Item 1.
Business.
Unless otherwise expressly indicated in this Item 1, the discussions set forth herein are as of December 31, 2013. The “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our” when used in this report refers to Cambium Learning Group, Inc. and its predecessors and consolidated subsidiaries, as the context requires.
Overview
We are a leading educational solutions and services company that is committed to helping every student reach their full potential by providing evidence-based solutions and expert professional services to empower educators and raise the achievement levels of all students. Our brands include: Voyager Sopris Learning (www.voyagersopris.com), Learning A-Z (www.learninga-z.com), ExploreLearning® (www.explorelearning.com and www.reflexmath.com), and Kurzweil Educational Systems® (www.kurzweiledu.com) and IntelliTools® (www.intellitools.com). Together, these business units provide best-in-class intervention and supplemental instructional materials; gold-standard professional development and school-improvement services; breakthrough technology solutions for online learning and professional support; valid and reliable assessments; and proven materials to support a positive and safe school environment. We operate in four business segments: Voyager Sopris Learning, Learning A-Z, ExploreLearning and Kurzweil/IntelliTools.
Our products have continued to receive awards and accolades from industry publications including the Best Educational Software (BESSIE) awards from the ComputED Gazette, the CODiE awards from the Software and Information Industry Association and the Education Software Review Awards (EDDIES) by The ComputED Gazette.
The following products were winners of the 19th annual BESSIE awards:
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Kurzweil 3000 - firefly
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ExploreLearning - Reflex
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ExploreLearning - Gizmos
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Learning A-Z - ReadingA-Z.com
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Learning A-Z - ScienceA-Z.com
The following products were winners of the 2013 CODiE awards:
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Learning A-Z - ReadingA-Z.com
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Learning A-Z - Raz-Kids.com
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ExploreLearning - Gizmos
The following products were winners of the 18th annual EDDIES:
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Kurzweil 3000 - firefly
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ExploreLearning - Reflex
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ExploreLearning - Gizmos
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Learning A-Z - Raz-Kids.com
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Learning A-Z - ReadingA-Z.com
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Learning A-Z - ScienceA-Z.com
As of December 31, 2013, we had a total of 517 employees, including 498 full-time and 19 part-time employees.
We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in June 2009.
Voyager Sopris Learning:
Voyager Sopris Learning (“VSL”) is a comprehensive provider of research-based education solutions and online learning tools-including curriculum products, personalized professional development, assessment, and school improvement/turnaround services. With the ultimate goal of advancing student achievement, VSL partners with preK-12 schools to build teaching and leadership capacity, keep students on track, and accelerate struggling students to grade-level proficiency. VSL’s products include the work of world-renowned researchers and education leaders.
Learning A-Z:
Learning A-Z is a preK-6 educational resource company specializing in online delivery of leveled readers and other supplementary curriculum. Founded in 2002 to help teachers differentiate instruction and meet the unique needs of all students, Learning A-Z’s resources are currently used in over two thirds of the elementary schools in the United States and in 177 countries worldwide. In addition to general classroom use, Learning A-Z serves a wide range of student need, including English Language Learners, Response to Intervention, Special Education, and more. Learning A-Z’s value proposition focuses on three key things:
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Saving teachers time, giving them all the resources they need, all online, all accessible at the click of a mouse
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Saving teachers money, delivering thousands of resources for a fraction of the cost of print and other online providers
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Supporting student achievement through differentiated instruction, ensuring the right high-quality resources for every preK-6 student
Winner of more than 15 industry awards in 2013 alone, Learning A-Z’s subscription-based websites provide online supplemental books, lessons, assessments, and other instructional resources for individual classrooms, schools, and districts. These solutions include: Reading A-Z, Raz-Kids, Science A-Z, Writing A-Z, Vocabulary A-Z, Headsprout Early Reading and Headsprout Comprehension.
ExploreLearning:
ExploreLearning develops online solutions to improve student learning in math and science. ExploreLearning currently has two products: Gizmos, the world’s largest library of interactive, online simulations for math and science in grades 3-12; and Reflex, a powerful solution available for math fact fluency development. Gizmos and Reflex bring research-proven instructional strategies to classrooms around the world.
Kurzweil/IntelliTools:
The Kurzweil/IntelliTools reporting segment includes the Kurzweil Educational Systems and IntelliTools product lines.
Kurzweil Educational Systems is recognized as the leading developer of literacy software for people with learning differences such as dyslexia, attention deficit disorder, and those who are English Language Learners as well as those who are blind or visually impaired. Kurzweil provides complete reading, study skills, writing, and test taking support for students. For over 30 years the company has been driven by the vision to serve the needs of struggling learners to enable them to reach their full potential. We offer products that bring the power and pleasure of reading and learning to the lives of users, striving to enhance learning and expand literacy. Kurzweil Educational Systems is committed to providing research-based solutions that help educators raise the achievement levels of preK-12 students as well as adult learning communities.
IntelliTools offers hardware products that target students with physical, visual and cognitive disabilities that make using a standard keyboard and mouse difficult. IntelliTools also offers software products that target elementary and middle school special education students struggling with reading and math.
Segment Information
Our reporting segments operate with separate management teams and infrastructures that offer various products and services, many of which are described below. During 2013, net revenues were $90.3 million for VSL, $33.5 million for Learning A-Z, $16.3 million for ExploreLearning and $10.4 million for Kurzweil/IntelliTools. Further information is available in our Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unallocated shared services such as accounting, legal, human resources and corporate-related items are recorded in a “Shared Services” category. Depreciation and amortization expense, goodwill impairment, interest income and expense, other income and expense, and taxes are also included in this Shared Services category.
Voyager Sopris Learning Products
Voyager Sopris Literacy Solutions
LANGUAGE!® The Comprehensive Literacy Curriculum, our principal adolescent literacy offering, targets students in grades 4-12 achieving at or below the 40th percentile. The program consists of a 36-unit curriculum organized into six levels that cover phonemic awareness and phonics, word recognition and spelling, vocabulary and morphology, grammar and usage, listening and reading comprehension, and speaking and writing. LANGUAGE! is a mastery-based curriculum designed for students with language-based learning disabilities, English language learners, and students who have not yet grasped foundational literacy skills. Students exit as soon as they achieve grade-level proficiency, which will vary depending on the specific needs of the student and where the student enters the program.
LANGUAGE! ® Live is a blended literacy intervention solution that motivates students in grades 4-12 through an adaptive learning environment. Supported by 20 years of effective LANGUAGE! implementation and built to address the Common Core State Standards, LANGUAGE! Live accelerates the literacy growth of nonreaders, struggling readers, and English language learners. This technology-enabled solution combines personalized online learning with teacher-led instruction to improve struggling learners’ decoding, spelling, grammar, comprehension, vocabulary, and writing skills. Level 1 of the program has received positive reviews since its release, and Level 2 is expected to be released in August 2014.
Voyager Passport® is a supplemental blended reading intervention system for students in grades K-5. Voyager Passport provides targeted instruction in word study, fluency, comprehension, vocabulary, writing, listening, and speaking. The lessons are based on scientific research regarding effective reading instruction and are carefully designed to effectively and efficiently address each of the strategies and skills necessary for reading proficiency. As of the third quarter of 2013, Passport’s instructional content was loaded into the new Edplicity™ cloud-based platform for digital delivery. For Spanish-speaking students in grades K-3 who are transitioning to English, Voyager Pasaporte® offers the equivalent of Voyager Passport print instruction in their native language.
Passport Reading Journeys® is a targeted intervention program designed to improve reading, comprehension, vocabulary, fluency, and writing for struggling learners in grades 6-9. Age-appropriate content, real-life journeys on DVDs, online interactive lessons, and captivating text are designed to hold students’ interest and motivate them to read for both information and enjoyment. The program targets the affective domain as much as the cognitive domain, as many struggling readers have lost confidence, are not engaged, and are close to dropping out. As of the third quarter of 2013, Passport Reading Journeys content was loaded into the new Edplicity cloud-based platform for digital delivery.
Step Up to Writing® provides a comprehensive resource of multisensory writing strategies to support students in grades K-12 in creating thoughtful, well-written compositions. The program explicitly connects reading, writing, speaking, and listening with hands-on strategies and directly teaches each phase of the writing process. Students learn to actively engage with reading materials, develop study skills, and produce proficient informative/explanatory, narrative, and opinion/argument writing in accordance with the Common Core State Standards. Implementation Guides at both the Intermediate and Secondary (new in 2013) levels provide a flexible, grade-level sequence of strategies for each type of writing specified in the Common Core State Standards, with genre-specific rubrics and clear, concise teacher support.
REWARDS® is an explicitly taught, research-validated reading and writing intervention program designed for general and special education, supplemental reading intervention, summer school, and after school implementation. Built to specifically address the Common Core State Standards, new editions of REWARDS Intermediate and Secondary (2013) build students’ proficiency in foundational skills, language, and reading informational text. This short-term intervention increases oral and silent reading rates through a highly generalizable, effective strategy for decoding the multisyllabic words frequently found in content-area texts. REWARDS Plus engages students in applying the strategy to authentic content-area materials, and REWARDS Writing teaches essential sentence-writing skills that can be applied in all content areas.
Read Well® is an evidence-based K-3 reading and language arts solution that helps students build the critical skills needed to be successful readers and learners. A blended approach of whole-class, small-group, and online instruction with flexible pacing and multiple entry points gives teachers the flexibility they need to meet students at their skill and developmental levels and adapt instruction accordingly. Read Well uses an explicit, systematic, mastery-based instructional model that transitions students to proficient reading, writing, speaking, and listening. The curriculum aligns to the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, and the newly released Read Well 3 and Read Well 2 Composition was built to specifically address these standards.
Ticket to Read® is an interactive, web-based program designed to improve the reading performance of students in grades K-6 by providing independent reading activities and extended skills practice. Dynamic content in critical phonics and word-attack skills, vocabulary, fluency, and reading comprehension is leveled, self-paced, and teacher-monitored. Students are motivated by a leaderboard, a virtual clubhouse that includes earning online tickets and other rewards, games, and engaging, self-selected passages on a variety of relevant topics.
TimeWarp® Plus is a summer school or extended day reading intervention program that immerses students in grades K-9 in reading adventures to build essential skills that can prevent summer learning loss and prepare them for grade-level instruction. TimeWarp Plus is a balanced, research-based reading program providing explicit instruction in writing and the five essential components of reading through high-interest, adventure-based learning experiences. Whole-class and small-group lessons include engaging, hands-on activities.
Voyager Sopris Math Solutions
TransMath® is an intensive, mastery-based intervention solution for struggling students in grades 5-10. In TransMath, concepts are developed with visual models that help students see big ideas being taught and build skills in algebraic thinking, computational fluency, fluency with rational numbers, and aspects of geometry and measurement. The program controls cognitive overload by presenting fewer topics in greater depth and providing two strands of instruction in each daily lesson: Number Sense and Problem Solving. TransMath teaches multistep problems gradually and in a meaningful context to prepare students for algebra and success in higher mathematics.
Vmath® is an explicit, systematic intervention that complements and enhances any core math program in grades 2-8 by filling critical learning gaps. This research-based program reinforces students’ understanding of strategies and concepts most frequently tested, while providing instruction in critical skills that they may have missed in previous years of instruction. Vmath offers a simple way for teachers to build student confidence and provide the purposeful practice recommended for transferring the skills of the Common Core State Standards to daily application and use of mathematics. Vmath Summer Adventure is an intensive intervention for students in grades K-8 that uses the same pedagogy and research as Vmath.
VmathLive® is a web-based solution that provides purposeful math practice in a stimulating learning environment. Newly expanded to include kindergarten and first grade, VmathLive helps students in grades K-8 continuously improve their results through scaffolded instruction with problem-specific, step-by-step hints and on-screen tutoring focused on visual representations of math concepts with both English and Spanish audio. Students work sequentially through a year’s worth of math and are encouraged to stay on track with messaging, badges, trophies, points, live competition with peers, and other confidence-building strategies. The program’s new Play component includes 20 different games involving mental math, using patterns, multiple steps, and reasoning skills aligned to the Common Core State Standards.
Voyager Sopris Prekindergarten Solution
We Can Early Learning Curriculum, Second Edition, was released during the second quarter of 2013 and built specifically to prepare students for the kindergarten Common Core State Standards and to address the Head Start Child Development and Early Learning Framework. The fundamental goal of We Can is to prepare students for academic success in kindergarten and beyond. This robust, multidisciplinary curriculum provides a clear road map for early learning success-cross-curricular content addressing 10 early childhood domains, online learning tools, reinforced routines and procedures, a pre-writing kit, a classroom management component, and fully integrated assessments. Teachers can maximize multiple opportunities to observe children, identify their capabilities and needs, manage their behavior, and monitor their progress.
Voyager Sopris Targeted Intervention and Assessment Solutions
DIBELS® Next (grades K-6), and the Spanish-language counterpart IDEL® (grades K-3) provide quick, reliable universal screening and progress monitoring in basic early literacy skills. Students take benchmark assessments, either online or with paper/pencil, three times a year to measure the critical areas of phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, and comprehension. Progress monitoring assessments are administered frequently, and teachers have the option of using DIBELS Next Survey for students who may require off-grade-level progress monitoring. DIBELS Deep provides the option of an in-depth diagnostic assessment. The data generated from this suite of assessments support educators as they identify students who need intervention, select and evaluate instructional interventions, group students, and prepare instruction to support students in reaching the Common Core State Standards.
Voyager Sopris Digital Teaching and Learning Platform
Edplicity™, released in the third quarter of 2013, is an all-in-one, cloud-based solution for content storage and collaboration in the classroom and beyond. This digital platform creates an interactive online learning community where teachers can load their own digital content, assign student work, track participation and performance, provide targeted feedback, search and tag content based on alignments with the Common Core and other state standards, collaborate with other teachers and administrators, and share best practices-all online and in real time. Edplicity configurations with preloaded content from Voyager Passport and Passport Reading Journeys give teachers the ability to deliver instruction in an online format using these evidence-based reading programs. Edplicity offers unlimited storage, single sign-on capabilities, user-friendly organization and navigation, and access from multiple devices.
Voyager Sopris Professional Services
Voyager Education Services supports preK-12 educators by providing targeted, job-embedded professional development with a focus on accelerating student gains and overall school performance. Working collaboratively with school leadership, the VES team personalizes, prioritizes, and scaffolds content to address each school’s unique needs and disaggregate student achievement data. Services include audits and needs assessments, coaching, support, and progress monitoring in the areas of teacher effectiveness; leadership development; Response to Intervention (RtI)/Multitier System of Supports (MTSS); school improvement planning and support; school turnaround, transformation, and restart; technology optimization; building a positive school climate; and the implementation, planning, and execution of the Common Core State Standards.
Voyager Sopris Learning Support Services is a team committed to increasing student results by serving teachers and school leaders through planning, coaching, training, and ongoing support. The team specializes in partnering with schools and districts to build custom implementation support plans that ensure all stakeholders are prepared to implement and sustain instructional programs from Voyager Sopris Learning. Support is fully customized during every stage of implementation: pre-implementation planning, launch, ongoing, and data review. In-person training includes initial, refresher, training of trainers (TOT), advanced, transition, and ongoing support days. Training is also available online in the form of live webinars or web-based courses.
LETRS® is a stand-alone professional development program that responds to the need for high-quality teachers of reading and spelling in grades preK-12. Authored by literacy expert Louisa Moats, Ed.D., LETRS provides the deep foundational knowledge necessary to understand how students learn to read, write, and spell-and why some of them struggle. Based in real-world experience and the science of reading, the program provides strategies and activities that can be implemented immediately. Professional development is delivered through a combination of print materials, online courses, software, and face-to-face training. LETRS Institutes, presented by certified national LETRS trainers, engage educators through group activities and hands-on practice.
NUMBERS is a rigorous mathematics professional development offering for teachers of mathematics in grades K-8. Integrating findings from the most current research, NUMBERS delves deeply into each domain of the Common Core State Standards. The content of NUMBERS is based on the premise that increasing teacher expertise results in improved student outcomes. There are five modules: Number Sense (K-5); Fractions and Decimals (3-6); Ratios and Proportions (5-8); Algebraic Thinking (5-8); and Data, Measurement, and Geometry (K-8, with an emphasis on 3-8). The content can be applied to any curriculum, context, or student population.
Learning A-Z Products
Learning A-Z is an educational resource company specializing in online delivery of leveled readers and other supplementary curriculum resources for preK-6. There is one free website, LearningPage TM, which provides basic materials and directs interested parents, teachers, schools and districts to Learning A-Z’s subscription-based websites. These websites are stand-alone or integrated for a comprehensive solution used for individual classrooms, schools, and districts. Reading A-Z TM, Raz-Kids TM, Vocabulary A-Z TM, Writing A-Z TM, Science A-Z TM, Headsprout® Early Reading and Headsprout® Comprehension provide online supplemental reading, writing, vocabulary lessons, books, science lessons and other resources for students and teachers.
Reading A-Z offers thousands of research-based, printable teacher materials to teach guided reading, phonological awareness, phonics, comprehension, fluency, letter recognition and formation, high-frequency words, poetry and vocabulary. The teaching resources include professionally developed downloadable leveled books across 27 levels, a systematic phonics program that includes decodable books, high-frequency word books, poetry books, nursery rhymes, vocabulary books, read-aloud books, lesson plans, worksheets, graphic organizers and reading assessments. All leveled books, worksheets, graphic organizers and quizzes are available as printable PDF files and as projectables for use on interactive and non-interactive whiteboards. The leveled books and a variety of other books are available in Spanish, French, and British English.
Raz-Kids is a student-centered online collection of leveled eBooks and eQuizzes designed to guide and motivate emergent and reluctant readers, as well as improve the skills of fluent readers. Students can listen to and read books as well as record their reading and then take an online quiz while receiving immediate feedback. Students earn stars for their reading activity. The stars can then be spent in each student’s personal clubhouse-like environment for purchasing a catalog full of items that include aliens and other fun characters. The program currently consists of over 400 online books along with companion quizzes and worksheets spread across 27 levels of difficulty. An online assessment tool allows teachers to assess students for placement at the appropriate reading level by determining reading rate, accuracy, fluency and comprehension. The website also features a classroom management system for teachers to build rosters, assign books, monitor student progress, and evaluate instructional needs.
Science A-Z provides teachers with an online collection of resources to improve student skills associated with reading, thinking and learning science. The website delivers printable and projectable science curriculum resources, organized by unit themes and grouped into grade spans, for elementary teachers to teach a concept at each student’s appropriate reading level. Filled with materials, including books, worksheets, labs, correlations to state standards, and videos, this website seamlessly blends literacy and science.
In late 2013, we completed the purchase of certain assets of Headsprout from Mimio, LLC, adding student-facing phonics and comprehension resources to the Learning A-Z segment.
Headsprout Early Reading is a K-2 supplemental program that ensures reading success for every child. During the first half of the program, children learn through direct positive experience that letters and sounds go together to make words, words go together to make sentences, and sentences make stories. The basic component skills and strategies necessary for reading, such as phonemic awareness (the sounds within words), print awareness, phonics, sounding out, segmenting and blending, are explicitly mastered in a fun, self-directed manner. The second half of the program focuses more on reading vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension, while still teaching more sounds and sight words. This online program also includes individualized, detailed progress reports.
Headsprout Reading Comprehension provides elementary readers with engaging instruction in how to read for meaning and how to apply these skills across subject areas and on standardized tests. Passage complexity increases as the program progresses to include more complex sentences and longer passages, more answer choices and more variation in questions. This online program also includes automated progress reports that show what the child is learning.
ExploreLearning Products
ExploreLearning publishes two supplemental programs in the math and science market. ExploreLearning GizmosTM is a subscription-based online library of interactive simulations for math and science in grades 3-12. ExploreLearning Reflex is a game-based adaptive online program designed to help students in grades 2-8 achieve fluency with their basic math facts. ExploreLearning has won National Science Foundation funding, supports the tenets of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and its products have received positive mention in books published by the Association of Supervision and Curriculum Development and the National Science Teachers Association. ExploreLearning is also a perennial award winner recognized by industry peer groups, including the Association of Educational Publishers and the Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA), as well as publications such as District Administration Magazine and Tech and Learning Magazine. ExploreLearning materials are correlated to state standards and over 300 math and science textbooks.
Kurzweil /IntelliTools Products
Kurzweil Educational Systems is the leader in assistive technology, text-to-speech software literacy solutions serving the needs of the nation’s most challenged students, including individuals with special needs and learning difficulties, such as dyslexia, attention deficit disorder or those who are English Language Learners. Driven by the vision to serve the needs of the nation’s most challenged learners and enabling students to reach their full potential, Kurzweil provides complete reading, study skill, and writing support for students grades 3-college and adults with academic challenges and/or who are blind or visually impaired. Kurzweil Educational Systems produces the following products for individuals with learning difficulties and for those who are visually impaired:
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Kurzweil 3000. Kurzweil 3000 is a reading, writing and learning software package for students with dyslexia, attention deficit disorder or other learning difficulties, including physical impairments or language learning needs. It enables individuals with the cognitive ability, but not the literacy skills, to achieve academic success alongside their peers.
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Firefly. Firefly provides anytime, anywhere access to digital, text-based content, supplemented by powerful literacy tools. Firefly is an entirely web-based solution with a functionality set similar to, but more limited than, that found in Kurzweil 3000.
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Kurzweil 1000. Kurzweil 1000 provides visually impaired users access to printed and electronic materials. Documents and digital files are converted from text to speech and read aloud in a variety of voices that can be modified to suit individual preferences. In addition, this software provides users with document creation and editing, studying and study skills for note-taking, summarizing and outlining text.
IntelliTools
IntelliTools offers hardware products that target students with physical, visual and cognitive disabilities that make using a standard keyboard and mouse difficult. IntelliTools also offers software products that target elementary and middle school special education students struggling with reading and math. IntelliTools’ products include:
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IntelliKeys® USB is a programmable alternative keyboard with supporting software for students or adults who have difficulty using a standard keyboard.
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IntelliTools Classroom Suite is a universally designed authoring and application tool that supports academic achievement, especially for students in Special Education or who have alternative learning needs. The software includes lessons, activities, assessments, and creativity tools that reinforce reading, writing and math skills with the capability to generate reports and provide detailed data tracking.
Industry Information
We sell primarily to public school districts in the United States. On a much smaller scale, we also sell to private and charter schools, home school and parent consumers, and other companies that bundle our products with their offerings.
School district funding continues to undergo significant change and uncertainty, and most of our public school district customers are largely dependent on federal, state and local funding to purchase our products. Additionally, the digitalization of education content and delivery is driving a substantial shift in the education market. The demand for technology-based products has developed rapidly over the past several years and has led to changes in the way that providers develop, produce, market and distribute products.
The education market is also changing in response to the adoption of the Common Core State Standards by a majority of the states. Common Core State Standards define the knowledge and skills students should have within their K-12 education careers so that they will graduate high school able to succeed in entry-level, credit-bearing academic college courses and in workforce training programs. These standards are the product of a state-led effort to establish a single set of clear educational standards for grades K-12. Most of the states that have adopted the Common Core State Standards also belong to one of two multistate testing consortia that are developing common state assessments in English language arts and mathematics, aligned to the new standards. These assessments, which will be designed to replace existing statewide tests, are expected to be administered beginning in the 2014-15 school year. Schools in these states may need to augment or replace instructional materials to align to the Common Core State Standards and to prepare students for the new state assessments.
We offer products to help every student reach their full potential. Some of our product lines, especially at VSL and Kurzweil/IntelliTools, are specifically designed to accelerate struggling students to grade-level proficiency or to address learning differences. We estimate that at least 40% of students require intervention. The intervention market is focused on administering supplemental and alternative core education solutions to at-risk students and students with disabilities receiving special education. At-risk students and students with disabilities are those students that are underperforming when evaluated against their peers.
Funding Information
School districts use a variety of government funding sources in order to procure our products and services, drawing from both federal funding sources and state and local sources. We estimate that approximately half of our overall sales are paid by school districts using federal funding sources. VSL has a higher reliance on sales related to use of federal funds than our other segments.
The Title I portion (“Title I”) of the reauthorized Elementary Secondary Education Act (“ESEA”) (and the Title III portion) and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”) are the two primary federal funding sources for at-risk students and students with disabilities, respectively. Title I distributes funding to those schools and school districts which are comprised of a relatively high percentage of students from low income families as defined by the IDEA. In addition, Title I appropriates money for the education system for the prevention of dropouts and the improvement of schools. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to children with disabilities.
We believe that demand for our products and professional services will be driven by an increased emphasis on accountability and measurement. The No Child Left Behind Act (“NCLB”) was a key driver for increased accountability and measurement of student performance designed to meet the mandated goal that 100% of students become proficient in reading and math by the end of the 2013-2014 school year. School districts are required to demonstrate adequate yearly progress (“AYP”) or risk a cut in funding. Intervention products help schools improve performance of the most challenged learners and allow schools to meet stringent AYP criteria. Furthermore, there is greater emphasis on evaluating educators based on the performance of their students, driven by reforms contained in the Race to the Top program. These regulatory frameworks have mandated stricter accountability, higher standards and increased transparency in education, and states have been required to measure annual progress towards these standards and make results publicly available for the first time. We believe that with more attention in general, increased analysis of U.S. student outcomes versus other countries, and movement to national standards through the adoption of the Common Core State Standards, the number of children deemed to need intervention is likely to increase.
Competition
The market for our products is highly competitive. We compete with a wide range of companies from large publishers covering a broad array of products to small providers who specialize in very limited areas. We compete with:
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Traditional text book suppliers, which often offer intervention products as part of their core reading and math programs, including Houghton Mifflin/Harcourt, Pearson, The McGraw-Hill Companies, and Scholastic;
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Supplemental suppliers, a market segment that is quite fragmented, including the supplementary products divisions of the international textbook publishers named above, and others including School Specialty, Haights Cross Communications and National Geographic (The Hampton-Brown Company);
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Technology suppliers, including Scholastic (Read 180, System 44, FASTT Math), Pearson (iLit), Scientific Learning, edmentum, Achieve3000, Dream Box, Carnegie Learning, Renaissance Learning, Don Johnston and TextHelp;
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Assessment suppliers, including Pearson (Aimsweb) and NWEA;
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Service providers, including Americas Choice (Pearson), and research laboratories such as WestEd; and
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Open source content providers, such as Khan Academy and OER Commons also provide online educational videos.
Seasonality
Our quarterly operating results fluctuate due to a number of factors, including the academic school year, school procurement policies, funding cycles, the amount and timing of new products and spending patterns. In addition, customers experience cyclical funding issues that can impact revenue patterns. We generally expect our lowest revenues and earnings to be in the first and fourth fiscal quarters and our highest revenues and earnings to be in the second and third fiscal quarters.
Product Development, Sales and Marketing
We are strategically focused on having the best possible product offerings and the sales and marketing forces to effectively and efficiently deliver these products.
Product Development
We seek to take advantage of new product and technology opportunities and view product development to be essential to maintaining and growing our market position. We update our products as needed to incorporate the latest research or pedagogy, bring
images current or update factual content. Our web-based products are enhanced continuously. Between the product refreshes, we often develop variations, expansions (e.g., more grade levels) and other basic enhancements of our products.
We expect sales of our purely print-based products to continue to decline. Therefore, to stabilize order volumes and enable growth in future years, we will focus our development efforts on technology solutions, especially those opportunities that offer student-directed learning. These investments will include enhancements for our Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning subscription products, the development of blended learning solutions in the VSL segment, and continued investment in the firefly web-based solution in the Kurzweil/IntelliTools segment.
Changing standards, such as the Common Core State Standards, also provide opportunities to meet new market needs. The implementation of these standards is likely to result in an increase in the number of students that are deemed to be below grade level proficiency. Products that are aligned with the Common Core State Standards will allow educators to focus on areas where students are not proficient as each lesson will be clearly tied to the required learning objectives.
Research and development expense, net of capitalization, was $9.8 million and $10.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. In addition, we capitalize certain pre-publication, production and online curriculum development expenditures. Capitalized product development costs were as follows in 2013:
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Voyager Sopris Learning - $7.1 million
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Learning A-Z - $4.4 million
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ExploreLearning - $1.5 million
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Kurzweil/IntelliTools - $0.4 million
We may also from time to time enhance our product portfolio with acquisitions, such as the Headsprout purchase completed in late 2013 which added student-facing phonics and comprehension resources to the Learning A-Z segment.
Sales and Marketing
Each operating segment has independent sales forces with both field sales producers generally covering larger opportunity customers and an inside sales force generally covering smaller territories. These sales representatives are supported by product or subject matter and implementation experts as well as a marketing team. Voyager Sopris Learning also uses direct marketing through catalogs and all of our segments are increasingly making use of e-commerce and the Internet to sell our products. We have and will continue to participate in state adoptions when our products meet the needs of those adoptions. As of December 31, 2013, our total combined company sales force consisted of 69 field and 44 inside sales producers for a total of 113 direct sales producers, excluding sales management and marketing. Sales and marketing expense was $42.2 million and $46.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. We expect to make significant investments in our ExploreLearning and Learning A-Z sales forces during 2014.
Concentration Risk
We are not overly dependent upon any one customer or a few customers, the loss of which would have a material adverse effect on our business. We have a broad customer base; in the two years ended December 31, 2013 for the Company in the aggregate, no single customer accounted for more than 10% of our total net revenues in any one year. Our top ten customers accounted for approximately 16% of our total net revenues in 2013.
Governmental Regulations
Our operations are governed by laws and regulations relating to equal employment opportunity, workplace safety, information privacy, and worker health, including the Occupational Safety and Health Act and regulations under that Act. Additionally, as a company that often bids on various state, local and federally funded programs, we are subject to various governmental procurement policies and regulations. We believe that we are in compliance in all material respects with applicable laws and regulations and we believe that future compliance will not have a material adverse effect upon our consolidated operations or financial condition.
Executive Officers
John Campbell. John Campbell, age 53, currently serves as Chief Executive Officer of Cambium Learning Group. Mr. Campbell served as President of Cambium Learning Technologies from December 2009 until March 2013, and COO of Voyager from January 2007 through December 2009. He joined ProQuest in January of 2004, which sold off its library business and changed its name to Voyager in January of 2007. Before joining Cambium Learning Group, Mr. Campbell served as Chief Operating Officer and business unit head of a research-based reading company (Breakthrough to Literacy) within McGraw-Hill. Prior to joining Breakthrough/McGraw-Hill, he served as Director of Technology for Tribune Education. Additionally, Mr. Campbell has experience as General Manager of a software start-up (Insight Industries Inc.) and as Director of Applications and Technical Support for a hardware manufacturer (Commodore International). John has also served on the Education Board for the Software Information Industry Association (SIIA).
Bob Holl. Bob Holl, age 70, is the Co-founder and President of Learning A-Z. Mr. Holl has a wealth of educational knowledge and publishing experience having spent 10 years as a public school educator and 30 years in educational publishing. Before founding Learning A-Z, he served as Vice President of Development for the Wright Group and prior to that served as Editor-in-Chief of Addison-Wesley Publishing and Scott-Foresman Publishing Companies. He has been the architect and writer of many curriculum programs and educational resources during his publishing career.
George A. Logue. George A. Logue, age 63, currently serves as President of Voyager Sopris Learning. Mr. Logue previously served as the Executive Vice President and President of Sopris Learning, the Supplemental Solutions business unit of Cambium Learning Group, Inc. Mr. Logue has served as the Executive Vice President of Cambium since June 2003 and has 30 years of education industry experience. Before joining Cambium, Mr. Logue spent 18 years in various leadership roles with Houghton Mifflin Company. At Houghton Mifflin, Mr. Logue served as Executive Vice President of the School Division from 1996 to 2003. Prior to serving as Executive Vice President of Houghton Mifflin, Mr. Logue was Vice President for Sales and Marketing from 1994 to 1996.
Alex Saltonstall. Alex Saltonstall, age 38, is the President of Kurzweil/IntelliTools. Mr. Saltonstall joined Cambium in 2004, and led the company’s acquisition activities as the Manager of Corporate Development. He became General Manager of Kurzweil/IntelliTools in 2006. Before joining Cambium, Mr. Saltonstall was President of SearchSoft Solutions, Inc. Mr. Saltonstall was previously an Associate at Schoolhouse Partners, and a Senior Associate at The Parthenon Group.
David Shuster. David Shuster, age 47, is the Founder and President of ExploreLearning. Mr. Shuster is a former classroom educator and is intimately involved in the design and development of the company's award-winning products. He holds a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from the University of Virginia and has led ExploreLearning since its inception in 1999.
Barbara Benson. Barbara Benson, age 43, has served as the Chief Financial Officer of Cambium Learning Group, Inc. since March 2013. Ms. Benson joined the Company in March 2007 and previously served as Controller of Cambium Learning Group, Inc. from December 2009 to March 2013, and as Controller of the Voyager Expanded Learning operating unit from March 2007 to December 2009. She has also served as the Principal Accounting Officer of the Company since March 2010. From 2004 until joining the Company in March 2007, Ms. Benson held positions at Pegasus Solutions, Inc., a hotel technology provider of reservation, distribution, financial, and representation services, including Controller and Director of Financial Accounting and Reporting. She began her career as an auditor with Coopers & Lybrand. Ms. Benson is a licensed Certified Public Accountant.
Todd Buchardt. Todd Buchardt, age 54, currently serves as our Senior Vice President of Human Resources and General Counsel and Secretary. Mr. Buchardt served Voyager Learning Company as Senior Vice President since November 2002, Vice President since March 2000, and General Counsel and Secretary since 1998. Before joining Voyager Learning Company, Mr. Buchardt held various legal positions with First Data Corporation from 1986 to 1998.
Paul Fonte. Paul Fonte, age 45, currently serves as Chief Technology Officer of Cambium Learning Group. Mr. Fonte previously served as the Vice President of Technology for Cambium Learning Technologies since December 2009. Mr. Fonte joined Voyager in 2003 as Senior Project Lead and was promoted to a number of positions within Voyager, including the Director of Technology where he served until December 2009. Mr. Fonte has over 20 years of professional experience developing and delivering software at all levels.
Proprietary Rights
We regard a substantial portion of our technologies and content as proprietary and rely primarily on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, and employee or vendor non-disclosure agreements, to protect our rights.
We have developed relationships with authors who are known for their expertise in improving the cognitive and behavioral performance of at-risk and special education students. Many authors are leaders in their respective fields, such as literacy,
mathematics, and positive school climate. These authors are engaged by us to develop content and then to refine that content once feedback is obtained from our customers. We act as exclusive agents for and, in most instances, own the intellectual property from these well-known authors, whereby we publish their works under a royalty arrangement. We also derive a substantial amount of our curriculum content through in-house development efforts. To a much lesser degree, we also license from third parties published works, certain technology content or services upon which we rely to deliver certain products and services. Curriculum developed in-house or developed through the use of independent contractors is our proprietary property. Certain curriculum might be augmented or complemented with third party products, which may include printed materials, videos or photographs. This additional third party content may be sourced from various providers who retain the appropriate trademarks and copyrights to the material and agree to our use under a nonexclusive, fee-based arrangement.
We use U.S.-registered trademarks to identify various products which we develop. The trademarks survive as long as they are in use and the registration of these trademarks is renewed.
Website Access to Company Reports
We make available free of charge through our website, www.cambiumlearning.com, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed on behalf of our directors, officers and other affiliated persons, and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practical after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We also will provide any of the foregoing information without charge upon written request to Cambium Learning Group, Inc., 17855 North Dallas Parkway, Suite 400, Dallas, Texas 75287, Attention: Investor Relations.
We are providing the address to our website solely for the information of our investors. Our website and the information contained therein or incorporated therein are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Code of Ethics
We have adopted a Senior Financial Officers Code of Ethics and a Code of Business Conduct to promote such standards as (1) honest and ethical conduct; (2) full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in our periodic reports; and (3) compliance with applicable governmental rules and regulations. Amendments to, or waivers from, the code of ethics will be posted on our website. A copy of the code of ethics and the code of business conduct are posted on our website, www.cambiumlearning.com, within the “Investor Relations” section under the heading “Corporate Governance”. The code of ethics is also available in print to anyone who requests it by writing to the Company at the following address: Cambium Learning Group, Inc., 17855 North Dallas Parkway, Suite 400, Dallas, Texas 75287, Attention: Investor Relations.
We have also implemented a whistleblower hotline, as required under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, by engaging a third party service that provides anonymous reporting for serious workplace ethical issues via telephone and/or the Internet.
Item 1A
Item 1A
Risk Factors.
This section should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and the notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013.
Risks Related to our Business
Changes in funding for public schools could cause the demand for our products to decrease.
We derive a significant portion of our revenues from public schools, which are heavily dependent on federal, state and local government funding. Budget cuts, including the automatic form of spending cuts referred to as sequestration, curtailments, delays, changes in leadership, shifts in priorities or general reductions in funding could reduce or delay our revenues. Funding difficulties experienced by schools could also cause those institutions to demand price reductions and could slow or reduce purchases of intervention products, which in turn could materially harm our business. Our business may be adversely affected by changes in educational funding at the federal, state or local level, resulting from changes in legislation, changes in state procurement processes, changes in government leadership, emergence of other funding or legislative priorities and changes in the condition of the local, state or U.S. economy.
Changes in school procurement policies may adversely affect our business.
The school appropriations process is often slow, unpredictable and subject to many factors outside of our control. School districts choose to procure educational materials in various ways which can change quickly necessitating a change in our sales strategy
or sales investments. Districts and states may switch procurement decisions from a centralized (district-wide) to a decentralized (school by school) decision, states may switch from state-wide standard adoptions to flexible district level procurement, and customers could increasingly utilize competitive requests for proposals (RFP) or procurement via the Internet. Any of these changes could cause us to modify our sales strategy or cause us to expend greater sales effort to win business and if we are slow to respond the result could be a material loss of market share.
Our business is anticipated to be seasonal and our operating results are anticipated to fluctuate seasonally.
Our business is likely to be subject to seasonal fluctuations. We generally expect revenue and income from operations to be higher during the second and third calendar quarters. In addition, the quarterly results of operations have fluctuated in the past, and our quarterly results of operations can be expected to continue to fluctuate in the future.
Our intellectual property protection may be inadequate, which may allow others to use our technologies and thereby reduce our ability to compete.
The technology underlying our services and products may be vulnerable to attack by our competitors. We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright and trade secret laws, employee and third party nondisclosure agreements and other contracts to establish and protect our technology and other intellectual property rights. The steps that we have taken in order to protect our proprietary technology may not be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our technology or to prevent third parties from developing similar technology independently.
Our products could infringe on the intellectual property of others, which may cause us to engage in costly litigation and to pay substantial damages or restrict or prohibit us from selling our products.
Third parties may assert infringement or other intellectual property claims against us based on their intellectual property rights. If any of these claims are successful, we may be required to pay substantial damages, possibly including treble damages, for past infringement. We also may be prohibited from selling our products or providing certain content without first obtaining a license from the third party, which, if available at all, may require us to pay additional fees or royalties to the third party. Even if infringement claims against us are without merit, defending a lawsuit takes significant time, is often expensive and may divert management attention away from other business concerns.
Our success will depend in part on our ability to attract and retain key personnel.
Our success depends in part on our ability to attract and retain highly qualified executives and management, as well as creative and technical personnel. Members of our senior management team have substantial industry experience that is critical to the execution of our business plan. If they or other key employees were to leave our company, and we were unable to find qualified and affordable replacements for these individuals, our business could be harmed materially.
We could experience system failures, software errors or capacity constraints, any of which would cause interruptions in the delivery of electronic content to customers and ultimately may cause us to lose customers.
Any significant delays, disruptions or failures in the systems, or errors in the software, that we use for the technology-based component of our products, as well as for internal operations, could harm our business materially. We have occasionally suffered computer and telecommunication outages or related problems in the past. The growth of our customer base, as well as the number of websites we provide, could strain our systems in the future and will likely magnify the consequences of any computer and telecommunications problems that we may experience.
However, destruction or disruption of data center sites could cause a system-wide failure. Although we maintain property insurance on these premises, claims for any system failure could exceed our coverage. In addition, our products could be affected by failures associated with third party hosting providers or by failures of third party technology used in our products, and we may have no control over remedying these failures.
Our systems face security risks and we need to ensure the privacy of our customers.
Our systems and websites may be vulnerable to unauthorized access by hackers, computer viruses and other disruptive problems. Any security breaches or problems could lead to misappropriation of our customers’ information, our websites, our intellectual property and other rights, as well as disruption in the use of our systems and websites. Any security breach related to our websites could tarnish our reputation and expose us to damages and litigation. We also may incur significant costs to maintain our security precautions or to correct problems caused by security breaches. Furthermore, to maintain these security measures, we may be
required to monitor our customers’ access to our websites, which may cause disruption to customers’ use of our systems and websites. These disruptions and interruptions could harm our business materially.
We have a single distribution center and could experience significant disruption of business and ultimately lose customers in the event it was damaged, destroyed or experienced technological failure.
Our inventory and fulfillment operations are outsourced to an Ozburn Hessey Logistics (“OHL”) location in the St. Louis, Missouri area. In the event that these distribution facilities were damaged, destroyed or experienced technological failure, we would be delayed in responding to customer requests. Additionally, business disruptions within OHL that are out of our control could delay our ability to deliver printed materials to our customers in a timely manner. Customers often purchase materials very close to the school year and such delivery delays could cause our customers to turn to competitors for products they need immediately. While we maintain adequate property insurance, the loss of customers could have a long-term, detrimental impact on our reputation and business.
Customer acceptance of our products could be impacted by changing educational standards.
Customer acceptance of our products may be impacted by changing standards, including the Common Core State Standards which have now been adopted by most states. Common Core State Standards define the knowledge and skills students should have within their K-12 education careers so that they will graduate high school able to succeed in entry-level, credit-bearing academic college courses and in workforce training programs. These standards and the assessments supporting them are designed for students learning at grade-level proficiency. Many of our products are either intervention products designed to accelerate progress for students that are below grade-level proficiency, or products that are supplementary in nature. While there could be opportunity for us, if customer acceptance of our products is negatively impacted by adoption of Common Core State Standards, our sales could decline or we may be required to expend more on investments in product development than planned.
Risks Related to Debt and Ownership of our Common Stock
We do not foresee paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future and, as a result, our investors’ sole source of gain, if any, will depend on capital appreciation, if any.
We do not plan to declare or pay any cash dividends on our shares of common stock in the foreseeable future and currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, for future operation, debt reduction and expansion. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, restrictions imposed by applicable law, business and investment strategy, contractual limitations and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur, including the 9.75% senior secured notes (described below). As a result, our stockholders may not receive any return on an investment in our common stock unless they sell our common stock for a price greater than that which they paid for it. Moreover, investors may not be able to resell their shares of the Company at or above the price they paid for them.
The existence of a majority stockholder may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and could delay, hinder or prevent a change in corporate control or result in the entrenchment of management and the board of directors, and our majority stockholder has a contractual right to maintain its percentage ownership in our company.
VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC, owns a majority of our outstanding common stock. Accordingly, VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC will likely have the ability to determine the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all our assets. In addition, VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC will likely have the ability to control our management, affairs and operations. Accordingly, this concentration of ownership may harm the market price of our common stock by delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control or impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination.
The ownership of a large block of stock by a single stockholder may reduce our market liquidity. Should VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC determine to sell any of its position in the future, sales of substantial amounts of our common stock on the market, or even the possibility of these sales, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. These sales, or even the possibility of these sales, also may make it more difficult for us to raise capital through the issuance of equity securities at a time and at a price we deem appropriate.
Moreover, VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC has a contractual right to maintain its percentage ownership in our company. Specifically, under the terms of a stockholders agreement entered into in connection with the mergers, if we were to engage in a new issuance of our securities, VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC and funds managed or controlled by VSS would have preemptive rights to purchase an amount of our securities that would enable them to maintain their same collective percentage of ownership in our company following the new issuance. VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC and funds managed or controlled by VSS would have these preemptive rights for so long as those entities collectively beneficially own, in the aggregate, at least 25% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Thus, while other holders of our securities would risk suffering a reduction in percentage ownership in connection with a new issuance of securities by us, VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC and funds managed or controlled by VSS would, through this preemptive right, have the opportunity to avoid a reduction in percentage ownership.
We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NASDAQ rules and, as a result, qualify for, and rely on, exemptions from various corporate governance standards, which limits the presence of independent directors on our board of directors and board committees.
Due to the fact that VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC owns a majority of our outstanding common stock, we are deemed a “controlled company” for purposes of NASDAQ Rule 5615(c)(2). Under this rule, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power for the election of directors is held by an individual, a group or another company is a “controlled company” and is exempt from certain NASDAQ corporate governance requirements, including requirements that a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors, that compensation of officers be determined or recommended to the board of directors by a majority of independent directors or by a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors and that director nominees be selected or recommended for selection by a majority of the independent directors or by a nominating committee composed solely of independent directors. We intend to rely upon these exemptions. Accordingly, our stockholders may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of other companies that are required to comply fully with the NASDAQ rules.
Since the “controlled company” exemption does not extend to the composition of audit committees, we are required to have an audit committee that consists of at least three directors, each of whom must be “independent” based on independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Our board of directors has adopted an audit committee charter which will govern our audit committee. These three directors must also satisfy the requirements set forth in NASDAQ Rule 5605(a) and (c). The audit committee is currently composed entirely of independent directors.
Provisions of our organizational documents and Delaware law may delay or deter a change of control.
Our organizational documents contain provisions that may have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change of control of, or unsolicited acquisition proposals for, our company. These include provisions that:
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vest our board of directors with the sole power to set the number of directors of our company;
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limit the persons that may call special meetings of stockholders;
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establish advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and director nominations; and
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limit stockholder action by written consent.
Also, our board of directors has the authority to issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the rights and preferences of these shares, all without stockholder approval. Any series of preferred stock is likely to be senior to our common stock with respect to dividends, liquidation rights and, possibly, voting rights. The ability of our board of directors to issue preferred stock also could have the effect of discouraging unsolicited acquisition proposals, thus adversely affecting the market price of our common stock.
In addition, Delaware corporate law makes it difficult for stockholders that recently have acquired a large interest in a corporation to cause the merger or acquisition of the corporation against the directors’ wishes. Under Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporate Law (the “DGCL”), a Delaware corporation such as our company may not engage in any merger or other business combination with an interested stockholder or such stockholder’s affiliates or associates for a period of three years following the date that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, except in limited circumstances, including by approval of the corporation’s board of directors.
We have a significant amount of senior secured debt and will have the obligation to make interest payments and comply with restrictions contained in the credit agreements with our senior secured lenders.
We have $175 million aggregate principal amount of 9.75% senior secured notes due 2017.
We are subject to risks associated with substantial indebtedness, including the risk that we will not be able to refinance existing indebtedness when it becomes due, the risk that we would not be able to secure alternative financing if we are unable to comply with the debt covenants or if we were to experience an event of default, and the risk that our cash flows from operations are insufficient to make scheduled interest payments. We are required to make interest payments semi-annually in arrears on each February 15 and August 15. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations in the future to service our debt, we may be required to refinance all or a portion of our debt. However, we may not be able to obtain any such new or additional financing on favorable terms or at all.
The indenture governing the notes and the credit agreement governing the revolving credit facility contain various covenants that limit our ability to, among other things, incur or guarantee additional indebtedness; pay dividends and make other restricted payments; incur restrictions on the payment of dividends or other distributions from our restricted subsidiaries; create or incur certain liens; make certain investments; transfer or sell assets; enter into operating leases; engage in transactions with affiliates; and merge or consolidate with other companies or transfer all or substantially all of our or our restricted subsidiaries’ assets.
Further, upon the occurrence of specific types of change of control events, we will be required to offer to repurchase outstanding notes at 101% of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest. The source of funds for any such purchase of the notes will be our available cash or cash generated from our and our subsidiaries’ operations or other sources, including borrowings, sales of assets or sales of equity. Our failure to repurchase the notes upon a change of control would cause a default under the indenture governing the notes and a cross default under our revolving credit facility.
If the price of our common stock trades below $1.00 per share for a sustained period or we do not meet other continued listing requirements, our common stock may be delisted from the NASDAQ Capital Market.
The NASDAQ Capital Market imposes, among other requirements, listing maintenance standards as well as minimum bid and public float requirements. In particular, NASDAQ rules require us to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share of our common stock and to have a specified level of stockholder equity. If the closing bid price of our common stock is below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive trading days, or we do not meet other requirements, we would fail to be in compliance with NASDAQ’s continued listing standards and, if we are unable to cure the non-compliance within 180 days, our common stock may be delisted from the NASDAQ Capital Market and we may not be able to maintain the continued listing of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market. Delisting could adversely affect the market liquidity of our common stock and the market price of our common stock could decrease.
Item 1B.
Item 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2.
Item 2.
Properties.
Our principal corporate office is located in Dallas, Texas. We lease office and warehouse facilities in Dallas, Texas; Charlottesville, Virginia; Tucson, Arizona; Frederick, Colorado; Natick, Massachusetts; and Ann Arbor, Michigan. As of December 31, 2013, the total square footage of our leased properties was 303,698 square feet.
In conjunction with the outsourcing of our warehouse operations to a third party logistics provider, we have subleased one of our Frederick, Colorado facilities comprising approximately 200,420 square feet.
We believe the buildings and equipment used in our continuing operations generally to be in good condition and adequate for our current needs and that additional space will be available as needed.
Item 3.
Item 3.
Legal Proceedings.
We are not presently engaged in any pending legal proceeding material to our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
Item 4.
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures.
None.
PART II
Item 5.
Item 5.
Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information: Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “ABCD.” Below are the high and low sale prices for each quarter in the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.
Record Holders: As of March 4, 2014, there were 611 holders of record of our common stock.
Purchases of Equity Securities: Shares of common stock repurchased by the Company during the quarter ended December 31, 2013 were as follows:
(a)
On May 22, 2012, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase shares of its common stock up to a maximum of $5 million through July 5, 2013. On March 19, 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors extended the share repurchase authorization for an additional one year period (through July 5, 2014) and the remaining authorization was reset to $5 million.
Dividends: We have not declared or paid any cash dividends to our stockholders. Any future determination to pay dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors. We do not presently expect to pay any dividends.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans: We have securities authorized for issuance under the Cambium Learning Group, Inc. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (“Incentive Plan”). In connection with the then pending merger with Voyager Learning Company, on July 31, 2009, the Company’s board of directors and sole stockholder approved the Incentive Plan. The general purposes of the Incentive Plan are to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility, to provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants, and to promote the success of the Company.
Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans at December 31, 2013 are as follows:
(a)
Excludes securities reflected in the first column, “Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options,” and issued restricted stock.
Item 6.
Item 6.
Selected Financial Data.
This item is not required for a smaller reporting company.
Item 7.
Item 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
This section should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and the notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013.
Organization of Information
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes the following sections:
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Overview
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Results of Operations
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Year Ended December 31, 2013 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2012
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
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Non-GAAP Measures
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Capital Expenditures and Outlook
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Commitments and Contractual Obligations
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
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Recently Issued Financial Accounting Standards
Overview
Form of Organization
On December 8, 2009, we completed the business combination of Cambium and Voyager Learning Company (“VLCY”) as contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Mergers, dated as of June 20, 2009, among us, VLCY, Vowel Acquisition Corp., our wholly-owned subsidiary, Cambium, a wholly-owned subsidiary of VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC, Consonant Acquisition Corp., our wholly owned subsidiary, and Vowel Representative, LLC, solely in its capacity as stockholders’ representative. We refer to this agreement and plan of mergers in this report as the merger agreement. Pursuant to the merger agreement, we acquired all of the common stock of each of Cambium and VLCY through the merger of Consonant Acquisition Corp. with and into Cambium, with Cambium continuing as the surviving corporation (the “Cambium Merger”), and the concurrent merger of Vowel Acquisition Corp. with and into VLCY, with VLCY continuing as the surviving corporation (the “Voyager Merger”). As a result of the effectiveness of the mergers, Cambium and VLCY became our wholly owned subsidiaries.
Under the terms of the merger agreement, each outstanding share of VLCY’s common stock was converted in the Voyager Merger into the right to receive at the election of each stockholder, either (i) $6.50 in cash, without interest, or (ii) one share of our common stock, plus, regardless of the election made, additional consideration consisting of cash and a contingent value right, as described in the merger agreement. The amount of cash available to satisfy cash elections by the VLCY stockholders was limited to $67.5 million in the aggregate. The cash consideration payable to the former VLCY stockholders was insufficient to accommodate all of the cash elections that were made. Accordingly, the amount of cash paid to the former VLCY stockholders who elected to exchange shares of VLCY common stock for cash was reduced, pro rata, in accordance with agreed procedures set forth in the merger agreement. Pursuant to these procedures, we paid $67.5 million in cash to the former holders of VLCY’s common stock and issued to those stockholders a total of 19.5 million shares of common stock. The cash consideration paid to the former VLCY stockholders consisted of $25 million contributed by VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC and $42.5 million contributed by VLCY. In exchange for its contribution of $25 million, VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC received 3.8 million shares of our common stock issued at the ascribed value of $6.50 per share. The shares of Cambium’s common stock held by VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC, its sole stockholder, were converted in the Cambium Merger into the right to receive 20.5 million shares of our common stock. In addition, as part of the merger consideration, VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC received a warrant to purchase a number of shares of our common stock determined by a formula set forth in the merger agreement, which is currently equal to 755,077 shares. In connection with the consummation of this transaction, we entered into a stockholders agreement pursuant to which we granted VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC and funds managed and controlled by VSS the right to purchase up to 7.5 million shares of our common stock as provided for in the stockholders agreement as well as certain preemptive rights set forth therein. In August 2011, VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC, exercised its subscription rights in full to purchase 7,246,376 shares of our common stock, at a purchase price of $2.76 per share, or an aggregate purchase price of $20.0 million.
The merger transaction was accounted for as an “acquisition” of VLCY by Cambium, as that term is used under GAAP, for accounting and financial reporting purposes under the applicable accounting guidance for business combinations. In making this determination, management considered that (a) the newly developed entity did not have any significant pre-combination activity and, therefore, did not qualify to be the accounting acquirer, and (b) the former sole stockholder of Cambium is the majority holder of the combined entity, while the prior owners of VLCY became minority holders in the combined entity. As a result, the historical financial statements of Cambium have become the historical financial statements of the Company. The results of VLCY are included in the Company’s operations beginning with the December 8, 2009 merger date.
Management Changes
In March 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors announced that they had accepted the resignations of Ron Klausner, Chief Executive Officer; Vernon Johnson, President of Voyager Sopris Learning; and Brad Almond, Chief Financial Officer. These resignations were not the result of any disagreement with the Company on any matter relating to the Company’s operations, policies or practices.
The Company made the following promotions in response to these resignations:
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John Campbell was promoted from President of Cambium Learning Technologies to President and Chief Executive Officer of Cambium Learning Group.
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George Logue was promoted from President of Sopris to President of Voyager Sopris Learning.
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Barbara Benson was promoted from Controller of Cambium Learning Group to Chief Financial Officer of Cambium Learning Group.
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Paul Fonte was promoted from Vice President of Technology for Cambium Learning Technologies to Chief Technology Officer for Cambium Learning Group.
Acquisition
On December 23, 2013, LAZEL, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Cambium Learning Group, Inc. (the "Company"), signed a definitive agreement (the “Agreement") to purchase certain assets of Headsprout from Mimio, LLC. The purchase price was $4.0 million, of which $3.6 million was paid in January 2014. The remaining $0.4 million cash purchase price will be paid 18 months after the closing date subject to the holdback provisions of the Agreement. The purchased assets are included in our Learning A-Z reporting segment.
Founded in 1999 and based in Seattle, WA, Mimio acquired Headsprout in 2011. Headsprout has patented and award-winning adaptive software titles. The software has earned industry-wide respect for its effort in improving reading skills for students. Currently used in thousands of classrooms, learning labs, and homes, Headsprout is now part of Learning A-Z's larger reading offering and is being marketed and sold as Headsprout Early Reading and Headsprout Reading Comprehension.
We believe the acquisition will be beneficial as it will increase our digital subscription product offerings and the purchased assets add proven, student-facing phonics and comprehension resources to our Learning A-Z segment. Due to the timing of the transaction and future integration activities, the acquisition did not have a material impact on 2013 and is not expected to be accretive to our net income in 2014.
Segments
Our brands comprise four reportable segments with separate management teams and infrastructures that offer various products and services: Voyager Sopris Learning, Learning A-Z, ExploreLearning and Kurzweil/IntelliTools.
Segment change from prior year: Prior to the first quarter of 2013, the Cambium Learning Technologies segment included: Learning A-Z; ExploreLearning; Kurzweil/IntelliTools; and certain management charges related to the entire Cambium Learning Technologies segment. In the current presentation, Learning A-Z, ExploreLearning, and Kurzweil/IntelliTools are presented in separate segments. The management charges that were related to the overall Cambium Learning Technologies segment, which did not directly relate to any of the three new segments, are included in Other consistent with the 2013 presentation.
Results of Operations
Order volume is an internal metric that is a leading indicator of revenues. During 2013, company-wide order volumes were down slightly compared to 2012, with order volume changes by segment as follows:
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Voyager Sopris Learning decreased 12%
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Learning A-Z increased 28%
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ExploreLearning increased 27%
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Kurzweil/IntelliTools decreased 13%
Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning continued their trend of double-digit growth rates. Offsetting this growth, Voyager Sopris Learning and Kurzweil/IntelliTools continued to show order volume declination as reductions in legacy products are currently outpacing gains from newer online and technology-enabled solutions.
Overall, GAAP net revenues increased in 2013 by 1% to $150.5 million, compared to $148.6 million in 2012. GAAP net revenues by segment in 2013 and the percentage change from 2012, were as follows:
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Voyager Sopris Learning: $90.3 million, decreased 7%
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Learning A-Z: $33.5 million, increased 28%
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ExploreLearning: $16.3 million, increased 14%
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Kurzweil/IntelliTools: $10.4 million, decreased 7%
Costs in 2013 benefited from the reengineering and restructuring activities which were completed in 2012. While we have reinvested some of the savings in growth areas such as our online subscription businesses, cost reductions made in slower growing areas such as VSL’s print-based solutions are providing year over year earnings growth. We will continue to review and assess our cost structure to ensure that resources are allocated to areas of the business providing the highest earnings opportunity.
Results of operations for 2013 were also impacted by the following:
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Impairment charges of $1.2 million related to the Class.com product line which will be discontinued in 2014.
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Impairment charges of $1.0 million for in-process product development projects that will not be completed.
Results of operations for 2012 were also impacted by the following:
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Costs of $8.4 million related to the Company’s reengineering and restructuring activities, including impairment charges of $4.4 million
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Impairment charges of $66.9 million to goodwill and $27.8 million to acquired intangible assets.
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Impairment charges of $1.5 million related to in-process product development projects that were deemed to have no ongoing value.
Voyager Sopris Learning
Order volumes in the VSL segment declined 12% for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to 2012. School district funding continues to undergo significant change and uncertainty, and the current environment had made growth challenging for VSL. We believe that VSL order volume declines are also attributable to slow execution of the unit’s product development strategies as well as some confusion in the marketplace due to the debates around the movement to Common Core State Standards.
GAAP net revenues for VSL were down $6.5 million, or 6.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2013 from the same period in 2012 as a result of the order volume declines. Through the second quarter 2013, net revenues had been higher versus prior year due to the recognition of prior period technology and services sales that were delivered in 2013. Generally, deferred revenues for Voyager Sopris Learning follow a September through July school year cycle, increasing during the highest selling period at the start of a school year and declining as those revenues are recognized over the school year and summer school periods. Sales of print materials are generally recognized when the product is shipped to or received by the customer. Beginning with the start of the new school year in the third fiscal quarter, GAAP net revenues began to follow more closely with the current year order volume trends.
VSL costs benefited from the reengineering and restructuring activities which were completed in 2012 and from ongoing efforts to right-size the business to ensure that resources are allocated to areas providing the highest earnings opportunity.
We expect sales of purely print-based products to continue to decline. Therefore, to stabilize order volumes and enable growth in future years, the company will focus its development efforts on technology solutions, especially those opportunities that help school districts implement the new Common Core State Standards or other State-based curriculum or assessment standards. We believe that the efficacy of our products and the transition of our existing content to technology-based learning solutions will eventually offset the weakness in our legacy print-based offerings and return the segment to growth. However, these products take a significant amount of time to develop and gain customer acceptance. Accordingly, we expect that overall VSL order volumes will continue to decline in 2014, although at a lower percentage than the 12% decline experienced in 2013. Due to the ongoing efforts to right-size the business and the planned transition to more profitable technology-based products, margins are expected to improve such that year-over-year earnings may not be negatively impacted by the order volume declines.
Learning A-Z
For the year ended December 31, 2013, Learning A-Z order volume exceeded the same period in 2012 by 28%. GAAP net revenues for Learning A-Z were higher by $7.3 million, or 27.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2013 from the same period in 2012, which was consistent with its order volume trends. Learning A-Z revenues are recognized pro rata over their subscription periods, which are generally for one year but can be for longer periods. Costs as a percentage of net revenues are higher in 2013 due to investments being made to fuel growth, primarily in sales and marketing.
Learning A-Z has realized double-digit order volume growth for several years and we believe this unit will continue to deliver strong growth. We believe that the value proposition offered by the Learning A-Z products will continue to be compelling due to quality content and award-winning technology. To facilitate this expected growth, we will make significant investments in our sales force and product development efforts. Learning A-Z products are aligned with the Common Core State Standards and this will continue to be a focus in future development. Costs as a percentage of net revenues are expected to be higher in 2014 than experienced in 2013 as a result of these investments.
ExploreLearning
For the year ended December 31, 2013, ExploreLearning has continued its trend of significant growth with order volumes exceeding prior year levels by 27%. GAAP net revenues for ExploreLearning were higher by $2.0 million, or 14.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2013 from the same period in 2012. ExploreLearning revenues are recognized pro rata over their subscription periods, which are generally for one year but can be for longer periods. Due to an increase in 2013 in the amount of multi-year agreements at ExploreLearning, the growth in GAAP net revenues lagged order volume growth. Costs as a percentage of net revenues are higher in 2013 due to investments we made to fuel growth, primarily in sales and marketing.
We believe that the value proposition offered by the ExploreLearning products will continue to be compelling due to quality content and award-winning technology and we expect strong growth in the coming years. As noted above, ExploreLearning’s 2013 order volumes included several large multi-year deals. Therefore, we believe that order volume growth from 2013 to 2014, while still strong, will be a lower percentage growth than that experienced from 2012 to 2013. To ensure that ExploreLearning is well positioned for expected future growth, we plan to make significant investments in 2014 in this segment for the enhancement of existing products, the development of new products, and the expansion of the sales force. Costs as a percentage of net revenues are expected to be higher in 2014 than experienced in 2013 as a result of these investments.
Kurzweil/IntelliTools
Order volumes in the Kurzweil/IntelliTools segment declined 13% for the year ended December 31, 2013 from the same period in 2012. The decline is due in part to a change in mix toward a subscription solution rather than a perpetual model (which would provide more first year revenues). Additionally, management believes that customers are increasingly meeting their special education and text-to-speech needs with free and low-priced, but less comprehensive, solutions.
GAAP net revenues for Kurzweil/IntelliTools declined by $0.8 million, or 7.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2013 from the same period in 2012, primarily due to the decline in order volume. The decline in net revenues was not as significant as the decline in order volume due to the recognition of prior year sales that are being recorded over the related subscription period. Costs have benefited from ongoing efforts to right-size the business to ensure that resources are allocated to areas of the business providing the highest earnings opportunity.
Going forward, the Company plans to continue to invest in improving the firefly offering which brings many of the capabilities of the Kurzweil 3000 product to the web. This subscription solution has shown strong year over year growth and high renewal rates and will continue to be the focus of the business unit. We believe that the strength of the firefly solution and potentially the development of other subscription-based products will eventually return the segment to growth, but we expect Kurzweil/IntelliTools order volumes to continue to decline in 2014. The decline in order volumes is expected to be at a lower percentage than the 13% decline experienced in 2013; however, the transition to subscription-based products where revenues are recognized pro rata over the subscription life will likely result in a decline in GAAP net revenues greater than the decline in order volumes. We expect any decline in order volumes or GAAP net revenues to reduce segment earnings.
Shared Services and Other
Shared services and other include accounting, legal, human resources and corporate related items, as well as depreciation and amortization expense, goodwill impairment, interest income and expense, other income and expense, and income taxes. The Company does not allocate any of these costs to its segments, and our chief operating decision maker evaluates the performance of operating segments excluding these items.
Year Ended December 31, 2013 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2012
Net revenues
Net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased $2.0 million, or 1.3%, to $150.5 million from $148.6 million in the same period for 2012 primarily due to continued growth in the Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning segments. This growth was partially offset by order volume declines in the VSL and Kurzweil/IntelliTools segments.
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The VSL segment’s product revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 declined $10.8 million, or 13.8%, to $67.6 million from $78.5 million in the same period for 2012 due to a decline in order volume. The VSL segment’s service revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased $4.3 million, or 23.5%, to $22.7 million from $18.4 million in the same period for 2012. This increase was primarily due to the performance of prior period service sales during 2013.
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The Learning A-Z segment’s net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased $7.3 million, or 27.9%, to $33.5 million from $26.2 million in the same period for 2012 due to continued order volume growth.
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The ExploreLearning segment’s net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased $2.0 million, or 14.0%, to $16.3 million from $14.3 million in the same period for 2012 due to continued order volume growth. The total impact of the increase in order volume in the ExploreLearning segment is not reflected in net revenues as a number of the deals are being recognized over multi-year subscription periods.
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The Kurzweil/IntelliTools segment’s net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 declined $0.8 million, or 7.2%, to $10.4 million from $11.2 million in the same period for 2012 due to a decline in order volume. The decline in net revenues was not as significant as the decline in order volume due to the recognition of prior year sales that are being recorded over the related subscription period.
Cost of revenues
Cost of product revenues include expenses to print, purchase, handle and warehouse product, as well as order processing and royalty costs. Cost of service revenues include costs to provide services and support to customers. Total cost of revenues, excluding amortization, for the year ended December 31, 2013 decreased $4.3 million, or 8.4%, to $46.7 million from $51.0 million in 2012. This decline in cost of revenues was primarily due to a decline in order volume in the VSL and Kurzweil/IntelliTools segments. 2012 cost of revenues include $1.6 million in charges related to our reengineering and restructuring initiative.
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The VSL segment’s cost of product revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 declined $2.7 million, or 10.2%, to $23.7 million from $26.4 million in the same period for 2012 due to a decline in order volume. The VSL segment’s cost of service revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 decreased $0.2 million, or 0.9%, to $17.5 million from $17.7 million in the same period for 2012.
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The Learning A-Z segment’s cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased $0.2 million, or 37.8%, to $0.9 million from $0.7 million in the same period for 2012.
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The ExploreLearning segment’s cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased $0.3 million, or 16.6%, to $2.2 million from $1.9 million in the same period for 2012.
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The Kurzweil/IntelliTools segment’s cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2013 declined $0.4 million, or 15.6%, to $2.3 million from $2.7 million in the same period for 2012 due to a decline in order volume.
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Cost of revenues for Shared Services for the year ended December 31, 2012 of $1.6 million was related to our re-engineering and restructuring efforts, primarily the outsourcing of our warehouse operations to a third party logistics firm.
Amortization expense
Amortization expense included in cost of revenues includes amortization for acquired pre-publication costs and technology, acquired publishing rights, and developed pre-publication and technology. Amortization for 2013 decreased $7.2 million, or 29.1%, to $17.5 million from $24.7 million in 2012 primarily due to the impairment losses that were recorded in the fourth quarter of 2012 which reduced the value of the assets being amortized. Additionally, a majority of our intangible assets are amortized using accelerated methodologies.
Research and development expense
Research and development expenditures include costs to research, evaluate and develop educational products, net of capitalization. Research and development expenses for year ended December 31, 2013 decreased $1.1 million, or 10.1%, to $9.8 million from $10.9 million in the same period of 2012. This decline was primarily due to cost savings from prior actions taken in the Voyager Sopris Learning segment and, to a lesser extent, 2013 cost management initiatives in the Kurzweil/IntelliTools segment. These savings were partially offset by increased investments in the Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning segments as we continue to reallocate resources to areas of the business providing the highest earnings opportunity.
Sales and marketing expense
Sales and marketing expenditures include all costs to maintain our various sales channels, including the salaries and commission paid to our sales force, and costs related to our advertising and marketing efforts. Sales and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2013 decreased $4.1 million, or 8.9%, to $42.2 million from $46.4 million in the same period of 2012. This decline was primarily due to cost savings from prior right-sizing and restructuring actions taken in the VSL segment and, to a lesser extent, 2013 cost management initiatives in the Kurzweil/IntelliTools segment. These savings were partially offset by increased investments in the Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning segments as we continue to reallocate resources to areas of the business providing the highest earnings opportunity.
General and administrative expense
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2013 decreased $0.1 million, or 0.4%, to $21.3 million from $21.4 million in the same period of 2012. This decline was primarily due to cost savings from prior actions taken in the Voyager
Sopris Learning segment and Shared Services. These savings were partially offset by increased investments in the Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning segments. 2013 general and administrative expense includes severance costs of $1.5 million, costs related to mergers and acquisitions of $0.7 million, stock based compensation and expense of $0.8 million and a loss of $0.1 million to reflect an increase in the estimated fair value of the contingent value rights (“CVR”) liability issued in connection with the merger. 2012 general and administrative expense includes severance costs of $0.6 million, costs related to mergers and acquisitions of $0.8 million, stock based compensation and expense of $0.6 million and a loss of $0.9 million to reflect an increase in the estimated fair value of the CVR liability issued in connection with the merger.
Shipping and handling costs
Shipping costs for the year ended December 31, 2013 decreased $1.1 million, or 39.2%, to $1.7 million from $2.8 million in 2012. This decline was primarily attributable to the decline in order volume of our legacy print-based products. Shipping costs in 2012 also included $0.4 million of charges incurred to move existing inventory from our Colorado warehouse to our third party logistics provider.
Depreciation and amortization expense
Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2013 decreased $1.3 million, or 20.8%, to $4.9 million from $6.2 million in the same period of 2012. This decrease is primarily due to our use of accelerated amortization methodologies for the majority of our assets. Additionally, depreciation and amortization expense declined from 2012 due to the impact of the impairments recognized on certain of our intangible assets during the fourth quarter of 2012 which reduced the value of the assets being depreciated.
Goodwill impairment
We review the carrying value of goodwill for impairment at least annually and whenever certain triggering events occur. For the year ended December 31, 2013, no impairments were indicated.
We determined during the second quarter of 2012 that the goodwill balance for the reporting unit comprising the Kurzweil and IntelliTools product lines from the former CLT segment was partially impaired. As such an impairment charge of $14.7 million was recorded. The goodwill impairment charge was primarily the result of lowered forecasts of future sales for that reporting unit.
As a result of our annual impairment review for the year ended December 31, 2012, the goodwill balance for the VSL segment was determined to be partially impaired, and an impairment charge of $52.2 million was recorded. Order volumes for the VSL segment declined in 2011 and 2012, and our estimates of future cash flows were impacted by expected continued funding pressure.
Impairment of long-lived assets
During 2013, we recorded impairments totaling $2.2 million for product lines and previously capitalized projects that were to be abandoned or deemed to have no ongoing value. See Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding these charges.
The 2012 decline in order volume and impact of expected continued funding pressure on our estimates of future cash flows within the VSL segment that resulted in a goodwill impairment were also considered triggering events to review the recoverability of certain definite-lived intangible assets associated with that segment. As a result of these analyses, total impairment charges related to our definite-lived intangible assets were $27.8 million for fiscal 2012. In 2012, we also recorded impairment charges of $4.4 million in connection with our reengineering and restructuring initiative. These impairments were due to an expected decline in the pattern of usage of certain assets related to our warehouse outsourcing and process reengineering activities. Additionally, we recorded impairment charges of $1.5 million related to pre-publication costs that were deemed to have no ongoing value.
Net interest expense
Net interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased $0.1 million, or 0.7%, to $18.8 million from $18.7 million in the same period of 2012. The increase in net interest expense was primarily due to a reduction in interest income on state tax receivables.
Income tax expense
In 2013, we recorded income tax expense of $0.2 million. We continue to maintain a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets, which eliminated the deferred tax benefit generated.
In 2012, we recorded income tax expense of $0.3 million. Tax expense is impacted by significant non-deductible charges, including the $66.9 million goodwill impairment charge. We continue to maintain a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets, which eliminated the deferred tax benefit generated.
See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the income tax expense recorded in each period.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Because sales seasonality affects operating cash flow, we normally incur a net cash deficit from all of our activities through the early part of the third quarter of the year. We typically fund these seasonal deficits through the drawdown of cash. The cash balance as of December 31, 2013 was $68.0 million. The primary sources of liquidity are our current cash balances and our annual cash flow from operations and the primary liquidity requirements relate to interest on our long-term debt, pre-publication costs, capital investments and working capital. We believe that based on current and anticipated levels of operating performance and cash flow from operations, we will be able to make required interest payments on our debt and fund our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for the next 12 months.
Long-term debt
In February 2011, the Company closed an offering of $175 million aggregate principal amount of 9.75% senior secured notes due 2017 (the “Notes”) and entered into an asset-based revolving credit facility with potential for up to $40 million in borrowing capacity. Deferred financing costs are capitalized in Other Assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, net of accumulated amortization, and are to be amortized over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method. Unamortized capitalized deferred financing costs at December 31, 2013 and 2012 were $4.5 million and $6.1 million, respectively.
Interest on the Notes accrues at a rate of 9.75% per annum from the date of original issuance and is payable semi-annually in arrears on each February 15 and August 15, to the holders of record of the Notes on the immediately preceding February 1 and August 1. No principal repayments are due until the maturity date of the Notes.
The Notes are secured by (i) a first priority lien on substantially all of the Company’s assets (other than inventory and accounts receivable and related assets of the ABL Credit Parties in connection with the ABL Facility (each as defined and discussed below) and subject to certain exceptions), including capital stock of the guarantors (which are certain of the Company’s subsidiaries), and (ii) a second-priority lien on substantially all of the inventory and accounts receivable and related assets of the ABL Credit Parties, in each case, subject to certain permitted liens. The Notes also contain customary covenants, including limitations on the Company’s ability to incur debt, and events of default as defined by the agreement. The Company may, at its option, redeem the Notes prior to their maturity based on the terms included in the agreement.
ABL Facility. In February 2011, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Cambium Learning, Inc. (together with its wholly owned subsidiaries, the “ABL Credit Parties”), entered into a credit facility (the “ABL Facility”) pursuant to a Loan and Security Agreement (the “ABL Loan Agreement”), by and among the ABL Credit Parties, Harris N.A., individually and as Agent (the “Agent”) for any ABL Lender (as hereinafter defined) which is or becomes a party to said ABL Loan Agreement, certain other lenders party thereto (together with Harris N.A. in its capacity as a lender, the “ABL Lenders”), Barclays Bank PLC, individually and as Collateral Agent, and BMO Capital Markets and Barclays Capital, as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Book Runners. The ABL Facility consists of a four-year $40.0 million revolving credit facility, which includes a $5.0 million subfacility for swing line loans and a $5.0 million subfacility for letters of credit. In addition, the ABL Facility provides that the ABL Credit Parties may increase the aggregate principal amount of the ABL Facility by up to an additional $20.0 million, subject to the consent of the Agent (whose consent shall not be unreasonably withheld) and subject to the satisfaction of certain other conditions.
The interest rate for the ABL Facility will be, at the ABL Credit Parties’ option, either an amount to be determined (ranging from 2.75% to 3.25%, depending upon the ABL Credit Parties’ fixed charge coverage ratio at the time) above the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or at an amount to be determined (ranging from 1.75% to 2.25%, depending upon the ABL Credit Parties’ fixed charge coverage ratio at the time) above the “base rate.” On any day, the base rate will be the greatest of (i) the Agent’s then-effective prime commercial rate, (ii) an average federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (iii) the LIBOR quoted rate plus 1.00%. The ABL Facility is, subject to certain exceptions, secured by a first-priority lien on the ABL Credit Parties’ inventory and accounts receivable and related assets and a second-priority lien (junior to the lien securing the ABL Credit Parties’ obligations with respect to the Notes) on substantially all of the ABL Credit Parties’ other assets.
As of December 31, 2013, the balances of accounts receivable and inventory collateralizing the ABL Facility were $15.8 million and $9.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, the Company had a borrowing base under the ABL Loan Agreement of up to $8.7 million.
Revolving loans under the ABL Facility may be used solely for (i) the satisfaction of existing indebtedness of the ABL Credit Parties under their prior senior secured credit facility and outstanding pursuant to their prior existing senior unsecured notes, (ii) general operating capital needs of the ABL Credit Parties in a manner consistent with the provisions of the ABL Facility and all applicable laws, (iii) working capital and other general corporate purposes in a manner consistent with the provisions of the ABL Facility and all applicable laws, (iv) the payment of certain fees and expenses incurred in connection with the ABL Facility and/or the Notes, and (v) other purposes permitted under the ABL Loan Agreement.
The ABL Credit Parties will be required to pay, quarterly in arrears, an unused line fee equal to the product of (x) either 0.375% or 0.50% (depending upon the ABL Credit Parties’ fixed charge coverage ratio at the time) and (y) the average daily unused amount of the revolver. The ABL Facility contains a financial covenant that generally requires the ABL Credit Parties to maintain, on a consolidated basis, either (i) excess availability of at least the greater of $8 million and 15% of the revolver commitment or (ii) a fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.1 to 1.0. As of December 31, 2013, we were in compliance with this covenant. Subsequent to year end, our excess availability and fixed charge coverage ratios fell below the required thresholds, which put us in a Trigger Period as defined under the ABL Facility agreement. On March 5, 2014, we notified our ABL lenders of our intent to terminate the ABL Facility and expect the termination to be effective within five days of this notification. As we do not currently have any funds outstanding under the facility and do not anticipate any borrowing needs in the near term, we do not expect this to have any impact on our liquidity.
Cash flows
Cash from operations is seasonal, with more cash generated in the second half of the year than in the first half of the year. Cash is historically generated during the second half of the year because the buying cycle of school districts generally starts at the beginning of each new school year in the fall. Cash provided by (used in) our operating, investing and financing activities is summarized below:
Operating activities. Cash provided by operating activities was $45.8 million and $10.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Overall, cash flow from operations improved by 35.5 million. A significant portion of the 2013 cash flow is related to the tax refunds received from the state of Michigan and the release of funds from escrow for a potential tax indemnity obligation which totaled $12.3 million and $3.0 million, respectively. A portion of these receipts were issued as the final payment to the holders of the CVRs as noted below in investing activities. Cash flow from operations was also positively impacted by earnings improvement, including the benefit of prior year cost reduction activities, and the absence in 2013 of the reengineering and restructuring activities which resulted in cash outflows of $4.1 million in 2012. Improved inventory management practices and the timing of accounts receivable collections also increased operating cash flows in 2013 relative to the same period in 2012.
Investing activities. Cash used in investing activities was $23.8 million and $17.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The increase in investing cash outflows is primarily due to the final CVR payment of $7.7 million in 2013 offset partially by a reduction in capital expenditures of $2.0 million.
Financing activities. Cash used in financing activities was $5.9 million and $3.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The cash flows in each period represent principal payments under capital lease obligations and share repurchases.
Non-GAAP Measures
The net loss as reported on a GAAP basis includes material non-operational and non-cash items. We believe that earnings (loss) from operations before interest, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization, or EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA, which further excludes non-operational and non-cash items, provide useful information for investors to assess the results of the ongoing business of the Company.
EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Revenues are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and may be different from similarly named, non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered a
substitute for, or superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. We believe that these non-GAAP measures provide useful information to investors because they reflect the underlying performance of the ongoing operations of the Company and provide investors with a view of the Company’s operations from management’s perspective. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Revenues remove significant purchase accounting, non-operational or certain non-cash items from earnings. We use Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Revenues to monitor and evaluate the operating performance of the Company and as the basis to set and measure progress towards performance targets, which directly affect compensation for employees and executives. We generally use these non-GAAP measures as measures of operating performance and not as measures of liquidity. Our presentation of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Revenues should not be construed as an indication that our future results will be unaffected by unusual, non-operational or non-cash items.
Below is a reconciliation between net loss and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.
a)
Under applicable accounting guidance for business combinations, an acquiring entity is required to recognize all of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a transaction at the acquisition date fair value. Net revenues have been reduced by $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 in the historical financial statements due to the write-down of deferred revenue to its estimated fair value as of the merger date. The write-down was determined by estimating the cost to fulfill the related future customer obligations plus a normal profit margin. Partially
offsetting this impact, cost of revenues were reduced for other purchase accounting adjustments, primarily a write-down of deferred costs to zero at the acquisition date. The adjustment of deferred revenue and deferred costs to fair value is required only at the purchase accounting date; therefore, its impact on net revenues and cost of revenues is non-recurring.
b)
In late 2011, we launched a reengineering and restructuring initiative to align our organizational and cost structure to our strategic goals. The financial goal of these actions was to provide savings to both improve earnings and to fund re-investment in growth areas of the business. During the year ended December 31, 2012, we recorded reengineering and restructuring charges of $8.4 million, including impairment charges of $4.4 million related to our leased facility in Frederick, Colorado and warehouse related assets and previously capitalized amounts that were determined to have no ongoing value.
c)
Costs are related to merger and acquisition activities including due diligence and other non-operational charges such as pension and severance costs for former employees.
d)
Stock-based compensation and expense is related to our outstanding options, restricted stock awards and warrants. This total also includes legal fees incurred in connection with the Company’s exchange offer which were recorded as consulting expenses and therefore were not included in stock-based compensation and expense as detailed in Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
e)
During 2008, we discovered certain irregularities relating to the control and use of cash and certain other general ledger items which resulted from a substantial misappropriation of assets over more than a three-year period beginning in 2004 and continuing through April 2008. These irregularities were perpetrated by a former employee, resulting in embezzlement losses, net of recoveries.
f)
For additional information on goodwill impairment charges, see Note 7 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.
g)
For additional information on Impairment of long-lived assets charges, see Note 7 and Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.
h)
Adjustments to the CVR liability as a result of amendments of the merger agreement and the related escrow agreement, the expiration of the statute of limitations on potential tax liabilities and changes in likelihood of collecting potential tax receivables included in the estimate of the fair value of the CVRs.
i)
Severance charges recorded in connection with the management transition completed in the first quarter of 2013.
Capital Expenditures and Cash Flow Outlook
Capital spending in 2014 is expected to increase relative to 2013 as we continue to invest in new product development and product enhancements in each segment. The capital expenditures disclosed for each segment represent development expenses, primarily developed curriculum and capitalized software. The general capital expenditures are recorded in Other and represent expenditures that benefit the entire Company such as back-office systems, computer equipment or office furniture.
On March 19, 2013, our board of directors extended the existing share repurchase program for an additional one year period (through July 5, 2014) and reset the remaining authorization to $5 million. Throughout the remainder of 2013 we made share repurchases totaling $4.4 million. To date in the first quarter of 2014, we have repurchased another $0.3 million under the repurchase program. $0.3 million remains under the repurchase program.
On December 23, 2013, we acquired certain assets of Headsprout from Mimio, LLC for $4.0 million. Of the total purchase price, $3.6 million was paid in January 2014 and the remaining $0.4 million will be paid 18 months after the closing date subject to the holdback provisions of the purchase agreement.
We believe that current cash and cash equivalents and cash generated from operations will be adequate to fund the working capital and capital expenditures necessary to support our currently expected sales for the foreseeable future.
Commitments and Contractual Obligations
We have various contractual obligations which are recorded as liabilities in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Other items, such as certain purchase commitments and other executory contracts, are not recognized as liabilities in our Consolidated Financial Statements but are required to be disclosed.
We have letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2013 in the amount of $2.9 million to support the build-to-suit lease, credit collections, and performance bonds for certain contracts. We maintain a $1.1 million certificate of deposit as collateral for the letters of credit relating to the workers’ compensation activity and Automated Clearinghouse (ACH) programs. We also maintain a $0.9 million money market fund investment as collateral for our travel card program. The certificate of deposit and money market fund investment are recorded in Other Assets.
As of December 31, 2013, we have $11.4 million in obligations with respect to our pension plan. For further information, see Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.
As of December 31, 2013, we have approximately $0.9 million of long-term income tax liabilities that have a high degree of uncertainty regarding the timing of the future cash outflows. We are unable to reasonably estimate the years when settlement will occur with the respective tax authorities.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The Company has no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on the Company’s financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, which require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities.
On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to accounting for revenue recognition, impairment, capitalization and depreciation, allowances for doubtful accounts and sales returns, inventory reserves, and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that may not be readily available from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates, which could have a material impact on our financial statements.
Certain accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. We consider the following to be critical accounting policies due to the judgment involved in each. For a detailed discussion of our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included herein.
Revenue Recognition.
Voyager Sopris Learning
Revenues for our VSL segment are derived from sales of literacy and math educational solutions and services to school districts. Sales include printed materials, interactive web-based programs and online educational content, courseware, training and implementation services, school improvement services, and professional development. Revenue from the sale of printed materials is recognized when the product is shipped to or received by the customer, depending on the shipping terms of the arrangement. Revenue for interactive web-based programs and online educational content, which may be sold separately or included with printed curriculum materials, courseware and school improvement services are recognized ratably over the subscription or contractual period, typically a school year. Professional services such as training, implementation and professional development are recognized over the period services are delivered.
The division of revenue between printed materials, materials and programs accessed online, and ongoing support and services is determined in accordance with the accounting guidance for revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables. Under this guidance, we are required to allocate revenue among the deliverables in an arrangement using the relative selling price method. The guidance requires use of a selling price hierarchy for determining the selling price of each deliverable, which includes (1) vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”), if available, (2) third party evidence (“TPE”), if VSOE is not available, and (3) best estimate of selling
price (“BESP”), if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. The objective of BESP is to determine the price at which we would transact a sale if the product or service were sold on a stand-alone basis.
We are not able to establish VSOE for each deliverable. Whenever VSOE cannot be established, we review the offerings of competitors to determine whether TPE can be established. TPE is determined based on the prices charged by our competitors for a similar deliverable when sold separately. It may be difficult to obtain sufficient information on competitor pricing to substantiate TPE and therefore we may not always be able to use TPE. We also use BESP to determine the selling price of certain deliverables, primarily for certain printed materials which have historically been priced on a bundled basis with related online materials. The determination of BESP considers the anticipated margin on that deliverable, the selling price and profit margin for similar parts or services, and our ongoing pricing strategy and policies. We analyze the selling prices used in the allocation of arrangement consideration at least annually. Selling prices are analyzed on a more frequent basis if a significant change in the business necessitates a more timely analysis or if we experience significant variances in selling prices.
In some cases, such as our blended learning solution Language! Live, printed materials and related services do not qualify as separate units of accounting. When this occurs, all deliverables associated with the sale are recognized over the life of the on-line subscription which is typically a school year.
We enter into agreements to license or sell certain publishing rights and content. We recognize the revenue from these agreements when the license amount is fixed and determinable, collection is reasonably assured, and when either the license period, if applicable, has commenced or transfer of content, if applicable, has occurred. Shipments to school book depositories are on consignment and revenue is recognized based on shipments from the depositories to the schools.
Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning
The Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning segments derive revenue exclusively from sales of online subscriptions to their reading, math and science teaching websites and related training and professional development. Typically, the subscriptions are for a twelve month period (although they can be for longer periods) and the revenue is recognized ratably over the period the online access is available to the customer. Any training or professional development related to an online subscription is recognized over the same period of online access.
Kurzweil/IntelliTools
The Kurzweil/Intellitools segment derives revenue from either an online subscription or from the delivery of software or hardware. Subscription revenues are recognized ratably over the period the online access is available to the customer. Software and hardware sales are recognized when shipped or provided to customers. Maintenance and support services for the Company’s software can include telephone support, bug fixes, and, for certain products, rights to upgrades and enhancements on a when-and-if available basis. On-line services include access to digital content including literacy tools, cloud storage and the ability to individualize assignments. These services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the period they are provided. In certain instances, telephone support and software repairs are provided for free within the first three months of licensing the software. The cost of providing this service is insignificant, and is accrued at the time of revenue recognition.
Impairment of Goodwill. We review the carrying value of goodwill for impairment at least annually and if a triggering event is determined to have occurred in an interim period. Our annual analysis is performed as of October 1.
Relevant accounting guidance provides entities with the option of performing a “qualitative” assessment to determine if it is more-likely-than-not that goodwill might be impaired or a quantitative two-step goodwill impairment test. For the two-step quantitative impairment test, the fair value of each reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of that unit, goodwill is not impaired and no further testing is required. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of that unit, then a second step must be performed to determine the implied fair value of the reporting entity’s goodwill. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then an impairment loss equal to the difference is recorded.
Determining the fair value of a reporting unit is judgmental in nature, and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions may include revenue growth rates and operating margins used to calculate projected future cash flows, risk-adjusted discount rates, future economic and market conditions, and determination of appropriate market comparables. In addition, we make certain judgments and assumptions in allocating shared assets and liabilities to determine the carrying values of our reporting units.
We performed our goodwill impairment review in 2013 using four reporting units: Voyager Sopris Learning; Learning A-Z; ExploreLearning; and Kurzweil/IntelliTools. The following table details the goodwill balances at December 31, 2013 by reporting unit:
When performing the two-step quantitative impairment test for all periods presented, we first determined the fair market value of each reporting unit to be tested using a weighted income and market approach. The income approach was dependent on multiple assumptions and estimates, including future cash flow projections with a terminal value multiple and the discount rate used to determine the expected present value of the estimated future cash flows. Future cash flow projections were based on management’s best estimates of economic and market conditions over the projected period, including industry fundamentals such as the state of educational funding, revenue growth rates, future costs and operating margins, working capital needs, capital and other expenditures, and tax rates. The discount rate applied to the future cash flows was a weighted-average cost of capital and took into consideration market and industry conditions, returns for comparable companies, the rate of return an outside investor would expect to earn, and other relevant factors. The fair values of each reporting unit also took into consideration a market approach, based on historical and projected multiples of certain guideline companies. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of that unit for the first step of the impairment test, then a second step was performed to determine the implied fair value of the reporting entity’s goodwill. The second step of the impairment test requires the allocation of the fair value of a reporting unit to all of the assets and liabilities of that reporting unit as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then an impairment loss equal to the difference is recorded. No impairment was indicated as a result of our 2013 annual impairment analysis.
Impairment of Long Lived Assets. We review the carrying value of long lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate net book value may not be recoverable from the estimated undiscounted future cash flows. If our review indicates any assets are impaired, the impairment of those assets is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value as estimated by discounted cash flows. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less cost of disposal. For fiscal year 2013, we recorded total impairment of long-lived asset charges of $2.2 million. For further information on these charges see Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Pre-Publication Costs. We capitalize certain pre-publication costs of our curriculum, including art, prepress, editorial, and other costs incurred in the creation of the master copy of our curriculum products. Pre-publication costs are amortized over the expected life of the education program, generally on an accelerated basis over a period of five years. The amortization methods and periods chosen reflect the expected revenues generated by the education programs. We periodically review the recoverability of the capitalized costs based on expected net realizable value. For fiscal year 2013, we recorded impairment charges of $0.6 million related to expenditures capitalized as pre-publication costs for projects that were subsequently abandoned.
Accounts Receivable. Accounts receivable are stated net of allowances for doubtful accounts and estimated sales returns. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on a review of the outstanding balances and historical collection experience. The reserve for sales returns is based on historical rates of returns as well as other factors that in our judgment could reasonably be expected to cause sales returns to differ from historical experience. Actual bad debt write-offs and returns could differ from our estimates.
Inventory. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost, determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method, or market, and consists of finished goods. We reduce slow-moving or obsolete inventory to net realizable value. Inventory values are maintained at an amount that management considers appropriate based on factors such as the inventory aging, historical usage of the product, future sales forecasts, and product development plans. These factors involve management’s judgment and changes in estimates could result in increases or decreases to the inventory values. The impact of a one percentage point change in the amount of inventory considered to be excess or obsolete would have resulted in an increase or decrease in cost of revenues of approximately $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Inventory values are reviewed on a periodic basis.
Income Taxes. Provision is made for the expense, or benefit, associated with taxes based on income. The provision for income taxes is based on laws currently enacted in every jurisdiction in which we do business and considers laws mitigating the taxation of the same income by more than one jurisdiction. Significant judgment is required in determining income tax expense, current tax receivables and payables, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and valuation allowance recorded against the net deferred tax assets.
Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, taxable income in prior carryback years, loss carryforward limitations, and tax planning strategies in assessing whether deferred tax assets will be realized in future periods. If, after consideration of these factors, management believes it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable could be reduced if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced.
We recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit. The second step requires us to estimate and measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate these amounts, since this requires management to determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We reevaluate our uncertain tax positions on a periodic basis, based on factors such as changes in facts and circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit and new audit activity.
Recently Issued Financial Accounting Standards
Information regarding recently issued accounting standards is included in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which is included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 7A.
Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
This item is not required for a smaller reporting company.
Item 8.
Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
Cambium Learning Group, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cambium Learning Group, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”), as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2013. The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2013 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
/s/ Whitley Penn LLP
Dallas, Texas
March 6, 2014
Cambium Learning Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
Cambium Learning Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
Cambium Learning Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
Cambium Learning Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
Cambium Learning Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.
Cambium Learning Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1 - Basis of Presentation
Cambium Learning Group, Inc. Cambium Learning Group, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in June 2009. On December 8, 2009, the Company completed the mergers of Voyager Learning Company (“VLCY”) and VSS-Cambium Holdings II Corp. (“Cambium”) into two of its wholly-owned subsidiaries, resulting in VLCY and Cambium becoming wholly-owned subsidiaries. Following the completion of the mergers, all of the outstanding capital stock of VLCY’s operating subsidiaries, Voyager Expanded Learning, Inc. and LAZEL, Inc., was transferred to Cambium Learning, Inc., Cambium’s operating subsidiary (“Cambium Learning”). The transaction was accounted for as an “acquisition” of VLCY by Cambium, as that term is used under U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), for accounting and financial reporting purposes under the applicable accounting guidance for business combinations.
Fiscal Year. The consolidated financial statements present the Company as of a calendar year ending on December 31.
Nature of Operations and Segments. The Company is a leading educational solutions and services company that is committed to helping every student reach their full potential by providing evidence-based solutions and expert professional services to empower educators and raise the achievement levels of all students. The Company’s brands include: Voyager Sopris Learning, Learning A-Z, ExploreLearning, and Kurzweil Educational Systems and IntelliTools. Together, these business units provide best-in-class intervention and supplemental instructional materials; gold-standard professional development and school-improvement services; breakthrough technology solutions for online learning and professional support; valid and reliable assessments; and proven materials to support a positive and safe school environment.
These brands comprise four reportable segments with separate management teams and infrastructures that offer various products and services: Voyager Sopris Learning, Learning A-Z, ExploreLearning and Kurzweil/IntelliTools. Prior to the first quarter of 2013, the Company operated in two reportable segments, Voyager Sopris Learning and Cambium Learning Technologies. The Company’s historical segment reporting results have been reclassified for comparative purposes to reflect the current organizational structure.
Voyager Sopris Learning:
Voyager Sopris Learning (“VSL”) is a comprehensive provider of research-based education solutions and online learning tools-including curriculum products, personalized professional development, assessment, and school improvement/turnaround services. With the ultimate goal of advancing student achievement, VSL partners with PreK-12 schools to build teaching and leadership capacity, keep students on track, and accelerate struggling students to grade-level proficiency. VSL’s products include the work of world-renowned researchers and education leaders.
Learning A-Z:
Learning A-Z is a preK-6 educational resource company specializing in online delivery of leveled readers and other supplementary curriculum. Founded in 2002 to help teachers differentiate instruction and meet the unique needs of all students, Learning A-Z’s resources are currently used in over two thirds of the elementary schools in the United States and in 177 countries worldwide. In addition to general classroom use, Learning A-Z serves a wide range of student need, including English Language Learners, Response to Intervention, Special Education, and more. Learning A-Z’s value proposition focuses on three key things:
·
Saving teachers time, giving them all the resources they need, all online, all accessible at the click of a mouse
·
Saving teachers money, delivering thousands of resources for a fraction of the cost of print and other online providers
·
Supporting student achievement through differentiated instruction, ensuring the right high-quality resources for every PreK-6 student
Winner of more than 15 industry awards in 2013 alone, Learning A-Z’s subscription-based websites provide online supplemental books, lessons, assessments, and other instructional resources for individual classrooms, schools, and districts. These solutions include: Reading A-Z, Raz-Kids, Science A-Z, Writing A-Z, Vocabulary A-Z, Headsprout Early Reading and Headsprout Comprehension.
ExploreLearning:
ExploreLearning develops online solutions to improve student learning in math and science. ExploreLearning currently has two products: Gizmos, the world’s largest library of interactive, online simulations for math and science in grades 3-12; and Reflex, a
powerful solution available for math fact fluency development. Gizmos and Reflex bring research-proven instructional strategies to classrooms around the world.
Kurzweil/IntelliTools:
The Kurzweil/IntelliTools reporting segment includes the Kurzweil Educational Systems and IntelliTools product lines.
Kurzweil Educational Systems is recognized as the leading developer of literacy software for people with learning differences such as dyslexia, attention deficit disorder, and those who are English Language Learners as well as those who are blind or visually impaired. Kurzweil provides complete reading, study skills, writing, and test taking support for students. For over 30 years the company has been driven by the vision to serve the needs of struggling learners to enable them to reach their full potential. We offer products that bring the power and pleasure of reading and learning to the lives of users, striving to enhance learning and expand literacy. Kurzweil Educational Systems is committed to providing research-based solutions that help educators raise the achievement levels of preK-12 students as well as adult learning communities.
IntelliTools offers hardware products that target students with physical, visual and cognitive disabilities that make using a standard keyboard and mouse difficult. IntelliTools also offers software products that target elementary and middle school special education students struggling with reading and math.
Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Subsequent actual results may differ from those estimates.
Principles of Consolidation. The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries: Voyager Learning Company, Voyager Sopris Learning, Inc., LAZEL, Inc., Cambium Learning, Inc., and Kurzweil/IntelliTools, Inc. All inter-company accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
Revenue Recognition.
Voyager Sopris Learning
Revenues for the Company’s VSL segment are derived from sales of literacy and math educational solutions and services to school districts. Sales include printed materials, interactive web-based programs and online educational content, courseware, training and implementation services, school improvement services, and professional development. Revenue from the sale of printed materials is recognized when the product is shipped to or received by the customer, depending on the shipping terms of the arrangement. Revenue for interactive web-based programs and online educational content, which may be sold separately or included with printed curriculum materials, courseware and school improvement services are recognized ratably over the subscription or contractual period, typically a school year. Professional services such as training, implementation and professional development are recognized over the period services are delivered.
Printed materials, materials and programs accessed online, and ongoing support and services generally qualify as separate units of accounting and the division of revenue among these units is determined in accordance with the accounting guidance for revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables. Under this guidance, the Company is required to allocate revenue among the deliverables in an arrangement using the relative selling price method. The guidance requires use of a selling price hierarchy for determining the selling price of each deliverable, which includes (1) vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”), if available, (2) third party evidence (“TPE”), if VSOE is not available, and (3) best estimate of selling price (“BESP”), if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. The objective of BESP is to determine the price at which the Company would transact a sale if the product or service were sold on a stand-alone basis.
The Company is not able to establish VSOE for each deliverable. Whenever VSOE cannot be established, the Company reviews the offerings of competitors to determine whether TPE can be established. TPE is determined based on the prices charged by the Company’s competitors for a similar deliverable when sold separately. It may be difficult to obtain sufficient information on competitor pricing to substantiate TPE and therefore the Company may not always be able to use TPE. The Company also uses BESP to determine the selling price of certain deliverables, primarily for certain printed materials which have historically been priced on a bundled basis with related online materials. The determination of BESP considers the anticipated margin on that deliverable, the selling price and profit margin for similar parts or services, and the Company’s ongoing pricing strategy and policies. The Company
analyzes the selling prices used in the allocation of arrangement consideration at least annually. Selling prices are analyzed on a more frequent basis if a significant change in the business necessitates a more timely analysis or if the Company experiences significant variances in selling prices.
In some cases, such as the Company’s blended learning solution Language! Live, printed materials and related services do not qualify as separate units of accounting. When this occurs, all deliverables associated with the sale are recognized over the life of the on-line subscription which is typically a school year.
The Company enters into agreements to license or sell certain publishing rights and content. The Company recognizes the revenue from these agreements when the license amount is fixed and determinable, collection is reasonably assured, and when either the license period, if applicable, has commenced or transfer of content, if applicable, has occurred. Shipments to school book depositories are on consignment and revenue is recognized based on shipments from the depositories to the schools.
Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning
The Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning segments derive revenue exclusively from sales of online subscriptions to their reading, math and science teaching websites and related training and professional development. Typically, the subscriptions are for a twelve month period (although they can be for longer periods) and the revenue is recognized ratably over the period the online access is available to the customer. Any training or professional development related to an online subscription is recognized over the same period of online access.
Kurzweil/IntelliTools
The Kurzweil/Intellitools segment derives revenue from either an online subscription or from the delivery of software or hardware. Subscription revenues are recognized ratably over the period the online access is available to the customer. Software and hardware sales are recognized when shipped or provided to customers. Maintenance and support services for the Company’s software can include telephone support, bug fixes, and, for certain products, rights to upgrades and enhancements on a when-and-if available basis. On-line services include access to digital content including literacy tools, cloud storage and the ability to individualize assignments. These services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the period they are provided. In certain instances, telephone support and software repairs are provided for free within the first three months of licensing the software. The cost of providing this service is insignificant, and is accrued at the time of revenue recognition.
Accounts Receivable. Accounts receivable are stated net of allowances for doubtful accounts and estimated sales returns. The allowance for doubtful accounts and estimated sales returns totaled $0.7 million and $0.4 million at yearend 2013 and 2012, respectively. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on a review of the outstanding balances and historical collection experience. The reserve for sales returns is based on historical rates of returns as well as other factors that in the Company’s judgment could reasonably be expected to cause sales returns to differ from historical experience. A reconciliation of the accounts receivable reserve is shown in the table below for the periods indicated:
(1)
Changes in sales return reserve.
Net Loss per Common Share. Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period including a warrant for shares issuable for little or no cash consideration which is considered a common share equivalent. Diluted net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, including the potential dilution that could occur if all of the Company’s outstanding stock awards that are in-the-money were exercised, using the treasury stock method. A reconciliation of the weighted average number of common shares and equivalents outstanding used in the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per common share is shown in the table below for the periods indicated:
Cash and Cash Equivalents. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less (when purchased) to be cash equivalents. The carrying amount reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets approximates fair value.
Inventory. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost, determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method, or market, and consists of finished goods. The Company reduces slow-moving or obsolete inventory to net realizable value. Inventory values are maintained at an amount that management considers appropriate based on factors such as the inventory aging, historical usage of the product, future sales forecasts, and product development plans. Inventory values are reviewed on a periodic basis.
Restricted Assets. Restricted assets consist of funds placed in a rabbi trust pursuant to the merger agreement for the purpose of funding certain obligations acquired in the VLCY merger, mostly deferred compensation, pension, and employee related obligations, and, at December 31, 2012, an escrow of funds subject to the Contingent Value Rights (“CVR”) described in Note 13.
Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed over the assets’ estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Estimated lives are as follows.
Expenditures for maintenance and repairs, as well as minor renewals, are charged to operations as incurred, while improvements and major renewals are capitalized.
Purchased and Developed Software. Purchased and developed software includes the costs to purchase third party software and to develop internal-use software, which includes software as a service offered to customers with an online subscription. The Company follows applicable guidance for the costs of computer software developed or obtained for internal use for capitalizing software projects. Software costs are amortized over the expected economic life of the product, generally three to five years. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, unamortized capitalized software was $14.4 million and $14.8 million, respectively, which included amounts of software under development of $1.1 million and 3.5 million, respectively.
Acquired Curriculum and Technology. Acquired curriculum and technology represents curriculum and developed technology acquired in the acquisitions of Headsprout in 2013, VLCY in 2009, and Cambium Learning in 2007 and is the initial purchase accounting value placed on the past development and refinement of the core methodologies, processes, measurement techniques, and technologies by which the Company structures curriculum. Prior to its impairment in the fourth quarter of 2013, acquired curriculum and technology also included assets acquired in the acquisition of Class.com in 2011. Acquired curriculum and technology is being amortized using an accelerated method over six to seven years, as it has an economic benefit declining over the estimated useful life. The Company periodically reviews the recoverability of the acquired curriculum and technology based on expected net realizable value, and generally retires the assets once fully depreciated. Acquired curriculum and technology is presented net of accumulated amortization of $15.1 million and $12.7 million as of yearend 2013 and 2012, respectively.
See Note 7 and Note 13 herein for further discussion of the Company’s review of its acquired curriculum and technology assets and the related impairment charge recognized in the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.
Acquired Publishing Rights. A publishing right allows the Company to publish and republish existing and future works, as well as transform, adapt, or create new works based on previously published materials. The Company determines the fair market value of the publishing rights arising from business combinations by discounting the after-tax cash flows projected to be derived from the publishing rights and titles to their net present value using a rate of return that accounts for the time value of money and the appropriate degree of risk. The useful life of the publishing rights is based on the lives of the various titles involved, which is generally ten years. The Company calculates amortization using either the straight-line method or the percentage of the projected discounted cash flows derived from the titles in the current year as a percentage of the total estimated discounted cash flows over the remaining useful life. The Company periodically reviews the recoverability of the publishing rights based on expected net realizable value, and generally retires the assets once fully depreciated. Acquired publishing rights are presented net of accumulated amortization of $21.5 million and $18.6 million as of yearend 2013 and 2012, respectively.
See Note 7 herein for further discussion of the Company’s review of its acquired publishing rights and the related impairment charge recognized in the year ended December 31, 2012.
Pre-Publication Costs. The Company capitalizes certain pre-publication costs of its curriculum including art, prepress, editorial, and other costs incurred in the creation of the master copy of its curriculum products. Pre-publication costs are amortized over the expected life of the education program, generally on an accelerated basis over a period of five years. The amortization methods and periods chosen reflect the expected sales generated by the education programs. The Company periodically reviews the recoverability of the capitalized costs based on expected net realizable value, and generally retires the assets once fully depreciated. Pre-publication costs are presented net of accumulated amortization of $18.3 million and $13.2 million as of yearend 2013 and 2012, respectively. Interest capitalized during 2013 and 2012 totaled $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively. During 2013 and 2012, the Company recorded impairment charges of $0.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively, related to expenditures capitalized as pre-publication costs for projects that were subsequently abandoned or determined to have no ongoing benefit to the Company.
See Note 13 herein for further discussion of the Company’s review of its pre-publication costs and the related impairment charges recognized in the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. Goodwill and other intangible assets are related to the acquisitions of Headsprout in 2013, VLCY in 2009, and Cambium Learning in 2007. Other intangible assets include tradenames/trademarks, reseller networks, customer relationships/lists, and conference attendee relationships, which are being amortized on a straight-line basis over estimated lives ranging from six to sixteen years. Other intangible assets are presented net of accumulated amortization of $19.6 million and $17.8 million as of yearend 2013 and 2012, respectively. Prior to its impairment in the fourth quarter of 2013, other intangible assets also included assets acquired in the acquisition of Class.com in 2011.
See Note 7 and Note 13 herein for further discussion of the Company’s review of goodwill and other intangible assets and the related impairment charges recognized in the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.
Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 was broken out as follows:
Impairment of Long Lived Assets. The Company reviews the carrying value of definite-lived long lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate net book value may not be recoverable from the estimated undiscounted future cash flows. If the review indicates any assets are impaired, the impairment of those assets is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value as estimated by either quoted market prices or discounted cash flows. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less cost of disposal. The determination whether the Company’s definite-lived intangible assets are impaired involves significant assumptions and estimates, including projections of future cash flows, the percentage of future revenues and cash flows attributable to the intangible assets, asset lives used to generate future cash flows, and royalty relief savings attributable to trademarks. The impairments recognized in 2013 and 2012 are discussed in Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Deferred Costs. Certain up-front costs associated with completing the sale of the Company’s products are deferred and recognized as the related revenue is recognized.
Advertising Costs. The Company may ship products to prospective customers as samples. Samples costs are expensed to sales and marketing expense upon shipment and totaled $1.1 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Other costs of advertising, which include advertising, print, and photography expenses, are expensed as incurred and totaled $1.6 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The Company recognizes catalog expense when the catalog is mailed to potential customers.
Income Taxes. Provision is made for the expense, or benefit, associated with taxes based on income. The provision for income taxes is based on laws currently enacted in every jurisdiction in which the Company does business and considers laws mitigating the taxation of the same income by more than one jurisdiction. Significant judgment is required in determining income tax expense, current tax receivables and payables, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and valuation allowance recorded against the net deferred tax assets. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, taxable income in prior carryback years, loss carryforward limitations, and tax planning strategies in assessing whether deferred tax assets will be realized in future periods. If, after consideration of these factors, management believes it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable could be reduced if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced.
The Company recognizes liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit. The second step requires the Company to estimate and measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company reevaluates its uncertain tax positions on a periodic basis, based on factors such as changes in facts and circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit and new audit activity. The Company accrues interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.
Royalty Advances. Royalty advances to authors are capitalized and represent amounts paid in advance of the sale of an author’s product. These costs are then expensed as the related publication is sold. The Company evaluates advances periodically to determine if they are expected to be utilized and reserves any portion of a royalty advance that is not expected to be recovered.
Sales Taxes. The Company reports sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis. Sales tax collected from customers is excluded from revenues. Collected but unremitted sales tax is included as part of Accrued Expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Stock-Based Compensation. The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation in accordance with applicable accounting guidance for share-based payments. This guidance requires all share-based payments to be recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations based on their fair values. Compensation costs for awards with graded vesting are recognized on a straight-line basis over the anticipated vesting period.
Recently Issued Financial Accounting Standards. In July 2013, new guidance was issued which states that an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward. This guidance is effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2013. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a significant impact on the Company’s results of operations or financial position.
Note 3 - Embezzlement Related Expense
On April 26, 2008, the Company began an internal investigation that revealed irregularities over the control and use of cash and certain other general ledger accounts of the Company, revealing a misappropriation of assets, or embezzlement. These irregularities were perpetrated by a former employee over more than a three-year period beginning in 2004 and continuing through April 2008 with total embezzlement losses of approximately $14.0 million. Charges included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations after April 2008 represent expenses incurred by the Company to recover property purchased by the former employee using the embezzled funds, net of any recoveries.
During the third quarter of 2013, the Company substantially completed the recovery and sale of property related to the employee embezzlement matter. The net expense recorded in the year ended December 31, 2013 was primarily due to reductions in the carrying value of the recovered property to the final sales price.
The number of shares of common stock issuable under a warrant held by VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC is increased based on the cash recoveries, net of related expenses, that the Company receives or received on and after June 1, 2009. The number of shares to be issued under the warrant equals 0.45 multiplied by the quotient of the net cash recovery divided by $6.50. As a result of the recoveries of $0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2013, shares under the warrant were increased by 17,864. Additionally, as the number of shares exercisable under the warrant is now substantially finalized and no other significant contingencies remain, these awards have been reclassified from Other Liabilities to Capital Surplus in the Consolidated Balance Sheet in accordance with relevant GAAP.
During the year ended December 31, 2012, the net expense recognized related to the embezzlement matter was due to a reduction in the estimated sales price of the recovered properties partially offset by a corresponding decline in the warrant liability. As a result of the recoveries during 2012, the number of shares of common stock issuable under the warrant was increased by 130,490 shares. Also, as the Company would be required to issue additional shares under the warrant when the final recovered property was sold, the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2012 included Accrued Expenses of $0.1 million and Assets Held for Sale of $0.4 million.
See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the warrant.
Note 4 - Acquisition of Headsprout
On December 23, 2013, LAZEL, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company completed the acquisition of certain assets of Headsprout from Mimio, LLC. Headsprout has patented and award-winning adaptive software titles. The software has earned industry-wide respect for its effort in improving reading skills for students. Currently used in thousands of classrooms, learning labs, and homes, Headsprout became part of Learning A-Z's larger reading offering and is marketed and sold as Headsprout Early Reading and Headsprout Reading Comprehension. The Company believes the acquisition will be beneficial as it will increase its digital subscription product offerings and the purchased assets add proven, student-facing phonics and comprehension resources to its Learning A-Z segment. Due to the timing of the transaction and future integration activities, the acquisition did not significantly impact net income in 2013 and is not expected to be accretive to the Company’s net income in 2014.
The transaction was accounted for as a purchase transaction with the Company acquiring certain of Headsprout’s assets for $4.0 million. Of the total purchase price, $3.6 million was paid in January 2014 and the remaining $0.4 million will be paid 18 months after the closing date subject to the holdback provisions of the purchase agreement. Therefore, this acquisition was treated as a non-cash transaction for the purposes of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included herein. The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company include the results of Headsprout from December 23, 2013, the date of acquisition. The following represents the allocation of the purchase price:
The Goodwill resulting from this acquisition is not expected to be tax deductible.
Other identified intangibles acquired consist of the following:
Supplemental Pro Forma Information
After the December 23, 2013 acquisition date, the Headsprout acquisition did not make a contribution to the 2013 results of the Company’s Learning A-Z segment. The following unaudited supplemental pro forma information presents the results of operations as if the Headsprout acquisition occurred at the beginning of the reporting period:
The supplemental pro forma information has been adjusted to include:
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the pro forma impact of the amortization of intangible assets and the reduction in deferred revenue based on the purchase price allocation and
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the pro forma tax effect of the merger, which was adjusted to remain consistent with the tax rate of the Company.
The pro forma results are presented for illustrative purposes only and do not reflect the realization of potential cost savings, or any integration costs. These pro forma results do not purport to be indicative of the results that would have actually been obtained if the acquisition occurred at the beginning of the respective reporting periods, nor is the pro forma data intended to be a projection of future results.
Note 5 - Income Taxes
Losses before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 were primarily attributable to the United States.
Income tax expense attributable to income included the following:
Reconciliation of income tax expense and the domestic federal statutory income tax benefit is as follows:
Deferred income taxes are primarily provided for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities.
The tax effects of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that give rise to a significant portion of deferred tax assets (liabilities) at the end of fiscal 2013 and 2012 were as follows:
The deferred tax asset (liability) is classified as follows:
The net increase in the valuation allowance in 2013 and 2012 was $4.8 million and $24.3 million, respectively. The valuation allowance increased primarily because it offset the increase in the deferred tax asset derived from pre-tax losses. As of December 31, 2013, there is no amount of the valuation allowance for which subsequently recognized benefits will be allocated to reduce goodwill.
At December 31, 2013, the amounts and expiration dates of loss and tax credit carryforwards were as follows:
(1)
$27.8 million of the U.S net operating loss (NOL) above is related to the VLCY acquisition. The utilization of this NOL is subject to an annual limitation of $7.1 million.
Income taxes paid, net of tax refunds, were $0.1 million and $0.5 million for fiscal years 2013 and 2012, respectively.
Uncertain Tax Positions
The Company recognizes the financial statement impacts of a tax return position when it is more likely than not, based on technical merits, that the position will ultimately be sustained. For tax positions that meet this recognition threshold, the Company applies judgment, taking into account applicable tax laws, experience managing tax audits and relevant GAAP, to determine the amount of tax benefits to recognize in the financial statements. For each position, the difference between the benefit realized on the Company’s tax return and the benefit reflected in the financial statements is recorded to Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as an unrecognized tax benefit (“UTB”). The Company updates its UTBs at each financial statement date to reflect the impacts of audit settlements and other resolution of audit issues, expiration of statutes of limitation, developments in tax law and ongoing discussions with tax authorities.
A reconciliation of the change in the UTB balance from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2013, and January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012, is as follows:
Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2013 are approximately $0.9 million of tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. The recognition of the remaining uncertain tax positions would not affect the effective tax rate, but would instead increase or would have increased available tax attributes. However, the recognition of the tax attribute would be offset by an increase in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance resulting in no net impact in the effective tax rate.
The Company recognizes interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits and penalties as income tax expense. Related to the unrecognized tax benefits noted above, the Company recognized no penalties and immaterial amounts for interest (gross) during 2013 and, as of December 31, 2013, has a liability for interest (gross) of approximately $0.2 million.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. All U.S. tax years prior to 2008 related to the VLCY acquired entities have been audited by the Internal Revenue Service. Cambium and its subsidiaries have been examined by the Internal Revenue Service through the end of 2006. The Company has been audited by the various state tax authorities through 2007.
Note 6 - Property, Equipment and Software
Balances of major classes of assets and accumulated depreciation and amortization consist of the following:
Note 7 - Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 are as follows:
In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are instead reviewed for impairment at least annually and if a triggering event is determined to have occurred in an interim period. The Company’s annual impairment testing is performed as of October 1 of each year.
Relevant accounting guidance provides entities with the option of performing a “qualitative” assessment to determine if it is more-likely-than-not that goodwill might be impaired or a quantitative two-step goodwill impairment test.
When performing the two-step quantitative impairment test for all periods presented, the Company first determined the fair market value of each reporting unit to be tested using a weighted income and market approach. The income approach was dependent on multiple assumptions and estimates, including future cash flow projections with a terminal value multiple and the discount rate
used to determine the expected present value of the estimated future cash flows. Future cash flow projections were based on management’s best estimates of economic and market conditions over the projected period, including industry fundamentals such as the state of educational funding, revenue growth rates, future costs and operating margins, working capital needs, capital and other expenditures, and tax rates. The discount rate applied to the future cash flows was a weighted-average cost of capital and took into consideration market and industry conditions, returns for comparable companies, the rate of return an outside investor would expect to earn, and other relevant factors. The fair values of each reporting unit also took into consideration a market approach, based on historical and projected multiples of certain guideline companies. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of that unit for the first step of the impairment test, then a second step was performed to determine the implied fair value of the reporting entity’s goodwill. The second step of the impairment test requires the allocation of the fair value of a reporting unit to all of the assets and liabilities of that reporting unit as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then an impairment loss equal to the difference is recorded.
2013 Annual Impairment Analysis
The Company performed the 2013 annual impairment analysis using four reporting units: Voyager Sopris Learning, Learning A-Z, ExploreLearning and Kurzweil/IntelliTools.
For the 2013 annual impairment analysis, the Company elected to perform the optional qualitative assessment on the Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning reporting units. The qualitative assessment did not result in a conclusion that it was more-likely-than-not that goodwill was impaired and, therefore, it was not necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test for the Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning reporting units. For the Voyager Sopris Learning and Kurzweil/Intellitools reporting units, the Company performed the quantitative two-step impairment test. As the calculated fair values of the Voyager Sopris Learning and Kurzweil/Intellitools reporting units exceeded their carrying values by at least 10%, no second step of testing was required.
2012 Annual Impairment Analysis
The Company performed the 2012 annual impairment analyses using four reporting units: Voyager Learning; Sopris Learning; the Learning A-Z and ExploreLearning product lines from the former Cambium Learning Technologies segment; and the Kurzweil and IntelliTools product lines from the former Cambium Learning Technologies segment.
For the 2012 annual impairment analysis, the Company elected to perform the optional qualitative assessment on the Learning A-Z/ExploreLearning reporting unit. The qualitative assessment did not result in a conclusion that it was more-likely-than-not that goodwill was impaired and, therefore, it was not necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test for the Learning A-Z/ExploreLearning reporting unit. For the Voyager Learning, Sopris Learning and Kurzweil/Intellitools reporting units, the Company performed the quantitative two-step impairment test. The first step of the fiscal 2012 impairment test showed that the carrying value of the Voyager Learning reporting unit exceeded its fair value and that the second step of testing was required. The calculated fair values of the Sopris Learning and Kurzweil/Intellitools reporting units exceeded their carrying values by at least 10%; therefore, no second step of testing was required.
As a result of the second step of the Company’s fiscal 2012 impairment test, the goodwill balance for the Voyager Learning reporting unit was determined to be partially impaired, and an impairment charge of $52.2 million was recorded as of October 1, 2012. Order volumes for the Voyager Learning reporting unit declined in 2011 and 2012, and the Company’s estimates of future cash flows were impacted by expected continued funding pressure.
2012 Interim Impairment Analysis
During the quarter ended June 30, 2012, significant sustained sales declines in Kurzweil/IntelliTools caused the Company to re-evaluate the forecasts for this reporting unit. The Company determined that future sales for the Kurzweil/IntelliTools reporting unit were not expected to achieve previous forecasts. This adverse change in expected future cash flows triggered the need for an interim goodwill impairment analysis for this reporting unit.
The first step of impairment testing as of June 30, 2012 concluded that the carrying value of the Kurzweil/IntelliTools reporting unit exceeded its fair value and the second step of testing was required. As a result of the second step of the Company’s interim impairment test, the goodwill balance for the Kurzweil/IntelliTools reporting unit was determined to be partially impaired, and an impairment charge of $14.7 million was recorded as of June 30, 2012. The goodwill impairment charge was primarily the result of lowered forecasts of future sales.
Intangible Assets
The Company’s definite lived intangible assets and related accumulated amortization at the end of fiscal 2013 and 2012 consist of the following:
2013 Intangible Asset Impairments
During the fourth quarter of 2013, the Company recorded impairment charges of $0.6 million related to the intangible assets of the Class.com product line. See Note 13 herein for further information on these impairments.
2012 Intangible Asset Impairments
The Voyager Learning reporting unit’s 2012 decline in order volume and impact of expected continued funding pressure on the Company’s estimates of future cash flows that resulted in goodwill impairment were also considered triggering events to review the recoverability of the definite-lived intangible assets associated with that unit. After determining that certain intangible assets would not be recovered with future undiscounted cash flows, the Company calculated an impairment loss for these assets equal to the excess of their carrying values over their fair values using the same date as the annual goodwill impairment analysis, October 1, 2012. Fair values were estimated using discounted cash flow analyses and were dependent on multiple assumptions and estimates, including future cash flow projections, the discount rate used to determine the expected present value of the estimated future cash flows, the percentage of the future revenues and cash flows attributable to each of the intangible assets, asset lives used to generate future cash flows, and royalty charges attributable to trademarks. Total impairment charges were $27.8 million for fiscal 2012.
The future cash flow projections used in the definite-lived impairment analyses were based on management’s best estimates of economic and market conditions over the projected period, including industry fundamentals such as the state of educational funding, revenue growth rates, future costs and operating margins, working capital needs, capital and other expenditures, and tax rates. The discount rate applied to the future cash flows was a weighted-average cost of capital and took into consideration market and industry conditions, returns for comparable companies, the rate of return an outside investor would expect to earn, and other relevant factors.
Estimated Future Amortization Expense
Estimated aggregate amortization expense expected for each of the next five years related to intangibles subject to amortization is as follows:
Note 8 - Other Current Assets
Other Current Assets at the end of fiscal 2013 and 2012 consist of the following:
Note 9 - Other Assets
Other Assets at the end of fiscal 2013 and 2012 consist of the following:
The deferred financing costs represent costs incurred in connection with the issuance of the $175 million aggregate principal amount of 9.75% senior secured notes as described in Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Note 10 - Accrued Expenses
Accrued Expenses at the end of fiscal 2013 and 2012 consist of the following:
Accrued interest at December 31, 2013 and 2012 primarily relates to the Company’s 9.75% senior secured notes. The notes require semi-annual interest payments in arrears on each February 15 and August 15 over the life of the notes.
The Headsprout acquisition accrual relates to the January 2014 payment of a portion of the total $4.0 million purchase price. The remainder of the purchase price will be paid 18 months after the closing date subject to the holdback provisions of the purchase agreement. See Note 4 herein for further information on the Headsprout acquisition.
Note 11 - Other Liabilities
Other Liabilities at the end of fiscal 2013 and 2012 consist of the following:
See Note 15 for further description of the Company’s pension benefits.
The Headsprout acquisition accrual relates to the final purchase price payment to be made 18 months after the closing date subject to the holdback provisions of the purchase agreement. See Note 4 herein for further information on the Headsprout acquisition.
Note 12 - Leases
Capital Lease Obligations
The Company leases a warehouse, office space and certain administrative equipment under capital lease agreements with original lease terms up to 10 years. Capital leases that exist as of yearend 2013 expire no later than 2016.
The Company has a build-to-suit lease for warehouse and office space in Frederick, Colorado with a minimum term through October 31, 2016. The lease is renewable at the Company’s option for two additional periods of five years each. The Company has an outstanding letter of credit in the amount of $1.0 million to secure the lease. At the lease inception date, the Company evaluated the provisions of the accounting guidance relating to the effect of a lessee’s involvement in an asset construction and concluded that due to the Company’s collateral to the landlord, in the form of the $1.0 million letter of credit, that it was deemed the owner of the land and building for accounting purposes. As a result, the related costs were capitalized and a corresponding liability was recorded in Capital Lease Obligations, Current and Capital Lease Obligations, Less Current Portion.
On February 15, 2012, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a plan to outsource warehouse operations to a third party logistics provider, Ozburn-Hessey Logistics, LLC (“OHL”), and to cease use of this leased facility. As a result of this decision, the Company determined it was more likely than not that the pattern of usage for the warehouse and related assets would change under the restructuring plan; therefore the Company evaluated the change in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. This evaluation resulted in an impairment to the value of the land, leasehold improvements, and building associated with the Company’s Frederick, Colorado facility and the estimated useful lives of the remaining assets were reduced to match the remaining minimum term of the lease. The remaining asset primarily represents the discounted cash flows expected from estimated sublease receipts. As a result of this action the related assets and liabilities were reduced by $7.7 million and impairment charges of $1.0 million were recorded as Impairment of Long-Lived Assets on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The sublease of the warehouse facility began in July 2012 and has a minimum term through October 2016 with monthly rental payments totaling $0.1 million. The total sublease income through the end of the minimum term is expected to be $2.5 million.
The amount of the depreciation expense on the leased capital assets was $0.6 million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. Additionally, the obligation will be reduced over the life of the lease at an interest rate of 5.54%. The gross value of assets leased under the build-to-suit lease of $2.8 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012 are included in the Sublease asset in Property, Equipment and Software as shown in Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The accumulated amortization of these leased capital assets was $1.0 million and $0.4 million at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
The gross value of other leased capital assets used for administrative purposes was $1.2 million at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. These assets are included in the Software category in Property, Equipment and Software. The accumulated amortization of leased capital assets was $1.1 million and $0.7 million at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. Amortization of capital lease assets is recognized over the term of the lease on a straight line basis and included in depreciation and amortization expense.
Operating Leases
The Company leases certain facilities and equipment for production, selling and administrative purposes under agreements with original lease periods up to 10 years. Leases generally include provisions requiring payment of taxes, insurance, and maintenance on the leased property. Some leases may include renewal options, rent escalation clauses, or options to purchase the leased property during or at the end of the lease term.
Rent holidays and rent escalation provisions are considered in determining straight-line rent expense to be recorded over the lease term. The lease term begins on the commencement date defined in the relevant lease agreement. Lease renewal periods are considered on a lease-by-lease basis and are generally not included in the initial lease term. Operating rent expense was $2.0 million and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Sublease income for existing operating leases was $0.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2013 and is expected to total $0.1 million through February 2015.
Future minimum build-to-suit lease payments at December 31, 2013 are as follows:
Future minimum payments under all remaining non-cancelable operating leases are payable as follows:
Note 13 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability (exit price), in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques are based on observable or unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:
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Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
·
Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which significant value drivers are observable.
·
Level 3 - Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which significant value drivers are unobservable.
Applicable guidance requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.
As of December 31, 2013, financial instruments include $68.0 million of cash and cash equivalents, restricted assets of $6.8 million, collateral investments of $2.0 million, and $174.5 million of senior secured notes. As of December 31, 2012, financial instruments include $51.9 million of cash and cash equivalents, restricted assets of $11.1 million, collateral investments of $2.0 million, $174.3 million of senior secured notes, $0.3 million of warrants, assets held for sale of $0.4 million, and $7.6 million in CVRs. The fair market values of cash equivalents and restricted assets are equal to their carrying value, as these investments are recorded based on quoted market prices and/or other market data for the same or comparable instruments and transactions as of the end of the reporting period. During the third quarter of 2013, the Company substantially completed the recovery and sale of property related to the employee embezzlement matter. As the number of shares exercisable under the warrant is now substantially finalized and no other significant contingencies remain, these awards have been reclassified from Other Liabilities to Capital Surplus in the Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with relevant GAAP.
As of December 31, 2013, the fair value of the senior secured notes was $166.5 million based on quoted market prices in active markets for these debt instruments when traded as assets.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:
Contingent Value Rights
As part of the 2009 merger with VLCY, each former VLCY shareholder received a CVR to receive cash in an amount equal to the aggregate amount of specified tax refunds received after the closing of the mergers and various other amounts deposited in escrow on or after the closing date, reduced by any payments to be made under the escrow agreement entered into in connection with the mergers, with respect to agreed contingencies, a potential working capital adjustment and allowed expenses, divided by the total number of shares of VLCY common stock outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the mergers.
The first and second CVR payment dates were in September 2010 and June 2011, with $1.1 million and $2.0 million, respectively, distributed to the escrow agent at those times for distribution to holders of the CVRs.
During the second quarter of 2013, the remaining contingencies related to the CVR liability were resolved and the final payment of $7.7 million was issued. This payment comprised $5.8 million related to a Michigan state tax matter and $1.9 million related to a potential tax indemnity obligation. Restricted cash in an escrow account for the benefit of the CVRs was $3.0 million for the potential tax indemnity obligation. As the potential tax indemnity obligation was not triggered, the remaining $1.1 million in the escrow account reverted back to the general cash of the Company in the second quarter of 2013.
See Note 19 for further information on the Michigan tax matter.
During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, losses of $0.1 million and $0.9 million were recorded in general and administrative expense to reflect changes in the estimated fair value of the CVR liability. A detail of the elements included in the CVR is as follows:
Assets and Liabilities that are Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis relate primarily to tangible fixed assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, which are remeasured when the derived fair value is below carrying value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For these assets, the Company does not periodically adjust carrying value to fair value except in the event of impairment. If it is determined that impairment has occurred, the carrying value of the asset is reduced to fair value and the difference is recorded within Income (loss) before interest, other income (expense) and income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Such assets and liabilities are listed below at their carrying values as of each reporting date:
2013 Impairments
In late 2011, the Company completed the acquisition of certain assets of Class.com, a provider of online learning solutions and courseware. To better align its product portfolio with the Company’s strategic focus, during the third quarter of 2013 the Voyager Sopris Learning segment began considering strategic alternatives, including a potential sale of the Class.com assets.
The Company determined that the potential sale of the Class.com assets was a trigger event for performing a review of the recoverability of the related assets. After reviewing the recoverability of the assets and the fair values, as necessary, it was determined that no impairment was present at September 30, 2013.
The likelihood of completing a sales transaction began to decline during the fourth quarter of 2013 and the sales effort was withdrawn in early 2014. The Company determined that this decline in estimated future cash flows related to the product line was a trigger event for performing another review of the recoverability of the related assets. Given that the Company plans to cease selling the product line after completion of its remaining service contracts, the related assets were determined to not be recoverable. As such, the Company performed an impairment analysis resulting in a total charge of $1.2 million. The impairment was allocated as follows:
Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2013 the Company made a decision to terminate a development agreement with a third party. As a result of this decision, the Company recorded a $0.5 million impairment charge for pre-paid royalties in Other Assets and a $0.1 million impairment charge for contract settlement to Accrued Expenses.
The Company also recorded an impairment charge of $0.4 million during the fourth quarter of 2013 for previously capitalized development expenses that were determined to have no ongoing benefit to the Company, with the charge recorded to Pre-Publication Costs.
2012 Impairments
In accordance with the provisions in the accounting guidance for intangibles-goodwill and other, for the year ended December 31, 2012, goodwill with a carrying amount of $114.3 million was written down to $47.4 million, resulting in a goodwill impairment charge of $66.9 million, which was included in earnings for the period. See Note 7 above for further information on the Company’s impairment analyses.
During the year ended December 31, 2012, an Impairment of long-lived assets charge of $4.4 million was recorded related to the restructuring and reengineering plans discussed in Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. This charge was primarily due to the Company’s decision to outsource its warehouse operations to OHL and to cease use of its leased facility in Frederick, Colorado. As a result of this decision, the Company determined it was more likely than not that the pattern of usage for the warehouse facility and related assets would change under the restructuring plan. This change triggered an impairment analysis that resulted in charges of $1.0 million and $2.0 million related to the leased capital assets and other warehouse equipment, respectively. Additionally, as part of its ongoing process reengineering efforts, the Company determined during 2012 that certain of its internally developed software assets were going to be replaced or abandoned. The Company reviewed the affected assets and determined that only minimal parts of the prior capitalized amounts would be used in the future and concluded that it was appropriate to fully impair the assets. This decision resulted in additional impairment charges of $1.4 million.
Additionally, the Company recorded an Impairment of long-lived assets charge of $1.5 million related to expenditures capitalized as pre-publication costs in 2012 for a project that was subsequently abandoned.
See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements above for further information on the impairments recognized for the Company’s Acquired Curriculum and Technology Intangibles, Acquired Publishing Rights, and Other Intangible Assets.
Note 14 - Debt
Long-term debt consists of the following at December 31, 2013 and 2012:
In February 2011, the Company closed an offering of $175 million aggregate principal amount of 9.75% senior secured notes due 2017 (the “Notes”) and entered into an asset-based revolving credit facility with potential for up to $40 million in borrowing capacity. Deferred financing costs are capitalized in Other Assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, net of accumulated amortization, and are to be amortized over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method. Unamortized capitalized deferred financing costs at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 were $4.5 million and $6.1 million, respectively.
Interest on the Notes accrues at a rate of 9.75% per annum from the date of original issuance and is payable semi-annually in arrears on each February 15 and August 15 to the holders of record of the Notes on the immediately preceding February 1 and August 1. No principal repayments are due until the maturity date of the Notes.
The Notes are secured by (i) a first priority lien on substantially all of the Company’s assets (other than inventory and accounts receivable and related assets of the ABL Credit Parties in connection with the ABL Facility (each as defined and discussed below) and subject to certain exceptions), including capital stock of the guarantors (which are certain of the Company’s subsidiaries), and (ii) a second-priority lien on substantially all of the inventory and accounts receivable and related assets of the ABL Credit Parties, in each case, subject to certain permitted liens. The Notes also contain customary covenants, including limitations on the Company’s ability to incur debt, and events of default as defined by the agreement. The Company may, at its option, redeem the Notes prior to their maturity based on the terms included in the agreement.
ABL Facility. In February 2011, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Cambium Learning, Inc. (together with its wholly owned subsidiaries, the “ABL Credit Parties”), entered into a credit facility (the “ABL Facility”) pursuant to a Loan and Security Agreement (the “ABL Loan Agreement”), by and among the ABL Credit Parties, Harris N.A., individually and as Agent (the “Agent”) for any ABL Lender (as hereinafter defined) which is or becomes a party to said ABL Loan Agreement, certain other lenders party thereto (together with Harris N.A. in its capacity as a lender, the “ABL Lenders”), Barclays Bank PLC, individually and as Collateral Agent, and BMO Capital Markets and Barclays Capital, as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Book Runners. The ABL Facility consists of a four-year $40.0 million revolving credit facility, which includes a $5.0 million subfacility for swing line loans and a $5.0 million subfacility for letters of credit. In addition, the ABL Facility provides that the ABL Credit Parties may increase the aggregate principal amount of the ABL Facility by up to an additional $20.0 million, subject to the consent of the Agent (whose consent shall not be unreasonably withheld) and subject to the satisfaction of certain other conditions.
The interest rate for the ABL Facility will be, at the ABL Credit Parties’ option, either an amount to be determined (ranging from 2.75% to 3.25%, depending upon the ABL Credit Parties’ fixed charge coverage ratio at the time) above the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or at an amount to be determined (ranging from 1.75% to 2.25%, depending upon the ABL Credit Parties’ fixed charge coverage ratio at the time) above the “base rate.” On any day, the base rate will be the greatest of (i) the Agent’s then-effective prime commercial rate, (ii) an average federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (iii) the LIBOR quoted rate plus 1.00%. The ABL Facility is, subject to certain exceptions, secured by a first-priority lien on the ABL Credit Parties’ inventory and accounts receivable and related assets and a second-priority lien (junior to the lien securing the ABL Credit Parties’ obligations with respect to the Notes) on substantially all of the ABL Credit Parties’ other assets.
As of December 31, 2013, the balances of accounts receivable and inventory collateralizing the ABL Facility were $15.8 million and $9.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, the Company had a borrowing base under the ABL Loan Agreement of up to $8.7 million.
Revolving loans under the ABL Facility may be used solely for (i) the satisfaction of existing indebtedness of the ABL Credit Parties under their prior senior secured credit facility and outstanding pursuant to their prior existing senior unsecured notes, (ii) general operating capital needs of the ABL Credit Parties in a manner consistent with the provisions of the ABL Facility and all applicable laws, (iii) working capital and other general corporate purposes in a manner consistent with the provisions of the ABL Facility and all applicable laws, (iv) the payment of certain fees and expenses incurred in connection with the ABL Facility and/or the Notes, and (v) other purposes permitted under the ABL Loan Agreement.
The ABL Credit Parties will be required to pay, quarterly in arrears, an unused line fee equal to the product of (x) either 0.375% or 0.50% (depending upon the ABL Credit Parties’ fixed charge coverage ratio at the time) and (y) the average daily unused amount of the revolver. The ABL Facility contains a financial covenant that generally requires the ABL Credit Parties to maintain, on a consolidated basis, either (i) excess availability of at least the greater of $8 million and 15% of the revolver commitment or (ii) a fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.1 to 1.0. As of December 31, 2013, the Company was in compliance with this covenant. Subsequent to year end, the Company’s excess availability and fixed charge coverage ratios fell below the required thresholds, which put the Company in a Trigger Period as defined under the ABL Facility agreement. On March 5, 2014, the Company notified its ABL lenders of its intent to terminate the ABL Facility and expects the termination to be effective within five days of this notification. As the Company does not currently have any funds outstanding under the facility and does not anticipate any borrowing needs in the near term, the Company does not expect this to have any impact on its liquidity.
Note 15 - Profit-Sharing, Pension, and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
Defined Contribution Plans
The Company’s 401(k) plan provides matching contributions of 50% of participant contributions up to 6%. Additionally, the Company may make discretionary contributions based upon exceeding Company performance targets of up to 2% of eligible earnings for all employees regardless of participation. The 401(k) matching contribution expense was $1.1 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. No discretionary contributions were made in 2013 or 2012.
As a result of the acquisition of VLCY, the Company also has contractual obligations under a frozen replacement benefit plan (“RBP”) for a small number of terminated and retired executives and one current employee. Because the RBP is frozen, no participant can make or is entitled to additional contributions. Instead, the Company has accrued a liability totaling $0.5 million and $0.6 million as of yearend 2013 and 2012, respectively, to reflect its estimated future obligation for the RBP. The current portion of the RBP liability, which was $0.1 million and $0.1 million at yearend 2013 and 2012, respectively, is included on the line “Other” in Note 10. The long-term portion of the RBP liability, which was $0.4 million and $0.5 million at yearend 2013 and 2012, respectively, is included on the line “Long-term deferred compensation” in Note 11.
Defined Benefit Plan
As a result of the acquisition of VLCY, the Company also has a frozen defined benefit pension plan covering certain terminated and retired former domestic employees. The benefits are primarily based on years of service and/or compensation during the years immediately preceding retirement. The Company uses a measurement date of December 31 for its pension plan.
Applicable accounting guidance for employers’ accounting for defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans requires reporting of the funded status of defined benefit postretirement plans as an asset or liability in the statement of financial position, recognizing changes in the funded status due to gains or losses, prior service costs, and net transition assets or obligations in other comprehensive income in the year the changes occur, adjusting other comprehensive income when the gains or losses, prior service costs, and net transition assets or obligations are recognized as components of net period benefit cost through amortization, and measuring the funded status of a plan as of the date of the statement of financial position, with limited exceptions.
The net costs of the Company’s defined benefit pension plan for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 are as follows:
Obligation and Funded Status
The funded status of the Company’s U.S. defined benefit pension plan at the end of fiscal 2013 and 2012 is as follows:
The Company had a net actuarial (gain) loss of $(0.4) million and $1.0 million for its U.S. pension plan in the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. These amounts are included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Of this amount, the Company recognized $0.1 million and $35 thousand as a component of net pension cost (income) during 2013 and 2012, respectively, and expects to recognize approximately $0.1 million in 2014.
Plan Assumptions
The discount rate is determined by analyzing the average returns of high-quality fixed income investments defined as AA-rated or better. The Company also utilizes an interest rate yield curve for instruments with maturities corresponding to the benefit obligations.
Additional Information
For the Company’s U.S. defined benefit pension plan, the projected benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation at the end of fiscal 2013 and 2012 are as follows:
Future Contributions
Total contributions expected to be paid under the Company’s frozen U.S. retirement plans or to the beneficiaries thereof during fiscal 2014 are $1.2 million, consisting of $1.2 million to its U.S. defined benefit plan and $0.1 million to the RBP.
Gross benefit payment obligations under the Company’s continuing plans for the next ten years are anticipated to be as follows:
Note 16 - Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
Common Stock
Shares Authorized, Issued, and Outstanding. The Company is authorized to issue 150,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share. As of December 31, 2013, there were 51,208,331 shares of common stock issued, 45,042,401 shares of common stock outstanding, and an additional 4,896,721 shares of common stock reserved for issuance pursuant to the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan.
Shares of the Company’s common stock are not convertible into or exchangeable for shares of any other class of capital stock. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock.
Treasury Stock. During 2012, the Company’s board of directors authorized a $5 million share repurchase program (the “Program”) through July 5, 2013.
On June 28, 2012, the Company adopted a Rule 10b5-1 plan (the “Plan”) with Robert W. Baird & Company, Inc. under which the Company could repurchase its shares at times when the Company might otherwise be precluded from doing so under insider trading laws. This Plan was established pursuant to, and as part of, the Program. The timing and extent of the repurchases under the Rule 10b5-1 plan were subject to Securities and Exchange Commission regulations as well as certain price, market volume and timing constraints specified in the Plan. The Company began repurchasing shares under the terms of the Plan on July 5, 2012. On March 19, 2013, the Company’s board of directors authorized the termination of the Plan.
Although the Plan was cancelled, the Program was extended for an additional one year period (through July 5, 2014) and the remaining authorization was reset to $5 million.
To date in the first quarter of 2014, we have repurchased another $0.3 million under the Program. $0.3 million remains under the Program.
Upon repurchase these treasury shares are no longer registered shares of the Company. These shares are recorded to the treasury stock line as an offset to common stock and additional paid in capital.
Voting Rights . Each holder of shares of the Company’s common stock is entitled to one vote for each share held of record on the applicable record date on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of directors.
Dividend Rights. Holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled to receive dividends when, as and if declared by the board of directors out of funds legally available for payment, subject to the rights of holders of the Company’s preferred stock, if any. The Company does not expect to pay dividends in the short term.
Rights Upon Liquidation. In the event of a voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of the Company’s common stock will be entitled to share equally in any of the assets available for distribution after payment in full of all debts and after the holders of all series of the Company’s outstanding preferred stock, if any, have received their liquidation preferences in full.
Preemptive Rights. In general, holders of the Company’s common stock have no preemptive rights to purchase, subscribe for or otherwise acquire any unissued or treasury shares or its other securities. However, under the terms of the stockholders agreement, entered into in connection with the mergers (the “Stockholders Agreement”) except with respect to specified exempt issuances, for so long as VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC and funds managed or controlled by VSS (collectively “VSS”) beneficially own in the aggregate at least 25% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock, VSS has preemptive rights to purchase the Company’s common stock (or other securities that may be approved by the audit committee of the board of directors), in connection with any proposed securities offering by the Company. These preemptive rights generally give VSS the opportunity to purchase an amount of common stock (or such other securities as may be approved by the audit committee) in the new issuance sufficient to enable VSS to maintain their same collective percentage ownership following the new issuance.
Preferred Stock
Shares Authorized and Outstanding. The Company is authorized to issue 15,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share. As of December 31, 2013, there are no shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding.
Blank Check Preferred Stock. Under the certificate of incorporation, without further stockholder action, the board of directors is authorized to provide for the issuance of shares of preferred stock in one or more series, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, and to fix the designation, powers, preferences and rights of the shares of each such series and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions on such shares. The board of directors may authorize the issuance of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of the Company’s common stock.
Note 17 - Stock-Based Compensation and Expense
The stock-based compensation and expense recorded was allocated as follows:
As of December 31, 2013, the Company has one stock-based compensation plan, which is described below. The total income tax expense recognized for book purposes in the Consolidated Statement of Operations related to stock-based compensation was zero for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. The total tax benefit realized was zero for all years presented.
Stock Option Plan
In fiscal 2009, the Company adopted the Cambium Learning Group, Inc. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (“Incentive Plan”). Under the Incentive Plan, 5,000,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance. The Incentive Plan is administered by the board of directors which has the authority to establish the terms and conditions of awards granted under the Incentive Plan. Under the Incentive Plan, the Company can grant incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock, restricted stock units, conversion stock options, conversion SARs, and other stock or cash awards.
Warrant
In connection with the completion of the merger with VLCY on December 8, 2009, the Company issued to VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC a warrant to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Holdings Warrant”). As of December 31, 2013, the Holdings Warrant was exercisable for 755,077 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share. The
Holdings Warrant expires on December 8, 2014. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock issuable under the Holdings Warrant is based upon the calculation of three separate amounts, described herein as the Cambium Specified Asset Recoupment Amount, the Additional Share Amount and the Formula Amount. The 755,077 shares that are exercisable, or will be exercisable upon issuance, represent 299,847 shares originating from the Cambium Specified Asset Recoupment Amount and 455,230 shares originating from the Formula Amount, which are summarized as follows:
·
The Cambium Specified Asset Recoupment Amount is based upon the net amount of recoveries that the Company received on and after June 1, 2009, including periods after the effective time of the mergers, with respect to the embezzlement matter that was discovered in April 2008. The Company has received net recoveries of approximately $4.3 million with respect to this matter. The Cambium Specified Asset Recoupment Amount equals 0.45 multiplied by the quotient of the aggregate net recoveries divided by $6.50. Therefore 299,847 shares are exercisable under the Holdings Warrant related to the Cambium Specified Asset Recoupment Amount. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance for distinguishing liabilities from equity, this award was initially recorded as a liability in the Other Liabilities line on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and measured at fair value. The initial recording of the award attributable to embezzlement recoveries is recorded to Embezzlement-Related Expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and subsequent changes in fair value are recorded to General and Administrative Expense. As no other significant contingencies remain related to the Cambium Specified Asset Recoupment Amount, it was reclassified from Other Liabilities to Capital Surplus in the Consolidated Balance Sheets during 2013.
·
The Additional Share Amount was calculated over a period commencing at the effective time of the mergers with VLCY and Cambium and ending two years thereafter. The Additional Share Amount was equal to the number of shares of VLCY common stock, if any, that were surrendered upon consummation of the VLCY merger in excess of the sum of the 29,874,145 shares that were known to be outstanding plus the number of shares of VLCY common stock that were issued upon the exercise of options known to be outstanding. Following completion of the merger with VLCY, 29,999 shares of VLCY common stock in excess of 29,874,145 shares were surrendered and, pursuant to the merger agreement, the number of shares of the Company’s common stock issuable to VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC was adjusted to increase the number of shares it received. At the effective time of the merger with VLCY all outstanding stock options were terminated. Thus, no Holdings Warrant was issued with respect to any shares relating to the Additional Share Amount.
·
The Formula Amount added shares to the Holdings Warrant only if, prior to completion of the mergers with Cambium and VLCY, equity cure payments were made under Cambium’s existing credit agreements, debt was retired under those agreements or payments were made to obtain default-related waivers under those agreements. The only applicable event was an equity cure payment of $3.0 million made in August 2009. The Formula Amount equals the equity cure payment of $3.0 million divided by $6.50, or 455,230 shares. Thus, 455,230 shares of the Company’s common stock are currently exercisable under the Holdings Warrant with respect to the Formula Amount. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance for distinguishing liabilities from equity, this award is recorded to equity with the offset to the capital contribution made to affect the debt cure.
Stock Options
2012 Grants
During the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company granted 235,000 options under the Incentive Plan with a total grant date fair value, net of forecasted forfeitures, of $0.2 million. Each of these options have a per-share exercise price equal to $4.50 and vest equally on the anniversary of the grant date over a four-year service period. The term of each of the options is ten years from the date of grant.
2013 Exchange Offer
During the third quarter of 2013, the Company filed a Tender Offer Statement on Schedule TO with the SEC related to an offer by the Company to certain current U.S. employees of the Company and its subsidiaries who were selected by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Compensation Committee” and such employees who have been selected by the committee, “Eligible Optionholders”) to receive the opportunity to exchange all of their outstanding options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, previously granted under the Incentive Plan for the grant of new options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock (the “New Options”). The New Options were granted pursuant to the Incentive Plan. The number of shares of Company common stock subject to the New Options was calculated pursuant to an exchange ratio determined by the Compensation Committee for each Eligible Optionholder. On July 30, 2013, options to purchase 1,757,500 shares of the Company’s common stock were exchanged in the exchange offer and New Options to purchase 1,902,500 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued. The New Options had a grant date compensation cost, net of forecasted forfeitures, of $1.2 million which was comprised of incremental compensation cost of the New Options of $0.9 million and unamortized compensation
cost of the surrendered options of $0.3 million, each as described below. A total of 40 Eligible Optionholders participated in the exchange offer.
The exercise price per share for each New Option was equal to $1.30. Each of the New Options vests in equal monthly installments on the last day of each month of the four year period commencing as of January 1, 2013. Each New Option expires on the expiration date applicable to the option for which it was exchanged.
Under Accounting Standards Codification 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation,” the exchange of options in this exchange offer is treated as a modification of the existing stock options for accounting purposes. Accordingly, beginning in the third quarter of 2013, the Company began recognizing the unamortized compensation cost of the surrendered options, as well as the incremental compensation cost of the New Options granted in this exchange offer, ratably over the vesting period of the New Option grants. The incremental compensation cost was measured as the excess of the fair value of each New Option grant granted to employees in exchange for surrendered options over the fair value of the surrendered options in exchange for the New Option grants, each measured as of the date the New Options were granted.
Other 2013 Grants
On July 30, 2013, the Company granted 377,500 options under the Incentive Plan with a total grant date fair value, net of forecasted forfeitures, of $0.3 million. Each of these options have a per-share exercise price of $1.30 and vest in equal monthly installments on the last day of each month of the four year period commencing as of January 1, 2013. The term of each of the options is ten years from the date of grant.
On September 19, 2013, the Company granted 30,000 options under the Incentive Plan with a total grant date fair value, net of forecasted forfeitures, of $25 thousand. Each of these options have a per-share exercise price of $1.51 and vest in equal monthly installments on the last day of each month of the four year period beginning on the first day of the month of grant. The term of each of the options is ten years from the date of grant.
On October 28, 2013, the Company granted 40,000 options under the Incentive Plan with a total grant date fair value, net of forecasted forfeitures, of $29 thousand. Each of these options have a per-share exercise price of $1.33 and vest in equal monthly installments on the last day of each month of the four year period beginning on the first day of the month of grant. The term of each of the options is ten years from the date of grant.
On November 18, 2013, the Company granted 15,000 options under the Incentive Plan with a total grant date fair value, net of forecasted forfeitures, of $12 thousand. Each of these options have a per-share exercise price of $1.43 and vest in equal monthly installments on the last day of each month of the four year period beginning on the first day of the month of grant. The term of each of the options is ten years from the date of grant.
Valuation assumptions
The fair value of each stock-based compensation award granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of the awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012:
Due to a lack of exercise history or other means to reasonably estimate future exercise behavior, the Company used the simplified method as described in applicable accounting guidance for stock-based compensation to estimate the expected years until exercise on new awards.
Award activity
The following tables detail changes in the Company’s outstanding stock options during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. Options surrendered in the exchange offer of 1,757,500 options are included in “Cancelled/Forfeited” in the 2013 table below.
Additionally, the conversion SARs with respect to 200,000 shares, which had been issued in replacement of share-based awards held by an employee of VLCY, expired during 2012.
Restricted Stock
During 2012, restricted common stock awards of 46,295 shares were issued. The restrictions on the common stock awards will lapse one year from the date of grant or upon a change in control of the Company. These awards were valued based on the Company’s closing stock price on the date of grant. The related restrictions lapsed on restricted common stock awards of 47,795 shares and 46,234 shares during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
Expense of $0.1 million and $0.2 million was recorded to general and administrative expense for outstanding restricted stock for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
Summary of Stock Option and SAR Activity
A summary of the stock option and restricted stock transactions for the year ended December 31, 2013 is as follows:
A summary of the nonvested stock option transactions for the year ended December 31, 2013 is as follows:
The total intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2013 was $0.8 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2012 was zero. The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the closing stock price of $1.66 of the Company’s common stock on December 31, 2013. The total grant date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 was $1.6 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The total grant date fair value of restricted stock awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 was zero and $0.2 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2013, the total future compensation cost related to unvested stock options and restricted stock not yet recognized in the consolidated statements of operations was $1.1 million. Of that total, $0.4 million, $0.4 million and $0.3 million will be recognized in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. To the extent the forfeiture rate is different than anticipated, stock-based compensation related to these awards will be adjusted in accordance with applicable accounting guidance for stock based compensation.
The following tables provide additional information with respect to stock options outstanding at the end of fiscal 2013:
Securities Authorized for Issuance
Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans at December 31, 2013 are as follows:
(a)
Excludes securities reflected in the first column, “Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and rights,” and issued restricted stock.
Note 18 - Restructuring
In late 2011, the Company launched a reengineering and restructuring initiative to align its organizational and cost structure to its strategic goals. Reengineering and restructuring activities were completed during 2012 and included:
·
Obtaining new leadership and employee skill sets that support the transformation of the Company to focus more heavily on technology solutions and services and other strategic objectives;
·
Outsourcing warehouse operations to a third party logistics provider, which will allow the Company to take advantage of a lower and more variable cost structure for its print based products, as well as locate operations closer to the geographic center of its nationwide customer base;
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Rationalizing facilities space by consolidating facilities and subleasing entire or partial facilities where feasible;
·
Assessing and implementing optimization projects to improve cost efficiencies and enhance the customer experience throughout the order to cash, professional service delivery, procurement processes, and sales channel structure;
·
Reduction of job positions that do not support the Company’s key strategic goals; and
·
Other reductions and costs to improve the Company’s cost structure.
The total expense for all reengineering and restructuring initiatives from the fourth quarter of 2011 through the end of 2012 was $9.6 million, including both cash and non-cash items, and capital expenditures were $0.7 million.
The following table summarizes the amounts incurred in connection with the reengineering and restructuring initiative:
Reengineering and restructuring charges were recorded to the following line items in the Consolidated Statements of Operations during the year ended December 31, 2012: $1.6 million to Cost of Revenues; $0.4 million to Research and Development Expense; $1.0 million to Sales and Marketing Expense; $0.6 million to General and Administrative Expense; $0.4 million to Shipping and Handling Costs; and $4.4 million to Impairment of Long-Lived Assets. All of these charges were recorded in unallocated shared services for segment reporting purposes.
The change in the reengineering and restructuring accrual for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 are as follows:
Note 19 - Contingent Liabilities
The Company is involved in various legal proceedings incidental to its business. Management believes that the outcome of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect upon the Company’s consolidated operations or financial condition and the Company has recognized appropriate liabilities as necessary based on facts and circumstances known to management. The Company expenses legal costs related to legal contingencies as incurred.
The Company had a potential contingent liability related to state income taxes and related interest that had been assessed against a former subsidiary. On August 27, 2010, the former subsidiary received a decision and order of determination from the Michigan taxing authority. According to the determination of the Michigan taxing authority, the former subsidiary was liable to the State of Michigan for unpaid taxes and interest in the amount of approximately $10.4 million. In order to expedite resolution of this matter and access the Michigan Court of Claims, the Company paid this liability to the state of Michigan on behalf of the former subsidiary on September 7, 2010 and filed an action in the Michigan Court of Claims to pursue a refund of the assessment. On November 16, 2011, the Michigan Court of Claims ruled in the Company’s favor. The Michigan state taxing authority then appealed the decision of the Court of Claims to the Michigan Court of Appeals. On January 16, 2013, the Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed the verdict of the Court of Claims. As the Michigan state taxing authority declined to appeal the case to the Michigan Supreme Court, the matter was closed and the Company received $11.7 million related to this claim in the second quarter of 2013.
This liability was identified as an agreed contingency for purposes of the CVRs issued as part of a 2009 merger. In accordance with the terms of the merger agreement, dated June 20, 2009, fifty percent (50%) of any amount that is paid or due and payable with respect to each agreed contingency would offset payments due under the CVRs from an amount held for such payments by Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as escrow agent, in an escrow account. Upon payment of the approximately $10.4 million, the Company requested a disbursement to the Company from the escrow account in an amount equal to fifty percent (50%) of the payment, or approximately $5.2 million. This cash disbursement was received by the Company during the third quarter of 2010. On September 20, 2010, the Company amended the merger agreement and the escrow agreement to extend the term of the escrow agreement until the later of the full distribution of the escrow funds or the final resolution of the agreed contingency. The final resolution of the tax litigation resulted in a total refund from the taxing authority to the Company of $11.7 million of which $5.8 million was paid to the holders of the CVRs.
The total payment to the holders of the CVRs during the second quarter of 2013 also included $1.9 million related to a potential tax indemnity obligation.
The Michigan Court of Appeals also ruled in the Company’s favor on two other tax matters that resulted in a refund of $0.6 million. These tax refunds were retained by the Company and were not subject to payment to the holders of the CVRs.
From time to time, the Company may enter into firm purchase commitments for printed materials included in inventory which the Company expects to use in the ordinary course of business. These commitments are typically for terms less than one year and require the Company to buy minimum quantities of materials with specific delivery dates at a fixed price over the term. These open purchase commitments totaled $0.1 million as of December 31, 2013.
The Company has letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2013 in the amount of $2.9 million to support the build-to-suit lease, credit collections, and performance bonds for certain contracts. The Company maintains a $1.1 million certificate of deposit as collateral for the letters of credit relating to the workers’ compensation activity and Automated Clearinghouse (ACH) programs. The Company also maintains a $0.9 million money market fund investment as collateral for a travel card program. The certificate of deposit and money market fund investment are recorded in Other Assets.
Note 20 - Related Party Transactions
Agreements with VSS
Jeffrey Stevenson and David Bainbridge, each of whom serves on the Company’s board of directors, are both affiliates of VSS. Funds managed by VSS own a majority of the equity interests of VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC, which holds approximately 70% of the Company’s outstanding common stock. As such, VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC has the ability to determine the outcome of matters submitted to the Company’s stockholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets, and will likely have the ability to control the Company’s management, affairs and operations.
On December 8, 2009, the Company entered into a consulting fee agreement with VSS (the “Consulting Agreement”) entitling VSS to the following fees: (i) a fee equal to 1% of the gross proceeds of any debt or equity financing by the Company, and (ii) a fee equal to 1% of the enterprise value of any entities acquired or disposed of by the Company. These obligations will remain in effect until the earlier of the date on which funds managed by VSS cease to beneficially own at least 10% of the Company’s outstanding common stock or, unless the Company’s audit committee renews the Consulting Agreement, January 1, 2015.
The Company and VSS agreed to amend the Consulting Agreement, effective March 19, 2013, and have entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Consulting Agreement (the "Amendment") such that, in addition to the fees currently payable to VSS thereunder, on January 1 of each calendar year, with the first payment payable to VSS as of January 1, 2013, VSS will be entitled to an annual payment of $70,000 for monitoring services for the then-current calendar year, provided that if an employee of VSS serves as Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors (the "Board"), such fee is subject to a dollar-for-dollar reduction in the amount of the annual retainer received by such VSS employee (as contemplated by the Company’s then current board compensation program).
The Amendment also allows VSS to designate from time to time one or more of its affiliates to receive any of the fees payable under the Consulting Agreement.
The Amendment provides that these obligations will remain in effect until the earlier of the date on which VSS no longer has any employees serving on the Board, the date on which funds managed by VSS cease to beneficially own at least 10% of the Company’s outstanding common stock or, unless the Company’s audit committee renews the Consulting Agreement, January 1, 2017.
VSS also currently receives an annual retainer of $65,000 each for the services of Mr. Stevenson and Mr. Bainbridge on the board of directors. In addition, VSS received a retainer of $70,000 in 2012 for the services of Scott Troeller as chairman of the board of directors. As previously disclosed, Mr. Troeller resigned from the board of directors on April 20, 2012. In total, VSS received $0.2 million in cash during 2013 and 2012 related to the services of these directors, plus reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses.
Stockholders Agreement
The Company entered into the Stockholders Agreement on December 8, 2009, at the effective time of the mergers, with VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC and Vowel Representative, LLC, the stockholder representative for the former VLCY stockholders.
Board of Directors. The Stockholders Agreement contains several agreements among the parties with respect to the board of directors. These provisions include an agreement by VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC to vote its shares of the Company’s common stock as necessary to ensure that the size of the board of directors was set at nine directors until December 8, 2012. These provisions also include an agreement by VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC not to vote its shares or take any other action to remove or disqualify any of the VLCY designees named as Class II directors (the “Voyager Class II designees”) or as Class III directors (the “Voyager Class III designees”), in each case other than for “cause” as determined in accordance with Delaware law, until the earliest to occur of:
·
the written consent of Vowel Representative, LLC, which consent may be granted or withheld in its sole and absolute discretion;
·
the full distribution by the escrow agent of the CVR escrow fund in accordance with the terms of the escrow agreement entered into in connection with the merger transaction;
·
the second anniversary of the effective time of the mergers with respect to the Voyager Class II designees and the third anniversary of the effective time with respect to the Voyager Class III designees; or
·
the date on which funds managed or controlled by VSS cease to collectively beneficially own in the aggregate at least 10% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock.
VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC also has agreed that, until December 8, 2012, for so long as VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC and funds managed or controlled by VSS collectively beneficially own in the aggregate at least 10% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock:
·
none of the funds managed or controlled by VSS nor VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC will vote or otherwise take any action to amend, modify or repeal the Company’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws to eliminate the Class II or Class III director classes, to increase or decrease the size of the board of directors or in any other manner that would result in a breach of the Stockholders Agreement; and
·
VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC and funds managed or controlled by VSS will vote or act by written consent to maintain a classified or staggered board of directors, with the director classes and other terms as set forth in the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws.
Preemptive Rights. Except with respect to specified exempt issuances that are described below, so long as VSS-Cambium Holdings III, LLC and funds managed or controlled by VSS beneficially own in the aggregate at least 25% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock, they will have preemptive rights to purchase the Company’s common stock (or such other securities as may be approved by the audit committee) in connection with any proposed issuance of securities after December 8, 2009. These preemptive rights generally give the holders of those rights the opportunity to purchase an amount of the Company’s securities in the new issuance that would enable the holders of those rights to maintain their same collective percentage ownership following the new issuance. Certain specified issuances of securities by the Company constitute “exempt issuances” and will not be subject to these preemptive rights.
Walsh Consulting Agreement
During the first quarter of 2013, the Company entered into a consulting agreement with Joe Walsh, Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors. For his services as Chairman and as a consultant to the Company, Mr. Walsh will receive total annual compensation of $300,000, comprised of the compensation to which he is entitled as Chairman and the balance comprised of fees received pursuant to the consulting agreement. This agreement was subsequently amended to name Mr. Walsh an employee of the Company rather than a consultant. With the exception of the fact that Mr. Walsh is eligible for employee benefits, the terms of the amended agreement are substantially the same as the original agreement.
2012 Stock Repurchases
During December 2012, the Company entered into stock purchase agreements with Foxhill Opportunity Fund, L.P. (“Foxhill Domestic Fund”) and Kellner Catalyst Master Fund, Ltd. (“Kellner Fund”) pursuant to its previously announced $5 million share repurchase program. See Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements for further information on the Program. Neil Weiner, a former member of the Company’s board of directors, as the managing member of Foxhill Capital Partners, LLC (which is the investment manager of Foxhill Domestic Fund), the managing member of Foxhill Capital (GP), LLC (which is the general partner of Foxhill Domestic Fund), and the Chief Investment Officer of Kellner Fund, may be deemed to beneficially own the shares of Common Stock held by Foxhill Domestic Fund and previously held by Kellner Fund. The transactions settled in December 2012 with the Company purchasing 1,042,979 shares for a total cost of $1.1 million.
2012 Consulting Agreement
During 2012, the Company entered into a $0.1 million consulting agreement with a former member of the Company’s board of directors, Richard Surratt. The agreement was completed during the fourth quarter of 2012 and the contracted amount was paid. In addition to this payment, Mr. Surratt also received $35,000 and common stock awards for his service on the board of directors, plus reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses.
Note 21 - Segment Reporting
The Company’s geographic area of operation is predominantly the United States. Export or foreign sales to locations outside the United States was 10% and 6% of total sales for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, with 5% and 4%, respectively, of total sales shipped to Canada. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of consolidated net revenues for any of the years presented. One single customer accounted for approximately 14% of the accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2013. Although the loss of a single customer or a few customers would not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, schedules of school adoptions, available funding for school districts, and market acceptance of the Company’s products can materially affect year-to-year revenue performance. The Company evaluates the performance of its operating segments based on income (loss) from operations before depreciation and amortization, interest income and expense, income taxes, and certain non-operational and non-cash items. The significant accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those for the Company. There were no inter-segment revenues or transfers.
The Company operates in four reportable segments with separate management teams and infrastructures that offer various products and services:
Voyager Sopris Learning:
Voyager Sopris Learning (“VSL”) is a comprehensive provider of research-based education solutions and online learning tools-including curriculum products, personalized professional development, assessment, and school improvement/turnaround services. With the ultimate goal of advancing student achievement, VSL partners with PreK-12 schools to build teaching and leadership capacity, keep students on track, and accelerate struggling students to grade-level proficiency. VSL’s products include the work of world-renowned researchers and education leaders.
Learning A-Z:
Learning A-Z is a preK-6 educational resource company specializing in online delivery of leveled readers and other supplementary curriculum. Founded in 2002 to help teachers differentiate instruction and meet the unique needs of all students, Learning A-Z’s resources are currently used in over two thirds of the elementary schools in the United States and in 177 countries worldwide. In addition to general classroom use, Learning A-Z serves a wide range of student need, including English Language Learners, Response to Intervention, Special Education, and more. Learning A-Z’s value proposition focuses on three key things:
·
Saving teachers time, giving them all the resources they need, all online, all accessible at the click of a mouse
·
Saving teachers money, delivering thousands of resources for a fraction of the cost of print and other online providers
·
Supporting student achievement through differentiated instruction, ensuring the right high-quality resources for every PreK-6 student
Winner of more than 15 industry awards in 2013 alone, Learning A-Z’s subscription-based websites provide online supplemental books, lessons, assessments, and other instructional resources for individual classrooms, schools, and districts. These solutions include: Reading A-Z, Raz-Kids, Science A-Z, Writing A-Z, Vocabulary A-Z, Headsprout Early Reading and Headsprout Comprehension.
ExploreLearning:
ExploreLearning develops online solutions to improve student learning in math and science. ExploreLearning currently has two products: Gizmos, the world’s largest library of interactive, online simulations for math and science in grades 3-12; and Reflex, a powerful solution available for math fact fluency development. Gizmos and Reflex bring research-proven instructional strategies to classrooms around the world.
Kurzweil/IntelliTools:
The Kurzweil/IntelliTools reporting segment includes the Kurzweil Educational Systems and IntelliTools product lines.
Kurzweil Educational Systems is recognized as the leading developer of literacy software for people with learning differences such as dyslexia, attention deficit disorder, and those who are English Language Learners as well as those who are blind or visually impaired. Kurzweil provides complete reading, study skills, writing, and test taking support for students. For over 30 years the company has been driven by the vision to serve the needs of struggling learners to enable them to reach their full potential. We offer products that bring the power and pleasure of reading and learning to the lives of users, striving to enhance learning and expand literacy. Kurzweil Educational Systems is committed to providing research-based solutions that help educators raise the achievement levels of preK-12 students as well as adult learning communities.
IntelliTools offers hardware products that target students with physical, visual and cognitive disabilities that make using a standard keyboard and mouse difficult. IntelliTools also offers software products that target elementary and middle school special education students struggling with reading and math.
Other:
This consists of unallocated shared services, such as accounting, legal, human resources and corporate related items. Depreciation and amortization expense, goodwill impairment, interest income and expense, other income and expense, and income taxes are also included in other, as the Company and its chief operating decision maker evaluate the performance of operating segments excluding these captions.
Prior Period Reclassifications:
Certain prior period reclassifications have been made to conform to the current period segment presentation.
Prior to the first quarter of 2013, the Cambium Learning Technologies segment included: Learning A-Z; ExploreLearning; Kurzweil/IntelliTools; and certain management charges related to the entire Cambium Learning Technologies segment. In the current presentation, Learning A-Z, ExploreLearning, and Kurzweil/IntelliTools are presented in separate segments. The management charges that were related to the overall Cambium Learning Technologies segment, which did not directly relate to any of the three new segments, are included in Other consistent with the 2013 presentation.
In late 2012, the management teams and infrastructures for the former Voyager Learning and Sopris Learning segments were merged into a combined VSL business unit. Prior to the fourth quarter of 2012, the Company reported segment results separately for Voyager Learning and Sopris Learning. The Company’s historical segment reporting results have been restated for comparative purposes to reflect the current organizational structure.
The following table represents the revenue, operating expenses, income (loss) from operations, and capital expenditures which are used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker to measure the segment’s operating performance. The Company does not track assets directly by segment and the chief operating decision maker does not use assets to measure a segment’s operating performance, and therefore this information is not presented.
The capital expenditures disclosed for each segment represent development expenses, primarily developed curriculum and capitalized software. The capital expenditures disclosed for Other represent general capital expenditures that benefit the entire Company such as back-office systems, computer equipment or office furniture. The capital expenditures recorded in Other in 2012 also include capitalized costs from our re-engineering and restructuring initiatives described in Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Note 22 - Interim Financial Information (Unaudited)
The following table presents the Company’s quarterly results of operations for fiscal 2013 and 2012.
The net loss for the fourth quarter of 2013 includes an impairment of long-lived assets charge of $2.2 million. The net losses for the second and fourth quarters of 2012 include goodwill impairment charges of $14.7 million, and $52.2 million, respectively. Additionally, the net losses for the first through fourth quarters of 2012 include impairment of long-lived assets charges of $2.8 million, $0.3 million, $0.2 million, and $30.4 million, respectively.
Note 23 - Subsidiary Guarantor Financial Statements
The following tables present condensed consolidated financial information as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 and for the twelve month periods ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 for: (a) the Company without its consolidated subsidiaries (the “Parent Company”); (b) on a combined basis, the guarantors of the Notes, which include Cambium Learning, Inc., Voyager Sopris Learning, Inc. (formerly Cambium Education, Inc.), LAZEL, Inc., and Kurzweil/IntelliTools, Inc. (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”); and (c) Voyager Learning Company (the “Non-Guarantor Subsidiary”). Separate financial statements of the Subsidiary Guarantors are not presented because the guarantors are unconditionally, jointly, and severally liable under the guarantees, and the Company believes such separate statements or disclosures would not be useful to investors.
Item 9.
Item 9.
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
Item 9A
Item 9A
Controls and Procedures.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management of the Company, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported on a timely basis and that such information is communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and its Board of Directors to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2013.
(b) Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
It should be noted that the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, do not expect that the Company’s internal controls will necessarily prevent all errors or fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 based on the framework published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992). Through management’s assessment, management did not identify any material weaknesses in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013.
As a result of the assessment discussed above, management of the Company has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2013.
(c) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B
Item 9B
Other Information.
None.
PART III
Item 10.
Item 10.
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the Company’s 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders expected to be held May 21, 2014 to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act within 120 days after the year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Proxy Statement”). Certain information regarding the Company’s executive officers is set forth in Part I - Item 1 - Business.
Item 11.
Item 11.
Executive Compensation.
The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12.
Item 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters.
The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13.
Item 13.
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14.
Item 14.
Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV
Item 15.
Item 15.
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a) 1. Financial statements:
The following Consolidated Financial Statements of Cambium Learning Group, Inc. are included in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:
·
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
·
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012
·
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2013 and 2012
·
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012
·
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012
2. Financial statement schedules:
All financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not required, not applicable, or the required information is otherwise included.
3. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules:
The following exhibits are filed as part of this Annual Report. The exhibit numbers preceded by an asterisk (*) indicate exhibits previously filed and are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Exhibit numbers preceded by a plus sign (+) indicate a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, therefore duly authorized.
Date: March 6, 2014
Cambium Learning Group, Inc.
By:
/s/ Barbara Benson
Barbara Benson
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ John Campbell
Director and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
March 6, 2014
John Campbell
/s/ Barbara Benson
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
March 6, 2014
Barbara Benson
/s/ Joe Walsh
Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors
March 6, 2014
Joe Walsh
/s/ Harold O. Levy
Director
March 6, 2014
Harold O. Levy
/s/ Thomas Kalinske
Director
March 6, 2014
Thomas Kalinske
/s/ Walter Bumphus
Director
March 6, 2014
Walter Bumphus
/s/ David F. Bainbridge
Director
March 6, 2014
David F. Bainbridge
/s/ Jeffrey T. Stevenson
Director
March 6, 2014
Jeffrey T. Stevenson
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
Number
Description
101.cal
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.lab
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.pre
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.