ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Nature of Operations. We are a provider of supply chain management solutions, consisting of various software and service offerings. In addition to application software, we offer hosted software solutions, such as business optimization and technical consulting, managed services, training, solution maintenance, software upgrades and development. We operate our business in one business segment. Supply chain management is the set of processes, technology and expertise involved in managing supply, demand and fulfillment throughout divisions within a company and with its customers, suppliers and partners. The goals of our solutions include increasing supply chain efficiency and enhancing customer and supplier relationships by managing variability, reducing complexity, improving operational visibility, increasing operating velocity and integrating planning and execution. Our offerings are designed to help customers better achieve the following critical business objectives:
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Visibility - a clear and unobstructed view up and down the supply chain
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Planning - supply chain optimization to match supply and demand considering system-wide constraints
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Collaboration - interoperability with supply chain partners and elimination of functional silos
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Control - management of data and business processes across the extended supply chain
Globally, we have approximately 500 customers in a variety of industries including:
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Technology
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Computer & Electronics
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Telecommunications Equipment and Services
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Semiconductor
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Consumer Electronics
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Contract Manufacturers
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Automotive, Aerospace and Industrial
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Automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers
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Suppliers
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Aerospace and Defense
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Industrial Manufacturers
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Process Industries
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Metals
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Consumer Industries & Retail
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Retailers
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Consumer Packaged Goods
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Soft Goods (Textiles/Apparel & Footwear)
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Consumer Durables
No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of our total revenues during 2007, 2006 or 2005.
i2 was founded in 1988 and incorporated in Delaware in 1989. Our executive offices are located at One i2 Place, 11701 Luna Road, Dallas, Texas 75234, and our telephone number is (469) 357-1000.
Industry Background
Today’s competitive business environment is driving companies to seek ways to make their businesses more agile and offer greater operating efficiency while improving flexibility and responsiveness to continuously changing market conditions. Many companies are facing higher competitive standards as the economy becomes more consumer-driven. At the same time, globalization is driving an on-going pressure to reduce costs. Consumers are increasingly more specific about when and where they want a product, what they want that product to be and do, and the price they will pay for a product. These demands impact the extended supply chain, leading businesses to seek improvements in asset utilization, lower the cost of goods, reduce inventories, shorten lead times and reduce the cost of fulfilling orders. Furthermore, a company’s extended supply chain may span multiple continents, requiring suppliers in one part of the world to collaborate with a plant in another to serve customers in yet a third location. These forces are prompting companies to collaborate with a broad range of suppliers and customers to improve visibility and efficiency across multi-enterprise supply chains.
We believe that traditional enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems fail to provide both the forward visibility across divisions or enterprises and the high-speed decision-support capabilities that we believe are necessary to quickly plan and execute decisions. To increase competitiveness, we believe companies need solutions that can be integrated with their existing systems to provide tools for managing the variability in their supply chains, allowing them to monitor events throughout the life of a product, from the point of order, through manufacturing and distribution and until it reaches a customer’s hands. Companies need visibility into order, inventory and transportation systems so they can evaluate tradeoffs for fast and accurate decision-making and execute their plans across the critical processes in their supply chains.
The growth of the internet and the proliferation of software applications have accelerated many companies’ efforts to increase efficiencies by leveraging information technology based on open standards. We believe this has prompted demands for a dynamic, open and integrated environment among customers, suppliers and manufacturers. In response to these evolving market forces, many companies have sought to re-engineer their business processes to reduce manufacturing cycle times, shift from mass production to order-driven manufacturing, increase the use of outsourcing and share information more readily with vendors and customers.
Integration and business process management have become an increasingly important issue for enterprises to lower costs and realize value from their diverse environment of applications and distributed systems. Customers seek integration at several levels - business process (design, execution and monitoring), applications, user interface, data and technology. A wide variety of companies are pursuing the integration market opportunity, including ERP companies, leading Independent Software Vendors (ISVs), Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) vendors, Systems Integrators (SIs) and other information technology (IT) services
organizations. i2 has demonstrated a complete solution to the various requirements sought by customers by providing a single design, development and integration framework utilizing service oriented architecture - the i2 Agile Business Process Platform.
Leading software and technology companies are developing offshore (global) workforces, in part to take advantage of the technical talent and lower costs of human resources in India, China and other locations. This has led many companies to initiate their own offshore operations or outsource some development, implementation and operations activities to Offshore IT Services (OIS) firms.
Development of the i2 Solutions
Advanced Planning and Scheduling. We have offered a set of supply chain management solutions since our company was founded nearly 20 years ago. Our founders, Sanjiv Sidhu and Ken Sharma, sought to expand enterprise application software beyond traditional ERP systems, which were basically transaction accounting and processing systems that did not consider production constraints or offer more sophisticated monitoring, decision-support and execution capabilities. We took the first step beyond ERP with the development of an advanced planning and scheduling application that took into account actual constraints to improve the flow of materials within a factory. That solution, i2 Factory Planner, has assisted many of our customers in improving the efficiency and profitability of their factories while reducing their materials and inventory costs.
Supply Chain Planning/Supply Chain Management. Our applications evolved into solutions for supply chain planning that encompassed constraint-based planning and scheduling for multiple factories, distribution centers and warehouses. We acquired and developed technologies that help companies manage demand, design distribution and supply networks, and plan and manage fulfillment. The integration of those solutions with our factory and supply planning solutions made us a leader in enterprise solutions for supply chain management.
Supplier Relationship Management. We continued to expand our product base by applying our solutions for the extended supply chain to the supplier relationship processes and functions. To facilitate cost-effective sourcing and product design, we acquired and developed technologies that help customers to more efficiently source, negotiate the pricing of and procure materials and components from suppliers, thereby enabling them to make design decisions while cognizant of the effect on the supply chain of existing products and the total product portfolio.
Distributed Fulfillment and Revenue Management. Our distributed order execution technology has enabled us to develop integrated, closed-loop planning and execution solutions. These solutions are designed to help companies support an “order from anywhere, fulfill from anywhere, return to anywhere” strategy to meet the demands of dynamic multi-channel selling models. We continue to invest in this technology, which provides a scalable and flexible framework for creating new solutions and is used by our customers across multiple entities for transaction processing, visibility and event management capabilities. We have also invested in solutions that help customers optimize merchandising, revenue and pricing.
Supply and Demand Synchronization. i2’s new-generation supply chain management solutions focus on the multi-echelon value chain, encompassing the customer’s customer and the supplier’s supplier. Our new-generation solutions are designed to enable businesses to manage and tune their supply chains simultaneously so that they can quickly change parameters to meet their dynamic business needs. These solutions are built on the i2 Agile Business Process Platform, a unique service-oriented architecture (SOA) that includes a layer of technology services for integration and data management, user interface development and a visual business process workflow engine. The platform is business process management (BPM) compliant and has been designed to interoperate with legacy, ERP and other enterprise architectures.
Business Content Library. Our Business Content Library (BCL) is a collection of i2 workflows and solutions that have incorporated best practices for business processes and can be accessed via the i2 Agile Business Process Platform. These workflows enable systems and individuals to interact and collaborate to do a piece of standardized work. The workflows can be implemented on top of a company’s pre-existing IT systems and applications.
Products
Our solutions - bundles of software products and technology services - are designed to help customers address various supply chain problems and opportunities, including:
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Linking certain aspects of planning and decision-making to execution of such plans and the monitoring of changing conditions across the supply chain
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Improving current business processes, return on assets and profitability
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Reduction of risks, cycle-times and cash needed in operations
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Increasing market share
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Improving customer service levels and delivering on commitments to customers
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Creating an environment for continuous process improvement
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Enhancing competitive advantage
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Enhancing time to value for process redesign and acquisition integration
In the old generation of supply chain management, process had to adapt to the software. In the new generation of supply chain management, the software adapts to the process. We offer new-generation supply chain management solutions that enable companies to take control of their extended supply chain horizontally with their trading partners and vertically within their enterprise. Our primary products are focused on optimizing the following business processes: manufacturing and planning; transportation and distribution management; merchandising, assortment and allocation planning; execution, collaboration and visibility; supplier relationship management; as well as data management and business analytics. Our products are complemented by our business process consulting, implementation, outsourcing, development and related services.
Manufacturing and Planning: i2 solutions for manufacturing and planning help businesses coordinate the production and distribution of goods and materials throughout the supply chain to final delivery to the customer. They also help businesses analyze their revenues with merchandising, planning and pricing tools.
Solutions for supply planning are designed to provide multi-enterprise visibility, collaboration, decision-support and execution capabilities. Using these tools, a business may estimate future demand for its products to help planners more accurately estimate future supply needs. As a result, businesses can make better decisions about how much of what products to make, when and where to make them, and what parts to utilize to make those products. Solutions for supply planning include i2 Factory Planner, i2 Supply Chain Planner, i2 Inventory Optimization and various scheduling products.
Solutions for demand management and retail management provide tools designed to forecast and continuously manage demand, plan-merchandising strategies, manage markdowns and promotions pricing, and optimize price quoting. Using these products, companies can begin to optimize their revenues by selling products at prices set by analytic products. Demand management products include i2 Demand Manager, i2 Markdown Optimizer, i2 Merchandise Planner, i2 Inventory Optimization, i2 Sales and Operations Planning, i2 Merchandise Financial Planning, i2 Buying and Assortment Management, and i2 Allocation and Replenishment.
Transportation and Distribution Management: Solutions for transportation and distribution management help businesses optimize the flow of goods between suppliers, enterprise supply chain locations and customers. These tools provide integrated products for planning and executing transportation and distribution activities, as well as tools for strategic supply chain design and transportation modeling. Using i2 solutions, a business can procure, plan, execute and monitor freight movements across multiple modes, borders and enterprises. As a result, businesses can make better decisions about where and how to ship products, reducing their transportation costs while executing supply chain plans and achieving customer service objectives. Transportation and distribution management products include i2 Supply Chain Strategist, i2 Transportation Bid Collaboration, i2 Transportation Planner, i2 Transportation Modeler, i2 Transportation Manager and i2 New-Generation Transportation.
Execution, Collaboration and Visibility: Solutions to optimize plan execution and collaboration help businesses integrate the planning and execution processes, creating a closed-loop environment. These solutions provide tools designed to stage inventory, plan replenishment, manage orders and provide visibility to lower fulfillment costs, improve on-time delivery performance and enhance customer satisfaction. The i2 Collaborative Supply Execution solution is designed to provide inventory and plan collaboration, transaction processing, visibility, event management, integration and workflow capabilities. Other solutions in this category include i2 Supply Chain Visibility, i2 Customer Order Management, i2 Collaborative Replenishment and i2 Configurator.
Supplier Relationship Management: Supplier relationship management solutions help companies and their suppliers collaborate on sourcing and procurement for supply management. This solution is designed to bridge product development, sourcing, supply planning and procurement across the supply chain, providing the ability to create, execute and sustain global sourcing strategies. Sourcing solutions provide decision-support and optimization tools that are designed to help companies improve decision-making on supplies and the parts to use in products. During product development, these products can help to optimize designs by considering sourcing and supply chain constraints, as well as allowing design collaboration when outsourcing manufacturing or custom parts. During procurement, supplier relationship management solutions help companies to define sourcing strategies to reduce supply risks and costs, negotiate terms and streamline the requisitioning and buying of materials. Sourcing products include i2 Strategic Sourcing, i2 Product Sourcing and i2 Negotiate.
Data Management: We offer a data management solution that is designed to provide customers with the ability to manage data from multiple sources including legacy, ERP and other applications. i2 Master Data Management can be deployed: to create and maintain application-specific data; to consolidate data from multiple disparate sources; to cleanse, transform, synchronize and validate data; as well as to filter unwanted data. Other data management products include i2 MDM Enterprise, i2 Product Management and i2 Vendor Management.
On-Demand and Software as a Service: i2 offers on-demand and software as a service (SaaS) solutions. With i2 Supply Chain Operations Management, a variety of on-demand services are provided to enable customers to better manage demand sensing, execution, order fulfillment and key account management. i2 FreightMatrix uses private branded internet marketplaces in which companies gain access to i2’s broad logistics footprint in a secure private-labeled, shared-hosting environment, allowing companies to reduce costs, increase efficiencies and manage their supply chain, or their customer’s supply chain, online.
Product Development
We focus our ongoing product development efforts on meeting the requests of, and delivering on our commitments to, our current customers, enhancing our solutions and the underlying technology across our products, and developing or enhancing products that will enable us to enter new markets. In order to address customer recommendations, we have developed a User Enhancement Voting Process in collaboration with the i2 User Group. This process allows customers to provide input so that our solutions evolve to meet our customers’ business challenges and opportunities. In addition, we invest in solutions that help us more fully complete our solution offerings and enable cross-product workflows. We have continued to invest in products and technologies that we anticipate will be important and differentiated in the future.
Our Solutions Operations activities are primarily conducted in North America and India. Most product management and product marketing employees are based in North America, but many development and services teams are based in India. The India location offers many benefits to i2, including centralization of development efforts and cost structure advantages. For the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, our research and development expense totaled approximately $33.5 million, $35.2 million and $37.3 million, respectively.
Services and Maintenance
Our customer service and support program includes software maintenance, the delivery of functional enhancements and updates, and around-the-clock availability for high severity issues.
We maintain a technical support team that operates through our service and support centers located in North America, Greater Asia Pacific, Europe and Africa. Our customer service and support activities consist of the following:
Consulting Services. We offer our customers both on-site and off-site consulting services for assisting in the implementation of our products and services and integration with the customers’ existing systems. In addition, we offer process and change management-consulting support to key customers. We and our customers also use third-party consulting firms.
Development Services. Customers may also contract with us for services to provide custom development of our applications. In some cases, the modifications or additions to the software may be incorporated into future releases of our products.
Managed Services. We offer our customers outsourced supply chain management planning services providing reports, analysis and recommendations in the on-going operation of business processes. We offer hosted software services on a subscription basis.
Training. We offer education and training programs for our customers and third-party implementation providers with classes offered at our offices or at customer locations. We also offer web-based and self-paced learning programs. These classes focus on the fundamental principles of our software products as well as their implementation and use.
Maintenance and Product Updates. We provide ongoing support services for our products. Maintenance contracts are typically sold to customers at the time of the initial license and may be renewed for additional periods. Our maintenance agreements with our customers provide the right to receive most product updates and enhancements to the products purchased by the customer, as well as telephone and online support. Our support services are packaged into three tiers (silver, gold and platinum), which offer customers the ability to choose the level of service they desire.
Sales and Marketing
We sell our software and services through a direct customer-facing organization that is augmented by other sales channels, including systems consulting and integration firms and other industry-related partners. Our direct customer-facing organization consists of account representatives and client managers that are supported by a team of personnel that includes solution and industry specialists.
We currently have joint marketing agreements with software vendors and other industry-related firms such as IBM and Microsoft. Additionally, we have alliances with top global and regional systems consulting and integration, hardware, software, and other relevant services firms including Accenture, IBM Global Services, Infosys and Tata Consulting Services, among others. These joint-marketing agreements and alliances generally provide the vendors with the ability to market our products and access our marketing materials and product
training. By using these indirect sales channels, we seek to capitalize on the installed base of other companies and obtain favorable product recommendations from the business partners, thereby increasing the market coverage of our products.
In addition, we have a partner program with Value Added Resellers (VARs) to serve mid-market customers, provide increased coverage around the world and expand into new industries.
Competition
The markets in which we operate are highly competitive. Our competitors are diverse and offer a variety of solutions targeting various segments of the extended supply chain as well as the enterprise as a whole. Some competitors compete with suites of applications, while most offer solutions designed specifically to target particular functions or industries. We face strong competition across the entire competitive landscape, including competition on breadth and quality of product and service offerings, pricing, delivery times and after-sales support.
We believe our principal competitors are as follows:
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ERP Software Vendors. These include companies such as Oracle and SAP, which have added or are attempting to add capabilities for supply chain planning or collaboration to their transaction system products. In addition, both companies are engaged in a multi-year effort to re-deploy their solutions on a Service Oriented Architecture platform.
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Other Software Vendors. These include companies such as Adexa which compete principally with our production, logistics and fulfillment optimization products; companies such as Red Prairie, Manhattan Associates and JDA Software which compete with our transportation and distribution management products; companies such as JDA Software which compete primarily with our retail applications; and companies such as Manhattan Associates and Kinaxis which compete principally with our fulfillment and certain of our demand optimization products.
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Custom and Offshore Development. Increasingly we compete with internal development efforts by corporate IT departments. Additionally, we also compete with independent developers of enterprise application software such as Infosys, Satyam, Wipro and other entities in countries with relatively low wage structures.
Proprietary Rights and Licenses
We regard our trademarks, copyrights, patents, trade secrets, technology and other proprietary rights as critical to our business. To protect our proprietary rights, we primarily rely on a combination of copyright, patent, trademark and trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions. We license our software products in object code (machine-readable) format to customers under license agreements and we generally do not sell or otherwise transfer title to our software products to our customers. Our non-exclusive license agreements generally allow the use of our software products solely by the customer for specified purposes without the right to sublicense or transfer our software products.
Trademarks are important to our business as we use them in our marketing and promotional activities as well as with the delivery of our software products. Our registered trademarks include i2, i2 and the i2 logo and PLANET.
We hold over 140 U.S. patents and have more than 155 pending patent applications. These patents predominantly relate to planning, scheduling optimization, demand fulfillment, collaboration, e-commerce and data management and reporting. These patents expire at various times through 2021. We also depend on trade secrets and proprietary know-how for certain unpatented aspects of our business. To protect our proprietary
information, we enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and licensees, and generally control access to and distribution of our proprietary information. We sublicense some software that we license from third parties and incorporate in, or license in conjunction with, our products.
In connection with our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, on September 5, 2006, we announced that we had filed a lawsuit against SAP AG and SAP Americas, Inc. The lawsuit, filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, alleges infringement of seven patents related to supply chain management.
International Operations
We have international offices in Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Africa, Taiwan and the United Kingdom. Total assets related to our international operations accounted for 35% of our total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2007, 34% of our total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2006 and 37% of our total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2005. International revenue totaled $110.7 million, or 43% of total revenue, in 2007; $120.3 million, or 43% of total revenue, in 2006; and $158.2 million, or 47% of total revenue, in 2005. See Note 14 - Segment Information, International Operations and Customer Concentrations in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Employees
At December 31, 2007, we had approximately 1,285 full-time employees. Our future success depends in significant part upon the continued service of our key technical, sales and senior management personnel and our ability to attract, train and retain other highly qualified personnel.
Our employees in Germany are represented by a Works Council. Although there are no formal employee representative bodies in other countries, the employees of certain of our foreign subsidiaries are covered by national, regional or sectoral collective agreements as required by statute or standard local practice.
We have never experienced a work stoppage. We believe employee relations to be satisfactory.
Seasonality
We typically experience lower bookings, revenue and cash collections during the first and third quarters of each year. For additional discussion related to bookings, revenue and cash collections, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
Available Information
We make available, free of charge, through our investor relations web site, our reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The address for our investor relations web site is http://www.i2.com/investor.
The information contained on our website is not part of, and is not incorporated in, this or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.
In June 2003, we adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applies to, among others, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. The full text of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available at our investor relations web site, http://www.i2.com/investor. We intend to disclose any amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer on our investor relations web site.
ITEM 1A.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Any investment in our company will be subject to risks inherent to our business. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks described below together with all of the other information included in this report. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing our company. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are not aware of or focused on or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. This report is qualified in its entirety by these risk factors.
If any of the following risks actually occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flow or results of operations. In that case, the trading price of our securities could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.
Risks Related To Our Business
Certain Large Stockholders Have Called For the Public Sale of the Company, and the Board of Directors of i2 Has Formed a Strategic Review Committee in Connection With an Ongoing Review of i2’s Management, Operations and Strategy.
On September 13, 2007, Amalgamated Gadget, L.P. (“Amalgamated”), a beneficial owner of approximately 17.7% of our common stock, filed an amendment to its Schedule 13D announcing that it was exercising rights under the terms of our Series B preferred stock to name two persons to our Board of Directors and stating, among other things, that i2 should explore strategic options, including a possible outright sale of i2 or its assets. Michael J. Simmons and David L. Pope were elected to the Board of Directors in September 2007 by the holders of our Series B preferred stock. On October 3, 2007, S.A.C. Capital Advisors, LLC filed a Schedule 13D announcing that it was a beneficial owner of approximately 8.9% of our common stock and stating, among other things, that the value of i2’s assets is not appropriately reflected in the price of our common stock and that the best way to increase stockholder value would be a public sale of i2. On November 1, 2007, the Company announced that, in connection with an ongoing review of i2’s management, operations and strategy which was initiated early this year, the Board of Directors of i2 has formed a Strategic Review Committee comprised of three independent directors to consider and evaluate the merits of the various strategic options available to i2 to enhance stockholder value. Those strategic options may include: changes to our operations; actions or transactions intended to enhance the value or utilization of our existing assets; joint ventures or strategic partnerships; selective acquisitions, dispositions or other capital transactions; and a merger, sale or other extraordinary business transaction involving the Company.
Continued pressure by activist stockholders for the sale of the Company, and/or the Company’s ongoing exploration of strategic options, could create distractions for our management, sales staff and other employees and create uncertainty in existing and potential customers regarding our ability to meet our contractual obligations. Such distractions and uncertainty could lead to the Company incurring significant costs and expenses as well as increased employee turnover and a substantial diversion of management’s time and resources and, accordingly, could harm our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. There can be no assurance as to what strategic option, if any, the Board of Directors will decide to pursue to enhance stockholder value or when such decision will be made. Regardless of the decision of the Board of Directors, there can be no assurance that such decision will enhance stockholder value or be agreed to or supported by all of our stockholders.
Upon a change of control, unless otherwise agreed to by a majority of the holders of outstanding Series preferred stock, we are required to exchange outstanding shares of Series B preferred stock for cash at 110% of face value plus all accrued but unpaid dividends. The exchange amount pursuant to this provision as of December 31, 2007 was approximately $117.3 million. The fixed payment due to the holders of our Series B preferred stock upon a change of control may cause a holder of Series B preferred stock to be in favor of a change of control event at a lower value than would be favored by holders of common stock.
Additionally, upon a change of control, at the election of the holders, we would be required to repurchase our convertible notes for cash at the higher of (a) 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest or (b) the conversion value of the convertible notes together with a make-whole premium designed to approximate the lost option time value if the event occurs prior to November 15, 2010. At December 31, 2007, the unpaid principal amount was approximately $86.3 million. The conversion value and make whole payment would depend upon the price of i2’s common stock at the time of a change of control and would exceed the principal amount of the convertible notes if the price were greater than $13.45 per share.
Our Financial Results Have Varied And May Continue To Vary Significantly From Quarter To Quarter And We May Fail To Meet Analysts’ And Investors’ Expectations.
Our operating results have varied significantly from quarter to quarter in the past, and we expect our operating results to continue to vary from quarter to quarter in the future due to a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control. Although our revenues are subject to fluctuation, significant portions of our expenses are not variable in the short term, such as our lease and purchase commitments. If we cannot reduce expenses quickly to respond to decreases in revenues, a revenue shortfall is likely to adversely and disproportionately affect our operating results. These factors have caused our operating results to be below the expectations of securities analysts and investors in the past and may do so again in the future.
We Have Historically Experienced Negative Cash Flows. A Failure To Maintain Profitability And Achieve Consistent Positive Cash Flows Would Have A Significant Adverse Effect On Our Business, Impair Our Ability To Support Our Operations And Adversely Affect Our Liquidity.
We experienced negative cash flows during the quarters ended March 31, 2007, September 30, 2006, March 31, 2006 and each of the five years ended December 31, 2005, primarily due to sharp declines in our revenues and our historical inability to reduce our expenses to a level at or below the level of our revenues. A failure to maintain profitability and achieve consistent positive cash flows could impair our ability to support our operations, adversely affect our liquidity and threaten our ability to repay our debts when they come due. Negative cash flows and the adverse market perception associated therewith may negatively affect our ability to sell our products and maintain existing customer relationships, and may adversely affect our ability to obtain additional debt or equity financing on advantageous terms. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining or maintaining an adequate level of cash resources and we may be forced to act more aggressively in the future in the area of expense reduction in order to conserve cash resources.
We May Require Additional Private Or Public Debt Or Equity Financing. Such Financing May Only Be Available On Disadvantageous Terms, Or May Not Be Available At All. Any New Financing Could Have A Substantial Dilutive Effect On Our Existing Stockholders.
At December 31, 2007, we had cash and cash equivalents of $121.0 million and a working capital balance of $63.6 million. Our cash position may decline in the future, and we may not be successful in maintaining an adequate level of cash resources.
We had $86.3 million in face value of our 5% senior convertible notes outstanding as of December 31, 2007. Holders of our 5% senior convertible notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or any portion of the senior convertible notes on November 15, 2010 and may convert the senior convertible notes at any time on or after May 15, 2010. In addition, holders of the senior convertible notes may convert the senior convertible notes prior to May 15, 2010 upon the occurrence of any of the following events:
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if the senior convertible notes have been called for redemption;
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upon certain dividends or distributions to all holders of our common stock;
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upon the occurrence of specified corporate transactions constituting a “fundamental change” (the occurrence of a “change in control” or a “termination of trading,” each as defined in the indenture governing our senior convertible notes);
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if the average of the trading prices for the senior convertible notes during any five consecutive trading-day period is less than 98% of the average of the conversion values for the senior convertible notes (the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the conversion rate) during that period; or
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at any time after May 15, 2008 if the closing sale price of our common stock is equal to or greater than $23.21 for at least 20 trading days in the 30 consecutive trading day period ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter.
Upon conversion of the senior convertible notes, we will be required to satisfy our conversion obligation with respect to the principal amount of the senior convertible notes to be converted in cash, with any remaining amount to be satisfied in shares of our common stock.
We may be required to seek private or public debt or equity financing in order to support our operations, satisfy the conversion obligation with respect to our senior convertible notes and/or repay our senior convertible notes. The debt incurrence restrictions imposed by the indenture governing our senior convertible notes could restrict or impede our ability to incur additional debt. We may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing on satisfactory terms, or at all, and any new financing could have a substantial dilutive effect on our existing stockholders.
Our 5% Senior Convertible Notes Contain Covenants That Restrict The Incurrence Of Additional Indebtedness.
The indenture governing our 5% senior convertible notes contains a debt incurrence covenant that places restrictions on the amount and type of additional indebtedness that we can incur. Such covenant specifies that we shall not, and that we shall not permit any of our subsidiaries to, directly or indirectly, incur or guarantee or assume any indebtedness other than “permitted indebtedness.” Permitted indebtedness is defined in the indenture to include, among others, the following categories of indebtedness: (i) all indebtedness outstanding on November 23, 2005; (ii) indebtedness under our 5% senior convertible notes; (iii) indebtedness under our $15.0 million letter of credit line; (iv) between $25.0 million and $50.0 million of additional senior secured indebtedness (the maximum permitted amount to be determined by application of a formula contained in the indenture); and (v) at least $100.0 million of additional subordinated unsecured indebtedness (the maximum permitted amount to be determined by application of a formula contained in the indenture). The debt incurrence restrictions imposed by the indenture governing our senior convertible notes could restrict or impede our ability to incur additional debt, which in turn could impair our ability to support our operations, adversely affect our liquidity and threaten our ability to repay our debts when they become due.
If We Are Unable To Develop And Generate Additional Demand For Our Products, Serious Harm Could Result To Our Business.
We have invested significant resources in developing and marketing our products and services. The demand for, and market acceptance of, our products and services is subject to a high level of uncertainty. Adoption of software solutions, particularly by those individuals and enterprises that have historically relied upon traditional means of commerce and communication, requires a broad acceptance of substantially different methods of conducting business and exchanging information. Our products and services are often considered complex and may involve a new approach to the conduct of business by our customers. As a result, intensive marketing and sales efforts may be necessary to educate prospective customers regarding the uses and benefits of these products and services in order to generate additional demand. The market for our products and services may weaken, competitors may develop superior products and services or we may fail to develop acceptable solutions to address new market conditions. Any one of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
We May Not Be Competitive, And Increased Competition Could Seriously Harm Our Business.
Relative to us, some of our competitors have one or more of the following advantages:
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Longer operating history
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Greater financial, technical, marketing, sales and other resources
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More consistent positive cash flows
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Longer history of profitable operations
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Greater name recognition
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A broader range of products to offer
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Better product functionality and performance in certain areas
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A larger installed base of customers
Current and potential competitors have established, or may establish, cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties to enhance their products, which may result in increased competition. In addition, we expect to experience increasing price competition as we compete for market share. We understand that some competitors are offering enterprise application software at no charge as components of product bundles. Further, traditional enterprise resource planning vendors have focused more resources on the development and marketing of enterprise application software, particularly in the product and industry segments in which we compete, and, increasingly, corporate information technology departments are undertaking internal development efforts. As a result of these and other factors, we may be unable to compete successfully with our existing or new competitors.
We Have Been And Continue To Be Subject To Product Quality And Performance Claims And Other Litigation, Which Could Seriously Harm Our Business.
From time to time, customers make claims pertaining to the quality and performance of our software and services, citing a variety of issues. Whether customer claims regarding the quality and performance of our products and services are founded or unfounded, they may adversely impact customer demand and affect the market perception of our company, our products and our services. Any such damage to our reputation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Our software products generally are used by our customers in mission-critical applications where component failures or software errors could cause significant damages. Although we conduct testing and quality assurance through a release management process, we may not discover errors until our customers install and use a given product or until the volume of services that a product provides increases. Errors could result in loss of customers and reputation, adverse publicity, loss of revenues, delays in market acceptance, diversion of development and consulting resources and claims against us by customers. To mitigate this exposure, our license agreements typically seek to limit our exposure to product liability claims from our customers. However, these contract provisions may not preclude all potential claims. Additionally, our insurance policies may be inadequate to protect us from all liability that we may face. Product liability claims could require us to spend significant time and money in litigation or to pay significant damages. As a result, any claim, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
On March 7, 2007, a purported shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the Delaware Chancery Court against certain of our current and former officers and directors, naming the company as a nominal defendant. The complaint alleges breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment in connection with stock option grants to certain of the defendant officers and directors on three dates in 2004 and 2005. The complaint states that those
stock option grants were manipulated so as to work to the recipients’ favor when material non-public information about the company was later disclosed to positive or negative effect. The complaint is derivative in nature and does not seek relief from the company, but does seek damages and other relief from the defendant officers and directors. We have entered into indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business with certain of the defendant officers and directors and may be obligated throughout the pendency of this action to advance payment of legal fees and costs incurred by the defendants pursuant to our obligations under the indemnification agreements and/or applicable Delaware law.
On October 23, 2007, a purported shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the Delaware Chancery Court against certain of our current and former officers and directors, naming the company as a nominal defendant. The complaint, entitled John McPadden, Sr. v. Sanjiv S. Sidhu, Stephen Bradley, Harvey B. Cash, Richard L. Clemmer, Michael E. McGrath, Lloyd G. Waterhouse, Jackson L. Wilson, Jr., Robert L. Crandall and Anthony Dubreville and i2 Technologies, Inc., alleges breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment based upon allegations that the company sold its wholly-owned subsidiary, Trade Services Corporation, for an inadequate price in 2005. The complaint is derivative in nature and does not seek relief from the company, but does seek damages and other relief from the defendant officers and directors. We have entered into indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business with certain of the defendant officers and directors and may be obligated throughout the pendency of this action to advance payment of legal fees and costs incurred by the defendants pursuant to our obligations under the indemnification agreements and/or applicable Delaware law. Based on the stage of the litigation, it is not possible to estimate the outcome or amount or range of possible loss that might result from an adverse judgment or a settlement of this matter.
We may face other claims and litigation in the future that could harm our business and impair our liquidity. Defending against existing and potential litigation and other proceedings may continue to require us to spend significant time and money and to pay significant damages. We cannot assure you that the time, effort and financial resources that could be required will not adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
The Loss Of Key Personnel Or Our Failure To Attract Additional Personnel Could Seriously Harm Our Company.
We rely upon the continued service of a relatively small number of key technical, sales and senior management personnel. However, our employees can typically resign with little or no previous notice and our voluntary attrition rate is believed to be higher than the software industry’s average. Our future success depends on our ability to retain our key employees and to attract, train and retain other highly qualified personnel. Our loss of any of our key employees or our inability to attract, train and retain other highly qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Restructuring and Reorganization Initiatives Have Been Executed, And Such Activities Pose Significant Risks To Our Business
In late July 2007, we began restructuring initiatives involving reducing our workforce in an effort to achieve our profitability objectives. These activities pose significant risks to our business, including the risk that terminated employees will disparage the company, file legal claims against us related to their termination of employment, become employed by competitors or share our intellectual property or other sensitive information with others and that the reorganization will not achieve targeted efficiencies. The failure to retain and effectively manage our remaining employees or achieve our targeted efficiencies through the reorganization could increase our costs, adversely affect our development efforts and adversely affect the quality of our products and customer service. If customers become dissatisfied with our products or service, our maintenance renewals may decrease, our customers may take legal action against us and our sales to existing customers could decline, leading to reduced revenues. Failure to achieve the desired results of our restructuring and reorganization initiatives could increase employee turnover and harm our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Chief Executive Officer Succession
Effective July 30, 2007, Pallab K. Chatterjee was appointed interim CEO following the resignation of Michael E. McGrath from his position as an officer of the Company. Prior to his appointment as interim CEO, Mr. Chatterjee was our Executive Vice President, Solutions Operations and Chief Delivery Officer. Our Board of Directors has identified a number of CEO candidates and expects to name a permanent CEO pending the outcome of the ongoing exploration of strategic options currently being conducted by the Strategic Review Committee of the Board. Until that time, Mr. Chatterjee will continue to serve as the company’s interim CEO and remains a candidate for the permanent CEO position.
This transition to an interim CEO and then a permanent CEO could be a distraction to our senior management, business operations and customers. The search for a permanent replacement could also result in significant recruiting and relocation costs. If we fail to successfully attract and appoint a permanent CEO with the appropriate level of expertise, we could experience increased employee turnover and harm to our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Because Our Software Products Are Intended To Work Within Complex Business Processes, Implementation Or Upgrades Of Our Products Can Be Difficult, Time-Consuming And Expensive, And Customers May Be Unable To Implement Or Upgrade Our Products Successfully Or Otherwise Achieve The Benefits Attributable To Our Products. This May Result In Customer Dissatisfaction, Harm To Our Reputation And Cause Non-Payment Issues.
Our products typically must integrate with the many existing computer systems and software programs of our customers. This can be complex, time-consuming and expensive, and may cause delays in the deployment of our products. As a result, some customers may have difficulty implementing our products successfully or otherwise achieving the benefits attributable to our products. Delayed or ineffective implementation or upgrades of our software and services may limit our future sales opportunities, impact revenues, result in customer dissatisfaction and harm to our reputation, or cause non-payment issues.
Failure To Complete Development Projects As Planned Could Harm Our Operating Results And Create Business Distractions And Negative Publicity That Could Harm Our Business.
Risks associated with our software solutions and other development projects include, but are not limited to:
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Customers may withhold cash payments or cancel contracts if we fail to meet our delivery commitments, the customers have financial difficulties or change strategy, or the functionality delivered is not acceptable to the customers. We are particularly susceptible to this with respect to arrangements where payments are scheduled to occur later in the engagement.
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The cancellation or scaling back of one or more of our larger software solutions or other development projects could have a material adverse impact on future software solutions revenues.
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We may be unable to recognize revenue associated with software solutions and other development projects in accordance with expectations. We generally recognize revenue from software solutions and other development projects over time using the percentage of completion method of contract accounting. Failure to complete project phases in accordance with the overall project plan can create variability in our expected revenue streams if we are not able to recognize revenues related to particular projects because of delays in development.
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Many of our software solutions and other development projects are fixed-price arrangements. If we fail to accurately estimate the resources required for a fixed-price project or the customer attempts to change the scope of the project, the profit, if any, realized from the project would be adversely affected to the extent that we have to add additional resources to complete the project.
If We Fail To Adequately Protect Our Intellectual Property Rights Or Face A Claim Of Intellectual Property Infringement By A Third Party, We Could Lose Our Intellectual Property Rights Or Be Liable For Significant Damages.
We rely primarily on a combination of copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary rights. However, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our products or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. Policing unauthorized use of our products is difficult, and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent misappropriation of our intellectual property. This is particularly true in India, where a significant portion of our Solutions Operations are located, and other foreign countries such as China and Russia where the laws do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States and may not provide us with an effective remedy against piracy. The misappropriation or duplication of our intellectual property could disrupt our ongoing business, distract our management and employees, reduce our revenues and increase our expenses. In connection with our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, on September 5, 2006 we filed a lawsuit against SAP AG and SAP Americas, Inc. alleging infringement of seven patents related to supply chain management. During September 2007, SAP filed suit asking for a judgment against i2 alleging that we had directly and/or indirectly infringed on one or more claims on two patents. This and any other litigation to defend our intellectual property rights could be time-consuming and costly.
There has been a substantial amount of litigation in the software industry regarding intellectual property rights. As a result, we may be subject to claims of intellectual property infringement. Although we are not aware that any of our products infringe upon the proprietary rights of third parties, third parties may claim infringement by us with respect to current or future products. Any infringement claims, with or without merit, could be time-consuming, result in costly litigation or damages, cause product shipment delays or the loss or deferral of sales, or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements. If we enter into royalty or licensing agreements in settlement of any litigation or claims, these agreements may not be on terms favorable to us. Unfavorable royalty and licensing agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Serious Harm To Our Business Could Result If Our Encryption Technology Fails To Ensure The Security Of Our Customers’ Online Transactions.
The secure exchange of confidential information over public networks is a significant concern of consumers engaging in on-line transactions and interaction. Some of our software applications use encryption technology to provide the security necessary to effect the secure exchange of valuable and confidential information. Advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other events or developments could result in a compromise or breach of the algorithms that these applications use to protect customer transaction data. If any compromise or breach were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
We Are Dependent On Third-Party Software That We Incorporate Into And Include With Our Products And Solutions, And Impaired Relations With These Third Parties, Defects In Third-Party Software Or The Inability To Enhance Their Software Over Time Could Harm Our Business.
We incorporate and include third-party software into and with certain of our products and solutions. Additionally, we may incorporate and include additional third-party software into and with our products and solutions in future product offerings. The operation of our products could be impaired if errors occur in the third-party software that we utilize. It may be more difficult for us to correct any defects in third-party software because the development and maintenance of the software is not within our control. Accordingly, our business could be adversely affected in the event of any errors in this software. There can be no assurance that these third parties will continue to make their software available to us on acceptable terms, to invest the appropriate levels of resources in their products and services to maintain and enhance the software capabilities, or to remain in
business. Further, due to the limited numbers of vendors of certain types of third-party software, it may be difficult for us to replace any third-party software if a vendor seeks to terminate our license to the software or our ability to license the software to customers. Any impairment in our relationship with these third parties could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
We Face Risks Associated With International Sales And Operations That Could Harm Our Company.
International revenues accounted for approximately 43% of our total revenues during 2007, and we expect to continue to generate a significant portion of our revenues from international sales in the future. Our international operations are subject to risks inherent in international business activities, including the tendency of markets outside of the U.S. to be more volatile and difficult to forecast than the U.S. market. Any of the following factors, among other things, could adversely affect the success of our international operations:
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Difficulties and costs of staffing and managing geographically disparate operations
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Extended accounts receivable collection cycles in certain countries
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Compliance with a variety of foreign business practices, laws and regulations
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Overlap of different tax structures and regimes, including transfer pricing
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Meeting import and export licensing requirements
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Trade restrictions
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Changes in tariff and tax rates
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Changes in general economic and political conditions in international markets
In addition, we conduct a large portion of our software solutions development and services operations in India. The distributed nature of our development and consulting resources could create operational challenges and complications since we have a heightened risk exposure to changes in the economic, security and political conditions of India. Operational issues, recruiting and retention issues, ability to obtain work permits, economic and political instability, military actions, currency fluctuations and other unforeseen occurrences in India could impair our ability to develop and introduce new software applications and functionality in a timely manner, or hinder our ability to provide cost-competitive services, either of which could put our products at a competitive disadvantage and cause us to lose existing customers or fail to attract new customers.
We May Make Future Acquisitions Or Enter Into Joint Ventures That Are Not Successful, Which Could Seriously Harm Our Business.
Historically, we have acquired technology or businesses to supplement and expand our product offerings. In the future, we could acquire additional products, technologies or businesses, or enter into joint venture arrangements, for the purpose of complementing or expanding our business. Negotiation of potential acquisitions or joint ventures and our integration of acquired products, technologies or businesses could divert management’s time and resources. Future acquisitions could cause us to issue equity securities that would dilute existing stockholders, incur debt or contingent liabilities, amortize intangible assets, or write off in-process research and development and other acquisition-related expenses that could have a material adverse affect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. We may not be able to properly integrate acquired products, technologies or businesses with our existing products and operations, train, retain and motivate personnel from the acquired businesses, or combine potentially different corporate cultures. Failure to do so could deprive us of the intended benefits of those acquisitions. In addition, we may be required to write-off acquired research and development if further development of purchased technology becomes unfeasible, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Changes In The Value Of The U.S. Dollar, As Compared To The Currencies Of Foreign Countries Where We Transact Business, Could Harm Our Operating Results.
To date, our international revenues have been denominated primarily in U.S. Dollars. However, the majority of our international expenses, including the wages of approximately 63% of our employees, have been denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. Therefore, changes in the value of the U.S. Dollar as compared to these other currencies may adversely affect our operating results. We have implemented limited hedging programs to mitigate our exposure to currency fluctuations affecting international accounts receivable, cash balances and intercompany accounts, but we do not hedge our exposure to currency fluctuations affecting future international revenues and expenses and other commitments. For the foregoing reasons, currency exchange rate fluctuations have caused, and likely will continue to cause, variability in our foreign currency denominated revenue streams and our cost to settle foreign currency denominated liabilities.
We May Not Be Able to Fully Realize The Benefits Of Our Deferred Tax Assets.
Our ability to utilize our domestic net operating loss carryforwards during their remaining life is dependent upon our ability to generate sufficient domestic taxable income during the carryforward periods. If we do not generate sufficient domestic taxable income, the remaining net operating loss carryforwards may expire without being fully utilized.
In addition, pursuant to section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, the amount of and benefit from our domestic net operating loss carryforwards, and other tax attributes, may be impaired or limited in certain circumstances. Events which cause limitations on the amount of net operating losses and other tax attributes that we may utilize in the future include, but are not limited to, a cumulative change in ownership of greater than 50% in the value of the company (for those instruments that constitute equity for section 382 purposes), over the lesser of a three-year period ending on a specific testing date or a previous ownership change date. A testing date generally occurs upon the issuance, transfer or repurchase of the company’s securities or debt that is treated as a security for purposes of determining an ownership change. A cumulative change in ownership of greater than 50% would limit our ability to fully utilize our domestic net operating loss carryforwards.
Failure Or Circumvention Of Our Controls And Procedures Or Failure To Comply With Regulations Related To Controls And Procedures Could Seriously Harm Our Business.
Over time, we have made significant changes in and may consider making additional changes to our internal controls, our disclosure controls and procedures, and our corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure of our controls, policies and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Risks Related To Our Industry
If Our Products Are Not Able To Deliver Fast, Demonstrable Value To Our Customers, Our Business Could Be Seriously Harmed.
Enterprises are requiring their application software vendors to provide faster time to value on their technology investments. We must continue to improve the speed of our implementations and the pace at which our products deliver value or our competitors may gain important strategic advantages over us. If we cannot successfully respond to these market demands, or if our competitors do so more effectively than we do, our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
Releases Of And Problems With New Products May Cause Purchasing Delays, Which Would Harm Our Revenues.
Our practice and the practice in the industry is to periodically develop and release new products and enhancements. As a result, customers may delay their purchasing decisions in anticipation of our new or enhanced products, or products of competitors. Delays in customer purchasing decisions could seriously harm our business and operating results. Moreover, significant delays in the general availability of new releases, significant problems in the installation or implementation of new releases, or customer dissatisfaction with new releases could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Risks Related To Our Stock
Our Stock Price Historically Has Been Volatile, Which May Make It More Difficult To Resell Common Stock At Attractive Prices.
The market price of our common stock has been highly volatile in the past, and may continue to be volatile in the future. The following factors could significantly affect the market price of our common stock:
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Continued quarterly variations in our results of operations and cash flows
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Technological innovations by our competitors or us
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Announcement of new customers, new products, product enhancements, joint ventures and other alliances by our competitors or us
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Additional equity or debt financing transactions, or the absence thereof
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Stock valuations or performance of our competitors
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General market conditions, geopolitical events or market conditions specific to particular industries
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Perceptions in the marketplace of performance problems involving our products and services
The Price Of Our Common Stock May Decline Due To Shares Eligible For Future Sale.
Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the appearance that a large number of our shares are available for sale, could adversely affect the market price for our common stock. In addition to the adverse effect a price decline could have on holders of common stock, that decline would likely impede our ability to raise capital by issuing additional shares of common stock or other equity securities.
Our Executive Officers And Directors, In Particular Sanjiv Sidhu And An Affiliate Of Q Investments, Have Significant Influence Over Stockholder Votes.
As of December 31, 2007, our current executive officers and directors together beneficially controlled approximately 22.2% of the total voting power of our company, which includes, approximately 21.1% controlled by Sanjiv Sidhu, our current Chairman and former Chief Executive Officer and President, and entities that he controls. Further, an affiliate of Q Investments beneficially controls approximately 17.7% of the voting power of the company, and has the right to appoint two directors to our Board of Directors (which it exercised in 2007). S.A.C. Capital Advisors beneficially controls approximately 7.3% and BlackRock Advisors, LLC beneficially controls approximately 6.9% of the voting power of the company. Accordingly, Mr. Sidhu, the Q Investments affiliate, S.A.C. Capital Advisors and BlackRock Advisors have had and will have significant influence in determining the composition of our Board of Directors and other significant matters requiring stockholder approval or acquiescence, including amendments to our certificate of incorporation, a substantial sale of assets, a merger or similar corporate transaction or a non-negotiated takeover attempt. Such concentration of ownership may discourage a potential acquirer from making an offer to buy our company that other stockholders might find favorable, which in turn could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Our Charter And Bylaws Have Anti-Takeover Provisions And We Have A Stockholder Rights Plan Which, In Combination, Effectively Inhibit A Non-Negotiated Merger Or Business Combination.
Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws, Delaware law and our stockholder rights plan could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would be beneficial to our stockholders. We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which restricts certain business combinations with interested stockholders. The combination of these provisions effectively inhibits a non-negotiated merger or other business combination.
ITEM 1B.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our corporate headquarters, located in Dallas, Texas, are occupied under a lease that expires in 2010. This facility houses our executive and administrative staff as well as sales, marketing, research and development and consulting personnel. We also lease space for our other offices in the U.S., Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Africa, Taiwan and the United Kingdom primarily to provide sales, customer support, consulting services and research and development activities. While we consider our properties suitable and adequate for our present needs, we are attempting to renegotiate existing leases or possibly subleasing a portion of our existing properties.
ITEM 3.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Derivative Actions
On March 7, 2007, a purported shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the Delaware Chancery Court against certain of our current and former officers and directors, naming the company as a nominal defendant. The complaint, entitled George Keritsis and Mark Kert v. Michael E. McGrath, Michael J. Berry, Pallab K. Chatterjee, Robert C. Donohoo, Hiten D. Varia, M. Miriam Wardak, Sanjiv S. Sidhu, Stephen P. Bradley, Harvey B. Cash, Richard L. Clemmer, Lloyd G. Waterhouse, Jackson L. Wilson Jr., Robert L. Crandall and i2 Technologies, Inc., alleges breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment in connection with stock option grants to certain of the defendant officers and directors on three dates in 2004 and 2005. The complaint states that those stock option grants were manipulated so as to work to the recipients’ favor when material non-public information about the company was later disclosed to positive or negative effect. The complaint is derivative in nature and does not seek relief from the company, but does seek damages and other relief from the defendant officers and directors. As discussed below, we have entered into indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business with certain of the defendant officers and directors and may be obligated throughout the pendency of this action to advance payment of legal fees and costs incurred by the defendants pursuant to our obligations under the indemnification agreements and/or applicable Delaware law. Based on the stage of the litigation, it is not possible to estimate the amount or range of possible loss that might result from an adverse judgment or a settlement of this matter.
On October 23, 2007, a purported shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the Delaware Chancery Court against certain of our current and former officers and directors, naming the company as a nominal defendant. The complaint, entitled John McPadden, Sr. v. Sanjiv S. Sidhu, Stephen Bradley, Harvey B. Cash, Richard L. Clemmer, Michael E. McGrath, Lloyd G. Waterhouse, Jackson L. Wilson, Jr., Robert L. Crandall and Anthony Dubreville and i2 Technologies, Inc., alleges breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment based upon allegations that the company sold its wholly-owned subsidiary, Trade Services Corporation, for an inadequate price in 2005. The complaint is derivative in nature and does not seek relief from the company, but does seek damages and other relief from the defendant officers and directors. As discussed below, we have entered into indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business with certain of the defendant officers and directors
and may be obligated throughout the pendency of this action to advance payment of legal fees and costs incurred by the defendants pursuant to our obligations under the indemnification agreements and/or applicable Delaware law. Based on the stage of the litigation, it is not possible to estimate the outcome or amount or range of possible loss that might result from an adverse judgment or a settlement of this matter.
Indemnification Agreements
We have indemnification agreements with certain of our officers, directors and employees that may require us, among other things, to indemnify such officers, directors and employees against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees and to advance their expenses incurred as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified. We have also entered into agreements regarding the advancement of costs with certain other officers and employees.
Pursuant to these indemnification and cost-advancement agreements, we have advanced fees and expenses incurred by certain current and former directors, officers and employees in connection with the governmental investigations and actions related to the 2003 restatement of our consolidated financial statements and other matters. We incurred approximately $0.2 million, $14.0 million and $4.9 million of expense for legal fees and expenses for current and former employees during 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.
We may continue to advance fees and expenses incurred by certain current and former directors, officers and employees in the future. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification and cost-advancement agreements is unlimited. Additionally, our corporate by-laws allow us to choose to indemnify any employee for certain events or occurrences while the employee is, or was, serving at our request in such capacity.
Under the terms of our software license agreements with our customers, we agree that in the event the licensed software infringes upon any patent, copyright, trademark, or any other proprietary right of a third-party, we will indemnify our customer licensees against any loss, expense, or liability from any damages that may be awarded against our customer. We include this infringement indemnification in substantially all of our software license agreements and selected managed service arrangements. In the event the customer cannot use the software or service due to infringement and we can not obtain the right to use, replace or modify the software or service in a commercially feasible manner so that it no longer infringes, then we may terminate the license and provide the customer a pro-rata refund of the fees paid by the customer for the infringing software or service. We believe the estimated fair value of these intellectual property indemnification clauses is minimal.
India Tax Assessments
We are under tax examinations in India primarily related to our intercompany pricing for services rendered by our Indian subsidiary to other i2 companies and our qualification for a tax holiday, and have been assessed an aggregate of $7.1 million for the Indian statutory fiscal years ended March 31, 2002, 2003 and 2004. We believe the Indian tax authorities’ positions regarding our intercompany transactions and tax holiday qualification are without merit, that all intercompany transactions were conducted at appropriate pricing levels and that our operations qualify for the tax holiday claimed. Accordingly, we have appealed all of these assessments and have also sought assistance from the United States competent authority under the mutual agreement procedure of the income tax treaty between the United States and India, which provides us with an opportunity to resolve these matters in an environment which includes governmental representatives of both countries.
Pending resolution of these matters, we have paid approximately $3.5 million of the assessed amount and have arranged for approximately $2.9 million in bank guarantees in favor of the Indian government in respect of a portion of the balance. The bank guarantees are supported by letters of credit issued in the United States and are reflected on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as restricted cash.
We expect that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not exceed the tax contingency reserves that we have established for them.
Certain Accruals
We have accrued for estimated losses in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for matters where we believe the likelihood of an adverse outcome is probable and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. We are subject to various claims and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business from time to time, including claims and legal proceedings that have been asserted against us by former employees and certain customers, and have been in negotiations to settle certain of those contingencies. The adverse resolution of any one or more of those matters or the matters described in this Item 3 over and above the amount, if any, that has been estimated and accrued in our consolidated financial statements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
ITEM 4.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
None.
PART II
ITEM 5.
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Market under the ticker symbol ITWO.
The following table lists the high and low per share intra-day sales prices for our common stock as reported by the NASDAQ Global Market during the following periods:
As of March 11, 2008, there were approximately 21,452,855 shares of our common stock outstanding held by approximately 440 holders of record.
Dividends
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any earnings for use in our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Future dividends, if any, will be determined by our Board of Directors.
Stock Performance Graph
The graph depicted below shows a comparison of cumulative total stockholder returns for i2 common stock, the NASDAQ Global Market (U.S. Companies) Index and the NASDAQ Computer and Data Processing Services Group Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested in i2 common stock on December 31, 2002 and in each index, and that all dividends were reinvested. No cash dividends have been declared on shares of i2 common stock. The graph covers the period from December 31, 2002 to December 31, 2007. The data for the graph was provided to us by R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company. The comparisons in the graph are required by regulations of the SEC and are not intended to forecast or to be indicative of the possible future performance of our common stock.
Stock Performance Graph Data Points:
The foregoing graph shall not be deemed to be filed as part of this Form 10-K and does not constitute soliciting material and should not be deemed filed or incorporated by reference into any other filing of i2 under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent i2 specifically incorporates the graph by reference.
Stock Option Plans
Information regarding stock-based compensation awards (including both stock options and stock rights awards) outstanding and available for future grants as of December 31, 2007, segregated between stock-based compensation plans approved by stockholders and stock-based compensation plans not approved by stockholders, is presented in the table below (in thousands, except per share amounts). Included in the table are stock options granted to former employees of acquired companies that were assumed by us. We do not intend to grant additional stock options under any of the assumed plans of acquired companies. While our stockholders approved certain of our acquisitions of the companies from which these plans were assumed, our stockholders have not approved any of the assumed plans. See Note 10 - Stock-Based Compensation Plans, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of our stock option plans.
Stock Rights Plan
On January 17, 2002, our Board of Directors approved adoption of a stockholder rights plan and declared a dividend of one preferred share purchase right for each outstanding share of common stock. After adjusting for the 1-for-25 reverse stock split we implemented on February 16, 2005, each share of common stock has attached to it one right to purchase 25 units of one one-thousandth of a share of Series A junior participating preferred stock at a price of $75.00 per unit. The rights, which expire on January 17, 2012, will only become exercisable upon distribution. Distribution of the rights will not occur until ten days after the earlier of (i) the public announcement that a person or group has acquired beneficial ownership of 15.0% or more of our outstanding common stock or (ii) the commencement of, or announcement of an intention to make, a tender offer or exchange offer that would result in a person or group acquiring the beneficial ownership of 15.0% or more of our outstanding common stock.
Shares of Series A preferred stock purchasable upon exercise of the rights are not redeemable. Each share of Series A preferred stock will be entitled to a dividend of 40 times the dividend declared per share of common stock. In the event of liquidation, each share of Series A preferred stock will be entitled to a payment of the greater of (i) 40 times the payment made per share of common stock or (ii) $1,000. Each share of Series A preferred stock will have 40 votes, voting together with the common stock. Finally, in the event of any merger, consolidation or other transaction in which shares of common stock are exchanged, each share of Series A preferred stock will be entitled to receive 40 times the amount received per share of common stock. Because of the nature of the dividend, liquidation and voting rights, the value of the 25 units of Series A preferred stock purchasable upon exercise of each right should approximate the value of one share of common stock.
If, after the rights become exercisable, we are acquired in a merger or other business combination transaction, or 50% or more of our consolidated assets or earning power are sold, proper provision will be made so that each holder of a right will thereafter have the right to receive upon exercise that number of shares of common stock of the acquiring company having a market value of two times the exercise price of the right.
If any person or group becomes the beneficial owner of 15.0% or more of the outstanding shares of common stock, proper provision will be made so that each holder of a right, other than rights beneficially owned by the acquiring person (which will thereafter be void), will have the right to receive upon exercise that number of shares of common stock or units of Series A preferred stock (or cash, other securities or property) having a market value of two times the exercise price of the right.
The rights have significant anti-takeover effects by causing substantial dilution to a person or group that attempts to acquire us on terms not approved by our Board of Directors. The rights should not interfere with any merger or other business combination approved by the Board of Directors since the rights may be redeemed by us at the redemption price of $0.25 per right prior to the occurrence of a distribution date. Additional details of this stock rights plan are presented in Note 9 - Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) and Income per Common Share in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Convertible Debt
As of December 31, 2007, we had approximately $86.3 million in face value of outstanding indebtedness that is convertible into shares of our common stock. Details of this debt are presented in Note 6 - Borrowings and Debt Issuance Costs in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following table presents selected consolidated financial data for the periods indicated. The selected consolidated financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report. Amounts shown are in thousands, except per share data. The revenue amounts and certain expense amounts for years prior to 2006 have been reclassified from previously reported amounts.
The following tables set forth unaudited consolidated quarterly statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006. Amounts shown are in thousands, except per share data.
Amortization of intangibles is not material and is included in general and administrative expense.
Amortization of intangibles is not material and is included in general and administrative expense.
ITEM 7.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Forward-Looking Statements
This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. All statements other than statements of historical or current facts, including, without limitation, statements about our business strategy, plans, objectives and future prospects, are forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from these expectations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. Such risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, the following:
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Certain large stockholders have called for the public sale of the Company, and the Board of Directors of i2 has formed a Strategic Review Committee in connection with an ongoing review of i2’s management, operations and strategy. Continued pressure by activist stockholders for the sale of the Company and/ or the Company’s ongoing exploration of strategic options, could create distractions for our management, sales staff and other employees and create uncertainty in existing and potential customers regarding our ability to meet our contractual obligations. Such distractions and uncertainty could increase our employee turnover and harm our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
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We have recently implemented restructuring and reorganization initiatives. Failure to achieve the desired results of our restructuring and reorganization initiatives could increase our employee turnover, harm our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
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Effective July 30, 2007, our Chief Executive Officer resigned and we appointed an interim CEO. Failure to appoint a permanent CEO with the appropriate level of expertise could increase our employee turnover, harm our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
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Our financial results have varied and may continue to vary significantly from quarter-to-quarter. We may fail to meet analysts’ and investors’ expectations.
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We experienced negative cash flows for the quarters ended March 31, 2007, September 30, 2006 and March 31, 2006, and for each of the five years ended December 31, 2005. A failure to maintain profitability and achieve consistent positive cash flows would have a significant adverse effect on our business, impair our ability to support our operations and adversely affect our liquidity.
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Holders of our 5% senior convertible notes may convert the senior convertible notes upon the occurrence of certain events prior to May 15, 2010, and at any time on or after May 15, 2010, and have the right to require us to repurchase all or any portion of the senior convertible notes on November 15, 2010. There is no assurance that at the time of conversion or required repurchase, we will have the ability to satisfy the cash portion of any such conversion obligation or to make any such required repurchase.
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We may require additional private or public debt or equity financing. Such financing may only be available on disadvantageous terms, or may not be available at all. Any new financing could have a substantial dilutive effect on our existing shareholders.
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The indenture governing our 5% senior convertible notes contains a debt incurrence covenant that places restrictions on the amount and type of additional indebtedness that we can incur. The debt incurrence restrictions imposed by the indenture could restrict or impede our ability to incur additional debt, which in turn could impair our ability to support our operations, adversely affect our liquidity and threaten our ability to repay our debts when they become due.
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If we are unable to develop and generate additional demand for our products, serious harm could result to our business.
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We may not be competitive, and increased competition could seriously harm our business. Our focus on a solutions-oriented approach may not be successful.
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We face risks related to product quality and performance claims and other litigation that could have a material adverse effect on our relationships with customers and our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. We may face other claims and litigation in the future that could harm our business and impair our liquidity. Loss of key personnel or our failure to attract, train and retain additional personnel could negatively affect our operating results and revenues and seriously harm our company.
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We face risks related to product quality and performance claims and other litigation that could have a material adverse effect on our relationships with customers and our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. We may face other claims and litigation in the future that could harm our business and impair our liquidity.
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We face other risks indicated in Item 1A., “Risk Factors,” and in our other filings with the SEC.
Many of these risks and uncertainties are beyond our control and, in many cases, we cannot accurately predict the risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements. When used in this document, the words “believes,” “plans,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “continue,” “may,” “will,” “should” or the negative of such terms and similar expressions as they relate to us, our customers or our management are intended to identify forward-looking statements.
References in this report to the terms “optimal” and “optimization” and words to that effect are not intended to connote the mathematically optimal solution, but may connote near-optimal solutions, which reflect practical considerations such as customer requirements as to response time, precision of the results and other commercial factors.
Overview
Nature of Operations. We are a provider of supply chain management solutions, consisting of various software and service offerings. In addition to application software, we offer hosted software solutions, such as business optimization and technical consulting, managed services, training, solution maintenance, software upgrades and development. We operate our business in one business segment. Supply chain management is the set of processes, technology and expertise involved in managing supply, demand and fulfillment throughout divisions within a company and with its customers, suppliers and partners. The goals of our solutions include increasing supply chain efficiency and enhancing customer and supplier relationships by managing variability, reducing complexity, improving operational visibility, increasing operating velocity and integrating planning and execution. Our offerings are designed to help customers better achieve the following critical business objectives:
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Visibility - a clear and unobstructed view up and down the supply chain
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Planning - supply chain optimization to match supply and demand considering system-wide constraints
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Collaboration - interoperability with supply chain partners and elimination of functional silos
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Control - management of data and business processes across the extended supply chain
Revenue Categories
We recognize revenue for software and our related service offerings in accordance with Statement of Position (SOP) 81-1, “Accounting for Certain Construction Type and Certain Production Type Contracts,” SOP 97-2, “Software Revenue Recognition,” as modified by SOP 98-9, “Modification of SOP 97-2, Software Revenue
Recognition with Respect to Certain Transactions,” SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 104, “Revenue Recognition,” and SAB 103, “Update of Codification of Staff Accounting Bulletins,” and SAB “Topic 13, Revenue Recognition.”
Software Solutions. Software solutions revenue includes core license revenue, recurring license revenue, and fees received to develop the licensed functionality. We recognize these revenues under SOP 97-2 or SOP 81-1 based on our evaluation of whether the associated services are essential to the licensed software as described within SOP 97-2. If the services are considered essential, revenue is generally recognized on a percentage of completion basis under SOP 81-1. Services are considered essential to the software when they involve significant modifications or additions to the software features and functionality. In addition, we have several subscription and other recurring revenue transactions, which are recognized ratably over the life of each contract.
Services. Services revenue is primarily derived from fees for services that are not essential to the software, including implementation, integration, training and consulting, and is generally recognized when services are performed. In addition, services revenue may include fees received from arrangements to customize or enhance previously purchased licensed software, when such services are not essential to the previously licensed software. Services revenue also includes reimbursable expense revenue, with the related costs of reimbursable expenses included in cost of services.
Maintenance. Maintenance revenue consists of fees generated by providing support services, such as telephone support, and unspecified upgrades/enhancements on a when-and-if available basis. A customer typically prepays maintenance and support fees for an initial period, and the related revenue is deferred and generally recognized over the term of such initial period. Maintenance is renewable by the customer on an annual basis thereafter. Rates for maintenance, including subsequent renewal rates, are typically established based upon a specified percentage of net license fees as set forth in the contract.
Contract Revenue. As explained in more detail below, we do not consider contract revenue to be an indication of the current performance of our business. We collected the cash associated with contract revenue in prior periods and recorded the revenue as we fulfilled the contract obligations. Our deferred contract revenue balance is zero.
Transition to a Solutions-Oriented Provider
Our software and service offerings have changed in recent years in response to market demands as well as the introduction of new technology and products. We are transitioning our business approach to being a solutions-oriented provider, and accordingly have experienced a shift to a greater level of services revenue versus software solutions revenue.
In early 2006, we increased our hiring of services personnel based on our expectations regarding the demand for our services and our existing services backlog. In addition to generating increased services revenue from the increased headcount, we have also increased the billability of our services personnel and have been successful at strategically placing certain of our research and development staff on billable services projects when their skill sets are appropriate.
These changes impact the mix of revenues we generate. This affects our profitability because services will typically earn a lower margin than software solutions. These changes also influence the proportion of revenue recognized on a percentage of completion basis or subscription basis. We now expect that a higher proportion of our software solutions revenue will be recognized under a percentage of completion basis or subscription basis, rather than being recognized in the period the contract is signed.
Key Performance Indicators and Operating Metrics
The markets in which we operate are highly competitive. Our competitors are diverse and offer a variety of solutions targeting various segments of the extended supply chain as well as the enterprise as a whole. Some competitors offer suites of applications, while most offer solutions designed to target specific processes or industries. We believe our principal competitors continue to strengthen, in part based on consolidation within the industry. In addition, our shift to a more solutions-oriented approach, where services are more critical, increases our exposure to competition from offshore providers and consulting companies. All of these factors are creating pricing pressure for our software and service offerings. However, we believe our focus on a solutions-oriented approach that leverages our deep supply chain expertise differentiates us from our competitors.
In managing our business and reviewing our results, management focuses most intently on our revenue generation process, including bookings, backlog and operating revenue (total revenue excluding contract revenue), as well as our cash flow from operations and liquidity.
Bookings. We define bookings as the total value of non-contingent fees payable to the company pursuant to the terms of duly executed contracts. Bookings result in revenue as products are delivered or services are performed, and may reflect contracts from which revenue will be recognized over multi-year periods. Bookings do not include amounts subject to contingencies, such as optional renewal periods, amounts subject to a customer’s internal approvals, and amounts that are refundable for reasons outside of our standard warranty provisions. Because our revenues are recognized under several different accounting standards and thus are subject to period-to-period variability, we closely monitor our bookings as a leading indicator of future revenues and the overall performance of our business.
Total bookings for the years ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006 were $264.7 million and $257.3 million, respectively, an increase of approximately 3% or $7.4 million. A number of the bookings entered into during the fourth quarter of 2007 are multi-year arrangements. We did not begin tracking total bookings until the fourth quarter of 2005, so there is no comparable number available for the year ended December 31, 2005. We have experienced seasonality in our quarterly bookings, with the third quarter typically being the weakest of the year. Although, our fourth quarter 2007 bookings were approximately 28% higher than our fourth quarter 2006 bookings and our total bookings grew approximately 3% in 2007 when compared to 2006, bookings for the year ended December 31, 2007 were below our original expectations. We believe this was due to execution issues, focus on internal organizational and management changes including our restructuring initiatives during the third quarter and public comments made by certain large stockholders regarding our competitive position and future direction. Unless we are able to generate bookings growth in the next several quarters, in the future our revenue will continue to decline.
Backlog. Backlog represents the balance of bookings that has yet to be recognized as revenue. The amount of backlog for which we have received payment is recorded as deferred revenue on our consolidated balance sheet. We review our backlog to assess future revenue that may be recognized from bookings in previous fiscal periods. This review allows us to determine whether we are recognizing more or less revenue compared to the bookings in that period and whether our backlog is increasing or decreasing.
Revenue. In our internal analysis of revenue, we focus on operating revenue (total revenue excluding contract revenue). Contract revenue is the result of the recognition of certain revenue that was carried on our balance sheet as a portion of deferred revenue and was a result of our 2003 financial restatement. Inclusion of contract revenue in the evaluation of our performance would skew comparisons of our periodic results since recognition of that revenue was based on fulfillment of contractual obligations which often required only minimal cash outlays and generally did not involve any significant activity in the period of recognition. Additionally, the cash associated with contract revenue had been collected in prior periods. All remaining contract revenue was recognized March 31, 2007, so it is not relevant to our on-going operations and we exclude it from comparisons to prior period results.
Our annual operating revenue (total revenue excluding contract revenue) was approximately $257.9 million, $275.6 million and $294.3 million in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. These declines represent annual declines of 6% for each period. As part of our transition to being a solutions-oriented provider, we have experienced a shift to a greater level of services revenue, which has partially offset our decline in software solutions and maintenance revenue.
Software solutions revenue declined 37% or $28.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 compared to the same period in 2006, and declined 15% or $13.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2006 compared to the same period in 2005. In 2005 and 2006 our total software solutions bookings were consistently lower than our software solutions revenue, thereby significantly reducing our backlog and in 2007 our total software solutions bookings were slightly above our software solution revenue, increasing our backlog, as indicated in the table below. This has contributed to sequentially lower software solutions revenue in the three years ended December 31, 2007. This trend will continue unless we experience growth in software solutions bookings in the next several quarters.
Services revenue increased 15% or $16.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 when compared to the same period in 2006, and increased 3% or $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2006 when compared to the same period in 2005. These increases are due to continual shifts in the demands of the market, changes in our sales approach and an increase in our services offerings. We expect services revenue to continue to be a larger percentage of our total revenue than it has been in previous years. Services revenue generally earns a lower margin than our other revenue types, although we have experienced significantly higher margins in our services business in 2007 compared to 2006 and 2005 due to leverage and efficiency from the services platform.
Maintenance revenue declined 6% or $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 when compared to the same period in 2006, and declined 8% or $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2006 when compared to the same period in 2005. These declines in maintenance revenue were primarily caused when customers failed to renew their maintenance agreements or renewed them at lower rates. Although we have put programs in place that demonstrate the value of maintenance to our customers, we expect maintenance revenue to continue to decline in the near term.
Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and judgments related to the application of certain accounting policies.
While we base our estimates on historical experience, current information and other factors deemed relevant, actual results could differ from those estimates. We consider accounting estimates to be critical to our reported financial results if (i) the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that are uncertain and (ii) different estimates that we reasonably could have used for the accounting estimate in the current period, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, would have a material impact on our financial statements.
Revenue Recognition
We consider our policies for revenue recognition to be critical due to the continuously evolving standards and industry practice related to revenue recognition, changes to which could materially impact the way we report revenues. Accounting polices related to: allowance for doubtful accounts, deferred taxes, goodwill and intangible assets, loss contingencies, and restructuring charges are also considered to be critical as these policies involve considerable subjective judgment and estimation by management. Critical accounting policies, and our procedures related to these policies, are described in detail below. Also, see Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Software Solutions Revenue - SOP 97-2. The recognition of revenue under SOP 97-2 requires us to make judgments concerning whether the services associated with the license, if any, are considered “essential” to the licensed functionality. If they are deemed essential, revenue cannot be recognized under SOP 97-2, but rather is required to be recognized under SOP 81-1. During 2003, we implemented formal processes for evaluation of each of our licensed products to determine whether they can be implemented without essential services, and are therefore considered eligible for recognition under 97-2. We also implemented processes, including internal representations from sales, services and research and development personnel, to evaluate each transaction that is comprised solely of products that are eligible under SOP 97-2 to determine whether there are specific requirements or commitments associated with the licensed functionality that would require recognition under SOP 81-1. We are also required to assess the existence of vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value for undelivered elements in agreements recognized under SOP 97-2, which for our arrangements commonly include implementation services and maintenance. If we lose our ability to demonstrate VSOE for undelivered elements, the timing of recognition of transactions under SOP 97-2 will change.
Software Solutions Revenue - SOP 81-1- and Services Revenue. A significant portion of these revenues pertain to projects recognized under the percentage of completion method of SOP 81-1, which requires that we make estimates about the number of hours required and the amount of fees to be received to periodically assess the progress to completion of a particular project. We are also required as a prerequisite for using percentage of completion to assess whether we have the ability to reliably estimate the hours and fees for each project.
Collectibility. All of our revenues are subject to our assessment of the probability of collection of the underlying fees. The revenue type that is most susceptible to collection risk is software solutions revenue recognized under SOP 97-2, since the revenue is generally recognized up-front upon delivery of the software, and payment is usually due approximately 30 to 60 days after recognition. To assess our collection risk, we have reviewed our collection history and determined that for certain countries, particularly in the Greater Asia Pacific region and in certain of the developing countries within Europe, we will only recognize our license revenues under SOP 97-2 on a cash received basis. For our other revenue types, which are recurring in nature in that they occur over several months, we have a policy in place whereby we review customers that have invoices that are overdue by more than 30 days and we begin deferring recognition of revenue for customers that become delinquent in their payment. This policy prevents us from continuing to recognize revenue related to an implementation or maintenance arrangement when payments are late, and it therefore appears that collection is not probable. Our policies and procedures in this area have resulted in minimizing our bad debt expense since we are diligent in our evaluation of collectibility risk prior to recognizing revenue.
Stock compensation expense
As disclosed in our footnotes, the valuation of stock compensation expense is based on several variables that are inputs to the Black Scholes model. The most critical judgment involved in this area involves the estimation of the impact of forfeitures. Under FAS 123(R), we are required to estimate the impact of forfeitures of stock options, and reduce our expenses based on those estimates. We calculate our monthly forfeiture rates, annualize the amount and apply the resulting amount as a reduction of current period expense. We are then required to regularly evaluate our actual forfeiture experience and make periodic adjustments to expense as needed.
In February 2007, we granted Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) to certain key employees that vest based on specified performance over a two-year performance period. This performance period is from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009. On a quarterly basis, we estimate the potential impact of forfeitures on this grant and assess whether vesting is probable. Based on these assessments, we record the appropriate expense.
Taxes
We operate directly and indirectly in numerous countries and are subject to the tax laws, rules and regulations of those jurisdictions. Positions we take in our tax filings are subject to scrutiny by the local country tax authorities and, to the extent it affects our domestic tax position, the Internal Revenue Service. Determining the appropriate tax treatment of complicated issues involves the use of significant judgments and estimates; such judgments and estimates may not be agreed to by the relevant taxing authority, which may require extensive discussions and negotiations to resolve these matters. We accrue tax expense in an amount at which we believe an issue may be ultimately resolved in a manner differently from the position taken in our tax filings. The amount of our accrued tax expense for a particular matter may be significantly different from that determined upon the ultimate resolution of the issue. It is also possible that a tax issue may arise of which we were unaware and no accrual was made. In both cases, adjustments to income tax expense in the relevant reporting period may be material.
We expect tax expense variability to increase as a result of the implementation of FIN 48, which was effective January 1, 2007.
Accrued Expenses
We are required to use judgment in estimating amounts recorded as accrued expenses. Such estimates include our assessment of estimated losses resulting from claims and legal proceedings. We record a liability if our assessments indicate that the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable and the related cost can be reasonably estimated.
Amortization of Intangible Assets and Impairment of Intangible Assets.
From time to time, we have sought to enhance our product offerings through technology and business acquisitions. When an acquisition of a business is accounted for using the purchase method, the amount of the purchase price is allocated to the fair value of assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed. Any excess purchase price is allocated to goodwill. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives, while goodwill is only written down when it is deemed to be impaired.
In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” we test goodwill for impairment annually. Impairment is deemed to exist if the net book value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value.
Analysis of Financial Results - Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2007 Compared to Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2006
Summary of the Year Ended December 31, 2007 Results
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Total revenue decreased $19.4 million from the same period in 2006
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Total costs and expenses decreased $15.1 million for the same period in 2006
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Net income applicable to common stockholders decreased $6.6 million compared to the same period in 2006
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Diluted earnings per share were $0.55 versus $0.82 in the same period in 2006
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Cash flow from operations was $16.4 million versus $14.8 million in the same period in 2006
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Total bookings were $264.7 million
Revenues
The following table sets forth revenues and the percentages of total revenues of selected items reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006. The period-to-period comparisons of financial results are not necessarily indicative of future results.
Software Solutions Revenue. Total software solutions revenue decreased 37% or $28.5 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 compared to the same period in 2006. Overall we experienced lower software solutions revenue in the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 due to less current period bookings being recognized as revenue and a smaller size of projects being recognized under percentage of completion accounting, when compared to the same period in 2006. In addition, we did not have revenue from platform technology transactions in the 2007 period. The components of the changes in software solutions revenue are explained below.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2007, we recognized revenue under SOP 97-2 related to 62 contracts at an average of $0.2 million per contract compared to 72 contracts at an average of $0.3 million per contract in the comparable period of 2006.
The primary cause of the decline in revenue recognized under SOP 81-1 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 is a decline in the amount of revenue generated on each project as compared to the same period in 2006, due mainly to the continued decline in our backlog. Revenue recognized under SOP 81-1 is dependent upon the amount of work performed and milestones met during the applicable period on projects booked in prior periods. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 we recognized revenue under 34 projects at an average of $0.5 million per project compared to 35 projects at an average of $0.6 million per project in the comparable period of 2006.
The decline in revenue from recurring items for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 was primarily driven by the recognition of $10.5 million in 2006 from a platform technology transaction which was not repeated in 2007.
Services Revenue. Services revenue increased 15% or $16.2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 compared to the same period in 2006 primarily as a result of a 4% increase in revenue recognized per billable hour together with a 6% increase in total billable hours. Services revenue also increased when compared to 2006 due to an increase of approximately $1.0 million in billable travel costs. The increase in billable hours was due to a 6% increase in average number of services personnel from the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2006.
Maintenance Revenue. Maintenance revenue decreased 6% or $5.4 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 compared to the same period in 2006 primarily as a result of customers not renewing their maintenance agreements or customers renewing on less favorable terms, with such decreases not being offset by initial maintenance agreements with new customers.
International Revenue. Our international revenues included in the categories discussed above are primarily generated from customers located in Europe, Asia, Latin America and Canada. International revenue totaled $110.7 million, or 43% of total revenue, in the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 compared to $120.7 million, or 43% of total revenue, in the same period in 2006. International revenue remained relatively consistent in the twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
Customer Concentration. During the periods presented, no individual customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenues.
Impact of Indian Rupee on Expenses
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 we experienced margin compression as a result of appreciation in the Indian rupee. Our rupee-denominated expenses increased modestly during 2007, but this translated into a double-digit percentage increase in our dollar-denominated expenses in our India operations. If we assume the same currency exchange rate for our rupee expenditures in 2007 as we experienced in 2006 the impact of rupee appreciation was approximately $2.3 million for the twelve-months ended December 31, 2007.
Cost of Revenues
The following table sets forth cost of revenues and the gross margins of selected items reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006. The period-to period comparisons of financial results are not necessarily indicative of future results.
Cost of Software Solutions. Cost of software solutions consists of:
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Salaries and other related costs of employees who provide essential services to customize or enhance the software for the customer
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Commissions paid to non-customer third parties in connection with joint marketing and other related agreements, which are generally expensed when they become payable
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Royalty fees associated with third-party software utilized with our technology. Such royalties are generally expensed when the products are shipped; however, royalties associated with fixed cost arrangements are generally expensed over the period of the arrangement.
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The cost of user product documentation
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The cost of delivery of software
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Provisions for the estimated costs of servicing customer claims, which we accrue on a case-by-case basis
Cost of software solutions decreased 33% or $4.3 million for the twelve month months ended December 31, 2007 compared to the same period in 2006 primarily because of a decrease in the number of hours worked on projects requiring essential services, which is reflected in our lower software solutions revenues for the 2007 period.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, the costs attributable to the performance of essential services related to SOP 81-1 was $3.5 million and $7.1 million, respectively. The remaining costs of software solutions are not directly attributable to specific arrangements, so we do not believe there is a reasonable basis to calculate the cost of each type of software solutions transaction or the resulting contribution margin.
Cost of Services and Maintenance. Cost of services and maintenance includes expenses related to implementation, training, and customization and enhancement of previously licensed software solutions, as well as providing telephone support, upgrades and updated user documentation. Cost of services and maintenance increased 11% or $10.5 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 compared to the same period in 2006 as a result of increased services personnel to support our growing services business. Average services and maintenance headcount increased 6% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 as compared to the same period in 2006. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2007, employee-related costs associated with this expense category increased $9.1 million, travel and entertainment increased $1.2 million and equipment expense increased $0.5 million as compared to the same period in 2006.
Amortization of Acquired Technology. In connection with our business acquisitions, we acquired developed technology that we offer as a part of our solutions. In accordance with applicable accounting standards, the amortization of acquired technology is included as a part of our cost of revenues because it relates to software products that are marketed to potential customers.
Operating Expenses
The following table sets forth operating expenses and the percentages of total revenue for those operating expenses as reported in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The period-to-period comparisons of financial results are not necessarily indicative of future results.
Sales and Marketing Expense. Sales and marketing expense consists primarily of personnel costs, commissions, office facilities, travel and promotional events such as trade shows, seminars, technical conferences, advertising and public relations programs. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2007, average sales and marketing headcount decreased 9% compared to the same period in 2006. Sales and marketing expense for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 decreased primarily due to decreases in employee-related costs of $6.2 million.
Research and Development Expense. Research and development expense consists of costs related to continued software development and product enhancements to existing software. Software development costs are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established, at which time such costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers. To date, the establishment of technological feasibility of our products and general release of such software has substantially coincided. As a result, software development costs qualifying for capitalization have been insignificant; therefore, we have not capitalized any software development costs other than those recorded in connection with our acquisitions. The primary component of research and development expense is employee-related cost. Our average headcount remained relatively consistent during the periods presented as reflected by the relatively consistent level of expense.
General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense includes the personnel and other costs of our finance, legal, accounting, human resources, information systems and executive departments, as well as external litigation costs. General and administrative expense for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 decreased 31% or $17.4 million compared to the same period in 2006 due to a decline in legal expense of $11.5 million, a decline in insurance expense of $2.3 million, a decline in professional services expense of $1.2 million, a decline of employee-related expense of $1.2 million and a decline in travel and entertainment of $0.5 million. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2007, average general and administrative headcount decreased 10% compared to the same period in 2006.
Restructuring Expense. During 2007, we initiated a reorganization, and eliminated approximately 50 positions. The purpose of the restructuring was to reduce management layers to both decrease cost and increase speed around decision-making and internal processes. The realignment included the elimination of certain management levels as well as other targeted cost reductions. We recorded a charge of approximately $4.0 million, primarily related to severance costs. Additional details of the restructuring charges and remaining accruals are presented in Note 11 - Restructuring Charges and Adjustments in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Non-Operating Expense, Net
For the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, non-operating (expense) income, net, was as follows:
Total non-operating expense, net, decreased 6% or $0.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 as compared to the same period in 2006.
Interest income increased in the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 compared to the same period in 2006 due to higher interest rates earned on invested balances. The average rate earned for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 was 29 basis points higher then the average rate earned in the prior year period. This increase was partially offset by lower average cash balances. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2007, average cash balances decreased 6%.
Interest expense decreased for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 as compared to the same period in 2006 due to lower debt levels following the retirement of certain indebtedness in December 2006.
Other expense, net, increased $0.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 as compared to the same period in 2006. Included in this change is the impact of $0.4 million of sales tax refunds received in the first quarter of 2006.
Provision for Income Taxes
We recognized income tax expense of $6.1 million and $3.8 million in 2007 and 2006, respectively, representing effective income tax rates of 25.7% in 2007 and 13.6% in 2006.
The effective income tax rates during 2007 and 2006 differ from the U.S. statutory rate of 35% due to several factors. These factors include, among others, changes in our valuation allowance, the effect of foreign operations, state income taxes (net of federal income tax benefits), non-deductible meals and entertainment, and research and development tax credits. The effect of these factors on the income tax rate is detailed in Note 13 - Income Taxes in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
At December 31, 2007, we maintained a full valuation allowance against our domestic net deferred tax assets and a valuation allowance of approximately $0.9 million against our foreign net deferred tax assets. Each quarter, we review the necessity and amounts of the domestic and foreign valuation allowances. Despite the valuation allowance, the future tax-deductible benefits related to these deferred tax assets remain available to offset future taxable income over the remaining useful lives of the underlying deferred tax assets.
At December 31, 2007, we have recorded approximately $8.8 million in tax contingency reserves in our taxes payable accounts relating to tax positions we have taken during tax years that remain open for examination by tax authorities.
Analysis of Financial Results - Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2006 Compared to Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2005
Summary of the Year Ended December 31, 2006 Results
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Total revenues decreased $57.2 million from the same period in 2005
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Total costs and expenses decreased $31.2 million from the same period in 2005
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Net income from continuing operations applicable to common stockholders decreased $19.2 million from the same period in 2005
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Diluted earnings per share applicable to common stockholders from continuing operations were $0.82 versus $1.65 in the same period in 2005
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Cash flow from operations increased $15.4 million from the same period in 2005.
Revenues
The following table sets forth revenues and the percentage of revenues reflected in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for 2006 and 2005. The period-to-period comparisons of financial results are necessarily indicative of future results.
Software Solutions Revenue. Total software solutions revenue decreased 15% or $13.7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2006 compared to the same period in 2005. Overall, we experienced lower software solutions revenue in the twelve months ended December 31, 2006 due to less current period bookings being recognized as revenue and a smaller size of projects being recognized under percentage of completion accounting, when compared to the same period in 2005. The components of the changes in software solutions revenue are explained below.
A significant cause of the decline in revenue recognized under SOP 97-2 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2006 is the recognition in the twelve months ended December 31, 2005 due to variability in the timing of recognition of revenue from software solutions under SOP 97-2 and we expect this variability to continue. Variability is caused by the timing and amount of software solutions bookings, and whether the software solutions require essential services. Variability is also caused by the timing of cash receipts for arrangements where significant uncertainty exists regarding collectibility of license fees. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2006, we recognized revenue related to 72 contracts at an average of $0.3 million per contract compared to 77 contracts at an average of $0.3 million per contract in the comparable period of 2005.
The primary cause of the decline in revenue recognized under SOP 81-1 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2006 is a decline in the number of projects generating revenue and the amount of revenue generated on each project as compared to the same period in 2006, due mainly to the continued decline in our backlog. Revenue recognized under SOP 81-1 is dependent upon the amount of work performed and milestones met during the applicable period on projects booked in prior periods. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2006 we recognized revenue under 35 projects at an average of $0.6 million per project compared to 50 projects at an average of $0.9 million per project in the comparable period of 2005.
Revenue from recurring items increased $13.6 million, or 67%, in 2006 when compared to the same period in 2005. Included in the 2006 increase was $10.5 million of revenue recognized from $10.5 million in platform technology bookings in the second quarter of 2006. Recurring items include revenue from our supply chain leader and other subscription transactions, for which the revenue is deferred and recognized ratably over the contractual term of the transaction. Recurring revenue related to supply chain leader transactions for each of the twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2005 was $12.4 million. These supply chain leader transactions have varying lives and begin expiring in the second quarter of 2007.
Services Revenue. Services revenue increased 3% or $2.7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2006 compared to the same period in 2005 because of a 3% increase in billable hours partially offset by a 10% decrease in revenue recognized per billable hour. Services revenue also increased in 2006 when compared to 2005 due to an increase of approximately $1.7 million of billable travel costs. The increase in billable hours was due to growth in the average number of services personnel during the second half of 2006, when compared to the comparable period in 2005, as we attempted to match the levels of services personnel with the market demand for our services.
Maintenance Revenue. Maintenance revenue decreased 8% or $7.8 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2006 compared to the same period in 2005 due to a continuing decline in both the number and dollar amount of maintenance renewals, mainly due to cost cutting efforts of our customers.
Contract. Contract revenue consists of license, services, and maintenance revenue attributable to those transactions for which we determined to change the accounting from revenue recognition under SOP 97-2 to contract accounting under SOP 81-1 in connection with the 2003 restatement of our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 2001 and the first three quarters of 2002. Contract revenue is not indicative of the current performance of our business, as it reflects the recognition of deferred revenues where cash was collected in prior periods. Contract revenue decreased $38.4 million, or 90%, during 2006 when compared to the same period in 2005. This decrease in contract revenue during 2006 was a result of the lower amount of remaining deferred contract revenue, the decreased number of deferred transactions and the occurrence of fewer events that allow the recognition of this revenue.
International Revenue. Our international revenues included in the categories discussed above are primarily generated from customers located in Europe, Asia, Latin America and Canada. International revenue totaled $120.3 million, or 43% of total revenue, in the twelve months ended December 31, 2006 compared to $158.2 million, or 47% of total revenue, in the same period in 2005.
Customer Concentration. During the periods presented, no individual customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenues.
Cost of Revenues
The following table sets forth cost of revenues and the gross margins of selected items reflected in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The year-to-year comparisons of financial results are not necessarily indicative of future results.
Cost of Software Solutions. Cost of software solutions decreased $1.9 million, or 13%, in 2006. The decrease was related to renegotiated prepaid third-party royalty agreements resulting in a lower expense run rate. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2005, the costs attributed to the performance of essential services related to SOP 81-1 were $7.1 million and $13.4 million, respectively. The remaining costs of software solutions are not directly attributable to specific arrangements, so we do not believe there is a reasonable basis to calculate the cost of each type of software solutions transaction or the resulting contribution margin.
Cost of Services and Maintenance. Cost of services and maintenance decreased $5.8 million, or 6%, in 2006. The decrease in 2006 includes decreases in payroll related costs of $4.7 million, travel and entertainment of $2.0 million and subcontractors of $1.2 million. These decreases were partially offset by non-cash stock option expense of $2.7 million. Average services and maintenance headcount decreased 5% in 2006 when compared to 2005.
Cost of Contract. Cost of contract decreased $1.3 million, or 80%, in 2006. Because contract expenses are recorded when the corresponding revenue is recognized, we expect cost of contract to vary. As of December 31, 2006, we had no remaining deferred contract costs.
Amortization of Acquired Technology. In connection with our business acquisitions, we acquired developed technology that we offer as a part of our solutions. In accordance with applicable accounting standards, the amortization of acquired technology is included as a part of our cost of revenues because it relates to software products that are marketed to potential customers.
Operating Expenses
The following table sets forth operating expenses and the percentages of total revenue for those operating expenses as reported in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The year-to-year comparisons of financial results are not necessarily indicative of future results:
Sales and Marketing Expense. Sales and marketing expense decreased $3.5 million, or 7%, in 2006. The decrease in 2006 includes decreases in payroll-related costs of $5.6 million and decreases in overhead costs of $1.2 million. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in non-cash stock option expense of $3.5 million. Average sales and marketing staff decreased approximately 17% in 2006 when compared to 2005.
Research and Development Expense. Research and development expense decreased $2.1 million, or 6%, in 2006. This decrease in expense includes a decrease in overhead expense of $4.6 million, a decrease in facilities expense of $1.0 million, a decrease in communications expense of $0.4 million and a decrease in travel and entertainment expense of $0.4 million. These decreases in expense were partially offset by an increase in payroll-related expense of $1.1 million and non-cash stock option expense of $3.5 million.
General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expense decreased $5.0 million, or 8%, in 2006. This decrease reflects an accrual made in 2005 of approximately $10.0 million for the estimated settlement of certain outstanding contingent liabilities. In addition, payroll-related expense decreased $3.1 million and facilities expense decreased $2.4 million in 2006. These decreases in the components of general and administrative expense were partially offset by an increase in stock compensation expense of $5.7 million and an increase in indemnification expense of $9.1 million.
Restructuring Charges. In March 2005, we implemented a restructuring plan to resize our infrastructure and reduce our overhead to improve efficiencies and reduce operating expense. The restructuring included the involuntary termination of 184 employees and closing or partially vacating four office locations. During the first quarter of 2005, we recorded a restructuring charge of $10.4 million for the involuntary terminations and $2.1 million for the office closures.
Non-Operating Expense, Net
Non-operating expense, net, was as follows:
Interest income decreased in the twelve months ended December 31, 2006 compared to the same period in 2005 due to lower balances partially offset by higher interest rates earned on invested balances. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2007, average cash balances decreased 54%, reflecting the repayment of our 5.25% convertible subordinated note. The decrease in realized gains on investments in 2006 as compared to 2005 is due to the sale of an investment in 2005 for approximately $11.0 million that was non-recurring in nature. During 2006, foreign currency losses decreased due to favorable foreign currency exchange rate movements in 2006 when compared to 2005, relative to our foreign currency positions, and improved hedge effectiveness.
The market interest rates on investments and the relative exchange values of foreign currencies are influenced by the monetary and fiscal policies of the governments in the countries in which we operate. The nature, timing and extent of any impact on our financial statements resulting from changes in those governments’ policies are not predictable. Risks associated with market interest rates and foreign exchange rates are discussed below under the section captioned “Sensitivity to Market Risks.”
Provision for Income Taxes
We recognized income tax expense of $3.8 million and $4.7 million in 2006 and 2005, respectively, representing effective income tax rates of 13.6% in 2006 and 5.1% in 2005. Our effective tax rates vary from period to period due to several factors including, among others, changes in our valuation allowance, the effect of foreign operations, state income taxes (net of federal income tax benefits), non-deductible meals and entertainment, and research and development tax credits. The effect of these factors on the income tax rate is detailed in Note 13 - Income Taxes in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
At December 31, 2006, we maintained a full valuation allowance against our domestic net deferred tax assets and a valuation allowance of approximately $1.1 million against our foreign net deferred tax assets. Each quarter, we review the necessity and amounts of the domestic and foreign valuation allowances. Despite the valuation allowance, the future tax-deductible benefits related to these deferred tax assets remain available to offset future taxable income over the remaining useful lives of the underlying deferred tax assets.
At December 31, 2006, we have recorded approximately $7.4 million in tax contingency reserves in our taxes payable accounts relating to tax positions we have taken during tax years that remain open for examination by tax authorities.
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations at December 31, 2007, and the effect such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods. This table excludes amounts already recorded on our balance sheet as current liabilities at December 31, 2007.
Included in the long-term debt obligations are semi-annual interest payments through December 15, 2015.
Other purchase obligations and commitments include payments due under various types of licenses and maintenance obligations.
The expected timing of payment of the obligations discussed above is estimated based on current information. Timing of payments and actual amounts paid may be different depending on the time of receipt of goods or services or changes to agreed-upon amounts for some obligations.
On July 13, 2006, the FASB issued FIN No. 48 - Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes - an Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109 (“FIN 48”). We adopted the provisions of FIN 48 on January 1, 2007. See “-Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements.” As of December 31, 2007, we had approximately $4.5 million of non-current tax liabilities, including interest and penalties, related to uncertain tax positions. Because of the high degree of uncertainty regarding the timing of future cash outflows associated with these liabilities, we are unable to estimate the years in which settlement will occur with the respective taxing authorities.
Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2007, we did not have any significant off-balance-sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of SEC Regulation S-K.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our working capital was $63.6 million at December 31, 2007 compared to $17.4 million at December 31, 2006, an improvement of $46.2 million or 266%. The improvement resulted from a $32.9 million decrease in current liabilities (comprised of decreases of $12.3 million in deferred revenue, $7.6 million in accrued liabilities, $6.5 million in accounts payable, and $6.4 million in accrued compensation and related expenses) and an increase of $13.3 million in current assets (comprised of an increase of $15.4 million in cash, including restricted cash, partially offset by decreases of $1.5 million in other current assets and $0.6 million in accounts receivable).
Our working capital balance at December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006 included deferred revenue. At December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, we had approximately $61.7 million and $74.0 million, respectively, of deferred revenue recorded as a current liability, representing pre-paid revenue for all of our different revenue categories. Our deferred revenue balance includes a margin to be earned when it is recognized, so the conversion of the liability to revenue will require cash outflows that are less than the amount of the liability.
Our cash and cash equivalents increased $11.6 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2007. This increase is primarily the result of $16.4 million of cash provided by operating activities and $2.1 million of cash provided by financing activities, partially offset by $7.3 million of cash used in investing activities.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2007, cash provided by operating activities was approximately $16.4 million. Management tracks projected cash collections and projected cash outflows to monitor short-term liquidity requirements and to make decisions about future resource allocations and take actions to adjust our expenses with the goal of remaining cash flow positive from operations on an annual basis. Based on the timing of license bookings and maintenance renewals as well as working capital changes, cash flow from operations is typically seasonally stronger in the second and fourth quarters.
Cash used in investing activities was approximately $7.3 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2007. We had cash outflows related to investing activities consisting of an increase in restricted cash of $3.8 million, a business acquisition of $2.1 million, and purchases of property, plant and equipment of $1.3 million.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2007, cash provided by financing activities was approximately $2.1 million. We had cash inflows from financing activities of $3.4 million consisting of the proceeds from the issuance of common stock upon the exercise of stock options and under our employee stock purchase plan, partially offset by cash outflows of $1.3 million from the scheduled dividend paid on our outstanding preferred stock.
At December 31, 2007, we had a net cash balance of $45.0 million compared to a net cash balance of $30.2 million at December 31, 2006. We define net cash as the sum of our total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash minus our total short-term and long-term debt.
We maintain a $15.0 million letter of credit line. Under this line, we are required to maintain restricted cash (in an amount equal to 125% of the outstanding letters of credit) in a depository account maintained by the lender to secure letters of credit issued in connection with the line. The line has no financial covenants and expires on December 15, 2008. As of December 31, 2007, approximately $5.6 million in letters of credit were outstanding under this line and approximately $7.2 million in restricted cash was pledged as collateral. As of December 31, 2006, $2.9 million in letters of credit were outstanding under this line and $4.0 million in restricted cash was pledged as collateral.
We had $86.3 million in face value of our 5% senior convertible notes outstanding at December 31, 2007. Holders of our senior convertible notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or any portion of the senior convertible notes on November 15, 2010 and may convert the senior convertible notes at any time on or after May 15, 2010. In addition, holders of the senior convertible notes may convert the senior convertible notes prior to May 15, 2010 upon the occurrence of any of the following events:
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if the senior convertible notes have been called for redemption;
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upon certain dividends or distributions to all holders of our common stock;
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upon the occurrence of specified corporate transactions constituting a “fundamental change” (the occurrence of a “change in control” or a “termination of trading,” each as defined in the indenture governing our senior convertible notes);
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if the average of the trading prices for the senior convertible notes during any five consecutive trading-day period is less than 98% of the average of the conversion values for the senior convertible notes (the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the conversion rate) during that period; or
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at any time after May 15, 2008 if the closing sale price of our common stock is equal to or greater than $23.21 for at least 20 trading days in the 30 consecutive trading day period ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter.
Upon conversion of the senior convertible notes, we will be required to satisfy our conversion obligation with respect to the principal amount of the senior convertible notes to be converted in cash, with any remaining amount to be satisfied in shares of our common stock.
The indenture governing the 5% senior convertible notes contains a debt incurrence covenant that places restrictions on the amount and type of additional indebtedness that we can incur. Such covenant specifies that we shall not, and that we shall not permit any of our subsidiaries to, directly or indirectly, incur or guarantee or assume any indebtedness other than “permitted indebtedness.” Permitted indebtedness is defined in the indenture to include, among others, the following categories of indebtedness: (i) all indebtedness outstanding on November 23, 2005; (ii) indebtedness under the senior convertible notes; (iii) indebtedness under our $15.0 million letter of credit line; (iv) between $25.0 million and $50.0 million of additional senior secured indebtedness (the maximum permitted amount to be determined by application of a formula contained in the indenture); and (v) at least $100.0 million of additional subordinated unsecured indebtedness (the maximum permitted amount to be determined by application of a formula contained in the indenture). At December 31, 2007 we were in compliance with the aforementioned debt incurrence covenants.
We experienced negative cash flows for the quarters ended March 31, 2007, September 30, 2006 and March 31, 2006, and for each of the five years ended December 31, 2005, primarily due to sharp declines in our revenues and our historical inability to reduce our expenses to a level at or below the level of our revenues. We may be required to seek private or public debt or equity financing in order to support our operations, satisfy the conversion obligation with respect to our senior convertible notes and/or repay our senior convertible notes. The debt incurrence restrictions imposed by the indenture governing our senior convertible notes could restrict or impede our ability to incur additional debt. We may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing on satisfactory terms, or at all, and any new financing could have a substantial dilutive effect on our existing stockholders.
Sensitivity to Market Risks
Foreign Currency Risk. Revenues originating outside of the United States totaled 43% for 2007 and 2006 and totaled 47% of total revenues in 2005. Since we conduct business on a global basis in various foreign currencies, we are exposed to movements in foreign currency exchange rates. We utilize a foreign currency risk mitigation program that utilizes foreign currency forward exchange contracts to reduce the effect of various nonfunctional currency exposures. The objective of this program is to reduce the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our results of operations. Furthermore, our goal is to offset foreign currency transaction gains and losses recorded for accounting purposes with gains and losses realized on the forward contracts. Our program cannot completely protect us from the risk of foreign currency losses as our currency exposures are constantly changing and we do not use foreign exchange contracts for all of our exposures. Details of our foreign currency risk management program are presented in Note 12 - Foreign Currency Risk Management in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 we experienced margin compression as a result of appreciation in the Indian rupee. Our rupee-denominated expenses increased modestly during 2007, but this translated into a double-digit percentage increase in our dollar-denominated expenses in our India operations. If we assume the same currency exchange rate for our rupee expenditures in 2007 as we experienced in 2006 the impact of rupee appreciation was approximately $2.3 million for the twelve-months ended December 31, 2007.
Interest Rate Risk. Our investments are subject to interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected due to movements in interest rates. We invest our cash in a variety of interest-earning financial instruments, including bank time deposits, money market funds and taxable and tax-exempt variable-rate and fixed-rate obligations of corporations, municipalities and local, state and national governmental entities and agencies. These investments are primarily denominated in U.S. Dollars. Cash balances in foreign currencies overseas are primarily operating balances and are generally invested in short-term time deposits of the local operating bank.
Due to the demand nature of our money market funds and the short-term nature of our time deposits and debt securities portfolio, these assets are sensitive to changes in interest rates. The Federal Reserve Board influences the general direction of market interest rates in the U.S. where the majority of our cash and investments are held. The Federal Reserve Board decreased the discount rate by 150 basis points between December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2007. The weighted-average yield earned on our cash balances at December 31, 2007 was 4.18%, compared to 3.89% as of December 31, 2006. If overall interest rates fall by 100 basis points in 2008, our interest income will decline approximately $1.2 million, assuming investment levels consistent with December 31, 2007 levels.
Due to volatility in the capital markets, beginning in the third quarter of 2007 we chose not to invest in commercial paper and instead invested in money market instruments. These money market instruments are reflected in cash and cash equivalents on our balance sheet. We typically invest our cash in a variety of interest-earning financial instruments, including bank time deposits, money market funds and taxable and tax-exempt variable-rate and fixed-rate obligations of corporations and federal, state and local governmental entities and agencies. These investments are primarily denominated in U.S. Dollars. Furthermore, we attempt to limit our restricted cash and cash balances held in foreign locations.
Credit Risk. Financial assets that potentially subject us to a concentration of credit risk consist principally of investments and accounts receivable. Cash on deposit is held with financial institutions with high credit standings. Debt security investments are generally in highly-rated corporations and municipalities as well as agencies of the U.S. government; however, a significant portion of these investments are in corporate debt securities, which carry a higher level of risk compared to municipal and U.S. government-backed securities. Our customer base consists of large numbers of geographically diverse enterprises dispersed across many industries. As a result, concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is not significant. However, we periodically perform credit evaluations for most of our customers and maintain reserves for potential losses. In certain situations we may seek letters of credit to be issued on behalf of some customers to mitigate our exposure to credit risk. We currently use foreign exchange contracts to reduce the effects of the risks associated with receivables denominated in non-functional currencies. Risk of non-performance by counterparties to such contracts is minimal due to the size and credit standings of the financial institutions involved.
Inflation. Inflation has not had a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details of recently issued accounting pronouncements and their expected impact on our financial statements.
ITEM 7A.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The information required by this Item is included in the section captioned “Sensitivity to Market Risks” in Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
ITEM 8.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The information required by this Item is included in Part IV, Item 15(a)(1) and (2).
ITEM 9.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our “disclosure controls and procedures” as of the end of the period covered by this report. As defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures of our company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by our company in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by our company in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our company’s management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report in that they were designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by our company in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to our company’s management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. It should be noted that any system of controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part upon certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system are met.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective at December 31, 2007.
Our internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During our most recent fiscal quarter, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III
Certain information required by Part III is omitted from this report because we will file a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A related to our 2008 annual meeting of stockholders no later than 120 days after December 31, 2007, and specified information to be included therein is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 10.
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
With the exception of the information relating to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that is presented in Part I, Item 1 under the heading “Available Information,” the information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2008 proxy statement under the sections captioned “Proposal 1 - Election of Three Class II Directors,” “Executive Compensation and Other Matters - Directors and Executive Officers,” “Corporate Governance - Code of Business Conduct and Ethics,” “Corporate Governance - Committees of the Board of Directors” and “Compliance with Section 16 (a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.”
ITEM 11.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2008 proxy statement under the sections captioned “Executive Compensation and Other Matters” (other than under “- Directors and Executive Officers”) and “Corporate Governance - Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation.”
ITEM 12.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2008 proxy statement under the section captioned “Principal Stockholders.”
ITEM 13.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2008 proxy statement under the sections captioned “Corporate Governance - Board Matters” and “Corporate Governance - Committees of the Board of Directors.”
ITEM 14.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2008 proxy statement under the section captioned “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.”
PART IV
ITEM 15.
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) The following documents are filed as part of this Form 10-K:
1. Consolidated Financial Statements. The following consolidated financial statements of i2 Technologies, Inc., as of December 31, 2007 and 2006 and for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 are filed as part of this Form 10-K on the pages indicated:
Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2. Consolidated financial statement schedules are omitted as the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the consolidated financial statements or related notes.
3. Exhibits. Exhibits to this Form 10-K have been included only with the copy of this Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Copies of individual exhibits will be furnished to stockholders upon written request to i2 and payment of a reasonable fee.
* Incorporated herein by reference to the indicated filing.
+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby severally constitutes and appoints Pallab K. Chatterjee and Michael J. Berry, and each or any of them, his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each with the power of substitution and resubstitution, for him in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
i2 Technologies, Inc.
We have audited i2 Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, based on the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the accompanying consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2007 of the Company and our report dated March 14, 2008 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Dallas, Texas
March 14, 2008
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
i2 Technologies, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of i2 Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2007, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2007. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2007, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2007, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
As discussed in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for unrecognized tax benefits as of January 1, 2007, in connection with the adoption of FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes: an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, based on the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 14, 2008 expressed an unqualified opinion.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Dallas, Texas
March 14, 2008
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders
of i2 Technologies, Inc.
Dallas, Texas
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of i2 Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2006, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2006. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2006, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2006, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, in 2006 the Company adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123(R), Share-Based Payment.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Dallas, Texas
March 30, 2007
PART 1. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
i2 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except par value)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
i2 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands, except per share data)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
I2 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY/(DEFICIT)
Years Ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005
(In thousands)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
i2 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
i2 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Table dollars in thousands, except per share data)
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Operations. We are a provider of supply chain management solutions, consisting of various software and service offerings. In addition to application software, we offer hosted software solutions, such as business optimization and technical consulting, managed services, training, solution maintenance, software upgrades and development. We operate our business in one business segment. Supply chain management is the set of processes, technology and expertise involved in managing supply, demand and fulfillment throughout divisions within a company and with its customers, suppliers and partners. The goals of our solutions include increasing supply chain efficiency and enhancing customer and supplier relationships by managing variability, reducing complexity, improving operational visibility, increasing operating velocity and integrating planning and execution. Our offerings are designed to help customers better achieve the following critical business objectives:
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Visibility - a clear and unobstructed view up and down the supply chain
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Planning - supply chain optimization to match supply and demand considering system-wide constraints
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Collaboration - interoperability with supply chain partners and elimination of functional silos
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Control - management of data and business processes across the extended supply chain
Principles of Consolidation. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of i2 Technologies, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates. Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, provision for doubtful accounts and sales returns, fair value of investments, fair value of acquired intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives of intangible assets and property and equipment, income taxes, restructuring obligations, fair value of stock options, warrants and derivatives, and contingencies and litigation, among others. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ significantly from the estimates made by management with respect to these items and other items that require management’s estimates.
Cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits with financial institutions, short-term time deposits and other liquid investments in debt securities with initial maturities of less than three months when acquired by us.
Restricted Cash. At December 31, 2007 restricted cash included $8.4 million pledged as collateral for outstanding letters of credit and bank guarantees. At December 31, 2006, restricted cash included $4.0 million pledged as collateral for outstanding letters of credit and bank guarantees. We attempt to limit our restricted cash and cash balances held in foreign locations. (See Note 6 - Borrowings and Debt Issuance Costs)
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is a reserve established through a provision for bad debts charged to expense and represents our best estimate of probable losses resulting from non-payment of amounts recorded in the existing accounts receivable portfolio. The allowance, in our judgment, is necessary to reserve for known and inherent collection risks in the accounts receivable portfolio. In estimating
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
the allowance for doubtful accounts, we consider our historical write-off experience, accounts receivable aging reports, the credit-worthiness of individual customers, economic conditions affecting specific customer industries and general economic conditions, among other factors. Should any of these factors change, our estimate of probable losses due to bad debts could also change, which could affect the level of our future provisions for bad debts.
Financial Instruments. Financial assets that potentially subject us to a concentration of credit risk consist principally of investments and accounts receivable. Cash on deposit is held with financial institutions with high credit standings. Debt security investments are generally in highly rated corporations and municipalities as well as agencies of the U.S. government. Our customer base consists of large numbers of geographically diverse customers dispersed across many industries. As a result, concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is not significant. However, we periodically perform credit evaluations for most of our customers and maintain reserves for potential losses. In certain situations we may require letters of credit to be issued on behalf of some customers to mitigate our exposure to credit risk. We may also use foreign exchange contracts to hedge the risk in receivables denominated in non-functional currencies. Risk of non-performance by counterparties to such contracts is minimal due to the size and credit standings of the financial institutions used.
Premises and Equipment. Premises and equipment are recorded at cost and are depreciated over their useful lives ranging from three to seven years using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the expected term of the lease or estimated useful life.
Goodwill. We test goodwill for impairment once annually, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that may indicate that the fair value of our reporting unit is below its carrying value. Goodwill is tested for impairment using a two-step approach. The first step is to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered impaired and the second step is not required. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the second step of the impairment test measures the amount of the impairment loss, if any. The second step of the impairment test is to compare the implied fair value of goodwill to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment loss is recognized equal to that excess. The implied fair value of goodwill is calculated in the same manner that goodwill is calculated in a business combination, whereby the fair value of the reporting unit is allocated to all of the assets and liabilities of that unit (including any unrecognized intangible assets) as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination and the fair value of the reporting unit was the purchase price. The excess “purchase price” over the amounts assigned to assets and liabilities would be the implied fair value of goodwill.
As stated above, we currently operate as a single reporting unit and all of our goodwill is associated with the entire company. Accordingly, we generally assume that the minimum fair value of our single reporting unit is our market capitalization, which is the product of (i) the number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding and (ii) the market price of our common stock.
Goodwill totaled $16.7 million and $14.8 million at December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively. This increase was due to an acquisition in 2007. We performed an impairment test on goodwill at December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, and determined there was no evidence of impairment.
Capitalized Research and Development Costs. Software development costs are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established, at which time such costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers. To date, the establishment of technological feasibility of our products
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
has coincided with the general release of such software. As a result, we have not capitalized any such costs other than those recorded in connection with our acquisitions.
Revenue Recognition. We derive revenues from licenses of our software and related services, which include assistance in implementation, integration, customization, maintenance, training and consulting. We recognize revenue for software and related services in accordance with Statement of Position (SOP) 81-1, “Accounting for Certain Construction Type and Certain Production Type Contracts,” SOP 97-2, “Software Revenue Recognition,” as modified by SOP 98-9, “Modification of SOP 97-2, Software Revenue Recognition with Respect to Certain Transactions,” SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 104, “Revenue Recognition.”
Software Solutions Revenue. Recognition of software solutions revenue occurs under SOP 81-1 and under SOP 97-2, as amended.
Software solutions revenue recognized under SOP 81-1 includes both fees associated with licensing of our products, as well as any fees received to deliver the licensed functionality (for example, the provision of essential services). Essential services involve customizing or enhancing the software so that the software performs in accordance with specific customer requirements. Arrangements accounted for under SOP 81-1 follow either the percentage-of-completion method or the completed contract method. The percentage-of-completion method is used when the required services are quantifiable, based on the estimated number of labor hours necessary to complete the project, and under that method revenues are recognized using labor hours incurred as the measure of progress towards completion but is limited to revenue that has been earned by the attainment of any milestones included in the contract. We do not capitalize costs associated with services performed where milestones have not been attained. The completed contract method is used when the required services are not quantifiable, and under that method revenues are recognized only when we have satisfied all of our product and/or service delivery obligations to the customer. Similar to the treatment of milestones, we do not capitalize or defer costs associated with services performed on contracts recognized under the completed contract method that have not been completed.
Under SOP 97-2, software license revenues are generally recognized upon delivery, provided persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, fees are fixed or determinable and collection is deemed probable. We evaluate each of these criteria as follows:
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Evidence of an arrangement: We consider a non-cancelable agreement signed by the customer to be evidence of an arrangement.
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Delivery: Delivery is considered to occur when media containing the licensed programs is provided to a common carrier or, in the case of electronic delivery, the customer is given access to the licensed programs. Our typical end user license agreement does not include customer acceptance provisions.
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Fixed or determinable fee: We consider the fee to be fixed or determinable if the fee is not subject to refund or adjustment and the payment terms are within our normal established practices. If the fee is not fixed or determinable, we recognize the revenue as amounts become due and payable.
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Collection is deemed probable: We conduct a credit review for significant transactions at the time of the arrangement to determine the credit-worthiness of the customer. Collection is deemed probable if we expect that the customer will pay amounts under the arrangement as payments become due. If we determine that collection is not probable, we defer the revenue and recognize the revenue upon receipt of cash. Based on our collections history in certain countries, we apply a cash-basis recognition requirement for software solutions agreements in those countries.
i2 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Revenue for software solution arrangements that include one or more additional elements (i.e., services and maintenance) to be delivered at a future date is generally recognized using the residual method as set forth in SOP 98-9. Under the residual method, the fair value of the undelivered element(s) is deferred, and the remaining portion of the arrangement fee is recognized as license revenue. If fair values have not been established for the undelivered element(s), all revenue associated with the arrangement is deferred until the earlier of the point at which all element(s) have been delivered or the fair value of the undelivered elements has been determined. Fair value for an individual element within an arrangement may be established when that element, when contracted for separately, is priced in a consistent manner. Fair value for our maintenance and consulting services has been established based on our maintenance renewal rates and consulting billing rates, respectively. Arrangements that include a right to unspecified future products are accounted for as subscriptions and recognized ratably over the term of the arrangement. Software solution license fees from reseller arrangements are generally based on the sublicenses granted by the reseller and recognized when the license is sold to the end customer.
Services Revenue. Services revenue is primarily derived from fees for services that are not essential to the software, including implementation, integration, training and consulting, and is generally recognized when services are performed. In addition, services revenue may include fees received from arrangements to customize or enhance previously purchased licensed software, when such services are not essential to the previously licensed software. Services revenue also includes reimbursable expense revenue, with the related costs of reimbursable expenses included in cost of services. Contractual terms may include the following payment arrangements: fixed fee, full-time equivalent, milestone, and time and material. In order to recognize service revenue, the following criteria must be met:
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Signed agreement: The agreement must be signed by the customer.
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Fee is determinable: The signed agreement must specify the fees to be received for the services.
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Delivery has occurred: Delivery is substantiated by time cards and, where applicable, supplemented by an acceptance from the customer that milestones as agreed in the statement of work have been met.
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Collectibility is probable: We conduct a credit review for significant transactions at the time of the engagement to determine the credit-worthiness of the customer. We monitor collections over the term of each project, and if a customer becomes delinquent, the revenue may be deferred.
Maintenance Revenue. Maintenance revenue consists of fees generated by providing support services, such as telephone support, and unspecified upgrades/enhancements on a when-and-if available basis. A customer typically prepays maintenance and support fees for an initial period, and the related revenue is deferred and generally recognized over the term of such initial period. Maintenance is renewable by the customer on an annual basis thereafter. Rates for maintenance, including subsequent renewal rates, are typically established based upon a specified percentage of net license fees as set forth in the contract.
Contract Revenue. Contract revenue is the result of the recognition of certain revenue that was carried on our balance sheet as a portion of deferred revenue and was a result of our 2003 financial restatement. Inclusion of contract revenue in the evaluation of our performance would skew comparisons of our periodic results since recognition of that revenue was based on fulfillment of contractual obligations which often required only minimal cash outlays and generally did not involve any significant activity in the period of recognition. Additionally, the cash associated with contract revenue had been collected in prior periods. All remaining contract revenue was recognized by March 31, 2007, and it is not relevant to our on-going operations. Our deferred contract revenue balance was $3.2 million at December 31, 2006.
Royalties and Affiliate Commissions. Royalties paid for third-party software products integrated with our technology are expensed when the products are shipped. Commissions payable to affiliates in connection with
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
sales assistance are generally expensed when the commission becomes payable. Accrued royalties payable totaled $0.8 and $2.1 million at December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, while accrued affiliate commissions payable totaled $0.6 million and $1.1 million as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
Concurrent Transactions. We occasionally enter into transactions which are concluded at or about the same time as other arrangements with the same customer. These concurrent transactions are accounted for under Accounting Principles Board (APB) Opinion No. 29, Accounting for Non-monetary Transactions, as interpreted by EITF 01-02 Interpretations of APB Opinion No. 29. Generally, the recognition of a gain or loss on the exchange is measured based on the fair value of the assets involved to the extent that the fair value can be reasonably determined. A transaction that is not a culmination of the earnings process is recorded based on the net book value of the asset relinquished.
Deferred Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities represent estimated future tax amounts attributable to the differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and their respective tax bases. These estimates are computed using the tax rates in effect for the applicable period. Realization of our deferred tax assets is, for the most part, dependent upon our U.S. consolidated tax group of companies having sufficient federal taxable income in future years to utilize our domestic net operating loss carry-forwards before they expire. We adjust our deferred tax valuation allowance on a quarterly basis in light of certain factors, including our financial performance.
Loss Contingencies. There are times when non-recurring events occur that require management to consider whether an accrual for a loss contingency is appropriate. Accruals for loss contingencies typically relate to certain legal proceedings, customer and other claims and litigation. Accruals for loss contingencies are included in accrued liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. As required by SFAS No. 5, Accounting for Contingencies, we determine whether an accrual for a loss contingency is appropriate by assessing whether a loss is deemed probable and can be reasonably estimated. We analyze our legal proceedings, warranty and other claims and litigation based on available information to assess potential liability. We develop our views on estimated losses in consultation with outside counsel handling our defense in these matters, which involves an analysis of potential results assuming a combination of litigation and settlement strategies. The adverse resolution of any one or more of these matters over and above the amounts that have been estimated and accrued in the current consolidated financial statements could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Restructuring Charges. We recognize restructuring charges consistent with applicable accounting standards. We reduce charges for obligations on leased properties with estimated sublease income. Furthermore, we analyze current market conditions, including current lease rates in the respective geographic regions, vacancy rates and costs associated with subleasing, when evaluating the reasonableness of future sublease income. The accrual for office closure and consolidation is an estimate that assumes certain facilities will be subleased or the underlying leases will otherwise be favorably terminated prior to the contracted lease expiration date. Significant subjective judgment and estimates must be made and used in calculating future sublease income.
Net Income Per Common Share. We calculate net income per common share in accordance with SFAS No. 128, Earnings per Share, and EITF 03-6, Participating Securities and the Two Class Method under FASB Statement No. 128, Earnings per Share. EITF 03-6 provides guidance on how to determine whether a security should be considered a participating security for purposes of computing earnings per share and how earnings should be allocated to a participating security when using the two-class method for computing earnings per share. We have determined that our redeemable preferred stock represents a participating security because it has voting rights and, therefore, we have calculated basic net income per common share consistent with the provisions of EITF 03-6 for all periods presented. Diluted net income per common share includes (i) the dilutive
i2 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
effect of stock options, stock rights and warrants granted using the treasury stock method, (ii) the effect of contingently issuable shares earned during the period and (iii) shares issuable under the conversion feature of our convertible notes and preferred stock using the if-converted method. A reconciliation of the weighted-average shares used in calculating basic earnings per common share and the weighted average common shares used in calculating diluted earnings per common share for 2007, 2006 and 2005 is provided in Note 9 - Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) and Income Per Common Share.
Stock-Based Compensation Plans. Prior to January 1, 2006, employee compensation expense under stock option plans was reported only if options were granted below market price at grant date in accordance with the intrinsic value method of APB No. 25, “Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees,” and related interpretations. Because the exercise price of our employee stock options equaled the market price of the underlying stock on the date of grant, no compensation expense was recognized on options granted.
Effective January 1, 2006, we adopted SFAS No. 123(R), “Share-Based Payment,” which is a revision to SFAS No. 123, “Accounting for Stock Based Compensation.” See Note 10, Stock Based Compensation Plans for further discussion.
Foreign Currency Translation. The functional currency for the majority of our foreign subsidiaries is the local currency. Assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date while income and expense amounts are translated at average exchange rates during the period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are disclosed as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) and other comprehensive income. The functional currency of one significant foreign subsidiary is the US dollar; therefore, there is no translation adjustment required for this subsidiary. Transaction gains and losses arising from transactions denominated in a non-functional currency and due to changes in exchange rates are recorded in foreign currency hedge and transaction losses, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
Fair Values of Financial Instruments. Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates. The estimated fair value approximates carrying value for all financial instruments except investment securities and long-term debt. Fair values of securities are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar instruments. The fair value of long-term debt is based on quoted market prices, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated by discounting future cash flows using the interest rates currently offered for similar debt of similar remaining maturity. At December 31, 2007, the fair value of our outstanding 5% convertible notes approximates their carrying value.
Comprehensive Income. Comprehensive income includes all changes in equity during a period, except those resulting from investments by and distributions to owners.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Effective January 1, 2007 we adopted FIN No. 48 - Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes- an Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109 (“FIN 48”). FIN 48 clarifies the accounting for income taxes by prescribing the minimum recognition threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. FIN 48 utilizes a two-step approach for evaluating tax positions. Recognition (Step 1) occurs when an enterprise concludes that a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Measurement (Step 2) is only addressed if Step 1 has been satisfied. Under Step 2, the tax benefit is measured at the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis,
i2 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
that is more likely than not to be realized upon final settlement. FIN 48’s use of the term “more likely than not” in Steps 1 and 2 is consistent with how the term is used in FAS 109 (i.e., the likelihood of an occurrence greater than 50%). FIN 48 applies to all tax positions related to income taxes subject to FAS 109, and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006. Upon adoption, there was no cumulative effect to our accumulated deficit as a result of this change in accounting principle.
In September 2006, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108, “Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements When Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements” (SAB 108), which provides interpretive guidance on how the effects of the carryover or reversal of prior year misstatements should be considered in quantifying a current year misstatement. We adopted SAB 108 in the first quarter of 2007. Adoption of this pronouncement did not have a material impact on our financial statements.
In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (“SFAS 157”). SFAS 157 creates a single definition of fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and enhances disclosure requirements about items measured at fair value. The Statement applies to both items recognized and reported at fair value in the financial statements and items disclosed at fair value in the notes to the financial statements. The Statement does not change existing accounting rules governing what can or what must be recognized and reported at fair value in the company’s financial statements, or disclosed at fair value in the company’s notes to the financial statements. Additionally, Statement 157 does not eliminate practicability exceptions that exist in accounting pronouncements amended by this Statement when measuring fair value. As a result, the company will not be required to recognize any new assets or liabilities at fair value. We plan to adopt SFAS 157 in the first quarter of 2008. We are assessing the impact the adoption of SFAS 157 will have on our financial statements.
In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities - Including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115.” This statement permits entities to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value that are not currently required to be measured at fair value and establishes presentation and disclosure requirements designed to facilitate comparisons between entities that choose different measurement attributes for similar types of assets and liabilities. We plan to adopt SFAS No. 159 in the first quarter of fiscal 2008. We do not anticipate that the adoption of SFAS 159 will have a material impact on our financial statements.
In December 2007, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 141 (revised 2007), (“SFAS No. 141R”), “Business Combinations”, which replaces SFAS No 141. The statement retains the purchase method of accounting for acquisitions, however, includes changes in the way assets and liabilities are recognized in purchase accounting. It also changes the recognition of assets acquired and liabilities assumed arising from contingencies, requires the capitalization of in-process research and development at fair value, and requires the expensing of acquisition-related costs as incurred. We will adopt SFAS No. 141R in the first quarter of 2009 and apply its provisions prospectively to business combinations completed on or after that date. The impact of the adoption of SFAS No. 141R will be dependent on the extent and nature of any future acquisitions.
2. Other Non-Current Assets
Other non-current assets includes unamortized debt issuance costs, long-term lease deposits, and acquired intangibles such as, software, information databases and installed customer base/relationships. Unamortized debt issuance costs of $3.2 million, as of December 31, 2007, are being amortized to interest expense over the estimated life of the debt at a rate of approximately $1.0 million per year. This unamortized debt issuance cost will be fully amortized in approximately 3 years. Other non-current assets include intangible assets that are
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evaluated for impairment in accordance with SFAS No. 144 “Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets” (SFAS No. 144). SFAS No. 144 requires that we evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable based on expected undiscounted cash flows attributable to that asset. The amount of any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset. Details of other non-current assets at December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006 are below:
3. Investment Securities
Short-term time deposits and other liquid investments in debt securities with original maturities of less than three months when acquired by us are classified as available-for-sale and reported as cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated balance sheets. Based on their maturities, interest rate movements do not affect the balance sheet valuation of these investments. Investment securities reported as cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2007 and 2006 were as follows:
Due to volatility in the capital markets, beginning in the third quarter of 2007 we chose not to invest in commercial paper and instead invested in money market instruments. These money market instruments are reflected in cash and cash equivalents on our balance sheet. We typically invest our cash in a variety of interest-earning financial instruments, including bank time deposits, money market funds and taxable and tax-exempt variable-rate and fixed-rate obligations of corporations and federal, state and local governmental entities and agencies. These investments are primarily denominated in U.S. Dollars.
4. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts receivable at December 31, 2007 and 2006 include billed receivables of approximately $23.7 million and approximately $24.1 million, respectively and unbilled receivables of approximately $1.4 million and approximately $1.8 million, respectively. Unbilled receivables relate to revenues that have been recognized, but not invoiced. Such receivables are generally invoiced in the month following recognition as revenue.
Activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts was as follows:
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5. Premises and Equipment and Lease Commitments
Premises and equipment as of December 31, 2006 and 2005 consisted of the following:
Depreciation of premises and equipment totaled $4.5 million in 2007, $5.9 million in 2006 and $6.3 million in 2005. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method. We disposed of net premises and equipment totaling $0.3 million in 2007, $0.2 million in 2006 and, $1.1 million in 2005.
We lease our office facilities and certain office equipment under operating leases that expire at various dates through 2011. We have renewal options for most of our operating leases. We incurred total rent expense of $9.1 million in 2007, $10.2 million in 2006 and $11.8 million in 2005.
Future minimum lease payments under all non-cancellable operating leases, excluding estimated sublease income of $2.1 million, as of December 31, 2007 are as follows:
6. Borrowings and Debt Issuance Costs
5% Senior Convertible Notes
In November and December 2005 we issued $78.8 million and in January 2006 we issued $7.5 million of 5% senior convertible notes with a maturity date of November 15, 2015. In connection therewith, in November 2005, we issued 484,889 detachable warrants for common stock with an exercise price of $15.4675 per share, subject to adjustment, and a 10-year life to the purchasers of the notes, on a pro-rata basis in accordance with their investment in the notes. The notes are effectively junior to any of our secured obligations to the extent of the value of the assets securing such obligations. There are no subsidiary company guarantees related to the 5% senior convertible notes.
The notes are convertible, subject to certain conditions, into cash and shares, if any, of our common stock at an initial conversion price of $15.4675 per share, which is subject to adjustment. Upon conversion, we will satisfy our conversion obligation with respect to the principal amount of the notes to be converted in cash, with any remaining amount to be satisfied in shares of our common stock.
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Holders of the notes may convert their notes at any time on or after May 15, 2010. In addition, holders of the notes may convert the notes at any time prior to May 15, 2010 upon the occurrence of any of the following events, none of which have occurred:
•
if the notes have been called for redemption;
•
upon certain dividends or distributions to all holders of our common stock;
•
upon the occurrence of specified corporate transactions constituting a “fundamental change” (the occurrence of a “change in control” or a “termination of trading,” each as defined in the indenture governing the notes);
•
if the average of the trading prices for the notes during any five consecutive trading-day period is less than 98% of the average of the conversion values for the notes (the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the conversion rate) during that period; or
•
at any time after May 15, 2008 if the closing sale price of our common stock is equal to or greater than $23.21 for at least 20 trading days in the 30 consecutive trading day period ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter.
Holders of the notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or any portion of the notes on or after November 15, 2010 at a purchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased plus any accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding such repurchase date.
If we redeem our Series B Preferred Stock, we must also offer to repurchase the notes for cash at a purchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes plus shares equal to the conversion value, if any, plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the repurchase date; provided, that if we redeem less than all of the outstanding shares of our Series B Preferred Stock, we shall be obligated to repurchase only an equivalent and proportionate amount of the notes.
The notes contain provisions that allow the holders, upon a change in control or a termination of trading of our common stock, to require us to repurchase for cash any or all of the notes at 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest. If the change in control or termination of trading occurs prior to November 15, 2010, a holder who elects to convert will be entitled to receive a make-whole premium, equal to the approximate lost option time value.
Prior to May 20, 2008, the Notes are not redeemable at our option. On or after May 20, 2008, we may redeem the Notes at any time or from time to time in whole or in part, for cash, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the redemption date, so long as (i) the last reported sale price of our Common Stock has exceeded 175% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days in the 30 consecutive trading days ending on the trading day prior to the date upon which we deliver to the holders the notice of redemption and (ii) on the date that we deliver a redemption notice through the date of redemption, the Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Notes is either (1) covered by a registration statement covering resales thereof that is effective and available for use and is expected to remain effective and available for use for the 30 days following the date of such redemption notice or (2) eligible to be resold by non-affiliates pursuant to Rule 144(k) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
The indenture governing our 5% senior convertible notes contains a debt incurrence covenant that places restrictions on the amount and type of additional indebtedness that we can incur. Such covenant specifies that we shall not, nor shall we permit any of our subsidiaries to, directly or indirectly, incur or guarantee or assume any indebtedness other than “permitted indebtedness.” Permitted indebtedness is defined in the indenture to include, among others, the following categories of indebtedness: (i) all indebtedness outstanding on November 23, 2005;
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(ii) indebtedness under the senior convertible notes; (iii) indebtedness under our $15.0 million letter of credit line; (iv) between $25.0 million and $50.0 million of additional senior secured indebtedness (the maximum permitted amount to be determined by application of a formula contained in the indenture); and (v) at least $100.0 million of additional subordinated indebtedness (the maximum permitted amount to be determined by application of a formula contained in the indenture).
In accounting for the 5% notes, we determined that components of the notes, including the over-allotment option, a portion of the conversion option and the liquidated damages clause were derivatives. Derivative instruments are contractual commitments or payment exchange agreements between counterparties that derive their value from an underlying asset, index, interest rate or exchange rate. Derivatives must be valued separately and accounted for as an asset, liability or equity, depending on their characteristics. We determined each derivative component should be recorded as a liability. We valued the derivative components using a Black Scholes model or using a model determining what penalties would be incurred if certain conditions were not met. We determined the derivatives to be immaterial.
We assessed the characteristics of the warrants and determined that they should be reflected in the stockholders’ equity (deficit) portion of our Consolidated Balance Sheet, valued using a Black Scholes model. In the Black Scholes valuation we used a then current stock price of $13.36, a strike price of $15.4675, an estimated life of 2 years, a risk free rate of 4.35% and a volatility rate of 94.7919%. The effect of recording the warrants as equity is that the debt is recorded at a discount to its liquidation value and this discount of $3.1 million is being accreted through earnings over five years. We determined a five-year life to be appropriate due to the conversion features in the debt and the probability that the debt would be converted prior to the ultimate maturity. At December 31, 2007, this discount was $1.8 million.
Other
We maintain a $15.0 million letter of credit line. Under this line, we are required to maintain restricted cash (in an amount equal to 125% of the outstanding letters of credit) in a depository account maintained by the lender to secure letters of credit issued in connection with the line. The line has no financial covenants and expires on December 15, 2008. As of December 31, 2007 approximately $5.6 million in letters of credit were outstanding under this line and approximately $7.2 million in restricted cash was pledged as collateral. As of December 31, 2006, $2.9 million in letters of credit were outstanding under this line and $4.0 million in restricted cash was pledged as collateral.
7. Commitments and Contingencies
Governmental Investigations and Actions
On July 15, 2005, the SEC filed a civil action against three former officers of the company relating to events that occurred prior to the restatement of the company’s financial statements in 2003. The civil charges against each of such former officers were settled on various dates in 2006 and early 2007. The most recent of such settlements, involving the civil charges against Gregory A. Brady, occurred on February 15, 2007.
Purported Shareholder Derivative Lawsuits
On March 7, 2007, a purported shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the Delaware Chancery Court against certain of our current and former officers and directors, naming the company as a nominal defendant. The complaint, entitled George Keritsis and Mark Kert v. Michael E. McGrath, Michael J. Berry, Pallab K. Chatterjee, Robert C. Donohoo, Hiten D. Varia, M. Miriam Wardak, Sanjiv S. Sidhu, Stephen P. Bradley, Harvey B. Cash, Richard L. Clemmer, Lloyd G. Waterhouse, Jackson L. Wilson Jr., Robert L. Crandall and i2
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Technologies, Inc., alleges breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment in connection with stock option grants to certain of the defendant officers and directors on three dates in 2004 and 2005. The complaint states that those stock option grants were manipulated so as to work to the recipients’ favor when material non-public information about the company was later disclosed to positive or negative effect. The complaint is derivative in nature and does not seek relief from the company, but does seek damages and other relief from the defendant officers and directors. As discussed below, we have entered into indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business with certain of the defendant officers and directors and may be obligated throughout the pendency of this action to advance payment of legal fees and costs incurred by the defendants pursuant to our obligations under the indemnification agreements and/or applicable Delaware law. Based on the stage of the litigation, it is not possible to estimate the amount or range of possible loss that might result from an adverse judgment or a settlement of this matter.
On October 23, 2007, a purported shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the Delaware Chancery Court against certain of our current and former officers and directors, naming the company as a nominal defendant. The complaint, entitled John McPadden, Sr. v. Sanjiv S. Sidhu, Stephen Bradley, Harvey B. Cash, Richard L. Clemmer, Michael E. McGrath, Lloyd G. Waterhouse, Jackson L. Wilson, Jr., Robert L. Crandall and Anthony Dubreville and i2 Technologies, Inc., alleges breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment based upon allegations that the company sold its wholly-owned subsidiary, Trade Services Corporation, for an inadequate price in 2005. The complaint is derivative in nature and does not seek relief from the company, but does seek damages and other relief from the defendant officers and directors. As discussed below, we have entered into indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business with certain of the defendant officers and directors and may be obligated throughout the pendency of this action to advance payment of legal fees and costs incurred by the defendants pursuant to our obligations under the indemnification agreements and/or applicable Delaware law. Based on the stage of the litigation, it is not possible to estimate the outcome or amount or range of possible loss that might result from an adverse judgment or a settlement of this matter.
Indemnification Agreements
We have indemnification agreements with certain of our officers, directors and employees that may require us, among other things, to indemnify such officers, directors and employees against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees and to advance their expenses incurred as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified. We have also entered into agreements regarding the advancement of costs with certain other officers and employees.
Pursuant to these indemnification and cost-advancement agreements, we have advanced fees and expenses incurred by certain current and former directors, officers and employees in connection with the governmental investigations and actions related to the 2003 restatement of our consolidated financial statements and other matters. We incurred approximately $0.2 million, $14.0 million and $4.9 million of expense for legal fees and expenses for current and former employees during 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.
In an effort to reduce our future obligations in respect of such legal fees and expenses, on December 15, 2006 the company entered into a Settlement Agreement With Mutual Releases with Mr. Brady (the “Settlement Agreement”). The Settlement Agreement provided for (i) certain payments by the company to finally settle various issues of advancement and indemnification under existing agreements by the company to provide Mr. Brady with indemnification as well as an existing court order, and (ii) mutual general releases by Mr. Brady and the company, each in favor of the other. Pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Agreement, in January 2007 the company paid an aggregate of $2.5 million in full settlement and compromise of all claims of Mr. Brady under the existing indemnification agreements and the court order. We had accrued the $2.5 million as of
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December 31, 2006. Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, the company shall have no further obligation to advance costs, fees or expenses to Mr. Brady or to indemnify Mr. Brady in connection with any present, threatened or future litigation by virtue of the fact that Mr. Brady was a director, officer, employee or agent of the company or was serving at any time at the request of the company as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise.
We may continue to advance fees and expenses incurred by certain other current and former directors, officers and employees in the future. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification and cost-advancement agreements is unlimited. Additionally, our corporate by-laws allow us to choose to indemnify any employee for certain events or occurrences while the employee is, or was, serving at our request in such capacity.
Under the terms of our software license agreements with our customers, we agree that in the event the licensed software infringes upon any patent, copyright, trademark, or any other proprietary right of a third party, it will indemnify our customer licensees against any loss, expense, or liability from any damages that may be awarded against our customer. We include this infringement indemnification in substantially all of our software license agreements and selected managed service arrangements. In the event the customer cannot use the software or service due to infringement and we can not obtain the right to use, replace or modify the license or service in a commercially feasible manner so that it no longer infringes then we may terminate the license and provide the customer a pro-rata refund of the fees paid by the customer from the infringing license or service. We believe the estimated fair value of these intellectual property indemnification clauses is minimal.
We are under tax examinations in India primarily related to our intercompany pricing for services rendered by our Indian subsidiary to other i2 companies and our qualification for a tax holiday, and have been assessed an aggregate of $7.1 million for the Indian statutory fiscal years ended March 31, 2002, 2003 and 2004. We believe the Indian tax authorities’ positions regarding our intercompany transactions and tax holiday qualification are without merit, that all intercompany transactions were conducted at appropriate pricing levels and that our operations qualify for the tax holiday claimed. Accordingly, we have appealed all of these assessments and have also sought assistance from the United States competent authority under the mutual agreement procedure of the income tax treaty between the United States and India, which provides us with an opportunity to resolve these matters in an environment which includes governmental representatives of both countries.
Pending resolution of these matters, we have paid approximately $3.5 million of the assessed amount and have arranged for approximately $2.9 million in bank guarantees in favor of the Indian government in respect of a portion of the balance. The bank guarantees are supported letters of credit issued in the United States and are reflected on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as restricted cash.
We expect the ultimate resolution of these matters will not exceed the tax contingency reserves we have established for them.
Certain Accruals
We have accrued for estimated losses in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for matters where we believe the likelihood of an adverse outcome is probable and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. We are subject to various claims and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business from time to time, including claims and legal proceedings that have been asserted against us by former employees and certain customers, and have been in negotiations to settle certain of those contingencies. The adverse resolution of any one or more of those matters or the matters described in this Note 7 over and above the amount, if any, that has been estimated and accrued in our consolidated financial statements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
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8. Stock Transactions
On June 28, 2005 we entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement with R² Investments, LDC, an affiliate of Q Investments. Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Purchase Agreement, R² purchased 1,923,077 shares of i2’s common stock, par value $0.00025 per share, at $7.80 per share, the closing price on June 23, 2005 when the transaction was approved by i2’s Board of Directors. The sale resulted in proceeds of $14.9 million after issuance costs of approximately $0.1 million.
On June 3, 2004, we sold 100,000 shares of our 2.5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock to Amalgamated Gadget, L.P. for and on behalf or R² Investments, LDC or its subsidiary R² Top Hat, Ltd. (collectively “R²”), pursuant to a Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated April 27, 2004. The purchase price for the Series B preferred stock was $1,000 per Series B share, or $100.0 million in the aggregate. Pursuant to the terms of the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, R² has certain preemptive rights upon the issuance of certain of our securities during the three-year period ending June 3, 2007. Dividends on the Series B preferred stock, which may be paid in cash or in additional shares of Series B preferred stock, at our option, will be payable semi-annually at the rate of 2.5% per year. The Series B preferred stock will automatically convert into shares of our common stock on June 3, 2014 and will be convertible into shares of common stock at the option of the holder at any time prior thereto. The conversion price of $23.15 per share is subject to certain adjustments. If we were entitled to effect a conversion we would issue approximately 4.6 million shares in 2007 and approximately 4.5 million shares in 2006, with a value of approximately $58.0 million at December 31, 2007 and approximately $103.8 million at December 31, 2006. Under certain circumstances, we will also have the right to redeem the Series B preferred stock. Upon a change in control, unless otherwise agreed to by holders of a majority of outstanding Series B shares, we will be required to exchange the outstanding shares of Series B preferred stock for cash at 110% of face value plus all accrued but unpaid dividends. The exchange amount pursuant to this provision as of December 31, 2007 would be approximately $117.3 million and December 31, 2006 would be approximately $115.8 million. We may, at our option, redeem the Series B shares at any time after June 3, 2008 for cash at 104% of face value plus all accrued but unpaid dividends. The redemption amount pursuant to this provision as of December 31, 2007 would be approximately $110.9 million and December 31, 2006 would be $109.5 million. The Series B preferred stock is recorded net of $4.7 million of issuance costs, consisting of legal and investment-banking fees incurred to complete the transaction. The issuance costs are being accreted over a ten-year period through the date of automatic conversion. In 2007, 2006 and 2005 we recorded issuance cost accretion of approximately $0.4 million, $0.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively, and issued 1,327 shares or $1.3 million, 1,289 shares or $1.3 million and 2,551 or $2.6 million, respectively, of our Series B preferred stock as payment of our dividend to R² Investments, LDC. In 2007 and 2006 we also paid a cash dividend of $1.3 million on our Series B preferred stock. Subsequent to this transaction, R2 became a related party.
9. Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) and Income Per Common Share
Reverse Stock Split. All references to common stock and per share amounts for periods prior to February 17, 2005 have been retroactively restated to reflect the 1-for-25 reverse stock split of our common stock we implemented on February 16, 2005.
Stock Rights Plan. On January 17, 2002, our Board of Directors approved adoption of a stockholder rights plan and declared a dividend of one preferred share purchase right for each outstanding share of common stock. After adjusting for the 1-for-25 reverse stock split we implemented on February 16, 2005, each share of common stock has attached to it one right to purchase 25 units of one one-thousandth of a share of Series A junior participating preferred stock at a price of $75.00 per unit. The rights, which expire on January 17, 2012, will only become exercisable upon distribution. Distribution of the rights will not occur until ten days after the earlier of (i) the public announcement that a person or group has acquired beneficial ownership of 15.0% or more of our
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outstanding common stock or (ii) the commencement of, or announcement of an intention to make, a tender offer or exchange offer that would result in a person or group acquiring the beneficial ownership of 15.0% or more of our outstanding common stock.
The purchase price payable, and the number of units of Series A preferred stock issuable, upon exercise of the rights are subject to adjustment from time to time to prevent dilution in the event of a stock dividend or the grant of certain rights to purchase units of Series A preferred stock at a price less than the then current market price of the units of Series A preferred stock, among other things. The number of outstanding rights and the number of units of Series A preferred stock issuable upon exercise of each right are also subject to adjustment in the event of a stock split of the common stock or a stock dividend on the common stock payable in common stock prior to the distribution date.
Shares of Series A preferred stock purchasable upon exercise of the rights are not redeemable. Each share of Series A preferred stock will be entitled to a dividend of 40 times the dividend declared per share of common stock. In the event of liquidation, each share of Series A preferred stock will be entitled to a payment of the greater of (i) 40 times the payment made per share of common stock or (ii) $1,000. Each share of Series A preferred stock will have 40 votes, voting together with the common stock. Finally, in the event of any merger, consolidation or other transaction in which shares of common stock are exchanged, each share of Series A preferred stock will be entitled to receive 40 times the amount received per share of common stock. These rights are protected by customary anti-dilution provisions. Because of the nature of the dividend, liquidation and voting rights, the value of the 25 units of Series A preferred stock purchasable upon exercise of each right should approximate the value of one share of common stock.
If, after the rights become exercisable, we are acquired in a merger or other business combination transaction, or 50% or more of our consolidated assets or earning power are sold, proper provision will be made so that each holder of a right will thereafter have the right to receive upon exercise that number of shares of common stock of the acquiring company having a market value of two times the exercise price of the right.
If any person or group becomes the beneficial owner of 15.0% or more of the outstanding shares of common stock, proper provision will be made so that each holder of a right, other than rights beneficially owned by the acquiring person (which will thereafter be void), will have the right to receive upon exercise that number of shares of common stock or units of Series A preferred stock (or cash, other securities or property) having a market value of two times the exercise price of the right.
We may redeem the rights in whole, but not in part, at a price of $0.25 per right at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors at any time prior to distribution of the rights. At December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, none of the rights had been exercisable. The terms of the rights may be amended by our Board of Directors without the consent of the holders of the rights except that after the distribution of the rights, no amendment may adversely affect the interests of the holders of the rights and the consent of the holders of the shares of Series B preferred stock is required. Until a right is exercised, the holder of a right will have no rights by virtue of ownership as a stockholder of the company, including, without limitation, the right to vote or to receive dividends.
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The rights have significant anti-takeover effects by causing substantial dilution to a person or group that attempts to acquire us on terms not approved by our Board of Directors. The rights should not interfere with any merger, or other business combination approved by the Board of Directors and the holders of the shares of Series B preferred stock. The rights may be redeemed by us at the redemption price of $0.25 per right prior to the occurrence of a distribution date.
Net Income Per Common Share. Basic net income per common share was computed by dividing net income applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the reporting period following the two-class method. Under the two-class method, participating convertible securities are required to be included in the calculation of basic net income per common share when the effect is dilutive. Accordingly, for the years ended December 31, 2007, December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2005, the effect of the convertible preferred stock is included in the calculation of basic net income per common share.
Diluted net income per common share includes the dilutive effect of stock options, share rights awards, and warrants granted using the treasury stock method, and the effect of contingently issuable shares earned during the period and shares issuable under the conversion feature of our convertible debt and convertible preferred stock using the if-converted method. A loss causes all common stock equivalents to be anti-dilutive due to an increase of the weighted average shares from the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts were exercised or converted into common stock. EITF 04-8 requires the inclusion of the effect of contingently convertible instruments in the calculation of diluted income per share including when the market price of our common stock is below the conversion price of the convertible security and the effect is not anti-dilutive. Accordingly, the effect of our convertible debt is included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share. The effect of our convertible preferred stock is included in basic earnings per share under the two-class method per EITF 03-6, “Participating Securities and the Two-Class Method” under FASB No. 128 - Earnings per Share; therefore, it is similarly included in diluted income per share when the effect is dilutive.
The following is a reconciliation of the number of shares used in the calculation of basic net income per common share under the two-class method and diluted earnings per share and the number of anti-dilutive shares excluded from such computations for 2007, 2006 and 2005.
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10. Stock-Based Compensation Plans.
Employee Stock Purchase Plans. Prior to May 1, 2007, we maintained a stock purchase plans for the benefit of our employees and the employees of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. The purchase plans were designed to allow eligible employees to purchase shares of our common stock through periodic payroll deductions. Payroll deductions could not exceed 15% of a participant’s base salary, and employees were allowed to purchase a maximum of 320 shares per purchase period under the purchase plans. The purchase price per share was 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of our common stock at the start of the purchase period or the fair market value at the end of the purchase period. Participation could be terminated at any time by a participating employee and automatically ended upon termination of employment. We discontinued the Employee Stock Purchase Plans on the last business day of April 2007 and on May 1, 2007, we replaced the plan with a company match on our 401k plan. The company provides 100% match on the first 3% of the employee contribution. During 2007 we had expense of approximately $1.0 million related to the employer match.
1995 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan. The 1995 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan, a stockholder approved stock-based compensation plan, replaced our original 1992 Stock Plan. All options outstanding under the 1992 Plan were incorporated into the 1995 Plan; however, all outstanding options under the 1992 Plan continue to be governed by the terms and conditions of the existing option agreements for those options. The 1995 Plan is divided into three equity programs: (i) the Discretionary Grant Program, (ii) the Stock Issuance Program and (iii) the Automatic Grant Program.
The Discretionary Grant Program provides for the grant of stock appreciation rights and incentive stock options to employees and for the grant of stock appreciation rights and nonqualified stock options to employees, directors and consultants. Exercise prices may not be less than 100% and 85% of the fair market value per share of our common stock on the date of grant for incentive options and nonqualified stock options, respectively. Options granted under this program generally expire ten years after the date of grant. Prior to March 2001, options granted under the Discretionary Option Grant Program generally vested in four equal annual increments. Options granted after March 2001 generally vest 1% on the date of grant, 24% on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining options vest in 36 equal monthly increments thereafter. Some options granted under the Discretionary Option Grant Program may be immediately exercisable, subject to a right of repurchase at the original exercise price for all unvested shares.
The Stock Issuance Program provides for the issuance of shares of our common stock to any person at any time, at such prices and on such terms as established by the plan administrator. The purchase price per share cannot be less than 85% of the fair market value of our common stock on the issuance date. Shares of our common stock may also be issued pursuant to share right awards, restricted stock units and restricted stock awards that entitle the recipients to receive those shares upon the attainment of designated performance goals or the satisfaction of specified service requirements.
Effective with the 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the Automatic Grant Program provides that each person who is first elected or appointed as a non-employee member of our Board of Directors shall automatically be granted an award with a value equal to $175,000; with 50% of the value (or $87,500) in the form of an option grant issued at the fair market value on the date of grant, and the remaining value (or $87,500) in the form of a restricted stock award. On the date of each Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and provided that the individual has served as a non-employee Board member for at least six (6) months prior to the date of the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, will automatically be granted an award with a value equal to $125,000; with 50% of the value (or $62,500) in the form of an option grant issued at the fair market value on the date of grant, and the remaining value (or $62,500) in the form of a restricted stock award. Options granted to eligible non-employee Board members under the Automatic Option Grant Program vest in three equal annual installments, with the first such installment vesting one year from the option grant date.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
The 1995 Plan has an automatic share increase feature whereby the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under the plan will automatically increase on the first trading day of January each calendar year by an amount equal to 5.0% of the sum of (a) the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on the last trading day in December of the immediately preceding calendar year, plus (b) the total number of shares of our common stock repurchased by us on the open market during the immediately preceding calendar year pursuant to a stock repurchase program. In no event shall any such annual increase exceed 1,600,000 shares of our common stock or such lesser number of shares of our common stock as determined by our Board of Directors in its discretion. Through December 31, 2007, we have reserved a total of 11,834,212 shares of our common stock for issuance under the plan. The number of shares for which an individual may receive options, stock appreciation rights and other stock-based awards in his or her initial year of hire is limited to 1,000,000. Unless extended or terminated earlier, the plan will terminate on October 14, 2014.
2001 Non-officer Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan. In March 2001, the Board of Directors adopted the 2001 Non-officer Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan. Based on the provisions of the 2001 Plan, its adoption did not require stockholder approval and accordingly such approval was not obtained. Under the provisions of this plan, 800,000 shares have been reserved for issuance. The 2001 Plan is divided into two equity programs: (i) the Discretionary Option Grant Program and (ii) the Stock Issuance Program.
The Discretionary Option Grant Program provides for the grant of nonqualified stock options to non-officer employees and consultants. Exercise prices may be less than, equal to or greater than the fair market value per share of our common stock on the date of grant. Options granted under this program generally expire ten years after the date of grant. Prior to March 2001, options granted under the Discretionary Option Grant Program generally vested 25% on the first anniversary of the grant date with the remaining options vesting in 36 equal monthly increments. Options granted after March 2001 generally vest 1% on the date of grant, 24% on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining options vest in 36 equal monthly increments thereafter. Some options granted under the Discretionary Option Grant Program may be immediately exercisable, subject to a right of repurchase at the original exercise price for all unvested shares.
The Stock Issuance Program provides for the issuance of shares of our common stock to non-officer employees and consultants at any time, at such prices and on such terms as established by the plan administrator. Shares of our common stock may also be issued pursuant to share right awards that entitle the recipients to receive those shares upon the attainment of designated performance goals or the satisfaction of specified service requirements.
Assumed Stock Option Plans. We have assumed the stock option plans of various companies we have acquired. While our stockholders approved some of the acquisitions, our stockholders have not specifically approved any of the assumed stock option plans. Approximately 1,500,000 shares of our common stock have been reserved for issuance under the assumed plans.
Modification of Stock Options Granted to our Former CEO. On December 21, 2006, we entered into an amendment to the employment agreement with our then CEO, Michael McGrath, to modify the period during which Mr. McGrath’s vested equity instruments are exercisable following a termination of Mr. McGrath’s employment resulting from death or disability, a voluntary termination or a termination without cause. Mr. McGrath resigned July 31, 2007 and under the terms of this modification, he has until December 31, 2008 to exercise his vested options. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any equity instrument shall be cancelled and no longer exercisable upon the expiration of the stated term of such equity instrument. In connection with the amended employment agreement, we recorded non-cash stock option expense of $1.3 million in December 2006 and recorded an additional $0.5 million during the first half of 2007.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Exchange of Stock Options for Restricted Stock Units. In April 2006, we announced that we filed an exchange offer with the SEC under which eligible employees had the opportunity to exchange certain stock options for restricted stock units. We offered to exchange restricted stock units for outstanding options with exercise prices per share equal to or greater than $45.00. The number of restricted stock units issued in exchange for a properly tendered eligible option was based on exchange ratios that depended on the exercise price of the tendered option. The exchange ratios represented the number of option shares to be exchanged for one restricted stock unit and ranged from 5-for-1 to 72-for-1. The exchange offer expired on May 31, 2006; 797 employees were eligible to participate and 549 employees participated, 1,033,498 options were tendered and cancelled, and 133,033 restricted stock units were issued under such exchange offer. Through the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, we recorded $0.8 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of expense related to the amortization of the grant date fair value of options subject to exchange and the restricted stock units issued. An additional approximately $0.3 million of expense associated with the restricted stock units will be recognized over the remainder of the five-month vesting period of those awards.
Adoption of SFAS No. 123(R). Effective January 1, 2006, we adopted SFAS No. 123(R), “Share-Based Payment,” which is a revision to SFAS No. 123, “Accounting for Stock Based Compensation”, using the modified prospective method of transition. Under the provisions of SFAS No. 123(R), the estimated fair value of share based awards granted under stock incentive plans are recognized as compensation expense over the vesting period. Using the modified prospective method, compensation expense is recognized beginning with the effective date of adoption of SFAS No. 123(R) for all share based payments (i) granted after the effective date of adoption and (ii) granted prior to the effective date of adoption and that remain unvested on the date of adoption.
Prior to January 1, 2006, we accounted for stock based compensation plans using the intrinsic value method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees (“APB 25”), and its related interpretations. Under the provisions of APB 25, no compensation expense was recognized when stock options were granted with exercise prices equal to or greater than the fair market value per share of our common stock on the date of grant.
We elected to apply the simplified method to determine the hypothetical additional paid-in capital (APIC) pool provided by FSP FAS 123(R) - 3, “Transition Election Related to Accounting for the Tax Effects of Share-Based Payment Awards”. There was no effect on our financial statements from making this election. Since we have significant tax net operating loss carryforwards, any excess tax benefit will not be realized until the period in with the losses have been fully utilized and the benefit reduces income taxes payable. In the event of a shortfall (i.e., the tax benefit realized is less than the amount previously recognized through periodic stock compensation expense recognition and related deferred tax accounting), the shortfall would be charged against APIC to the extent of previous excess benefits, if any, including the hypothetical APIC pool, and then to income tax expense. During 2006, the shortfalls had no net impact on income tax expense because of our valuation allowance. We intend to settle our stock-based awards with new shares.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
We calculate our stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting periods of the related options. The table below shows the allocation of our total stock-based compensation expense for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006. Due to our net operating losses, there was no tax expense or benefit recorded in connection with our stock-based compensation.
Under the modified prospective method of SFAS No. 123(R), we are not required to restate prior financial statements to reflect expensing of share-based compensation. As required by SFAS No. 123(R), we have presented pro forma disclosures of our net income and net income per share for the year ended December 31, 2005 assuming the estimated fair value of the options granted prior to January 1, 2006 was amortized to expense over the option-vesting period as illustrated below:
Fair values of stock options and employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) shares are estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions. We continue to assess the assumptions and methodologies used to calculate the estimated fair value of share-based compensation. Circumstances may change and additional data may become available over time, which could result in changes to these assumptions and methodologies, which could materially impact our fair value determinations.
A combined summary of activity in our 1995 Plan, 2001 Plan and our assumed stock option plans during the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts and contractual life):
(1) Issued/converted pursuant to the tender offer described above.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
A summary of activity in our restricted stock plan as of the three years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts and contractual life:
(1) Represents a grant of restricted stock units to certain key employees that vest based on specified performance over a two-year performance period. This performance period is from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009. We are required to assess whether the performance criteria is probable of being achieved, and only recognize compensation expense if the vesting is considered probable. On a quarterly basis, we assess whether vesting is probable and based on that assessment record the appropriate expense. Based on our assessments during 2007, no compensation expense associated with these performance-based RSUs is reflected in our results of operations in the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2007.
In connection with stock option and restricted stock awards, we recognized compensation expense of $12.4 million, $16.3 million and $1.0 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007, December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2005, respectively. Total compensation cost related to nonvested awards not yet recognized was $17.2 million at December 31, 2007. The expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.2 years on a straight-line basis. The total fair value of options vested during the twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2007, December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2005 was $8.2 million, $9.7 million and $28.7 million, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised was $2.0 million during the twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2007 and $1.8 million during the twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2005. The intrinsic value of a stock option is the amount by which the fair market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the option. When we issue shares upon stock option exercises, our policy is to first issue any available treasury shares and then issue new shares.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
A summary of nonvested stock option awards for the years ended December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, and changes during the respective periods is presented below:
Of the options outstanding at December 31, 2007, and in the absence of acceleration of vesting or cancellations, approximately 688,869 options will vest in 2008, 430,076 in 2009, 204,402 in 2010 and 24,644 in 2011.
A summary of nonvested share awards as of December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, and changes during the respective periods is presented below:
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
The following table summarizes information about our stock options outstanding at December 31, 2007:
11. Restructuring Charges and Adjustments
2007 Restructuring Plan. During the second half of 2007 we initiated a reorganization and eliminated approximately 55 positions. The purpose of the restructuring was to reduce management layers to both decrease cost and increase speed around decision-making and internal processes. The realignment included the elimination of certain management levels as well as other targeted cost reductions. We recorded a charge of approximately $4.0 million, primarily related to severance costs. As of December 31, 2007, approximately $0.2 million of employee severance and termination remains in our 2007 restructuring accrual.
2005 Restructuring Plan. On March 30, 2005, we implemented a restructuring plan to “resize” our infrastructure and reduce our overhead to improve efficiencies and reduce operating expense. The restructuring included the involuntary termination of 184 employees and closing or partially vacating four office locations. These activities are being accounted for in accordance with SFAS 146, “Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities.” During the first quarter of 2005, we recorded a restructuring charge of $10.4 million for the involuntary terminations and $2.1 million for office closures. As of December 31, 2007, approximately $0.1 million of employee severance and termination remains in our 2006 restructuring accrual.
Consolidated Restructuring Accrual
The following table summarizes the 2007 and 2006 restructuring related payments and accruals, as well as the components of the remaining restructuring accruals, net of estimated sublease income of $0.5 million and $1.1 million, included in accrued liabilities at December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2005, respectively. There was no remaining estimated sublease income at December 31, 2007.
i2 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
12. Foreign Currency Risk Management
Because we conduct business on a global basis in various foreign currencies, we are exposed to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates. We maintain a program to mitigate foreign currency exposures that utilize foreign currency forward contracts to reduce selected non-functional currency exposures. The objective of this program is to reduce the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our results of operations. Furthermore, our goal is to offset foreign currency transaction gains and losses recorded for accounting purposes with gains and losses realized on the forward contracts.
We generally enter into forward contracts to purchase or sell various foreign currencies as of the last day of each month. These forward contracts generally have original maturities of up to one month and are net-settled in U.S. Dollars. Each forward contract is based on the current market forward exchange rate as of the contract date and no premiums are paid or received. Accordingly, these forward contracts have no fair value as of the contract date. Changes in the applicable foreign currency exchange rates subsequent to the contract date cause the fair value of the forward contracts to change. These changes in the fair value of forward contracts are recorded through earnings and the corresponding assets or liabilities are recorded on our balance sheet. Gains and losses on the forward contracts are included as a component of non-operating expense, net, in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and offset foreign exchange gains and losses from the revaluation of intercompany balances or other current monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the reporting entity. During 2007, we recognized net gains of $3.6 million on foreign currency forward transactions and net losses of $4.3 million on foreign currency transactions. During 2006, we recognized net gains of $0.1 million on foreign currency forward contracts and net losses of $0.3 million on foreign currency transactions. During 2005, we recognized net gains of $1.3 million on foreign currency forward contracts and net losses of $5.5 million on foreign currency transactions.
A summary of our foreign currency forward contracts by currency as of December 31, 2007 and 2006 are presented in the following table (in thousands). All of these contracts originated, without premiums, on December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, based on then-current market forward exchange rates. Accordingly, these forward contracts had no fair value on December 31, 2007 and 2006 and no amounts related to these forward contracts were recorded in our financial statements.
i2 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Our foreign currency forward contracts include credit risk to the extent that the bank counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of agreements. We reduce such risk by limiting our counterparties to major financial institutions. Additionally, the potential risk of loss with any one party resulting from this type of credit risk is monitored.
13. Income Taxes
The components of income before income taxes from domestic and foreign operations for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 are as follows:
Our provision (benefit) for income taxes consists of the following:
Our provision (benefit) for income taxes reconciles to the amount computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal rate of 35% to income from continuing operations before income taxes as follows:
i2 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Components of deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2007 and 2006 are comprised of the following:
At December 31, 2007 and 2006, we had approximately $1.8 billion of U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards for domestic federal tax purposes. These loss carryforwards are subject to certain annual limitations and are scheduled to expire as follows:
At December 31, 2007, our U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes was approximately $2.0 million greater than our net operating loss carryforwards for financial reporting purposes due to our inability to realize excess tax benefits under SFAS 123(R) until such benefits reduce income taxes payable.
In addition to the tax loss carryforwards reflected above, at December 31, 2007, we had approximately $349.3 million in future deductible expenses for tax purposes. See the table above for a description of these deferred tax assets. These tax deductible items have varying schedules of amortization and deductibility with no expiration and will reduce taxable income in the years of deduction and may create or increase tax net operating losses in the years of deduction. Utilization of these future deductible expenses will reduce or delay our ability to utilize existing tax loss carryforwards, possibly resulting in the expiration of a portion of the existing loss carryforwards. Under current tax law, tax net operating losses created or increased as a result of these future tax-deductible items will have a carryforward period of 20 years from the year in which the loss is incurred.
At December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, we had approximately $38.9 million and $38.8 million, respectively, of U.S. federal research and development tax credit carryforwards. These tax credits expire in the years 2008 through 2027.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
At December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006, we had approximately $87.7 million and $101.7 million, respectively, of U.S. federal capital loss carryforwards. These loss carryforwards expire in the years 2008 through 2010. Capital losses may be offset only by capital gains.
We had $6.7 million and $5.4 million of foreign net operating loss carryforwards at December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Foreign net operating loss carryforwards at December 31, 2007 totaling $5.4 million expire in the years 2009 through 2014, and $1.3 million expire in the years 2008 through 2010. At December 31, 2007 and 2006, we had $3.7 million and $3.6 million, respectively, of foreign research and development tax credit carryforwards. The foreign research and development tax credit carryforwards expire between 2022 and 2027.
As of December 31, 2007, we maintain a full valuation allowance against our U.S. net deferred tax assets and approximately $0.9 million valuation allowance against foreign net deferred tax assets. Each quarter, we review the necessity and amounts of the domestic and foreign valuation allowances taking into account various factors, including our financial performance. Despite the valuation allowance, the future tax-deductible benefits and tax credits related to these deferred tax assets remain available to offset future taxable income or reduce income taxes payable over the remaining useful lives of the underlying deferred tax assets.
We consider the earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries to be permanently reinvested outside the U.S. Aggregate unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries that are considered permanently reinvested and for which U.S. income taxes have not been provided totaled $48.1 million and $49.6 million as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
At December 31, 2007, we have recorded approximately $8.5 million in tax contingency reserves in our taxes payable accounts relating to tax positions we have taken during tax years that remain open for examination by tax authorities.
In July 2006, the FASB issued FASB Interpretation No. 48 (“FIN 48”), Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes - an Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109 (“SFAS 109”). This interpretation, which became effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006, introduces a new approach that significantly changes how enterprises recognize and measure tax benefits associated with tax positions and how enterprises disclose uncertainties related to income tax positions in their financial statements.
This interpretation applies to all tax positions within the scope of SFAS 109 and establishes a single approach in which a recognition and measurement threshold is used to determine the amount of tax benefit that should be recognized in the financial statements. FIN 48 also provides guidance on (1) the recognition, derecognition, and measurement of uncertain tax positions in a period subsequent to that in which the tax position is taken; (2) the accounting for interest and penalties; (3) the presentation and classification of recorded amounts in the financial statements; and (4) disclosure requirements.
On January 1, 2007, we adopted the provisions of FIN 48. As a result of the implementation of FIN 48, there was no adjustment to the January 1, 2007 balance of our accumulated deficit.
Prior to the adoption of FIN 48, the company had recorded $8.5 million of tax contingency reserves, of which approximately $3.1 million related to India transfer pricing assessments had been paid. Upon adoption of FIN 48 these amounts have been reclassified as a FIN 48 liability. In addition, at December 31, 2006 we had approximately $22.5 million of deferred tax assets (subsequently recharacterized as uncertain tax positions under FIN 48) recorded for which a full valuation allowance has been provided.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
The change in unrecognized tax benefits for the twelve months ended December 31, 2007 is as follows:
The additions for tax positions of prior years and the current year are related to global transfer pricing.
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2007, that would affect the company’s effective tax rate, and not be offset by our valuation allowance, if recognized is $7.0 million. Of this amount, we have paid approximately $3.5 million related to India transfer pricing as required under Indian tax law. There is a reasonable possibility that unrecognized tax benefits will increase or decrease by December 31, 2008 due to a lapse in the statute of limitations for assessing tax, settlements of prior years uncertain tax positions, additional tax assessments and accruals related to our global transfer pricing. However, it is not possible to reasonably estimate a range of such potential increase or decrease.
We account for interest expense and penalties related to income tax issues as income tax expense. Accordingly, interest expense and penalties associated with an uncertain tax position are included in the income tax provision. The total amount of accrued interest and penalties as of January 1, 2007 was $1.2 million. The total amount of accrued interest and penalties as of December 31, 2007 was $1.9 million.
Income tax expense (benefit) for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2007, includes $ 0.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of interest expense related to uncertain tax positions.
We or one of our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the United States (U.S.) federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. We have open tax years for the U.S. federal return back to 1992 with respect to our net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards, where the IRS may not raise tax for these years, but can reduce NOLs. Otherwise, with few exceptions, we are no longer subject to federal, state, local or foreign income tax examinations for years prior to 2003.
14. Segment Information, International Operations and Customer Concentrations
We operate our business in one segment, supply chain management solutions designed to help enterprises optimize business processes both internally and among trading partners. SFAS No. 131, “Disclosures About Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information,” establishes standards for the reporting of information about operating segments. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, who is our Chief Executive Officer (CEO), in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance.
We market our software and services primarily through our worldwide sales organization augmented by other service providers, including both domestic and international systems consulting and integration firms and other industry-related partners. Our chief executive officer evaluates resource allocation decisions and our performance based on financial information, presented on a consolidated basis, accompanied by disaggregated information by geographic regions. Sales to our customers generally include products from some or all of our product suites. We have not consistently allocated revenues from such sales to individual products for internal or general-purpose financial statements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Revenues are attributable to regions based on the locations of the customers’ operations. Total revenues by geographic region, as reported to our CEO, were as follows:
No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of our total revenues during 2007, 2006 or 2005.
Long-lived assets by geographic region excluding deferred taxes, as reported to our CEO, were as follows:
15. Discontinued Operations
On July 1, 2005, we completed the sale of Trade Service Corporation (TSC), which had been operated as a part of our content and data services business, for approximately $3.0 million. This transaction led to a gain on sale, net of write-offs of associated assets and liabilities, of approximately $2.2 million. The sale was to a group of investors led by TSC’s then-current management team.
On December 1, 2005 and December 16, 2005, respectively, the company and i2 Technologies Software Private Limited, an India corporation and a subsidiary of the company, sold to IHS Parts Management, Inc. (IHS) certain assets associated with our subsidiary’s content and data services business (CDS). In addition, we agreed to license certain software and patents associated with the CDS business to IHS. IHS paid us approximately $30 million in cash and assumed certain liabilities associated with the CDS business. As part of the transaction, IHS agreed to sublease certain office space located in India from our subsidiary. In addition, we agreed to perform certain transition and hosting services for IHS to assist in the transition of CDS to IHS.
The historical operating results of TSC and CDS, including the gain on the sale of TSC, have been reported as discontinued operations in our financial statements. Income from discontinued operations was $43.9 million in 2005.
i2 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
SFAS No. 144 requires the operating results of any assets with their own identifiable cash flows that are disposed of or held for sale to be removed from income from continuing operations and reported as discontinued operations. The operating results for any such assets for any prior periods presented must also be reclassified as discontinued operations. The following table details the amounts reclassified to discontinued operations:
16. Related Party Transactions
Prior to our hiring of Mr. McGrath as our Chief Executive Officer and President on February 27, 2005, Mr. McGrath had been bound by the terms of an agreement with Integrated Development Enterprise, Inc. or IDe pursuant to which he was committed to provide approximately 52 days of service per year to IDe, through January 31, 2007. As consideration for the release of Mr. McGrath from that commitment, we entered into a preferred stock purchase agreement with IDe, dated as of February 28, 2005, pursuant to which we purchased $1.0 million of convertible preferred stock of IDe. Q Funding III, L.P., an affiliate of Q Investments and R2 Investments, LDC, the holder of all of our outstanding shares of Series B preferred stock, also committed to purchase up to $1.0 million of IDe convertible preferred stock, on identical terms, pursuant to the terms of the same preferred stock purchase agreement. During 2005, both Q Funding and we purchased the preferred stock that each of us committed to acquire. Mr. McGrath was released from his service obligation to IDe upon execution and delivery of the preferred stock purchase agreement. Mr. McGrath continued as chairman of IDe. Mr. McGrath and members of his family hold less than 10% of the common stock of IDe on a fully diluted basis. At December 31, 2005, we evaluated the fair market value of the investment in IDe and determined the investment was impaired and the impairment was other-than temporary. Accordingly, we recorded an impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of the investment to zero. The impairment charge is reflected in other expense, net in the consolidated statement of operations.
On October 4, 2005, we entered into an agreement with IDe to license and implement their Phase Management and Portfolio Management solutions. We paid IDe approximately $0.4 million under this agreement.
On June 28, 2005, we sold 1,923,077 shares of our common stock to R² Investments, LDC, an affiliate of Q Investments, the holder of all of our outstanding shares of Series B preferred stock. The stock was sold at a price of $7.80 per share, the closing price on June 23, 2005 when our Board of Directors approved the transaction. We received approximately $15.0 million of net proceeds from this sale. On June 3, 2004, we sold 100,000 shares of our 2.5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock to R² Investments, LDC, pursuant to a Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated April 27, 2004. For details related to the sale and subsequent payment of dividends related to this Convertible Preferred Stock, see Note 8 - Stock Transactions.