade accounts receivable was approximately $450,000 at December 31, 2012, and $1 million at December 31, 2011.
Inventories
Materials, supplies and commodity inventories are valued at the lower of average cost or market.
Oil and Natural Gas Properties
Proved Properties
The Company accounts for oil and natural gas properties in accordance with the successful efforts method. In accordance with this method, all leasehold and development costs of proved properties are capitalized and amortized on a unit-of-production basis over the remaining life of the proved reserves and proved developed reserves, respectively.
The Company evaluates the impairment of its proved oil and natural gas properties on a field-by-field basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The carrying values of proved properties are reduced to fair value when the expected undiscounted future cash flows are less than net book value. The fair values of proved properties are measured using valuation techniques consistent with the income approach, converting future cash flows to a single discounted amount. Significant inputs used to determine the fair values of proved properties include
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estimates of: (i) reserves; (ii) future operating and development costs; (iii) future commodity prices; and (iv) a market-based weighted average cost of capital rate. The underlying commodity prices embedded in the Company’s estimated cash flows are the product of a process that begins with New York Mercantile Exchange (“NYMEX”) forward curve pricing, adjusted for estimated location and quality differentials, as well as other factors that Company management believes will impact realizable prices. Costs of retired, sold or abandoned properties that constitute a part of an amortization base are charged or credited, net of proceeds, to accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization unless doing so significantly affects the unit-of-production amortization rate, in which case a gain or loss is recognized currently. Gains or losses from the disposal of other properties are recognized currently. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs necessary to maintain properties in operating condition are expensed as incurred. Estimated dismantlement and abandonment costs are capitalized, net of salvage, at their estimated net present value and amortized on a unit-of-production basis over the remaining life of the related proved developed reserves. The Company capitalizes interest on borrowed funds related to its share of costs associated with the drilling and completion of new oil and natural gas wells. Interest is capitalized only during the periods in which these assets are brought to their intended use. The Company capitalized interest costs of approximately $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, and approximately $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2010.
Impairment of Proved Properties
Based on the analysis described above, the Company recorded noncash impairment charges, before and after tax, of approximately $422 million associated with proved oil and natural gas properties related to lower commodity prices for the year ended December 31, 2012, and a noncash impairment charge, before and after tax, of approximately $39 million primarily associated with proved oil and natural gas properties related to an unfavorable marketing contract for the year ended December 31, 2010. The Company recorded no impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2011. The carrying values of the impaired proved properties were reduced to fair value, estimated using inputs characteristic of a Level 3 fair-value measurement. The charges are included in “impairment of long-lived assets” on the consolidated statements of operations.
Unproved Properties
Costs related to unproved properties include costs incurred to acquire unproved reserves. Because these reserves do not meet the definition of proved reserves, the related costs are not classified as proved properties. The fair values of unproved properties are measured using valuation techniques consistent with the income approach, converting future cash flows to a single discounted amount. Significant inputs used to determine the fair values of unproved properties include estimates of: (i) reserves; (ii) future operating and development costs; (iii) future commodity prices; and (iv) a market-based weighted average cost of capital rate. The market-based weighted average cost of capital rate is subjected to additional project-specific risking factors. Unproved leasehold costs are capitalized and amortized on a composite basis if individually insignificant, based on past success, experience and average lease-term lives. Individually significant leases are reclassified to proved properties if successful and expensed on a lease by lease basis if unsuccessful or the lease term expires. Unamortized leasehold costs related to successful exploratory drilling are reclassified to proved properties and depleted on a unit-of-production basis. The Company assesses unproved properties for impairment quarterly on the basis of its experience in similar situations and other factors such as the primary lease terms of the properties, the average holding period of unproved properties, and the relative proportion of such properties on which proved reserves have been found in the past.
Exploration Costs
Geological and geophysical costs, delay rentals, amortization and impairment of unproved leasehold costs and costs to drill exploratory wells that do not find proved reserves are expensed as exploration costs. The costs of any exploratory wells are carried as an asset if the well finds a sufficient quantity of reserves to justify its capitalization as a producing well and as long as the Company is making sufficient progress towards assessing the reserves and the economic and operating viability of the project. The Company recorded noncash leasehold impairment expenses related to unproved properties of approximately $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, and approximately $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2010, which are included in “exploration costs” on the consolidated statements of operations.
Other Property and Equipment
Other property and equipment includes natural gas gathering systems, pipelines, buildings, software, data processing and telecommunications equipment, office furniture and equipment, and other fixed assets. These items are recorded at cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method based on expected lives ranging from three to 39 years for the individual asset or group of assets.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
Revenue Recognition
Revenues representative of the Company’s ownership interest in its properties are presented on a gross basis on the consolidated statements of operations. Sales of oil, natural gas and NGL are recognized when the product has been delivered to a custody transfer point, persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement exists, the rights and responsibility of ownership pass to the purchaser upon delivery, collection of revenue from the sale is reasonably assured, and the sales price is fixed or determinable.
The Company has elected the entitlements method to account for natural gas production imbalances. Imbalances occur when the Company sells more or less than its entitled ownership percentage of total natural gas production. In accordance with the entitlements method, any amount received in excess of the Company’s share is treated as a liability. If the Company receives less than its entitled share, the underproduction is recorded as a receivable. At December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, the Company had natural gas production imbalance receivables of approximately $28 million and $19 million, respectively, which are included in “accounts receivable - trade, net” on the consolidated balance sheets and natural gas production imbalance payables of approximately $18 million and $9 million, respectively, which are included in “accounts payable and accrued expenses” on the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company engages in the purchase, gathering and transportation of third-party natural gas and subsequently markets such natural gas to independent purchasers under separate arrangements. As such, the Company separately reports third-party marketing sales and marketing expenses.
The Company generates electricity with excess natural gas, which it uses to serve certain of its operating facilities in Brea, California. Any excess electricity is sold to the California wholesale power market. This revenue is included in “other revenues” on the consolidated statements of operations.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash of approximately $5 million and $4 million is included in “other noncurrent assets” on the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, respectively, and represents cash the Company has deposited into a separate account and designated for asset retirement obligations in accordance with contractual agreements.
Derivative Instruments
The Company uses derivative financial instruments to reduce exposure to fluctuations in the prices of oil and natural gas. By removing a significant portion of the price volatility associated with future production, the Company expects to mitigate, but not eliminate, the potential effects of variability in cash flow from operations due to fluctuations in commodity prices. These transactions are primarily in the form of swap contracts and put options. In addition, the Company may from time to time enter into derivative contracts in the form of interest rate swaps to minimize the effects of fluctuations in interest rates. At December 31, 2012, the Company had no outstanding interest rate swap agreements.
Derivative instruments (including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts that require bifurcation) are recorded at fair value and included on the consolidated balance sheets as assets or liabilities. The Company did not designate these contracts as cash flow hedges; therefore, the changes in fair value of these instruments are recorded in current earnings. The Company uses certain pricing models to determine the fair value of its derivative financial instruments. Inputs to the pricing models include publicly available prices and forward price curves generated from a compilation of data gathered from third parties. Company management validates the data provided by third parties by understanding the pricing models used, obtaining market values from other pricing sources, analyzing pricing data in certain situations and confirming that those securities trade in active markets. See Note 7 and Note 8 for additional details about the Company’s derivative financial instruments.
Unit-Based Compensation
The Company recognizes expense for unit-based compensation over the requisite service period in an amount equal to the fair value of unit-based payments granted to employees and nonemployee directors. The fair value of unit-based payments, excluding liability awards, is computed at the date of grant and is not remeasured. The fair value of liability awards is
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remeasured at each reporting date through the settlement date with the change in fair value recognized as compensation expense over that period. The Company currently does not have any awards accounted for as liability awards.
The Company has made a policy decision to recognize compensation expense for service-based awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. See Note 5 for additional details about the Company’s accounting for unit-based compensation.
The benefit of tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation costs is required to be reported as financing cash flow rather than operating cash flow. This requirement reduces net operating cash flow and increases net financing cash flow in periods in which such tax benefit exists. The amount of the Company’s excess tax benefit is reported in “excess tax benefit from unit-based compensation” on the consolidated statements of unitholders’ capital.
Deferred Financing Fees
The Company incurred legal and bank fees related to the issuance of debt (see Note 6). At December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, net deferred financing fees of approximately $114 million and $94 million, respectively, are included in “other noncurrent assets” on the consolidated balance sheets. These debt issuance costs are amortized over the life of the debt agreement. Upon early retirement or amendment to the debt agreement, certain fees are written off to expense. For the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, amortization expense of approximately $13 million, $16 million and $17 million, respectively, is included in “interest expense, net of amounts capitalized” and approximately $8 million, $1 million and $2 million, respectively, was written off to “other, net” on the consolidated statements of operations.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying values of the Company’s receivables, payables and Credit Facility (as defined in Note 6) are estimated to be substantially the same as their fair values at December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011. See Note 6 for fair value disclosures related to the Company’s other outstanding debt. As noted above, the Company carries its derivative financial instruments at fair value. See Note 8 for details about the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments.
Income Taxes
The Company is a limited liability company treated as a partnership for federal and state income tax purposes, with the exception of the state of Texas, in which income tax liabilities and/or benefits of the Company are passed through to unitholders. As such, with the exception of the state of Texas, the Company is not a taxable entity, it does not directly pay federal and state income tax and recognition has not been given to federal and state income taxes for the operations of the Company except as described below.
Limited liability companies are subject to Texas margin tax. Limited liability companies were also subject to state income taxes in the state of Michigan during 2011 and 2010. In addition, certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are Subchapter C-corporations subject to federal and state income taxes, which are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. See Note 14 for detail of amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements.
Note 2 - Acquisitions
Acquisitions - 2012
On July 31, 2012, the Company completed the acquisition of certain oil and natural gas properties in the Jonah Field located in the Green River Basin of southwest Wyoming from BP America Production Company (“BP”). The Company paid approximately $990 million in total consideration for these properties. The transaction was financed with borrowings under the Company’s Credit Facility, as defined in Note 6.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
On May 1, 2012, the Company completed the acquisition of certain oil and natural gas properties located in east Texas. The Company paid approximately $168 million in total consideration for these properties. The transaction was financed with borrowings under the Company’s Credit Facility.
On April 3, 2012, the Company entered into a joint-venture agreement (“JV Agreement”) with an affiliate of Anadarko Petroleum Corporation (“Anadarko”) whereby the Company participates as a partner in the CO2 enhanced oil recovery development of the Salt Creek Field, located in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming. Anadarko assigned the Company 23% of its interest in the field in exchange for future funding of $400 million of Anadarko’s development costs. The Company assigned approximately $392 million to the net assets acquired as of the JV Agreement date, which reflects an imputed discount of approximately $8 million on the future funding of this transaction. As of December 31, 2012, the Company has paid approximately $201 million towards the future funding commitment.
On March 30, 2012, the Company completed the acquisition of certain oil and natural gas properties and the Jayhawk natural gas processing plant located in the Hugoton Basin in Kansas from BP. The Company paid approximately $1.16 billion in total consideration for these properties. The transaction was financed primarily with proceeds from the March 2012 debt offering (see Note 6).
During 2012, the Company completed other smaller acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties located in its various operating regions. The Company, in the aggregate, paid approximately $122 million in total consideration for these properties.
These acquisitions were accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the Company conducted assessments of net assets acquired and recognized amounts for identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated acquisition date fair values, while transaction and integration costs associated with the acquisitions were expensed as incurred. The initial accounting for the business combinations is not complete and adjustments to provisional amounts, or recognition of additional assets acquired or liabilities assumed, may occur as more detailed analyses are completed and additional information is obtained about the facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition dates. The results of operations of all acquisitions have been included in the consolidated financial statements since the acquisition or JV Agreement dates.
The following presents the values assigned to the net assets acquired as of the acquisition dates (in thousands):
Current assets include receivables and inventory and noncurrent assets include other property and equipment. Current liabilities include payables, ad valorem taxes payable and environmental liabilities. Current liabilities and noncurrent liabilities, as of the JV Agreement date, consist of payables of approximately $195 million and $197 million, respectively, related to the future funding commitment associated with the Anadarko transaction discussed above. As of December 31, 2012, the Company has paid approximately $201 million towards this commitment.
The fair value measurements of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on inputs that are not observable in the market and therefore represent Level 3 inputs. The fair values of oil and natural gas properties and asset retirement
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
obligations were measured using valuation techniques that convert future cash flows to a single discounted amount. Significant inputs to the valuation of oil and natural gas properties include estimates of: (i) reserves; (ii) future operating and development costs; (iii) future commodity prices; (iv) estimated future cash flows; and (v) a market-based weighted average cost of capital rate. These inputs require significant judgments and estimates by the Company’s management at the time of the valuation and are the most sensitive and subject to change.
The revenues and expenses related to certain properties acquired from BP, Plains Exploration & Production Company (“Plains”), Panther Energy Company, LLC and Red Willow Mid-Continent, LLC (collectively referred to as “Panther”), SandRidge Exploration and Production, LLC (“SandRidge”) and an affiliate of Concho Resources Inc. (“Concho”) are included in the consolidated results of operations of the Company as of July 31, 2012 (BP Green River Basin acquisition), March 30, 2012 (BP Hugoton Basin acquisition), December 15, 2011 (Plains acquisition), June 1, 2011 (Panther acquisition), April 1, 2011 (SandRidge acquisition), and March 31, 2011 (Concho acquisition). The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents a summary of the Company’s consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, assuming the acquisitions from BP had been completed as of January 1, 2011, and the acquisitions from Plains, Panther, SandRidge and Concho had been completed as of January 1, 2010, including adjustments to reflect the values assigned to the net assets acquired. The pro forma financial information is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations if the acquisitions had been effective as of these dates.
Acquisitions - 2011 and 2010
The following is a summary of certain significant acquisitions completed by the Company during the years ended December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010:
•
On December 15, 2011, the Company completed the acquisition of certain oil and natural gas properties located primarily in the Granite Wash of Texas and Oklahoma from Plains Exploration & Production Company for approximately $542 million.
•
On November 1, 2011, and November 18, 2011, the Company completed two acquisitions of certain oil and natural gas properties located in the Permian Basin for approximately $110 million.
•
On June 1, 2011, the Company completed the acquisition of certain oil and natural gas properties in the Cleveland play, located in the Texas Panhandle, from Panther Energy Company, LLC and Red Willow Mid-Continent, LLC for approximately $224 million.
•
On May 2, 2011, and May 11, 2011, the Company completed two acquisitions of certain oil and natural gas properties located in the Williston Basin for approximately $153 million.
•
On April 1, 2011, and April 5, 2011, the Company completed two acquisitions of certain oil and natural gas properties located in the Permian Basin, including properties from SandRidge Exploration and Production, LLC for approximately $239 million.
•
On March 31, 2011, the Company completed the acquisition of certain oil and natural gas properties located in the Williston Basin from an affiliate of Concho Resources Inc. for approximately $192 million.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
•
On November 16, 2010, the Company completed the acquisition of certain oil and natural gas properties located in the Wolfberry trend of the Permian Basin from Element Petroleum, LP for approximately $118 million.
•
On October 14, 2010, the Company completed two acquisitions of certain oil and natural gas properties located in the Wolfberry trend of the Permian Basin from Crownrock, LP and Patriot Resources Partners LLC for approximately $260 million.
•
On August 16, 2010, the Company completed the acquisition of certain oil and natural gas properties located in the Permian Basin from Crownrock, LP and Element Petroleum, LP for approximately $95 million.
•
On May 27, 2010, the Company completed the acquisition of interests in Henry Savings LP and Henry Savings Management LLC that primarily hold oil and natural gas properties located in the Permian Basin for approximately $323 million.
•
On April 30, 2010, the Company completed the acquisition of interests in two wholly owned subsidiaries of HighMount Exploration & Production LLC that hold oil and natural gas properties in the Antrim Shale located in northern Michigan for approximately $327 million.
•
On January 29, 2010, the Company completed the acquisition of certain oil and natural gas properties located in the Anadarko Basin in Oklahoma and Kansas and the Permian Basin in Texas and New Mexico from certain affiliates of Merit Energy Company for approximately $151 million.
Note 3 - Unitholders’ Capital
LinnCo Initial Public Offering
On October 17, 2012, LinnCo, LLC (“LinnCo”), an affiliate of LINN Energy, completed its initial public offering (the “LinnCo IPO”) of 34,787,500 common shares representing limited liability company interests to the public at a price of $36.50 per share ($34.858 per share, net of underwriting discount and structuring fee) for net proceeds of approximately $1.2 billion (after underwriting discount and structuring fee of approximately $57 million). The net proceeds LinnCo received from the offering were used to acquire 34,787,500 LINN Energy units which are equal to the number of LinnCo shares sold in the offering. The Company used the proceeds from the sale of the units to LinnCo to pay the expenses of the offering and repay a portion of the outstanding indebtedness under its Credit Facility.
Public Offering of Units
In January 2012, the Company sold 19,550,000 units representing limited liability company interests at $35.95 per unit ($34.512 per unit, net of underwriting discount) for net proceeds of approximately $674 million (after underwriting discount and offering expenses of approximately $28 million). The Company used the net proceeds from the sale of these units to repay a portion of the outstanding indebtedness under its Credit Facility.
In March 2011, the Company sold 16,726,067 units representing limited liability company interests at $38.80 per unit ($37.248 per unit, net of underwriting discount) for net proceeds of approximately $623 million (after underwriting discount and offering expenses of approximately $26 million). The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the sale of these units to fund the March 2011 redemptions of a portion of the outstanding 2017 Senior Notes and 2018 Senior Notes and to fund the cash tender offers and related expenses for a portion of the remaining 2017 Senior Notes and 2018 Senior Notes (see Note 6). The Company used the remaining net proceeds from the sale of units to finance a portion of the March 31, 2011, acquisition in the Williston/Powder Basin region.
In December 2010, the Company sold 11,500,000 units representing limited liability company interests at $35.92 per unit ($34.48 per unit, net of underwriting discount) for net proceeds of approximately $396 million (after underwriting discount and offering expenses of approximately $17 million). The Company used the net proceeds from the sale of these units to repay all outstanding indebtedness under its Credit Facility and for other general corporate purposes, including the partial notes redemption (see Note 6).
In March 2010, the Company sold 17,250,000 units representing limited liability company interests at $25.00 per unit ($24.00 per unit, net of underwriting discount) for net proceeds of approximately $414 million (after underwriting discount and offering expenses of approximately $17 million). The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the sale of these units to finance the HighMount acquisition.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
Equity Distribution Agreement
In August 2011, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement, pursuant to which it may from time to time issue and sell units representing limited liability company interests having an aggregate offering price of up to $500 million. In connection with entering into the agreement, the Company incurred expenses of approximately $423,000. Sales of units, if any, will be made through a sales agent by means of ordinary brokers’ transactions, in block transactions, or as otherwise agreed with the agent. The Company expects to use the net proceeds from any sale of the units for general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, capital expenditures, acquisitions and the repayment of debt.
In January 2012, the Company, under its equity distribution agreement, issued and sold 1,539,651 units representing limited liability company interests at an average unit price of $38.02 for proceeds of approximately $57 million (net of approximately $1 million in commissions). In connection with the issue and sale of these units, the Company also incurred professional service expenses of approximately $700,000. The Company used the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of a portion of the indebtedness outstanding under its Credit Facility. At December 31, 2012, units equaling approximately $411 million in aggregate offering price remained available to be issued and sold under the agreement.
In September 2011, the Company, under its equity distribution agreement, issued and sold 16,060 units representing limited liability company interests at an average unit price of $38.25 for proceeds of approximately $602,000 (net of approximately $12,000 in commissions). In December 2011, the Company issued and sold 772,104 units representing limited liability company interests at an average unit price of $38.03 for proceeds of approximately $29 million (net of approximately $587,000 in commissions). In connection with the issue and sale of these units, the Company also incurred professional service expenses of approximately $139,000. The Company used the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of a portion of the indebtedness outstanding under its Credit Facility.
Unit Repurchase Plan
In October 2008, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to $100 million of the Company’s outstanding units from time to time on the open market or in negotiated purchases. During the year ended December 31, 2011, 529,734 units were repurchased at an average unit price of $32.76 for a total cost of approximately $17 million. During the year ended December 31, 2010, 486,700 units were repurchased at an average unit price of $23.79 for a total cost of approximately $12 million. All units were subsequently canceled.
No units were repurchased by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2012. At December 31, 2012, approximately $56 million was available for unit repurchase under the program. The timing and amounts of any such repurchases are at the discretion of management, subject to market conditions and other factors, and in accordance with applicable securities laws and other legal requirements. The repurchase plan does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of units and may be discontinued at any time. Units are repurchased at fair market value on the date of repurchase.
Other Issuance and Cancellation of Units
During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company purchased 9,055 units for approximately $300,000 in conjunction with units received by the Company for the payment of minimum withholding taxes due on units issued under its equity compensation plan (see Note 5). All units were subsequently canceled. The Company purchased no units for this purpose during the years ended December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011.
Distributions
Under the LLC Agreement, Company unitholders are entitled to receive a quarterly distribution of available cash to the extent there is sufficient cash from operations after establishment of cash reserves and payment of fees and expenses. Distributions paid by the Company are presented on the consolidated statements of unitholders’ capital. On January 24, 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a cash distribution of $0.725 per unit with respect to the fourth quarter of 2012. The distribution, totaling approximately $170 million, was paid on February 14, 2013, to unitholders of record as of the close of business on February 7, 2013.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
Note 4 - Business and Credit Concentrations
Cash
The Company maintains its cash in bank deposit accounts which at times may exceed federally insured amounts. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on its cash.
Revenue and Trade Receivables
The Company has a concentration of customers who are engaged in oil and natural gas purchasing, transportation and/or refining within the U.S. This concentration of customers may impact the Company’s overall exposure to credit risk, either positively or negatively, in that the customers may be similarly affected by changes in economic or other conditions. The Company’s customers consist primarily of major oil and natural gas purchasers and the Company generally does not require collateral since it has not experienced significant credit losses on such sales. The Company routinely assesses the recoverability of all material trade and other receivables to determine collectibility (see Note 1).
For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company’s two largest customers represented approximately 12% and 11%, respectively, of the Company’s sales. For the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company’s three largest customers represented approximately 13%, 10% and 10%, respectively, of the Company’s sales. For the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company’s three largest customers represented approximately 17%, 14% and 13%, respectively, of the Company’s sales.
At December 31, 2012, trade accounts receivable from two customers represented approximately 21% and 11%, respectively, of the Company’s receivables. At December 31, 2011, trade accounts receivable from three customers represented approximately 12%, 10% and 10%, respectively, of the Company’s receivables.
Note 5 - Unit-Based Compensation and Other Benefit Plans
Incentive Plan Summary
The Linn Energy, LLC Amended and Restated Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended (the “Plan”), originally became effective in December 2005. The Plan, which is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (“Compensation Committee”), permits granting unit grants, unit options, restricted units, phantom units and unit appreciation rights to employees, consultants and nonemployee directors under the terms of the Plan. The unit options and restricted units vest ratably over three years. The contractual life of unit options is 10 years.
The Plan limits the number of units that may be delivered pursuant to awards to 12.2 million units. The Board of Directors and the Compensation Committee have the right to alter or amend the Plan or any part of the Plan from time to time, including increasing the number of units that may be granted, subject to unitholder approval as required by the exchange upon which the units are listed at that time. However, no change in any outstanding grant may be made that would materially reduce the benefits to the participant without the consent of the participant.
Upon exercise or vesting of an award of units, or an award settled in units, the Company will issue new units, acquire units on the open market or directly from any person, or use any combination of the foregoing, at the Compensation Committee’s discretion. If the Company issues new units upon exercise or vesting of an award, the total number of units outstanding will increase. To date, the Company has issued awards of unit grants, unit options, restricted units and phantom units. The Plan provides for all of the following types of awards:
Unit Grants - A unit grant is a unit that vests immediately upon issuance.
Unit Options - A unit option is a right to purchase a unit at a specified price at terms determined by the Compensation Committee. Unit options will have an exercise price that will not be less than the fair market value of the units on the date of grant, and in general, will become exercisable over a vesting period but may accelerate upon a change in control of the Company. If a grantee’s employment or service relationship terminates for any reason
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
other than death, the grantee’s unvested unit options will be automatically forfeited unless the option agreement or the Compensation Committee provides otherwise.
Restricted Units - A restricted unit is a unit that vests over a period of time and that during such time is subject to forfeiture, and may contain such terms as the Compensation Committee shall determine. The Company intends the restricted units under the Plan to serve as a means of incentive compensation for performance and not primarily as an opportunity to participate in the equity appreciation of its units. Therefore, Plan participants will not pay any consideration for the restricted units they receive. If a grantee’s employment or service relationship terminates for any reason other than death, the grantee’s unvested restricted units will be automatically forfeited unless the Compensation Committee or the terms of the award agreement provide otherwise.
Phantom Units/Unit Appreciation Rights - These awards may be settled in units, cash or a combination thereof. Such grants contain terms as determined by the Compensation Committee, including the period or terms over which phantom units vest. If a grantee’s employment or service relationship terminates for any reason other than death or retirement, the grantee’s phantom units or unit appreciation rights will be automatically forfeited unless, and to the extent, the Compensation Committee or the terms of the award agreement provide otherwise. Upon death or retirement, as defined in the Plan, a participant’s phantom units vest in full unless the terms of the award agreement provide otherwise. While phantom units require no payment from the grantee, unit appreciation rights will have an exercise price that will not be less than the fair market value of the units on the date of grant. At December 31, 2012, the Company had 36,784 phantom units issued and outstanding. To date, the Company has not issued unit appreciation rights.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under the Plan
As of December 31, 2012, approximately 4.6 million units were issuable under the Plan pursuant to outstanding award or other agreements, and 769,316 additional units were reserved for future issuance under the Plan.
Accounting for Unit-Based Compensation
The Company recognizes as expense, beginning at the grant date, the fair value of unit options and other equity-based compensation issued to employees and nonemployee directors. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service period using the straight-line method in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. A summary of unit-based compensation expenses included on the consolidated statements of operations is presented below:
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
Restricted/Unrestricted Units
The fair value of unrestricted unit grants and restricted units issued is determined based on the fair market value of the Company units on the date of grant. A summary of the status of the nonvested units as of December 31, 2012, is presented below:
The weighted average grant-date fair value of unrestricted unit grants and restricted units granted was $38.54 and $25.89 during the years ended December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, respectively. The total fair value of units that vested was approximately $24 million, $13 million and $14 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, respectively. As of December 31, 2012, there was approximately $35 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted units. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.6 years .
In January 2013, the Company granted 612,240 restricted units and 105,530 phantom units as part of its annual review of its nonexecutive employees’ compensation.
Changes in Unit Options and Unit Options Outstanding
The following provides information related to unit option activity for the year ended December 31, 2012:
During the year ended December 31, 2012, the weighted average grant-date fair value of unit options granted was $5.31. No unit options were granted during the years ended December 31, 2011, or December 31, 2010. The total intrinsic value of unit options exercised was approximately $3 million, $5 million and $2 million, during the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, respectively. The Company received approximately $4 million from the exercise of unit options during the year ended December 31, 2012. No unit options expired during the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, or December 31, 2010. As of December 31, 2012, total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested unit options was approximately $15 million. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 3.1 years.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
The fair value of unit-based compensation for unit options was estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes pricing model based on certain assumptions. That value may not be indicative of the fair value observed in a willing buyer/willing seller market transaction. The Company’s determination of the fair value of unit-based payment awards is affected by the Company’s unit price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. The Company’s employee unit options have various restrictions including vesting provisions and restrictions on transfers and hedging, among others, and often are expected to be exercised prior to their contractual maturity.
Expected volatilities used in the estimation of fair value of the 2012 unit option grants have been determined using available volatility data for the Company. Expected volatilities used in the estimation of fair value of unit options granted in previous years were determined using available volatility data for the Company as well as an average of volatility computations of other identified peer companies in the oil and natural gas industry. Expected distributions are estimated based on the Company’s distribution rate at the date of grant. Forfeitures are estimated using historical Company data and are revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from estimates. The risk-free rate for periods within the expected term of the unit option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. Historical data of the Company is used to estimate expected term. All employees granted awards have been determined to have similar behaviors for purposes of determining the expected term used to estimate fair value. The fair values of the 2012 unit option grants were based upon the following assumptions:
Nonemployee Grants
In 2007, the Company granted an aggregate 150,000 unit warrants to certain individuals in connection with an acquisition transition services agreement. The unit warrants, 15,000 of which remain outstanding, have an exercise price of $25.50 per unit warrant, are fully exercisable at December 31, 2012, and expire 10 years from the date of issuance. During the year ended December 31, 2012, 135,000 unit warrants were exercised, and the Company received approximately $3 million from these exercises.
Defined Contribution Plan
The Company sponsors a 401(k) defined contribution plan for eligible employees. Company contributions to the 401(k) plan consist of a discretionary matching contribution equal to 100% of the first 6% of eligible compensation contributed by the employee on a before-tax basis. The Company contributed approximately $5 million, $4 million and $3 million during the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, respectively, to the 401(k) plan’s trustee account. The 401(k) plan funds are held in a trustee account on behalf of the plan participants.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
Note 6 - Debt
The following summarizes debt outstanding:
(1)
The carrying value of the Credit Facility is estimated to be substantially the same as its fair value. Fair values of the senior notes were estimated based on prices quoted from third-party financial institutions.
(2)
Variable interest rates of 1.97% and 2.57% at December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, respectively.
Credit Facility
The Company’s Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (“Credit Facility”) provides for a revolving credit facility up to the lesser of: (i) the then-effective borrowing base and (ii) the maximum commitment amount. The Credit Facility has a borrowing base of $4.5 billion with a maximum commitment amount of $3.0 billion. The maturity date is April 2017. At December 31, 2012, the borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility was approximately $1.8 billion, which includes a $5 million reduction in availability for outstanding letters of credit.
During 2012, in connection with amendments to its Credit Facility, the Company incurred financing fees and expenses of approximately $12 million, which will be amortized over the life of the Credit Facility. Such amortized expenses are recorded in “interest expense, net of amounts capitalized” on the consolidated statements of operations.
Redetermination of the borrowing base under the Credit Facility, based primarily on reserve reports that reflect commodity prices at such time, occurs semi-annually, in April and October, as well as upon requested interim redeterminations, by the lenders at their sole discretion. The Company also has the right to request one additional borrowing base redetermination per year at its discretion, as well as the right to an additional redetermination each year in connection with certain acquisitions. Significant declines in commodity prices may result in a decrease in the borrowing base. The Company’s obligations under the Credit Facility are secured by mortgages on its and certain of its material subsidiaries’ oil and natural gas properties and other personal property as well as a pledge of all ownership interests in its direct and indirect material subsidiaries. The Company is required to maintain either: 1) mortgages on properties representing at least 80% of the total value of oil and natural gas properties included on the most recent reserve report, or 2) a Collateral Coverage Ratio of at least 2.5 to 1. Collateral Coverage Ratio is defined as the ratio of the present value of future cash flows from proved reserves from the currently mortgaged properties to the lesser of: (i) the then-effective borrowing base and (ii) the maximum commitment amount. Additionally, the obligations under the Credit Facility are guaranteed by all of the Company’s material subsidiaries and are required to be guaranteed by any future material subsidiaries.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
At the Company’s election, interest on borrowings under the Credit Facility is determined by reference to either the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus an applicable margin between 1.5% and 2.5% per annum (depending on the then-current level of borrowings under the Credit Facility) or the alternate base rate (“ABR”) plus an applicable margin between 0.5% and 1.5% per annum (depending on the then-current level of borrowings under the Credit Facility). Interest is generally payable quarterly for loans bearing interest based on the ABR and at the end of the applicable interest period for loans bearing interest at LIBOR. The Company is required to pay a commitment fee to the lenders under the Credit Facility, which accrues at a rate per annum between 0.375% and 0.5% on the average daily unused amount of the lesser of: (i) the maximum commitment amount of the lenders and (ii) the then-effective borrowing base. The Company is in compliance with all financial and other covenants of the Credit Facility.
Senior Notes Due November 2019
On March 2, 2012, the Company issued $1.8 billion in aggregate principal amount of 6.25% senior notes due November 2019 (“November 2019 Senior Notes”) at a price of 99.989%. The November 2019 Senior Notes were sold to a group of initial purchasers and then resold to qualified institutional buyers, each in transactions exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Company received net proceeds of approximately $1.77 billion (after deducting the initial purchasers’ discount of $198,000 and offering expenses of approximately $29 million). The Company used the net proceeds to fund the BP acquisition (see Note 2). The remaining proceeds were used to repay indebtedness under the Company’s Credit Facility and for general corporate purposes. The financing fees and expenses of approximately $29 million incurred in connection with the November 2019 Senior Notes will be amortized over the life of the notes. Such amortized financing fees and expenses are recorded in “interest expense, net of amounts capitalized” on the consolidated statements of operations.
The November 2019 Senior Notes were issued under an indenture dated March 2, 2012 (“November 2019 Indenture”), mature November 1, 2019, and bear interest at 6.25%. Interest is payable semi-annually on May 1 and November 1, beginning November 1, 2012. The November 2019 Senior Notes are general unsecured senior obligations of the Company and are effectively junior in right of payment to any secured indebtedness of the Company to the extent of the collateral securing such indebtedness. Each of the Company’s material subsidiaries has guaranteed the November 2019 Senior Notes on a senior unsecured basis. The November 2019 Indenture provides that the Company may redeem: (i) on or prior to November 1, 2015, up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the November 2019 Senior Notes at a redemption price of 106.25% of the principal amount redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings; (ii) prior to November 1, 2015, all or part of the November 2019 Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to the principal amount redeemed, plus a make-whole premium (as defined in the November 2019 Indenture) and accrued and unpaid interest; and (iii) on or after November 1, 2015, all or part of the November 2019 Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 103.125%, and decreasing percentages thereafter, of the principal amount redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest. The November 2019 Indenture also provides that, if a change of control (as defined in the November 2019 Indenture) occurs, the holders have a right to require the Company to repurchase all or part of the November 2019 Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 101%, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The November 2019 Indenture contains covenants substantially similar to those under the Company’s May 2019 Senior Notes, 2010 Issued Senior Notes and Original Senior Notes, as defined below, that, among other things, limit the Company’s ability to: (i) pay distributions on, purchase or redeem the Company’s units or redeem its subordinated debt; (ii) make investments; (iii) incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue certain types of equity securities; (iv) create certain liens; (v) sell assets; (vi) consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of the Company’s assets; (vii) enter into agreements that restrict distributions or other payments from the Company’s restricted subsidiaries to the Company; (viii) engage in transactions with affiliates; and (ix) create unrestricted subsidiaries. The Company is in compliance with all financial and other covenants of the November 2019 Senior Notes.
In connection with the issuance and sale of the November 2019 Senior Notes, the Company entered into a Registration Rights Agreement (“November 2019 Registration Rights Agreement”) with the initial purchasers. Under the November 2019 Registration Rights Agreement, the Company agreed to use its reasonable efforts to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and cause to become effective a registration statement relating to an offer to issue new notes having terms substantially identical to the November 2019 Senior Notes in exchange for outstanding November 2019 Senior Notes within 400 days after the notes were issued. In certain circumstances, the Company may be required to file a shelf registration statement to cover resales of the November 2019 Senior Notes. If the Company fails to satisfy these obligations, the Company may be required to pay additional interest to holders of the November 2019 Senior Notes under certain circumstances.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
Senior Notes Due May 2019
On May 13, 2011, the Company issued $750 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.5% senior notes due 2019 (the “May 2019 Senior Notes”). The indentures related to the May 2019 Senior Notes contain redemption provisions and covenants that are substantially similar to those of the November 2019 Senior Notes. On May 8, 2012, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-4 to register exchange notes that are also substantially similar to the November 2019 Senior Notes. On September 24, 2012, the registration statement was declared effective and the Company commenced an offer to exchange any and all of its $750 million outstanding principal amount of May 2019 Senior Notes for an equal amount of new May 2019 Senior Notes.
The terms of the new May 2019 Senior Notes are identical in all material respects to those of the outstanding May 2019 Senior Notes, except that the transfer restrictions, registration rights and additional interest provisions relating to the outstanding May 2019 Senior Notes do not apply to the new May 2019 Senior Notes. The exchange offer expired on October 23, 2012. Pursuant to the terms of the registration rights agreement entered into in connection with the May 2019 Senior Notes, the Company agreed to use its reasonable efforts to cause the registration statement relating to the new May 2019 Senior Notes to become effective within 400 days after the notes were issued. The effective date of the registration statement was past the deadline in the registration rights agreement, and therefore, the Company was required to pay additional interest of approximately $850,000 to holders of the May 2019 Senior Notes in November 2012.
Senior Notes Due 2020 and Senior Notes Due 2021
The Company has $1.3 billion in aggregate principal amount of 8.625% senior notes due 2020 (the “2020 Senior Notes”) and $1.0 billion in aggregate principal amount of 7.75% senior notes due 2021 (the “2021 Senior Notes,” and together with the 2020 Senior Notes, the “2010 Issued Senior Notes”). The indentures related to the 2010 Issued Senior Notes contain redemption provisions and covenants that are substantially similar to those of the November 2019 Senior Notes. However, in 2011, the Company caused the trustee to remove the restrictive legends from each of the 2010 Issued Senior Notes making them freely tradable (other than with respect to persons that are affiliates of the Company), thereby terminating the Company’s obligations under each of the registration rights agreements entered into in connection with the issuance of the 2010 Issued Senior Notes.
Senior Notes Due 2017 and Senior Notes Due 2018
The Company also has $41 million (originally $250 million) in aggregate principal amount of 11.75% senior notes due 2017 (the “2017 Senior Notes”) and $14 million (originally $256 million) in aggregate principal amount of 9.875% senior notes due 2018 (the “2018 Senior Notes” and together with the 2017 Senior Notes, the “Original Senior Notes”). The indentures related to the Original Senior Notes initially contained redemption provisions and covenants that were substantially similar to those of the November 2019 Senior Notes; however, in conjunction with the tender offers in 2011, the indentures were amended and most of the covenants and certain default provisions were eliminated. The amendments became effective upon the execution of the supplemental indentures to the indentures governing the Original Senior Notes.
In March 2011 and June 2011, in accordance with the indentures related to the Original Senior Notes, the Company redeemed and also repurchased through cash tender offers, a portion of the Original Senior Notes. In connection with the redemptions and cash tender offers of a portion of the Original Senior Notes, the Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $95 million for the year ended December 31, 2011.
Note 7 - Derivatives
Commodity Derivatives
The Company utilizes derivative instruments to minimize the variability in cash flow due to commodity price movements. The Company has historically entered into derivative instruments such as swap contracts, put options and collars to economically hedge its forecasted oil, natural gas and NGL sales. The Company did not designate any of these contracts as cash flow hedges; therefore, the changes in fair value of these instruments are recorded in current earnings. See Note 8 for fair value disclosures about oil and natural gas commodity derivatives.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
The following table summarizes derivative positions for the periods indicated as of December 31, 2012:
(1)
Includes certain outstanding natural gas puts of approximately 10,570 MMMBtu for each of the years ending December 31, 2013, December 31, 2014, and December 31, 2015, and 10,599 MMMBtu for the year ending December 31, 2016, used to hedge revenues associated with NGL production.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
(2)
Includes certain outstanding fixed price oil swaps of approximately 5,384 MBbls which may be extended annually at a price of $100.00 per Bbl for each of the years ending December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2018, and $90.00 per Bbl for the year ending December 31, 2019, if the counterparties determine that the strike prices are in-the-money on a designated date in each respective preceding year. The extension for each year is exercisable without respect to the other years.
(3)
Settle on the respective pricing index to hedge basis differential associated with natural gas production.
(4)
The Company hedges the timing risk associated with the sales price of oil in the Mid-Continent, Hugoton Basin and Permian Basin regions. In these regions, the Company generally sells oil for the delivery month at a sales price based on the average NYMEX price of light crude oil during that month, plus an adjustment calculated as a spread between the weighted average prices of the delivery month, the next month and the following month during the period when the delivery month is prompt (the “trade month roll”).
During the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company entered into commodity derivative contracts consisting of oil swaps for 2012 through 2017, natural gas swaps for 2012 through 2018, and oil and natural gas puts for 2012 through 2017 and paid premiums for put options of approximately $583 million. The Company also entered into natural gas basis swaps for 2012 through 2016 and trade month roll swaps for 2012 through 2017.
Settled derivatives on natural gas production for the year ended December 31, 2012, included volumes of 140,884 MMMBtu at an average contract price of $5.41 per MMBtu. Settled derivatives on oil production for the year ended December 31, 2012, included volumes of 11,289 MBbls at an average contract price of $97.61 per Bbl. Settled derivatives on natural gas production for the year ended December 31, 2011, included volumes of 64,457 MMMBtu at an average contract price of $8.24 per MMBtu. Settled derivatives on oil production for the year ended December 31, 2011, included volumes of 7,917 MBbls at an average contract price of $85.70 per Bbl. The natural gas derivatives are settled based on the closing price of NYMEX natural gas on the last trading day for the delivery month, which occurs on the third business day preceding the delivery month, or the relevant index prices of natural gas published in Inside FERC’s Gas Market Report on the first business day of the delivery month. The oil derivatives are settled based on the average closing price of NYMEX light crude oil for each day of the delivery month.
Interest Rate Swaps
The Company may from time to time enter into interest rate swap agreements based on LIBOR to minimize the effect of fluctuations in interest rates. If LIBOR is lower than the fixed rate in the contract, the Company is required to pay the counterparty the difference, and conversely, the counterparty is required to pay the Company if LIBOR is higher than the fixed rate in the contract. The Company does not designate interest rate swap agreements as cash flow hedges; therefore, the changes in fair value of these instruments are recorded in current earnings.
In 2010, the Company restructured its interest rate swap portfolio in conjunction with the repayments of all of the outstanding indebtedness under its Credit Facility with net proceeds from the issuances of the 2020 and 2021 Senior Notes (see Note 6). In connection with the repayments of borrowings under its Credit Facility with net proceeds from the issuances of the 2020 and 2021 Senior Notes, the Company canceled (before the contract settlement date) all of its interest rate swap agreements resulting in realized losses of approximately $124 million. At December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, the Company had no outstanding interest rate swap agreements.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
Balance Sheet Presentation
The Company’s commodity derivatives and, when applicable, its interest rate swap derivatives are presented on a net basis in “derivative instruments” on the consolidated balance sheets. The following summarizes the fair value of derivatives outstanding on a gross basis:
By using derivative instruments to economically hedge exposures to changes in commodity prices and interest rates, when applicable, the Company exposes itself to credit risk and market risk. Credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. When the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes the Company, which creates credit risk. The Company’s counterparties are current participants or affiliates of participants in its Credit Facility or were participants or affiliates of participants in its Credit Facility at the time it originally entered into the derivatives. The Credit Facility is secured by the Company’s oil and natural gas reserves; therefore, the Company is not required to post any collateral. The Company does not receive collateral from its counterparties. The maximum amount of loss due to credit risk that the Company would incur if its counterparties failed completely to perform according to the terms of the contracts, based on the gross fair value of financial instruments, was approximately $1.3 billion at December 31, 2012. The Company minimizes the credit risk in derivative instruments by: (i) limiting its exposure to any single counterparty; (ii) entering into derivative instruments only with counterparties that meet the Company’s minimum credit quality standard, or have a guarantee from an affiliate that meets the Company’s minimum credit quality standard; and (iii) monitoring the creditworthiness of the Company’s counterparties on an ongoing basis. In accordance with the Company’s standard practice, its commodity derivatives and, when applicable, its interest rate derivatives are subject to counterparty netting under agreements governing such derivatives and therefore the risk of loss is somewhat mitigated.
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives
Total gains and losses on derivatives, including realized and unrealized gains and losses, were approximately $125 million, $450 million and $7 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, respectively, and are reported on the consolidated statements of operations in “gains on oil and natural gas derivatives” and “losses on interest rate swaps.”
Note 8 - Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
The Company accounts for its commodity derivatives and, when applicable, its interest rate derivatives at fair value (see Note 7) on a recurring basis. The Company uses certain pricing models to determine the fair value of its derivative financial instruments. Inputs to the pricing models include publicly available prices and forward price curves generated from a compilation of data gathered from third parties. Company management validates the data provided by third parties by understanding the pricing models used, obtaining market values from other pricing sources, analyzing pricing data in certain situations and confirming that those securities trade in active markets. Assumed credit risk adjustments, based on published credit ratings, public bond yield spreads and credit default swap spreads, are applied to the Company’s commodity derivatives and, when applicable, its interest rate derivatives.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
Fair Value Hierarchy
In accordance with applicable accounting standards, the Company has categorized its financial instruments, based on the priority of inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).
Financial assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:
Level 1
Financial assets and liabilities for which values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that management has the ability to access.
Level 2
Financial assets and liabilities for which values are based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or model inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the asset or liability (commodity derivatives and interest rate swaps).
Level 3
Financial assets and liabilities for which values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability.
When the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy in a liquid environment, the level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company conducts a review of fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of valuation inputs may result in a reclassification for certain financial assets or liabilities.
The following presents the fair value hierarchy for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
(1)
Represents counterparty netting under agreements governing such derivatives.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
Note 9 - Other Property and Equipment
Other property and equipment consists of the following:
Note 10 - Asset Retirement Obligations
Asset retirement obligations associated with retiring tangible long-lived assets are recognized as a liability in the period in which a legal obligation is incurred and becomes determinable and are included in “other noncurrent liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets. Accretion expense is included in “depreciation, depletion and amortization” on the consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of additions to the asset retirement obligations is estimated using valuation techniques that convert future cash flows to a single discounted amount. Significant inputs to the valuation include estimates of: (i) plug and abandon costs per well based on existing regulatory requirements; (ii) remaining life per well; (iii) future inflation factors (2.0% for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2012); and (iv) a credit-adjusted risk-free interest rate (average of 6.8%, 7.5% and 8.6% for the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, respectively). These inputs require significant judgments and estimates by the Company’s management at the time of the valuation and are the most sensitive and subject to change.
The following presents a reconciliation of the Company’s asset retirement obligations:
Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies
The Company has been named as a defendant in a number of lawsuits, including claims from royalty owners related to disputed royalty payments and royalty valuations. The Company has established reserves that management currently believes are adequate to provide for potential liabilities based upon its evaluation of these matters. For a certain statewide class action royalty payment dispute where a reserve has not yet been established, the Company has denied that it has any liability on the claims and has raised arguments and defenses that, if accepted by the court, will result in no loss to the Company. Discovery related to class certification has concluded. Briefing and the hearing on class certification have been
deferred by court order pending the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals’ resolution of interlocutory appeals of two unrelated class certification orders. As a result, the Company is unable to estimate a possible loss, or range of possible loss, if any. In addition, the Company is involved in various other disputes arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company is not currently a party to any litigation or pending claims that it believes would have a material adverse effect on its overall business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity; however, cash flow could be significantly impacted in the reporting periods in which such matters are resolved.
In 2008, Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. and Lehman Brothers Commodity Services Inc. (together “Lehman”), filed voluntary petitions for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. In March 2011, the Company and Lehman entered into Termination Agreements under which the Company was granted general unsecured claims against Lehman in the amount of $51 million (the “Company Claim”). In December 2011, a Chapter 11 Plan (“Lehman Plan”) was approved by the Bankruptcy Court. Based on the recovery estimates described in the approved disclosure statement relating to the Lehman Plan, the Company expects to ultimately receive a substantial portion of the Company Claim. During 2012, the Company received approximately $28 million of the Company Claim under the Lehman Plan resulting in realized gains of approximately $22 million, which is included in “gains on oil and natural gas derivatives” on the consolidated statement of operations. Additional distributions may occur in the future.
Note 12 - Earnings Per Unit
Basic earnings per unit is computed by dividing net earnings attributable to unitholders by the weighted average number of units outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per unit is computed by adjusting the average number of units outstanding for the dilutive effect, if any, of unit equivalents. The Company uses the treasury stock method to determine the dilutive effect.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
The following table provides a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted per unit computations for net income (loss):
Basic units outstanding excludes the effect of weighted average anti-dilutive unit equivalents related to approximately 2 million unit options and warrants for each of the years ended December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2010. All equivalent units were anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2010, respectively. There were no anti-dilutive unit equivalents for the year ended December 31, 2011.
Note 13 - Operating Leases
The Company leases office space and other property and equipment under lease agreements expiring on various dates through 2019. The Company recognized expense under operating leases of approximately $7 million, $5 million and $5 million, for the years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, respectively.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
As of December 31, 2012, future minimum lease payments were as follows (in thousands):
Note 14 - Income Taxes
The Company is a limited liability company treated as a partnership for federal and state income tax purposes, with the exception of the state of Texas, in which income tax liabilities and/or benefits of the Company are passed through to its unitholders. Limited liability companies are subject to Texas margin tax. Limited liability companies were also subject to state income taxes in the state of Michigan during 2011 and 2010. In addition, certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are Subchapter C-corporations subject to federal and state income taxes. As such, with the exception of the state of Texas and certain subsidiaries, the Company is not a taxable entity, it does not directly pay federal and state income taxes and recognition has not been given to federal and state income taxes for the operations of the Company, except as set forth in the tables below. Amounts recognized for income taxes are reported in “income tax expense” on the consolidated statements of operations.
The Company’s taxable income or loss, which may vary substantially from the net income or net loss reported on the consolidated statements of operations, is includable in the federal and state income tax returns of each unitholder. The aggregate difference in the basis of net assets for financial and tax reporting purposes cannot be readily determined as the Company does not have access to information about each unitholder’s tax attributes.
Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are Subchapter C-corporations subject to federal and state income taxes. Income tax expense (benefit) consisted of the following:
As of December 31, 2012, the Company’s taxable entities had approximately $10 million of net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes which will begin expiring in 2031.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
A reconciliation of the federal statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate is as follows:
Significant components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
Net deferred tax assets and liabilities were classified on the consolidated balance sheets as follows:
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. At December 31, 2012, based upon the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the benefits of these deductible differences. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable could be reduced in the future if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
In accordance with the applicable accounting standard, the Company recognizes only the impact of income tax positions that, based on their merits, are more likely than not to be sustained upon audit by a taxing authority. To evaluate its current tax positions in order to identify any material uncertain tax positions, the Company developed a policy of identifying and evaluating uncertain tax positions that considers support for each tax position, industry standards, tax return disclosures and schedules, and the significance of each position. It is the Company’s policy to recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company had no material uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011.
Note 15 - Supplemental Disclosures to the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
“Other accrued liabilities” reported on the consolidated balance sheets include the following:
Supplemental disclosures to the consolidated statements of cash flows are presented below:
For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company considers all highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Restricted cash of approximately $5 million and $4 million is included in “other noncurrent assets” on the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, respectively, and represents cash deposited by the Company into a separate account and designated for asset retirement obligations in accordance with contractual agreements.
The Company manages its working capital and cash requirements to borrow only as needed from its Credit Facility. At December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011, approximately $35 million and $54 million, respectively, were included in “accounts payable and accrued expenses” on the consolidated balance sheets which represent reclassified net outstanding checks. The Company presents these net outstanding checks as cash flows from financing activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued
Note 16 - Related Party Transactions
LinnCo
LinnCo, an affiliate of LINN Energy, was formed on April 30, 2012, for the sole purpose of owning units in LINN Energy. LinnCo expects to have no significant assets or operations other than those related to its interest in LINN Energy. Upon the formation of LinnCo, LINN Energy paid $1,000 for 100% of LinnCo’s sole voting share. In October 2012, LinnCo completed its IPO and used the net proceeds of approximately $1.2 billion from the offering to acquire 34,787,500 of LINN Energy’s units which represent approximately 15% of LINN Energy’s outstanding units at December 31, 2012. All of LinnCo’s common shares are held by the public. See Note 3 for additional details about the LinnCo IPO.
LINN Energy has agreed to provide to LinnCo, or to pay on LinnCo’s behalf, any legal, accounting, tax advisory, financial advisory and engineering fees, printing costs or other administrative and out-of-pocket expenses incurred by LinnCo, along with any other expenses incurred in connection with any public offering of shares in LinnCo or incurred as a result of being a publicly traded entity, including costs associated with annual, quarterly and other reports to holders of LinnCo shares, tax return and Form 1099 preparation and distribution, NASDAQ listing fees, printing costs, independent auditor fees and expenses, legal counsel fees and expenses, limited liability company governance and compliance expenses and registrar and transfer agent fees. In addition, the Company has agreed to indemnify LinnCo and its officers and directors for damages suffered or costs incurred (other than income taxes payable by LinnCo) in connection with carrying out LinnCo’s activities.
For the period from April 30, 2012 (LinnCo’s inception) to December 31, 2012, LinnCo incurred total general and administrative expenses of approximately $1 million, all of which were paid by LINN Energy on LinnCo’s behalf. These expenses included approximately $772,000 related to services provided by LINN Energy necessary for the conduct of LinnCo’s business, such as accounting, legal, tax, information technology and other expenses. LINN Energy also paid, on LinnCo’s behalf, approximately $3 million of offering costs in connection with the LinnCo IPO. All expenses and costs paid by LINN Energy on LinnCo’s behalf are recorded as investment at cost and included in “other noncurrent assets” on the consolidated balance sheet.
In November 2012, the Company paid approximately $25 million in distributions to LinnCo attributable to LinnCo’s interest in LINN Energy. On January 24, 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a cash distribution of $0.725 per unit with respect to the fourth quarter of 2012. The distribution attributable to LinnCo’s interest in LINN Energy, totaling approximately $25 million, was paid to LinnCo on February 14, 2013.
Other
One of the Company’s directors, appointed to the Board in May 2012, is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Superior Energy Services, Inc. (“Superior”), which provides oilfield services to the Company. For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company paid approximately $21 million to Superior and its subsidiaries for services rendered to the Company. These payments were consummated on terms equivalent to those that prevail in arm’s-length transactions.
Note 17 - Subsidiary Guarantors
The November 2019 Senior Notes, the May 2019 Senior Notes, the 2010 Issued Notes and the Original Senior Notes are guaranteed by all of the Company’s material subsidiaries. The Company is a holding company and has no independent assets or operations of its own, the guarantees under each series of notes are full and unconditional and joint and several, and any subsidiaries of the Company other than the subsidiary guarantors are minor. There are no restrictions on the Company’s ability to obtain cash dividends or other distributions of funds from the guarantor subsidiaries.
Note 18 - Subsequent Event
On February 21, 2013, LinnCo and Berry Petroleum Company (“Berry”) announced they had signed a definitive merger agreement under which LinnCo would acquire all of the outstanding common shares of Berry. The transaction has a preliminary value of approximately $4.3 billion, including the assumption of debt, and is expected to close by June 30, 2013, subject to approvals by Berry and LinnCo shareholders, Linn Energy's unitholders and regulatory agencies.
Under the terms of the agreement, Berry's shareholders will receive 1.25 of LinnCo common shares for each Berry common share they own. This transaction, which is expected to be a tax-free exchange to Berry's shareholders, represents value of $46.2375 per common share, based on the closing price of LinnCo common shares on February 20, 2013.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
SUPPLEMENTAL OIL AND NATURAL GAS DATA (Unaudited)
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the “Consolidated Financial Statements” and “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements,” which are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Costs Incurred in Oil and Natural Gas Property Acquisition, Exploration and Development Activities
Costs incurred in oil and natural gas property acquisition, exploration and development, whether capitalized or expensed, are presented below:
(1)
See Note 2 for details about the Company’s acquisitions.
Oil and Natural Gas Capitalized Costs
Aggregate capitalized costs related to oil, natural gas and NGL production activities with applicable accumulated depletion and amortization are presented below:
LINN ENERGY, LLC
SUPPLEMENTAL OIL AND NATURAL GAS DATA (Unaudited) - Continued
Results of Oil and Natural Gas Producing Activities
The results of operations for oil, natural gas and NGL producing activities (excluding corporate overhead and interest costs) are presented below:
There is no federal tax provision included in the results above because the Company’s subsidiaries subject to federal tax do not own any of the Company’s oil and natural gas interests. Limited liability companies are subject to Texas margin tax. Limited liability companies were also subject to state income taxes in the state of Michigan during 2011 and 2010; however, no taxes were assessed in this state for producing activities during these years. See Note 14 for additional information about income taxes.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
SUPPLEMENTAL OIL AND NATURAL GAS DATA (Unaudited) - Continued
Proved Oil, Natural Gas and NGL Reserves
The proved reserves of oil, natural gas and NGL of the Company have been prepared by the independent engineering firm, DeGolyer and MacNaughton. In accordance with SEC regulations, reserves at December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, were estimated using the average price during the 12-month period, determined as an unweighted average of the first-day-of-the-month price for each month, unless prices are defined by contractual arrangements, excluding escalations based upon future conditions. An analysis of the change in estimated quantities of oil, natural gas and NGL reserves, all of which are located within the U.S., is shown below:
LINN ENERGY, LLC
SUPPLEMENTAL OIL AND NATURAL GAS DATA (Unaudited) - Continued
The tables above include changes in estimated quantities of oil and NGL reserves shown in Mcf equivalents at a rate of one barrel per six Mcf.
Proved reserves increased by approximately 1,426 Bcfe to approximately 4,796 Bcfe for the year ended December 31, 2012, from 3,370 Bcfe for the year ended December 31, 2011. The year ended December 31, 2012, includes 803 Bcfe of negative revisions of previous estimates, due primarily to 340 Bcfe of negative revisions due to asset performance, 248 Bcfe of negative revisions primarily due to lower natural gas prices and 215 Bcfe of negative revisions due to the SEC five-year development limitation on PUDs. Seven acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2012, increased proved reserves by approximately 1,766 Bcfe. In addition, extensions and discoveries, primarily from 436 productive wells drilled during the year, contributed approximately 709 Bcfe to the increase in proved reserves.
Proved reserves increased by approximately 773 Bcfe to approximately 3,370 Bcfe for the year ended December 31, 2011, from 2,597 Bcfe for the year ended December 31, 2010. The year ended December 31, 2011, includes 121 Bcfe of negative revisions of previous estimates, due primarily to 153 Bcfe of negative revisions due to asset performance. These negative revisions were partially offset by 32 Bcfe of positive revisions primarily due to higher oil prices. Twelve acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2011, increased proved reserves by approximately 579 Bcfe. In addition, extensions and discoveries, primarily from 292 productive wells drilled during the year, contributed approximately 450 Bcfe to the increase in proved reserves.
Proved reserves increased by approximately 885 Bcfe to approximately 2,597 Bcfe for the year ended December 31, 2010, from 1,712 Bcfe for the year ended December 31, 2009. The year ended December 31, 2010, includes 77 Bcfe of positive revisions of previous estimates, due primarily to higher oil and natural gas prices, which contributed approximately 155 Bcfe. These positive revisions were partially offset by 78 Bcfe of negative revisions primarily due to asset performance. Eleven acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2010, increased proved reserves by approximately 671 Bcfe. In addition, extensions and discoveries, primarily from 138 productive wells drilled during the year, contributed approximately 234 Bcfe to the increase in proved reserves.
Standardized Measure of Discounted Future Net Cash Flows and Changes Therein Relating to Proved Reserves
Information with respect to the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows relating to proved reserves is summarized below. Future cash inflows are computed by applying applicable prices relating to the Company’s proved reserves to the year-end quantities of those reserves. Future production, development, site restoration and abandonment costs are derived based on current costs assuming continuation of existing economic conditions. There are no future income tax expenses because the Company is not subject to federal income taxes. Limited liability companies are subject to Texas margin tax. Limited liabilities companies were also subject to state income taxes in the state of Michigan during 2011 and 2010; however, these amounts are not material. See Note 14 for additional information about income taxes.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
SUPPLEMENTAL OIL AND NATURAL GAS DATA (Unaudited) - Continued
(1)
In accordance with SEC regulations, reserves at December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011, and December 31, 2010, were estimated using the average price during the 12-month period, determined as an unweighted average of the first-day-of-the-month price for each month, unless prices are defined by contractual arrangements, excluding escalations based upon future conditions. The price used to estimate reserves is held constant over the life of the reserves.
The following summarizes the principal sources of change in the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows:
The data presented should not be viewed as representing the expected cash flow from, or current value of, existing proved reserves since the computations are based on a large number of estimates and arbitrary assumptions. Reserve quantities cannot be measured with precision and their estimation requires many judgmental determinations and frequent revisions. The required projection of production and related expenditures over time requires further estimates with respect to pipeline availability, rates of demand and governmental control. Actual future prices and costs are likely to be substantially different from the current prices and costs utilized in the computation of reported amounts. Any analysis or evaluation of the reported amounts should give specific recognition to the computational methods utilized and the limitations inherent therein.
LINN ENERGY, LLC
SUPPLEMENTAL QUARTERLY DATA (Unaudited)
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the “Consolidated Financial Statements” and “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements,” which are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Quarterly Financial Data
(1)
Includes the following expenses: lease operating, transportation, marketing, general and administrative, exploration, bad debt, depreciation, depletion and amortization, impairment of long-lived assets and taxes, other than income taxes.
(1)
Includes the following expenses: lease operating, transportation, marketing, general and administrative, exploration, bad debt, depreciation, depletion and amortization and taxes, other than income taxes.
Item 9.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None
Item 9A.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and the Company’s Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
The Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2012.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
See “Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
Changes in the Company’s Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is also responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal controls were designed to provide reasonable assurance as to the reliability of its financial reporting and the preparation and presentation of the consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not detect or prevent misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
There were no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2012 that materially affected, or were reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B.
Item 9B. Other Information
On October 17, 2012, LinnCo, LLC (“LinnCo”), an affiliate of LINN Energy, completed its initial public offering of 34,787,500 common shares representing limited liability company interests. LinnCo has elected to be taxed as a corporation, and accordingly, its shareholders will receive a Form 1099 in respect of any dividends paid by LinnCo. The net proceeds from the offering were used to acquire 34,787,500 LINN Energy units which are equal to the number of LinnCo shares sold in the offering. LinnCo will have no significant assets or operations other than those related to its ownership of LINN Energy units. The Company used the proceeds it received from the sale of its units to LinnCo to pay the expenses of the offering and repay a portion of the outstanding indebtedness under its Credit Facility. LinnCo’s common shares are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “LNCO.”
Item 9B. Other Information - Continued
The Company is a limited liability company and its units representing limited liability company interests (“units”) are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. The SEC’s taxonomy for interactive data reporting does not contain tags that include the term “units” for all existing equity accounts; therefore, in certain instances, the Company has used tags that refer to “shares” or “stock” rather than “units” in its interactive data exhibit. These tags were selected to enhance comparability between the Company and its peers and it should not be inferred from the usage of these tags that an investment in the Company is in any form other than “units” as described above. The Company’s interactive data files are included as Exhibit 101 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Part III
Item 10.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
A list of the Company’s executive officers and biographical information appears in Part I in this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the caption “Executive Officers of the Company.” Information about Company Directors may be found under the caption “Election of Directors” of the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Unitholders to be held on April 23, 2013 (the “2013 Proxy Statement”). That information is incorporated herein by reference.
The information in the 2013 Proxy Statement set forth under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” is incorporated herein by reference.
The information required by this item regarding audit committee related matters, codes of ethics and committee charters is incorporated by reference from the 2013 Proxy Statement under the caption “Corporate Governance.”
Item 11.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the 2013 Proxy Statement.
Item 12.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the 2013 Proxy Statement.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
The following summarizes information regarding the number of units that are available for issuance under all of the Company’s equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2012:
Item 13.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the 2013 Proxy Statement.
Item 14.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the 2013 Proxy Statement.
Part IV
Item 15.
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) - 2. Financial Statement Schedules:
All schedules are omitted for the reason that they are not required or the information is otherwise supplied in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(a) - 3. Exhibits Filed:
The exhibits required to be filed by this Item 15 are set forth in the “Index to Exhibits” accompanying this report.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
INDEX TO EXHIBITS
*
Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit hereto pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K.
**
Filed herewith.
†
Furnished herewith.