{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "about how long have these symptoms been going on?", "id": "sudah berapa lama gejala-gejala ini berlangsung?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and all chest pain should be treated this way especially with your age", "id": "dan semua nyeri dada harus ditangani dengan cara ini terutama di usia Anda"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and along with a fever", "id": "dan bersama dengan demam"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and also needs to be checked your cholesterol blood pressure", "id": "dan tekanan darah serta kolesterol Anda juga perlu diperiksa"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and are you having a fever now?", "id": "dan apakah Anda sedang demam sekarang?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and are you having any of the following symptoms with your chest pain", "id": "dan apakah Anda mengalami gejala berikut bersama nyeri dada Anda?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and are you having a runny nose?", "id": "dan apakah Anda ingusan?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and are you having this chest pain now?", "id": "dan apakah Anda merasakan nyeri dada ini sekarang?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and besides do you have difficulty breathing", "id": "dan apakah Anda juga kesulitan bernapas?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and can you tell me what other symptoms are you having along with this?", "id": "dan bisakah Anda ceritakan gejala lain yang Anda alami bersama dengan gejala ini?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and does this pain move from your chest?", "id": "dan apakah nyeri ini berpindah dari dada Anda?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and drink lots of fluids", "id": "dan minum banyak cairan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and how high has your fever been", "id": "dan pernah sampai berapa tinggi demam Anda?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and i have a cough too", "id": "dan saya juga batuk"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and i have a little cold and a cough", "id": "dan saya sedikit pilek dan batuk"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and i'm really having some bad chest pain today", "id": "dan saya merasakan nyeri dada berat hari ini"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and is this the right time for your hay fever", "id": "dan ini musim alergi rhinitis"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and it get the chest pain", "id": "dan terasa nyeri dada"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and i think i have a little bit of a fever", "id": "dan saya rasa saya juga sedikit demam"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and i want you to describe where the chest pain is", "id": "dan saya ingin Anda menjelaskan tempat nyeri dada Anda"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and she is sorta have the same symptoms", "id": "dan dia sepertinya memiliki gejala yang sama"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and tell me what symptoms are you having now?", "id": "dan coba ceritakan gejala yang Anda rasakan sekarang?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and they're having some fevers as well", "id": "dan mereka juga demam"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and with your history of diabetes", "id": "dan dengan riwayat diabetes Anda"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and you know it feels like my chest is like gonna crush", "id": "dan tahukah Anda, dada saya rasanya seperti akan remuk"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and you know people cough on me all the time", "id": "dan tahukah Anda, orang selalu batuk ke arah saya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and you're having chest pain", "id": "dan Anda merasa nyeri dada"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and your symptoms do not go away in five days", "id": "dan gejala Anda tidak hilang dalam lima hari"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and you said this is a pressure in your chest", "id": "dan Anda katakan bahwa ada tekanan di dada Anda"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "anyone in the family have a heart problem heart disease heart attack high cholesterol high blood pressure", "id": "siapa pun di keluarga yang memiliki masalah jantung, penyakit jantung, serangan jantung, kolesterol tinggi, tekanan darah tinggi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "any other symptoms or problems that you notice with the muscle aches?", "id": "apakah ada gejala atau masalah lain yang Anda perhatikan bersama dengan nyeri otot?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "any sharp pain on your left side of your chest?", "id": "apakah ada nyeri menusuk di bagian kiri dada Anda?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "are there other people sick as you at home with your same symptoms?", "id": "apakah ada orang lain yang sakit seperti Anda di rumah dengan gejala yang sama?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "are you having any difficulty breathing now", "id": "apakah Anda kesulitan bernapas saat ini?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "are you having any other symptoms?", "id": "apakah Anda merasakan gejala lain?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "are you having any shortness of breath?", "id": "apakah Anda pernah merasa sesak napas?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "are you still having the chest pain", "id": "apakah Anda masih merasa nyeri dada?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "because this is flu season", "id": "karena ini musim flu"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "besides the diabetes do you have other problems or important diseases?", "id": "selain diabetes, apakah ada masalah atau penyakit penting lainnya?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "but also we shouldn't be put aside for the heart cardiac origin chest pain", "id": "tetapi kita juga tidak boleh mengesampingkan nyeri dada yang berasal dari jantung"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "but a more important problem now is this chest pain", "id": "tetapi masalah yang lebih penting sekarang adalah nyeri dada ini"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "but if you have the cough", "id": "tetapi jika Anda batuk"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "but i have difficulty breathing", "id": "dan saya merasa kesulitan bernapas"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "but i know lot of people cough on me", "id": "tetapi saya tahu banyak orang batuk ke arah saya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "but we need to treat every chest pain with the utmost seriousness", "id": "tetapi kita perlu menangani setiap nyeri dada dengan sangat serius"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "but you're breathing all right right now right?", "id": "tetapi saat ini Anda dapat bernapas dengan baik?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "cause of this chest pain i totally forgot", "id": "saya benar-benar lupa penyebab nyeri dada ini"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "cause they're having a cough", "id": "karena mereka batuk"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "does it feel like somebody squeezing your chest", "id": "apakah rasanya seperti ada orang yang meremas dada Anda?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "do still feel like shortness of breath", "id": "masih terasa seperti sesak napas"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "do they complain of being sick similar symptoms?", "id": "apakah mereka mengeluh sakit dengan gejala yang sama?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "do you have any blood pressure problem as far as you know?", "id": "apakah Anda memiliki masalah tekanan darah sejauh yang Anda tahu?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "do you have any other chronic like high blood pressure or anything like that?", "id": "apakah Anda memiliki masalah kronis seperti tekanan darah tinggi atau sejenisnya?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "do you have any other diseases chronic medical problems like diabetes?", "id": "apakah Anda memiliki masalah medis atau penyakit kronis lain seperti diabetes?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "do you have any shortness of breath with that chest pain?", "id": "apakah Anda merasa sesak napas bersama dengan nyeri dada tersebut?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "do you have high blood pressure?", "id": "apakah Anda menderita tekanan darah tinggi?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "do you have some shortness of breath goes with that?", "id": "apakah Anda merasa sesak napas bersama dengan gejala itu?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "do you know what symptoms she was having?", "id": "apakah Anda tahu gejala apa yang dialaminya?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "do your relatives have the same symptoms", "id": "apakah kerabat Anda memiliki gejala yang sama?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "do you see the image?", "id": "apakah Anda melihat gambarnya?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "drink plenty of fluids today", "id": "minum banyak cairan hari ini"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "have a dry cough a cold and runny nose vomiting diarrhea", "id": "mengalami batuk kering, pilek, ingusan, muntah, dan diare"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "however i take tests for the diabetes", "id": "namun saya menjalani tes diabetes"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "however she has symptoms quite similar to mine", "id": "namun ia memiliki gejala yang agak mirip dengan saya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "how high is your fever?", "id": "seberapa tinggi demam Anda?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "how' s your blood pressure?", "id": "bagaimana tekanan darah Anda?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i don't think i have high blood pressure", "id": "saya rasa saya tidak menderita tekanan darah tinggi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i feel a pain in the chest here in the front part of the chest", "id": "saya merasa nyeri di dada sebelah sini, di bagian depan dada"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "if you continue to have high fevers", "id": "jika demam Anda berlanjut"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "if you have a fever of a hundred and two or higher", "id": "jika demam Anda seratus dua atau lebih tinggi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "if you think that your symptoms or problems warrant a better look", "id": "jika menurut Anda gejala atau masalah Anda perlu pemeriksaan lebih baik"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i got a fever yesterday", "id": "saya demam kemarin"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i got a slight fever too", "id": "saya juga sedikit demam"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i had a fever yesterday", "id": "saya demam kemarin"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i had a short sharp pain in my chest", "id": "saya merasa nyeri menusuk di dada yang berlangsung singkat"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i have a sharp pain here in the chest", "id": "saya merasa nyeri menusuk di sini, di dada"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i have hay fever though too", "id": "saya juga menderita rinitis alergi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i have made on the body around the chest area?", "id": "saya sudah buat di tubuh sekitar daerah dada?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i have some difficulty breathing too", "id": "saya juga kesulitan bernapas"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i'll send you an image", "id": "saya akan mengirimkan gambar kepada Anda"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i'm having some chest pain today", "id": "saya merasa nyeri dada hari ini"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i'm just having some headaches and some fever today", "id": "saya hanya merasa sedikit sakit kepala dan demam hari ini"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "in my opinion it is flu", "id": "menurut pendapat saya, ini flu"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "in my opinion this is a little flu", "id": "menurut pendapat saya, ini sedikit flu"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i see it going from the center of your chest going up to your neck", "id": "saya melihatnya bergerak naik dari tengah dada ke leher Anda"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "is it like some heavy heavy person sitting on your chest?", "id": "apakah rasanya seperti ada orang yang sangat berat duduk di dada Anda?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "it all started with the headaches and with the fever about the same time", "id": "semua berawal dari sakit kepala disertai demam pada saat yang hampir bersamaan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "it hurts in the chest", "id": "terasa sakit di dada"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "it hurts in the middle of my chest", "id": "terasa sakit di bagian tengah dada saya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "it is a pressure like chest pain", "id": "tekanan seperti nyeri dada"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "it is in my chest", "id": "di dada saya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "it is in the center of my chest", "id": "di bagian tengah dada saya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "it is in the center of the chest", "id": "di bagian tengah dada"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "it is occurring right in the middle of my chest", "id": "terjadi tepat di bagian tengah dada saya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "it is right in the center of my chest", "id": "tepat di bagian tengah dada saya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "it sounds like you just may have the garden variety cold or a flu", "id": "sepertinya Anda menderita pilek biasa atau flu"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i've got pain in my chest", "id": "saya mengalami nyeri di dada saya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i've very concerned of this chest pain", "id": "saya sangat khawatir tentang nyeri dada ini"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i want you to tell me in describing this chest pain", "id": "saya ingin Anda menjelaskan nyeri dada ini"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i will send you an image", "id": "saya akan mengirimkan gambar kepada Anda"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "i will send you an image on your screen", "id": "saya akan mengirimkan gambar di layar Anda"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "like high blood pressure or diabetes", "id": "seperti tekanan darah tinggi atau diabetes"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "like right in the center of the chest", "id": "seperti tepat di bagian tengah dada"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "most of the time it is this type of chest pain", "id": "sering kali jenis nyeri dada seperti ini"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "my sister has similar symptoms", "id": "saudara perempuan saya memiliki gejala serupa"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "now for the fever you can take a tachipirina sweet", "id": "untuk demamnya, Anda bisa minum tachipirina manis"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "now i send you an image", "id": "saya mengirimkan gambar kepada Anda"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "now mary how many days have you had the symptoms", "id": "Mary, sudah berapa hari Anda mengalami gejala ini?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "now you said you have a chest pain", "id": "Anda katakan bahwa Anda merasa nyeri dada"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "occasionally i have some chest pain", "id": "terkadang saya merasa nyeri dada"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "okay are you having any other symptoms along with this other than just the pain", "id": "baiklah, apakah ada gejala lain bersama gejala ini selain rasa nyeri"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "or if you have high blood pressure", "id": "atau jika Anda menderita tekanan darah tinggi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "or somebody sitting on your chest?", "id": "atau seseorang duduk di dada Anda?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "pretty much the same with the fever and the cough headache and muscle pains", "id": "hampir sama dengan demam, batuk, sakit kepala, dan nyeri otot"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "right in the middle of my chest", "id": "tepat di bagian tengah dada saya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "show me on this image where you feel the pain", "id": "tunjukkan di gambar ini tempat Anda merasa sakit"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "since you have a fever", "id": "karena Anda demam"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "so do you think that some of these symptoms could be related to being pregnant?", "id": "jadi, apakah menurut Anda beberapa gejala ini mungkin berhubungan dengan kehamilan?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "so your chest pain started this morning", "id": "jadi, nyeri dada Anda berawal pagi ini"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "so your children are having some of the same symptoms?", "id": "jadi, anak-anak Anda memiliki beberapa gejala yang sama?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "tell me about your chest pain", "id": "ceritakan mengenai nyeri dada Anda"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "the fever increases at night", "id": "demam meningkat di malam hari"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "the fever i've had for the last two days", "id": "demam saya sudah berlangsung selama dua hari"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "the fever started to increase last night", "id": "demam mulai meningkat tadi malam"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "the fever started two days ago", "id": "demam berawal dua hari yang lalu"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "the muscle pains with the hay fever", "id": "nyeri otot disertai rinitis alergi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "this is doctor porter in the emergency room triage center", "id": "ini dokter Porter di pusat triase ruang gawat darurat"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "well can you tell me a little bit more about your chest pain?", "id": "bisakah Anda ceritakan lebih banyak mengenai nyeri dada Anda?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "well from my point of view it is a little flu", "id": "menurut pendapat saya, itu hanya sedikit flu"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "well i feel a pain in the front of my body here in my chest", "id": "saya merasa nyeri di bagian depan tubuh saya, di sini, di dada"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "well i've been having a strong pain in my chest", "id": "saya merasakan nyeri yang kuat di dada saya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "well madam from listening to your symptoms it sounds like you've got one of the flu viruses", "id": "baik bu, dari cerita Anda mengenai gejalanya, sepertinya Anda tertular salah satu virus flu"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "well when i have that pain in my chest", "id": "saat saya merasakan nyeri tersebut di dada saya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "what kinda pain do you have in your chest?", "id": "nyeri seperti apa yang Anda rasakan di dada Anda?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "when this chest pain started?", "id": "kapan nyeri dada ini berawal?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "where do you have the pain in the chest?", "id": "di bagian mana Anda merasa nyeri di dada?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "where you feel this chest pain eel this chest t", "id": "di bagian mana Anda merasa nyeri dada?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "you are probably having chest pain", "id": "Anda mungkin mengalami nyeri dada"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "you feel like tightness on your chest", "id": "Anda merasa seperti sesak di dada Anda"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "you know i got diabetes and stuff", "id": "tahukah Anda saya menderita diabetes dan penyakit lain"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "you said you're having this chest pain", "id": "Anda katakan bahwa Anda merasakan nyeri dada ini"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Rapidly increasing cumulative incidence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the European Union/European Economic Area and the United Kingdom, 1 January to 15 March 2020", "id": "Insiden kumulatif penyakit koronavirus (COVID-19) yang meningkat cepat di Uni Eropa/Wilayah Ekonomi Eropa dan Inggris Raya, 1 Januari hingga 15 Maret 2020"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The cumulative incidence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases is showing similar trends in European Union/European Economic Area countries and the United Kingdom confirming that, while at a different stage depending on the country, the COVID-19 pandemic is progressing rapidly in all countries.", "id": "Insiden kumulatif kasus penyakit koronavirus (COVID-19) menunjukkan tren serupa di negara Uni Eropa/Wilayah Ekonomi Eropa dan Inggris Raya yang mengonfirmasi bahwa, meskipun tahapnya berbeda-beda tergantung negara, pandemi COVID-19 berkembang sangat cepat di semua negara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Based on the experience from Italy, countries, hospitals and intensive care units should increase their preparedness for a surge of patients with COVID-19 who will require healthcare, and in particular intensive care.", "id": "Berdasarkan pengalaman Italia, negara, rumah sakit, dan unit perawatan intensif hendaknya meningkatkan kesiapannya untuk lonjakan pasien COVID-19 yang akan memerlukan perawatan kesehatan, khususnya perawatan intensif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 31 December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown aetiology was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.", "id": "Pada 31 Desember 2019, klaster kasus pneumonia dengan etiologi tidak dikenal dilaporkan di Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei, Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 9 January 2020, the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported the causative agent as being a novel coronavirus now referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "id": "Pada 9 Januari 2020, Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Tiongkok melaporkan agen kausatif penyakit ini adalah koronavirus baru yang sekarang disebut koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2 (SARS-CoV-2)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since, the illness resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection has been named coronavirus disease (COVID-19).", "id": "Sejak saat itu, penyakit yang diakibatkan oleh infeksi SARS-CoV-2 disebut penyakit koronavirus (COVID-19)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Evidence to date is that ca 80% of individuals with COVID-19 have a mild disease, i.e. a respiratory tract infection with or without pneumonia, and most of these recover.", "id": "Bukti hingga saat ini menunjukkan bahwa sekitar 80% penderita COVID-19 mengalami penyakit ringan, yakni infeksi saluran napas dengan atau tanpa pneumonia, dengan sebagian besar penderita ini sembuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In ca 14% cases, COVID-19 develops into a more severe disease requiring hospitalisation while the remaining 6% cases experience critical illness requiring intensive care.", "id": "Pada sekitar 14% kasus, COVID-19 berkembang menjadi penyakit yang lebih berat dan memerlukan perawatan rumah sakit, sementara 6% kasus lainnya mengalami penyakit kritis yang memerlukan perawatan intensif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The mortality of patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 is ca 4%.", "id": "Mortalitas pasien yang dirawat di rumah sakit akibat COVID-19 sekitar 4%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In this study, we assess the trends in the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in each European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) country and the United Kingdom (UK) and compare them to that of Hubei Province, China.", "id": "Dalam studi ini, kami mengkaji tren insiden kumulatif COVID-19 negara Uni Eropa/Wilayah Ekonomi Eropa (EU/EEA) dan Inggris Raya (UK) lalu membandingkannya dengan insiden di Provinsi Hubei, Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We also compare the current number of COVID-19 cases in EU/EEA countries and the UK with that in Italy during 31 January–15 March 2020.", "id": "Kami juga membandingkan jumlah kasus COVID-19 saat ini di negara EU/EEA dan UK dengan jumlah kasus di Italia selama 31 Januari–15 Maret 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "COVID-19 cases in EU/EEA countries and the UK", "id": "Kasus COVID-19 di negara EU/EEA dan UK"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Subsequent to China, COVID-19 underwent further geographical spread and the dynamic of the COVID-19 pandemic in the rest of the world currently follows that of this country.", "id": "Setelah Tiongkok, COVID-19 mengalami penyebaran geografis lebih jauh dan dinamika pandemi COVID-19 di belahan dunia lainnya saat ini mengikuti dinamika pandemi di Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 11 March 2020, the Director General of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "id": "Pada 11 Maret 2020, Direktur Jendral Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menyatakan COVID-19 sebagai pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the 5 March issue of Eurosurveillance 2020, Spiteri et al. reported on the first European confirmed COVID-19 cases according to the WHO case definition.", "id": "Di Eurosurveillance 2020 terbitan 5 Maret, Spiteri et al. melaporkan orang Eropa pertama dengan kasus COVID-19 terkonfirmasi berdasarkan definisi kasus WHO."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the EU/EEA, the first three confirmed cases were reported by France on 24 January 2020 in persons returning from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.", "id": "Di EU/EEA, tiga kasus terkonfirmasi pertama dilaporkan oleh Prancis pada 24 Januari 2020 pada orang-orang yang kembali dari Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei, Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As at 15 March 2020, COVID-19 cases had been detected in all 30 EU/EEA countries and the United Kingdom (UK), whereby between 31 December 2019 and that date included, 39,768 cases and 1,727 deaths had been reported, with 17,750 cases and 1,441 deaths from Italy alone.", "id": "Pada 15 Maret 2020, kasus COVID-19 telah dideteksi di seluruh 30 negara EU/EEA dan Ingris Raya (UK), antara tanggal 31 Desember 2019 dan 15 Maret 2020 dengan tanggal tersebut termasuk, ada 39.768 kasus dan 1.727 kematian dilaporkan, dengan 17.750 kasus dan 1.441 kematian dari Italia saja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Obtaining cumulative number and cumulative incidence of COVID-19 cases", "id": "Mendapatkan angka kumulatif dan insiden kumulatif kasus COVID-19"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "At the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), the notified COVID-19 case counts in each country worldwide, obtained from only official sources such as the countries’ Ministry of Health, national and regional health authorities and the WHO, are updated each day at 8:00 a.m.", "id": "Di Pusat Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Eropa (ECDC), jumlah kasus COVID-19 yang diberitahukan setiap negara di seluruh dunia diperbarui setiap hari pada pukul 8.00. Jumlah ini diperoleh hanya dari sumber resmi seperti Kementrian Kesehatan negara tersebut, otoritas kesehatan nasional dan regional, dan WHO."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These data were used for assessing the trends of COVID-19 in EU/EEA and the UK, and comparing them to that in Italy.", "id": "Data ini digunakan untuk menilai tren COVID-19 di EU/EEA dan UK, serta membandingkannya dengan tren di Italia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As a proxy of the prevalence of active COVID-19 cases, we calculated the 14-day truncated cumulative incidence of COVID-19 cases, thus taking into account the natural course of COVID-19, in each EU/EEA country and the UK, during the 1 January–15 March 2020 period.", "id": "Sebagai proksi prevalensi kasus COVID-19 aktif, kami menghitung insiden kumulatif terpenggal 14 hari, jadi memperhitungkan perjalanan alami COVID-19, di setiap negara EU/EEA dan UK, dalam periode 1 Januari–15 Maret 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We also presented the cumulative number of notified cases of each country as at 15 March 2020 8:00 a.m. compared with that of Italy for the 31 January–15 March 2020 period.", "id": "Kami juga menyajikan angka kumulatif kasus yang diberitahukan setiap negara hingga 15 Maret 2020 pukul 8.00 dibandingkan dengan kasus Italia selama periode 31 Januari–15Maret 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Trends of COVID-19 in EU/EEA countries and the UK", "id": "Tren COVID-19 di negara EU/EEA dan UK"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The trends in the 14-day truncated cumulative incidence of COVID-19 cases in EU/EEA countries and the UK generally followed that of Hubei Province (China) (Figure 1).", "id": "Tren insiden kumulatif terpenggal 14 hari kasus COVID-19 di negara EU/EEA dan UK umumnya mengikuti tren di Provinsi Hubei (Tiongkok) (Gambar 1)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For the EU/EEA and the UK overall, the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 started to increase around 21 February and then increased sharply around 28 February 2020 (Supplementary material).", "id": "Untuk EU/EEA dan UK secara keseluruhan, insiden kumulatif COVID-19 mulai meningkat sekitar 21 Februari, lalu meningkat tajam sekitar 28 Februari 2020 (Bahan tambahan)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This was mostly driven by the rapid increase in the number of reported cases from Italy, but all other EU/EEA countries and the UK showed similar increasing trends of the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 (Supplementary material).", "id": "Tren ini terutama digerakkan oleh peningkatan cepat jumlah kasus yang dilaporkan dari Italia, tetapi semua negara EU/EEA yang lain dan UK menunjukkan tren peningkatan insiden kumulatif COVID-19 yang serupa (Bahan tambahan)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Figure 2 shows the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases, in EU/EEA countries and the UK compared with that in Italy for the 31 January–15 March 2020 period.", "id": "Gambar 2 menunjukkan jumlah kumulatif kasus COVID-19 di negara EU/EEA dan UK dibandingkan dengan jumlah kumulatif di Italia selama periode 31 Januari–15 Maret 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It highlights that, as at 15 March 8:00 a.m., 15 other EU/EEA countries and the UK had already reported a total number of cases comparable to that of Italy just 3 weeks prior or less.", "id": "Data tersebut menyoroti bahwa, hingga 15 Maret pukul 8.00, 15 negara EU/EEA lain dan UK telah melaporkan total jumlah kasus yang sebanding dengan total jumlah kasus Italia tiga minggu sebelumnya atau kurang dari itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Our results indicate that the number of notified cases of COVID-19 is rapidly increasing in the EU/EEA and the UK.", "id": "Hasil kami mengindikasikan bahwa jumlah kasus COVID-19 yang diberitahukan meningkat cepat di EU/EEA dan UK."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The observed trends in the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 suggest that the pandemic is progressing at a comparable speed in all countries.", "id": "Tren yang teramati pada insiden kumulatif COVID-19 mengisyaratkan bahwa pandemi meningkat pada kecepatan yang sebanding di semua negara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is despite countries being at different stages, variations in national public health responses, and possibly different case definitions in countries and different protocols for selecting patients that must be tested for confirmation of COVID-19, including catch-up testing.", "id": "Hal ini terlepas dari perbedaan tahap yang dialami negara-negara, variasi respons kesehatan masyarakat, dan kemungkinan perbedaan definisi kasus antara negara dan perbedaan protokol untuk memilih pasien yang harus diuji untuk konfirmasi COVID-19, yang mencakup pengujian susulan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Early March 2020, doctors in the affected regions of Italy described a situation in which ca 10% of patients with COVID-19 required intensive care and media sources reported that hospitals and intensive care units in these regions had already reached their maximum capacity.", "id": "Pada awal Maret 2020, para dokter di wilayah Italia yang terdampak menjelaskan situasi sekitar 10% pasien COVID-19 memerlukan perawatan intensif dan sumber media melaporkan bahwa rumah sakit dan unit perawatan intensif di wilayah ini telah mencapai kapasitas maksimumnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Data on admission of COVID-19 cases in a hospital and/or an intensive care unit are currently available at EU/EEA level for only 6% and 1% cases, respectively (data not shown).", "id": "Saat ini, data penerimaan kasus COVID-19 di rumah sakit dan/atau unit perawatan intensif di tingkat EU/EAA hanya tersedia untuk masing-masing 6% dan 1% kasus (data tidak diperlihatkan)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They should, however, be collected in a systematic fashion to complement current surveillance data that focus on the number of reported cases and the number of deaths.", "id": "Namun, data harus dikumpulkan dalam cara yang sistematik untuk melengkapi data surveilans saat ini yang berfokus pada jumlah kasus yang dilaporkan dan angka kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A study performed in 2010–11 showed a large variation in the availability of intensive care and intermediate care beds in Europe, ranging from 29.2 in Germany to 4.2 beds per 100,000 population in Portugal.", "id": "Studi yang dilakukan pada tahun 2010-2011 menunjukkan variasi besar dalam hal ketersediaan tempat tidur perawatan intensif dan perawatan madya di Eropa, berkisar mulai dari 29,2 di Jerman hingga 4,2 per 100.000 populasi di Portugal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This means that countries may have more or less resources than Italy (12.5 intensive care and intermediate care beds per 100,000 population in 2010–11).", "id": "Hal ini berarti bahwa negara-negara dapat memiliki sumber daya yang lebih banyak atau lebih sedikit dibandingkan Italia (12,5 tempat tidur perawatan intensif dan perawatan madya per 100.000 populasi pada tahun 2010-2011)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Modelling scenarios related to healthcare capacity saturation, with estimates for each EU/EEA country and the UK of the prevalence of hospitalised COVID-19 cases associated with a > 90% risk of exceeding intensive care bed capacity, are provided in the sixth update of the ECDC rapid risk assessment on COVID-19.", "id": "Skenario pemodelan terkait kejenuhan kapasitas perawatan kesehatan, dengan estimasi prevalensi kasus COVID-19 rawat inap untuk setiap negara EU/EEA dan UK yang berkaitan dengan risiko > 90% melampaui kapasitas tempat tidur perawatan intensif, disediakan di pembaruan keenam penilaian risiko cepat ECDC tentang COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since cases have so far clustered in certain regions in EU/EEA countries and the UK, and hospitals and intensive care units usually serve a defined regional catchment population, information about cases and intensive care beds should preferably be made available at the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics 2 (NUTS-2) level.", "id": "Karena sejauh ini kasus terklaster di wilayah tertentu di negara EU/EEA dan UK, dan rumah sakit serta unit perawatan intensif biasanya melayani populasi cakupan pelayanan regional tertentu, informasi tentang kasus dan tempat tidur perawatan intensif sebaiknya disediakan pada tingkat Penamaan Unit Wilayah untuk Statistik 2 (NUTS-2)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The experience from Italy and the current trends in other countries show that the COVID-19 pandemic is progressing rapidly in the EU/EEA and the UK.", "id": "Pengalaman dari Italia dan tren saat ini di negara lain menunjukkan bahwa pandemi COVID-19 berkembang sangat cepat di EU/EEA dan UK."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Countries, hospitals and intensive care units should thus prepare themselves for a scenario of sustained community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and an increase in the number of patients with COVID-19 requiring healthcare, and in particular intensive care, such as the one occurring in the affected regions of Italy.", "id": "Karena itu, negara, rumah sakit, dan unit perawatan intensif hendaknya mempersiapkan diri untuk skenario transmisi komunitas SARS-CoV-2 dan peningkatkan jumlah pasien COVID-19 yang memerlukan perawatan kesehatan, khususnya perawatan intensif, seperti yang terjadi di wilayah terdampak di Italia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As pointed out in the recent ECDC rapid risk assessment, a rapid, proactive and comprehensive approach is essential to delay the spread of SARS-COV-2, with a shift from a containment to a mitigation approach, as the anticipated rapid increase in the number of cases may not provide decision makers and hospitals enough time to comprehend, accept and adapt their response accordingly if not implemented ahead of time.", "id": "Sebagaimana ditunjukkan dalam penilaian risiko cepat ECDC baru-baru ini, pendekatan yang cepat, proaktif, dan komprehensif sangat penting untuk memperlambat penyebaran SARS-CoV-2, dengan peralihan dari pendekatan pembendungan ke pendekatan mitigasi, sebab peningkatan jumlah kasus yang cepat, sebagaimana diantisipasi, mungkin tidak memberi cukup waktu kepada para pembuat keputusan dan rumah sakit untuk memahami, menerima, dan mengadaptasi respons yang tepat jika hal itu tidak diterapkan sebelumnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The rapid risk assessment also lists the public health measures to mitigate the impact of the pandemic.", "id": "Penilaian risiko cepat tersebut juga mencantumkan langkah-langkah kesehatan masyarakat untuk memitigasi dampak pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is a short window of opportunity during which countries have the possibility to further increase their control efforts to slow down the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and decrease the pressure on healthcare.", "id": "Tersedia jendela kesempatan yang pendek saat negara memiliki kemungkinan untuk lebih meningkatkan upaya pengendaliannya dalam memperlambat penyebaran SARS-CoV-2 dan mengurangi tekanan pada perawatan kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Failing this, it is likely that the healthcare systems of other EU/EEA countries will face a surge of patients that require intensive care within the coming days or weeks.", "id": "Jika gagal, sistem perawatan kesehatan negara EU/EEA lain kemungkinan akan menghadapi lonjakan pasien yang memerlukan perawatan intensif dalam beberapa hari atau minggu ke depan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans.", "id": "Wabah penyakit koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), yang disebabkan oleh koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2 (SARS-CoV-2), sejauh ini telah menewaskan lebih dari 3.000 orang dan menginfeksi lebih dari 80.000 orang di Tiongkok dan tempat lain di dunia, yang menyebabkan bencana bagi manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Similar to its homologous virus, SARS-CoV, which caused SARS in thousands of people in 2003, SARS-CoV-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism.", "id": "Mirip dengan virus homolognya, SARS-CoV, yang menyebabkan SARS pada ribuan orang pada tahun 2003, SARS-CoV-2 mungkin juga ditransmisikan dari kelelawar dan menyebabkan gejala yang mirip melalui mekanisme yang mirip."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, COVID-19 has lower severity and mortality than SARS but is much more transmissive and affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women.", "id": "Meski demikian, COVID-19 memiliki tingkat keparahan dan mortalitas yang lebih rendah dibandingkan SARS, tetapi lebih menular dan lebih banyak mengenai lansia daripada orang muda, serta lebih banyak pada pria daripada wanita."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In response to the rapidly increasing number of publications on the emerging disease, this article attempts to provide a timely and comprehensive review of the swiftly developing research subject.", "id": "Sebagai respons terhadap jumlah publikasi yang meningkat cepat tentang penyakit yang baru muncul ini, artikel ini mencoba memberikan tinjauan tepat waktu dan komprehensif tentang subjek penelitian yang berkembang cepat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We will cover the basics about the epidemiology, etiology, virology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of the disease.", "id": "Kami akan membahas dasar-dasar epidemiologi, etiologi, virologi, diagnosis, perawatan, prognosis, dan pencegahan penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although many questions still require answers, we hope that this review helps in the understanding and eradication of the threatening disease.", "id": "Meski masih banyak pertanyaan yang belum terjawab, kami berharap tinjauan ini membantu pemahaman dan pemberantasan penyakit yang mengancam ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Spring Festival on January 25, 2020 has become an unprecedented and unforgettable memory to all Chinese who were urged to stay indoors for all the holiday and for many weeks after due to the outbreak of a novel viral disease.", "id": "Festival Musim Semi pada tanggal 25 Januari 2020 telah menjadi kenangan yang belum pernah terjadi dan tidak terlupakan bagi semua orang Tionghoa yang diperintahkan untuk tetap tinggal di rumah selama liburan dan beberapa minggu setelahnya karena wabah penyakit virus baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The virus is highly homologous to the coronavirus (CoV) that caused an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003; thus, it was named SARS-CoV-2 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020, and the associated disease was named CoV Disease-19 (COVID-19).", "id": "Virus ini sangat homolog dengan koronavirus (CoV) yang menyebabkan wabah sindrom pernapasan akut berat (SARS) pada tahun 2003; karena itu, virus ini diberi nama SARS-CoV-2 oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) pada 11 Februari 2020, dan penyakit yang disebabkannya disebut CoV Disease-19 (COVID-19)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The epidemic started in Wuhan, China, and quickly spread throughout the entire country and to near 50 others all over the world.", "id": "Epidemi berawal di Wuhan, Tiongkok, dan dengan cepat menyebar ke seluruh negeri dan ke hampir 50 negara lain di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 2, 2020, the virus has resulted in over 80,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19, with more than 40,000 patients discharged and over 3,000 patients who died.", "id": "Hingga 2 Maret 2020, virus ini telah mengakibatkan 80.000 kasus COVID-19 terkonfirmasi, dengan lebih dari 40.000 pasien dipulangkan dan 3.000 pasien meninggal dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "WHO warns that COVID-19 is “public enemy number 1” and potentially more powerful than terrorism.", "id": "WHO memperingatkan bahwa COVID-19 merupakan “musuh khalayak nomor 1” dan berpotensi merusak lebih kuat daripada terorisme."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), in less than two months, over 200 papers have been published on COVID-19 including its virology, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment since the first report on January 7, 2020 that determined the sequence of the virus isolated from multiple patients.", "id": "Menurut PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), dalam waktu kurang dari dua bulan sejak laporan pertama pada 7 Januari 2020 yang menetapkan sekuens virus yang diisolasi dari beberapa pasien, lebih dari 200 makalah telah diterbitkan tentang COVID-19, yang mencakup virologi, epidemiologi, etiologi, diagnosis, dan perawatannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This review attempts to summarize the research progress in the new and swiftly developing subject area.", "id": "Tinjauan ini berusaha merangkum kemajuan riset dalam bidang subjek baru yang berkembang cepat ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Whenever possible, we will try to compare COVID-19 with SARS and another CoV-caused disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, an outbreak in 2012).", "id": "Sedapat mungkin, kami akan mencoba membandingkan COVID-19 dengan SARS dan penyakit yang disebabkan CoV lainnya, yakni sindrom pernapasan Timur Tengah (MERS, wabah pada tahun 2012)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We will also discuss what we have learned so far regarding the prevention and prognosis of the disease as well as some remaining yet urgent questions.", "id": "Kami juga akan membahas hal yang telah dipelajari sejauh ini mengenai pencegahan dan prognosis penyakit serta beberapa pertanyaan lain yang belum terjawab, tetapi mendesak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "CoVs have been traditionally considered nonlethal pathogens to humans, mainly causing approximately 15% of common colds 4.", "id": "Berdasarkan tradisi, CoV dianggap patogen nonletal bagi manusia, terutama menyebabkan sekitar 15% pilek 4."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, in this century, we have encountered highly pathogenic human CoVs twice, i.e., SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which caused an outbreak originally in China in 2003 and Saudi Arabia in 2012, respectively, and soon spread to many other countries with horrible morbidity and mortality.", "id": "Meski demikian, pada abad ini, kita telah menjumpai CoV yang sangat patogenik bagi manusia dua kali, yakni SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV, masing-masing menyebabkan wabah yang berawal di Tiongkok pada tahun 2003 dan Arab Saudi pada tahun 2012, dan segera menyebar ke banyak negara lain dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang mengerikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Therefore, the current COVID-19 is the third CoV outbreak in the recorded history of humans.", "id": "Karena itu, COVID-19 saat ini adalah wabah CoV ketiga dalam sejarah manusia yang tercatat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As shown in Fig. ​Fig.1,1, clusters of pneumonia that had unknown origins were first reported from Wuhan on December 31, 2019 to the China National Health Commission.", "id": "Seperti diperlihatkan di Gbr. 1.1, klaster pneumonia dengan asal tidak diketahui pertama kali dilaporkan dari Wuhan pada 31 Desember 2019 kepada Komisi Kesehatan Nasional Republik Rakyat Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Seven days later the sequence of the CoV was released.", "id": "Tujuh hari kemudian, sekuens CoV diluncurkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On January 15, 2020 the first fatal case from Wuhan was reported.", "id": "Pada 15 Januari 2020, kasus fatal pertama dari Wuhan dilaporkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Meanwhile, the epidemic rapidly spread to the neighboring cities, provinces, and countries.", "id": "Sementara itu, epidemi menyebar cepat ke kota, provinsi, dan negara tetangga."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On January 20, the infection of health-care providers was reported, suggesting that human-to-human transmission was possible.", "id": "Pada 20 Januari, infeksi penyedia perawatan kesehatan dilaporkan, yang mengisyaratkan bahwa transmisi manusia-ke-manusia mungkin terjadi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On January 23, the city of Wuhan was locked down with all its public transportation stopped.", "id": "Pada 23 Januari, karantina wilayah diberlakukan di kota Wuhan dan seluruh angkutan umum dihentikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On January 24 the first clinical study on the disease reported that, out of 41 patients with confirmed cases, only 21 had direct contact with the Wuhan seafood market that was considered the starting site of the infection from an unknown animal source.", "id": "Pada 24 Januari, studi klinis pertama tentang penyakit ini melaporkan bahwa, dari 41 pasien dengan kasus terkonfirmasi, hanya 21 pasien yang berkontak langsung dengan pasar makanan laut Wuhan yang dianggap sebagai lokasi awal infeksi dari sumber hewan yang tidak diketahui."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On January 30, WHO declared the outbreak a global health emergency.", "id": "Pada 30 Januari, WHO menyatakan wabah ini sebagai darurat kesehatan global."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By the time of this report, the disease has already spread throughout China and near 50 other countries all over the world (Fig. ​(Fig.2).2).", "id": "Pada waktu laporan ini ditulis, penyakit ini sudah menyebar ke seluruh Tiongkok dan hampir 50 negara lain di seluruh dunia (Gbr. 2).2)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As the situation is rapidly evolving, the final scope and severity of the outbreak remain to be determined.", "id": "Karena situasi berkembang dengan sangat cepat, cakupan akhir dan keparahan wabah masih harus ditetapkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On February 11, 2020, a multi-center study on 8,866 patients including 4,021 confirmed COVID-19 patients presented a more updated illustration of the epidemic as follows (https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/UlBi-HX_rHPXa1qHA2bhdA).", "id": "Pada 11 Februari 2020, studi multipusat pada 8.866 pasien, yang mencakup 4.021 pasien COVID-19 terkonfirmasi, menyajikan gambaran epidemi yang lebih diperbarui berikut (https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/UlBi-HX_rHPXa1qHA2bhdA)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 infected people of all ages, but mainly at the age of 30-65.", "id": "SARS-CoV-2 menginfeksi orang pada segala usia, tetapi terutama pada usia 30-65."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Almost half (47.7%) of the infected individuals were over 50 years old, very few were under 20, and only 14 infected individuals were under the age of 10.", "id": "Hampir separuh (47,7%) dari orang-orang yang terinfeksi berusia lebih dari 50 tahun, hanya sedikit yang berusia di bawah 20 tahun, dan hanya 14 orang terinfeksi yang berusia di bawah usia 10 tahun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 infected more men (0.31/100,000) than women (0.27/100,000).", "id": "SARS-CoV-2 lebih banyak menginfeksi pria (0,31/100.000) dibandingkan wanita (0,27/100.000)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "COVID-19 expanded in clusters mainly in and around Hubei.", "id": "COVID-19 meluas dalam klaster, terutama di dalam dan sekitar Hubei."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "COVID-19 took an average of 5 (2-9) days from onset to diagnosis.", "id": "COVID-19 memakan waktu rata-rata 5 (2-9) hari mulai dari awitan hingga diagnosis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The average incubation period was 4.8 (3.0-7.2) days.", "id": "Periode inkubasi rata-rata adalah 4,8 (3,0-7,2) hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The average time from onset to death was 9.5 (4.8-13) days.", "id": "Waktu rata-rata mulai dari awitan hingga kematian adalah 9,5 (4,8-13) hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The basic reproductive number (R0) was 3.77 (95% CI: 3.51-4.05), and the adjusted R0 was 2.23-4.82.", "id": "Angka reproduksi dasar (R0) adalah 3,77 (95% CI: 3,51-4,05) dan R0 tersuai 2,23-4,82."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The number of infected people increased exponentially before 23 Jan. 2020, matching the time of massive transportation before the Spring Festival in China.", "id": "Jumlah orang yang terinfeksi meningkat secara eksponensial sebelum 23 Jan. 2020, sesuai dengan waktu transportasi masif sebelum Festival Musim Semi di Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The mortality of patients with confirmed cases was 1.44% (95% CI: 1.10-1.86%), and the adjusted mortality of all the patients was 3.06% (95% CI: 2.02-4.59%).", "id": "Mortalitas pasien dengan kasus terkonfirmasi sebesar 1,44% (95% CI: 1,10-1,86%) dan mortalitas tersuai untuk semua pasien sebesar 3,06% (95% CI: 2,02-4,59%)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Three major risk factors for COVID-19 were sex (male), age (≥60), and severe pneumonia.", "id": "Tiga faktor risiko utama untuk COVID-19 adalah jenis kelamin (pria), usia (≥60 tahun), dan pneumonia berat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "CoVs are a subfamily of large and enveloped viruses containing a single strand of sense RNA.", "id": "CoV adalah subfamili virus besar bersampul yang mengandung untai tunggal RNA sense."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They can be divided into four genera, i.e., alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, of which alpha- and beta-CoVs are known to infect humans.", "id": "CoV dapat dibagi menjadi empat genus, yakni alfa, beta, gamma, dan delta, dengan alfa- dan beta-CoV diketahui menginfeksi manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The envelope spike (S) glycoprotein binds to its cellular receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively, and then membrane fusion occurs.", "id": "Glikoprotein tonjolan atau spike (S) sampul berikatan dengan reseptor selnya, enzim penukar angiotensin 2 (ACE 2) dan dipeptidil peptidase 4 (DPP4) masing-masing untuk SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV, lalu fusi membran terjadi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The viral RNA genome is released into the cytoplasm; after replication of the viral genome, genomic RNA accompanied by envelope glycoproteins and nucleocapsid proteins forms virion-containing vesicles, which then fuse with the plasma membrane to release the virus.", "id": "Genom RNA virus dilepaskan ke dalam sitoplasma; setelah replikasi genom virus, RNA genomik disertai glikoprotein sampul dan protein nukleokapsid membentuk vesikel berisi virion, yang kemudian mengalami fusi dengan membran plasma untuk melepaskan virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The first genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 was reported on January 10, 2020.", "id": "Sekuens genomik SARS-CoV-2 pertama dilaporkan pada 10 Januari 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 was found to be a new type of beta-CoV with more than 99.98% genetic identity among 10 sequenced samples collected from the original site of the outbreak, the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan.", "id": "SARS-CoV-2 merupakan beta-CoV tipe baru dengan kesamaan genetik lebih dari 99,98% di antara 10 sampel yang disekuensi; sampel tersebut diambil dari lokasi asal wabah, yakni Pasar Makanan Laut Huanan di Wuhan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 is genetically more similar to SARS-CoV than to MERS-CoV.", "id": "Secara genetik, SARS-CoV-2 lebih mirip dengan SARS-CoV dibandingkan dengan MERS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Through transmission electron microscopy, SARS-CoV-2 particles were found in ultrathin sections of human airway epithelium.", "id": "Melalui mikroskopi elektron transmisi, partikel SARS-CoV-2 ditemukan di bagian epitelium saluran napas manusia yang sangat tipis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Human ACE2 was found to be a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 as well as SARS-CoV.", "id": "ACE2 manusia ditemukan merupakan reseptor untuk SARS-CoV-2 seperti juga SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to human ACE2 more weakly than that of SARS-CoV, which is coincident with the fact that SARS-CoV-2 causes less severe infection in patients than SARS-CoV.", "id": "Meski demikian, protein S SARS-CoV-2 berikatan dengan ACE2 manusia lebih lemah daripada ikatannya dengan protein S SARS-CoV, yang sesuai dengan fakta bahwa SARS-CoV-2 menyebabkan infeksi yang tidak separah infeksi SARS-CoV pada pasien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 can also form a novel short protein encoded by orf3b and a secreted protein encoded by orf8.", "id": "SARS-CoV-2 juga dapat membentuk protein pendek baru yang disandikan dengan orf3b dan protein yang disekresikan dengan sandi orf8."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The orf3b of SARS-CoV-2 may play a role in the viral pathogenicity and inhibit the expression of IFNβ; however, orf8 does not contain any known functional domain or motif.", "id": "Protein orf3b SARS-CoV-2 mungkin berperan dalam patogenisitas virus dan inhibisi ekspresi IFNβ; namun, orf8 tidak memiliki domain fungsional atau motif yang dikenal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On February 18, 2020, Zhou, et al., reported the cryo-EM structure of the full-length human ACE2 at 2.9 Å resolution in complex with the amino acid transporter B0AT1.", "id": "Pada 18 Februari 2020, Zhou, et al. melaporkan struktur cryo-EM ACE2 lengkap manusia pada resolusi 2,9 Å dalam kompleks dengan transporter asam amino B0AT1."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They found that the complex, which had open and closed conformations, was assembled as a dimer and the ACE2-B0AT1 complex can bind two S proteins, which provides evidence for CoV recognition and infection.", "id": "Mereka menemukan bahwa kompleks, yang memiliki konformasi terbuka dan tertutup, tersusun membentuk dimer dan kompleks ACE2-B0AT1 dapat mengikat dua protein S, yang menjadi bukti untuk pengenalan dan infeksi CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "B0AT1 may become a therapeutic target for drug screening to suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "id": "B0AT1 dapat dijadikan sasaran terapeutik dalam penapisan obat untuk menekan infeksi SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The origin and intermediate host", "id": "Inang asal dan perantara"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It has been known that both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV originated from bats and were transmitted to humans via civet cats and camels, respectively.", "id": "SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV diketahui berasal dari kelelawar dan masing-masing ditransmisikan kepada manusia melalui musang dan unta."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Through a phylogenetic comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with other CoVs, bats were considered the native host of SARS-CoV-2 as the new virus is 96% identical to two SARS-like CoVs from bats called bat-SL-CoVZX45 and bat-SL-CoVZX21.", "id": "Melalui perbandingan filogenetik SARS-CoV-2 dengan CoV lain, kelelawar dianggap sebagai inang asli SARS-CoV-2 karena virus baru ini 96% identik dengan dua CoV mirip-SARS dari kelelawar yang disebut bat-SL-CoVZX45 dan bat-SL-CoVZX21."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, what intermediate host helped the virus cross the species barrier to infect humans remains unknown, and the transmission route is yet to be elucidated.", "id": "Namun, inang perantara yang membantu virus melintas penghalang spesies untuk menginfeksi manusia masih belum diketahui, dan rute transmisi masih harus dijelaskan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ji, et al., proposed snakes as a carrier of the virus from bats to humans which involved homologous recombination within the S protein.", "id": "Ji, et al. mengusulkan ular sebagai pembawa virus dari kelelawar kepada manusia yang melibatkan rekombinasi homolog di dalam protein S."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to a study, researchers in Guangzhou, China, suggested that pangolins - long-snouted, ant-eating mammals often used in traditional Chinese medicine - are the potential intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2 based on 99% genetic homology in a CoV discovered in pangolins and SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Menurut sebuah studi, peneliti di Guangzhou, Tiongkok, mengusulkan bahwa tenggiling, mamalia bermoncong panjang pemakan semut yang sering digunakan dalam obat Tionghoa tradisional, berpotensi sebagai inang perantara SARS-CoV-2 berdasarkan 99% homologi genetik pada CoV yang ditemukan di tenggiling dan SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, 1% difference spread all over two genomes is still a big difference; thus, conclusive results for concrete evidence are awaited (Fig. ​(Fig.33).", "id": "Meski demikian, 1% perbedaan yang tersebar di seluruh genom masih merupakan perbedaan yang besar; karena itu, hasil yang konklusif sebagai bukti konkret masih belum didapatkan (Gbr. 3)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The physicochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 are largely not yet known.", "id": "Sifat fisikokimia SARS-CoV-2 sebagian besar belum diketahui."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can survive in vitro for 48 hours in a dry environment and up to 5 days under 20 °C and 40%-50% humidity.", "id": "In vitro, SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV dapat bertahan selama 48 jam di lingkungan yang kering dan hingga 5 hari pada 20 °C dan kelembapan 40%-50%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 may possess similar properties.", "id": "SARS-CoV-2 mungkin memiliki sifat yang serupa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat at 56 °C for 30 minutes; ether, 75% ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peracetic acid, chloroform, and other fatty solvents, but not chlorhexidine, can effectively inactivate the virus.", "id": "Dilaporkan bahwa SARS-CoV-2 sensitif terhadap sinar ultraviolet dan panas pada 56 °C selama 30 menit; eter, etanol 75%, disinfektan yang mengandung klorin, asam perasetat, kloroform, dan pelarut lemak lainnya, tetapi bukan klorheksidin, efektif menonaktifkan virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The entire human population generally lacks immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and hence is susceptible to the novel virus.", "id": "Secara umum, seluruh populasi manusia tidak memiliki imunitas terhadap SARS-CoV-2 dan karena itu rentan terhadap virus baru ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Currently, no detailed study has been reported regarding the immunological response to SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Saat ini, belum ada studi terperinci yang melaporkan tentang respons imunologis terhadap SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, we can only refer to previous studies on other CoVs, especially SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Fig. ​(Fig.4).4).", "id": "Karena itu, kita hanya bisa merujuk ke penelitian CoV lain sebelumnya, khususnya SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV (Gbr. 4).4)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In general, after a virus invades the host, it is first recognized by the host innate immune system through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including C-type lectin-like receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR), NOD-like receptor (NLR), and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR).", "id": "Secara umum, setelah menginvasi inang, virus dikenali oleh sistem imun bawaan melalui reseptor pengenal pola (PRR), yang mencakup C-type lectin-like receptor, Toll-like receptor (TLR), NOD-like receptor (NLR), dan RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Through different pathways, the virus induces the expression of inflammatory factors, maturation of dendritic cells, and synthesis of type I interferons (IFNs) which limit the spreading of the virus and accelerate macrophage phagocytosis of viral antigens.", "id": "Melalui jalur yang berbeda, virus menginduksi ekspresi faktor inflamatori, maturasi sel dendritik, dan sintesis interferon tipe I (IFN) yang membatasi penyebaran virus dan mempercepat fagositosis antigen virus oleh makrofag."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, the N protein of SARS-CoV can help the virus escape from the immune responses.", "id": "Namun, protein N pada SARS-CoV dapat membantu virus mengelakkan respons imun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Soon, the adaptive immune response joins the fight against the virus.", "id": "Tidak lama kemudian, respons imun adaptif bergabung dalam pertempuran melawan virus ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "T lymphocytes including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play an important role in the defense.", "id": "Limfosit T, yang mencakup sel CD4+ dan CD8+, memainkan peranan penting dalam pertahanan ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "CD4+ T cells stimulate B cells to produce virus-specific antibodies, and CD8+ T cells directly kill virus-infected cells.", "id": "Sel T CD4+ menstimulasi sel B untuk menghasilkan antibodi yang spesifik terhadap virus, dan sel T CD8+ membunuh sel yang terinfeksi virus secara langsung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "T helper cells produce proinflammatory cytokines to help the defending cells.", "id": "Sel T penolong menghasilkan sitokin proinflamatori untuk membantu melindungi sel."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, CoV can inhibit T cell functions by inducing apoptosis of T cells.", "id": "Meski demikian, CoV dapat menghambat fungsi sel T dengan menginduksi apoptosis sel T."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The humoral immunity including complements such as C3a and C5a and antibodies is also essential in combating the viral infection.", "id": "Imunitas humoral, yang mencakup komplemen, seperti C3a dan C5a, serta antibodi juga penting dalam melawan infeksi virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, antibodies isolated from a recovered patient neutralized MERS-CoV.", "id": "Misalnya, antibodi yang diisolasi dari pasien yang sudah sembuh menetralkan MERS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the other hand, an overreaction of the immune system generates a large number of free radicals locally that can cause severe damages to the lungs and other organs, and, in the worst scenario, multi-organ failure and even death.", "id": "Di sisi lain, reaksi sistem imun yang berlebihan menghasilkan sejumlah besar radikal bebas secara lokal, yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan parah pada paru dan organ lain, dan, pada skenario terburuk, gagal organ majemuk dan bahkan kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The SARS-CoV-2 infection, featured by clustering onset, is more likely to affect elderly people with comorbidities and pregnant women.", "id": "Infeksi SARS-CoV-2, yang ditandai dengan klaster awitan, lebih banyak mengenai lansia dengan penyakit penyerta dan wanita hamil."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is common that for people who are exposed to a large number of viruses or whose immune functions are compromised, they have higher chance to be infected than others.", "id": "Umumnya, orang yang terpapar virus dalam jumlah besar atau yang fungsi imunnya terganggu memiliki peluang terinfeksi lebih tinggi daripada orang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The estimated mean incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 is 1-14 days, mostly 3-7 days based on a study of the first 425 cases in Wuhan.", "id": "Estimasi periode inkubasi rata-rata SARS-CoV-2 adalah 1-14 hari, kebanyakan 3-7 hari berdasarkan studi terhadap 425 kasus pertama di Wuhan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, a study on 1,099 cases demonstrates that the incubation period was 3 days on average and ranged from 0 to 24 days.", "id": "Namun, sebuah studi terhadap 1.099 kasus menunjukkan bahwa periode inkubasi rata-rata adalah 3 hari dan berkisar mulai dari 0 hingga 24 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A more recent study, as described above, demonstrates that the incubation period was 4.8 (3.0-7.2) days based on the demography of 8,866 cases.", "id": "Studi yang lebih baru, sebagaimana dijelaskan di atas, menunjukkan bahwa periode inkubasi 4,8 (3,0-7,2) hari berdasarkan demografi 8.866 kasus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is very important for health authorities to adjust the effective quarantine time based on the most accurate incubation period, thus preventing infected but symptomless people from transmitting the virus to others.", "id": "Penting sekali otoritas kesehatan menyesuaikan waktu karantina efektif berdasarkan periode inkubasi paling akurat sehingga mencegah orang yang terinfeksi, tetapi tanpa gejala, mentransmisikan virus kepada orang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As a common practice, individuals exposed to, or infected by, the virus are usually required to be quarantined for 14 days.", "id": "Sebagai praktik umum, orang yang terpapar virus atau terinfeksi biasanya diharuskan untuk dikarantina selama 14 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Should the quarantine time be extended to 24 days?", "id": "Haruskan waktu karantina diperpanjang hingga 24 hari?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Fever is often the major and initial symptom of COVID-19, which can be accompanied by no symptom or other symptoms such as dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle ache, dizziness, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, chest pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.", "id": "Demam sering kali merupakan gejala COVID-19 utama dan awal, dengan atau tanpa disertai gejala lain seperti batuk kering, sesak napas, nyeri otot, limbung, sakit kepala, sakit tenggorokan, rinorea, nyeri dada, diare, nausea, dan muntah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some patients experienced dyspnea and/or hypoxemia one week after the onset of the disease.", "id": "Beberapa pasien mengalami dispnea dan/atau hipoksemia satu minggu setelah awitan penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In severe cases, patients quickly progressed to develop acute respiratory syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, and coagulopathy.", "id": "Pada kasus yang berat, perkembangan penyakit pasien berlangsung cepat menjadi sindrom pernapasan akut, syok septik, asidosis metabolik, dan koagulopati."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Patients with fever and/or respiratory symptoms and acute fever, even without pulmonary imaging abnormalities, should be screened for the virus for early diagnosis.", "id": "Pasien yang mengalami demam dan/atau gejala pernapasan dan demam akut, walaupun tanpa kelainan pencitraan paru, harus ditapis terhadap virus untuk diagnosis dini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A demographic study in late December of 2019 showed that the percentages of the symptoms were 98% for fever, 76% for dry cough, 55% for dyspnea, and 3% for diarrhea; 8% of the patients required ventilation support.", "id": "Studi demografi pada akhir Desember 2019 menunjukkan bahwa persentase gejala sebesar 98% untuk demam, 76% untuk batuk kering, 55% untuk dispnea, dan 3% untuk diare; 8% pasien memerlukan dukungan ventilator."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Similar findings were reported in two recent studies of a family cluster and a cluster caused by transmission from an asymptomatic individual.", "id": "Temuan serupa dilaporkan dalam dua studi baru-baru ini, yakni studi pada klaster keluarga dan klaster yang disebabkan transmisi dari orang asimtomatik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Comparably, a demographic study in 2012 showed that MERS-CoV patients also had fever (98%), dry cough (47%), and dyspnea (55%) as their main symptoms.", "id": "Sebanding dengan itu, studi demografi pada tahun 2012 menunjukkan bahwa pasien MERS-CoV juga mengalami demam (98%), batuk kering (47%), dan dispnea (55%) sebagai gejala utamanya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, 80% of them required ventilation support, much more than COVID-19 patients and consistent with the higher lethality of MERS than of COVID-19.", "id": "Namun, 80% pasien membutuhkan dukungan ventilasi, jauh lebih banyak daripada pasien COVID-19 dan konsisten dengan letalitas MERS yang lebih tinggi daripada COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Diarrhea (26%) and sore throat (21%) were also observed with MERS patients.", "id": "Diare (26%) dan sakit tenggorokan (21%) juga teramati pada pasien MERS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In SARS patients, it has been demonstrated that fever (99%-100%), dry cough (29%-75%), dyspnea (40%-42%), diarrhea (20-25%), and sore throat (13-25%) were the major symptoms and ventilation support was required for approximately 14%-20% of the patients.", "id": "Pada pasien SARS, demam (99%-100%), batuk kering (29%-75%), dispnea (40%-42%), diare (20-25%), dan sakit tenggorokan (13-25%) ditunjukkan sebagai gejala utama dan dukungan ventilasi diperlukan untuk sekitar 14%-20% pasien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By February 14, the mortality of COVID-19 was 2% when the confirmed cases reached 66,576 globally.", "id": "Hingga 14 Februari, mortalitas COVID-19 sebesar 2% dengan kasus terkonfirmasi mencapai 66.576 di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Comparably, the mortality of SARS by November 2002 was 10% of 8,096 confirmed cases.", "id": "Sebanding dengan itu, mortalitas SARS pada November 2002 sebesar 10% dari 8.096 kasus terkonfirmasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For MERS, based on a demographic study in June 2012, the mortality was 37% of 2,494 confirmed cases.", "id": "Untuk MERS, berdasarkan studi demografi pada Juni 2012, mortalitas sebesar 37% dari 2.494 kasus terkonfirmasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "An earlier study reported that the R0 of SARS-CoV-2 was as high as 6.47 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 5.71-7.23, whereas the R0 of SARS-CoV only ranged from 2 to 4.", "id": "Studi sebelumnya melaporkan bahwa R0 SARS-CoV-2 mencapai setinggi 6,47 dengan interval kepercayaan (CI) 95% sebesar 5,71-7,23, sementara R0 SARS-CoV hanya berkisar 2 hingga 4."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and SARA-CoV regarding their symptoms, mortality, and R0 is presented in Table ​Table1.1.", "id": "Perbandingan SARS-CoV-2 dengan MERS-CoV dan SARS-CoV dalam hal gejala, mortalitas, dan R0 diberikan di Tabel 1."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The above figures suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has a higher ability to spread than MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, but it is less lethal than the latter two.", "id": "Angka-angka tersebut menunjukkan bahwa SARS-CoV-2 memiliki kemampuan menyebar yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan MERS-CoV dan SARS-CoV, tetapi tidak semematikan MERS-CoV dan SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, it is much more challenging to control the epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 than those of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.", "id": "Karena itu, tantangan untuk mengontrol pandemi SARS-CoV-2 lebih besar daripada pandemi MERS-CoV dan SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Clustered onset often happens in the same family or from the same gathering or vehicle such as a cruise ship.", "id": "Awitan berklaster sering dijumpai dalam satu keluarga atau dari satu perkumpulan atau kendaraan seperti kapal pesiar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Patients often have a history of travel or residence in Wuhan or other affected areas or contact with infected individuals or patients in the recent two weeks before the onset.", "id": "Pasien sering kali memiliki riwayat perjalanan atau tinggal di Wuhan atau daerah terdampak lainnya atau berkontak dengan orang terinfeksi atau pasien dalam dua minggu terakhir sebelum awitan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, it has been reported that people can carry the virus without symptoms longer than two weeks and cured patients discharged from hospitals can carry the virus again, which sends out an alarm to increase the time for quarantine.", "id": "Namun, dilaporkan bahwa orang dapat membawa virus tanpa menunjukkan gejala lebih dari dua minggu dan pasien yang dipulangkan dari rumah sakit dapat membawa virus lagi. Hal ini menimbulkan kewaspadaan untuk meningkatkan waktu karantina."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Patients have normal or reduced number of peripheral white blood cells (especially lymphocytes) at the early stage.", "id": "Di tahap awal, pasien memiliki hitung sel darah putih perifer (khususnya limfosit) normal atau menurun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, lymphopenia with white blood cell count < 4×109/L including lymphocyte count < 1×109/L, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels and viremia were found in 1,099 COVID-19 patients.", "id": "Misalnya, limfopenia dengan hitung sel darah putih < 4×109/L, yang mencakup hitung limfosit < 1×109/L, dan kadar aspartat aminotransferase serta viremia yang meningkat ditemukan pada 1.099 pasien COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The levels of liver and muscle enzymes and myoglobin were increased in the blood of some patients, and C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation were increased in the blood of most patients.", "id": "Kadar enzim hati dan otot serta mioglobin meningkat dalam darah sejumlah pasien, serta protein C-reaktif dan laju endap darah meningkat pada sebagian besar pasien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In patients with severe cases, the level of D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product present in the blood, was elevated, and lymphocyte count was progressively reduced.", "id": "Pada pasien dengan kasus berat, kadar D-dimer meningkat, yakni produk penguraian fibrin yang ada dalam darah, dan hitung limfosit menurun secara progresif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Abnormalities in chest radiography are found in most COVID-19 patients and featured by bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs.", "id": "Kelainan foto toraks ditemukan pada sebagaian besar pasien COVID-19 dan ditandai dengan bayangan berawan bilateral atau opasitas ground-glass di paru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Patients often develop an atypical pneumonia, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).", "id": "Pasien sering kali mengalami pneumonia atipis, cedera paru akut, dan sindrom gawat napas akut (ARDS)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When ARDS happens, uncontrolled inflammation, fluid accumulation, and progressive fibrosis severely compromise the gas exchange.", "id": "Saat ARDS terjadi, inflamasi takterkendali, akumulasi cairan, dan fibrosis progresif sangat memperparah gangguan pertukaran gas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Dysfunction of type-I and type-II pneumocytes decreases the surfactant level and increases surface tension, thus reducing the ability of the lungs to expand and heightening the risk of lung collapse.", "id": "Disfungsi pneumosit tipe I dan tipe II menurunkan kadar surfaktan dan meningkatkan tekanan permukaan sehingga menurunkan kemampuan paru untuk mengembang dan meningkatkan risiko kolaps paru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Therefore, the worst chest radiographic findings often parallel the most severe extent of the disease.", "id": "Karena itu, temuan paling buruk pada foto toraks sering kali paralel dengan tingkat penyakit paling parah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On February 18, 2020, the first pathological analysis of COVID-19 demonstrated the desquamation of pneumocytes, hyaline membrane formation, and interstitial lymphocyte infiltration, and multinucleated syncytial cells in the lungs of a patient who died of the disease, consistent with the pathology of viral infection and ARDS and similar to that of SARS and MERS patients.", "id": "Pada 18 Februari 2020, analisis patologis COVID-19 pertama menunjukkan deskuamasi pneumosit, pembentukan membran hialin, dan infiltrasi limfosit interstisial, serta sel sinsitial berinti banyak di paru pasien yang meninggal karena penyakit ini, sesuai dengan patologi infeksi virus dan ARDS serta serupa dengan analisis patologis pasien SARS dan MERS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used as the major criteria for the diagnosis of COVID-19.", "id": "Deteksi RNA SARS-CoV-2 melalui reaksi rantai polimerase transkriptase balik (RT-PCR) digunakan sebagai kriteria utama untuk diagnosis COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, due to the high false-negative rate, which may accelerate the epidemic, clinical manifestations started to be used for diagnosis (which no longer solely relied on RT-PCR) in China on February 13, 2020.", "id": "Namun, karena tingginya tingkat negatif palsu, yang dapat mempercepat epidemi, manifestasi klinis mulai digunakan untuk diagnosis (yang tidak lagi hanya bergantung pada RT-PCR) di Tiongkok pada 13 Februari 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A similar situation also occurred with the diagnosis of SARS.", "id": "Situasi serupa juga terjadi pada diagnosis SARS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Therefore, a combination of disease history, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and radiological findings is essential and imperative for making an effective diagnosis.", "id": "Karena itu, kombinasi antara riwayat penyakit, manifestasi klinis, uji laboratorium, dan temuan radiologis sangat penting dan suatu keharusan untuk membuat diagnosis yang efektif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On February 14, 2020, the Feng Zhang group described a protocol of using the CRISPR-based SHERLOCK technique to detect SARS-CoV-2, which detects synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments at 20 × 10-18 mol/L to 200 × 10-18 mol/L (10-100 copies per microliter of input) using a dipstick in less than an hour without requiring elaborate instrumentation.", "id": "Pada 14 Februari 2020, grup Feng Zhang menjelaskan protokol penggunaan teknik SHERLOCK berbasis-CRISPR untuk mendeteksi SARS-CoV-2, yang mendeteksi fragmen RNA SARS-CoV-2 sintetik pada 20 × 10-18 mol/L hingga 200 × 10-18 mol/L (10-100 salinan per mikroliter input) menggunakan tongkat celup dalam waktu kurang dari satu jam tanpa memerlukan instrumentasi yang rumit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hopefully, the new technique can dramatically enhance the sensitivity and convenience if verified in clinical samples.", "id": "Semoga saja, teknik baru ini dapat sangat meningkatkan sensitivitas dan kemudahan jika terverifikasi pada sampel klinis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases (Table ​(Table2).2).", "id": "Karena kurangnya pengalaman dengan CoV baru, dokter terutama menawarkan perawatan pendukung kepada pasien COVID-19, selagi mencoba berbagai terapi yang pernah digunakan atau diusulkan sebelumnya untuk perawatan CoV lain, seperti SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, dan penyakit viral lainnya (Tabel 2).2)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These therapies include current and potential treatments with antiviral drugs, immunosuppressants, steroids, plasma from recovered patients, Chinese medicine, and psychological support.", "id": "Terapi ini mencakup terapi yang ada saat ini dan terapi potensial dengan obat antivirus, imunosupresan, steroid, plasma dari pasien yang sudah sembuh, obat tradisional Tionghoa, dan dukungan psikologis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Even plasma from recovered patients was proposed to be used for treatment.", "id": "Bahkan plasma dari pasien yang sudah sembuh diusulkan untuk digunakan dalam terapi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Pharmaceutical companies are racing to develop antibodies and vaccines against the virus.", "id": "Perusahaan farmasi berlomba mengembangkan antibodi dan vaksin terhadap virus ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 mainly attacks the lungs in the beginning and probably also attacks, to a lesser degree, other organs that express ACE2, such as the gastrointestinal system and the kidneys.", "id": "Di tahap awal, SARS-CoV-2 terutama menyerang paru dan mungkin juga menyerang organ lain yang mengekspresikan ACE2 dalam tingkat yang lebih rendah, seperti sistem gastrointestinal dan ginjal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Nevertheless, respiratory dysfunction and failure are the major threat to the patients and the major cause of death.", "id": "Namun, disfungsi dan kegagalan pernapasan merupakan ancaman utama bagi pasien dan penyebab utama kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, respiratory support is critical to relieve the symptoms and save lives and includes general oxygen therapy, high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation depending on the severity of the disease.", "id": "Karena itu, dukungan pernapasan sangat penting untuk meringankan gejala dan menyelamatkan nyawa, yang mencakup terapi oksigen umum, oksigen aliran tinggi, ventilasi noninvasif, dan ventilasi mekanis invasif, tergantung tingkat keparahan penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Patients with severe respiratory symptoms have to be supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a modified cardiopulmonary bypass technique used for the treatment of life-threatening cardiac or respiratory failure.", "id": "Pasien dengan gejala pernapasan berat harus didukung dengan oksigenasi membran ekstrakorporeum (ECMO), yaitu teknik pintas kardiopulmoner termodifikasi yang digunakan untuk perawatan kegagalan jantung atau pernapasan yang mengancam jiwa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, the prevention and treatment of secondary infection and septic shock, and the protection of the functions of the vital organs are also essential for SARS-CoV-2 patients.", "id": "Selain itu, penjagaan keseimbangan elektrolit, pencegahan dan perawatan infeksi sekunder dan syok septik, serta perlindungan fungsi organ vital juga sangat penting bagi pasien SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It has been known that a cytokine storm results from an overreaction of the immune system in SARS and MERS patients.", "id": "Reaksi sistem imun yang berlebihan diketahui mengakibatkan badai sitokin pada pasien SARS dan MERS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Cytokine storm is a form of systemic inflammatory response featured by the release of a series of cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, and MCP-1.", "id": "Badai sitokin adalah bentuk respons inflamatori sistemik yang ditandai degnan pelepasan serangkaian sitokin, yang mencakup TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, dan MCP-1."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These cytokines induce immune cells to release a vast number of free radicals which are the major cause of ARDS and multiple organ failure.", "id": "Sitokin-sitokin ini menginduksi sel imun untuk melepaskan sejumlah besar radikal bebas yang menjadi penyebab utama ARDS dan gagal organ majemuk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Immunosuppression is essential in the treatment of cytokine storms, especially in severe patients.", "id": "Imunosupresi sangat penting dalam penanganan badai sitokin, terutama pada pasien yang parah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Corticosteroids and tocilizumab, an anti-IL6 monoclonal antibody, have been used to treat cytokine storm.", "id": "Kortikosteroid dan Tocilizumab, suatu antibodi monoklonal anti-IL6, telah digunakan untuk menangani badai sitokin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other immunosuppression treatments for cytokine storm include the modulation of T cell-directed immune response; the blockade of IFN-γ, IL-1, and TNF; JAK inhibition; blinatumomab; suppressor of cytokine signaling 4; and HDAC inhibitors.", "id": "Penanganan imunosupresi lain untuk badai sitokin mencakup modulasi respons imun yang diarahkan sel T; pemblokiran IFN-γ, IL-1, dan TNF; inhibisi JAK; blinatumomab; penekan sinyal sitokin 4; dan inhibitor HDAC."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Steroids, as immunosuppressants, were widely used in the treatment of SARS to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.", "id": "Steroid, sebagai imunosupresan, banyak digunakan dalam perawatan SARS untuk mengurangi keparahan kerusakan inflamatori."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, steroids at high dosages were not beneficial to severe lung injury in SARS and COVID-19 patients.", "id": "Namun, steroid pada dosis tinggi tidak berguna untuk cedera paru berat pada pasien SARS dan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Instead, they may cause severe side effects, especially avascular osteonecrosis, dramatically affecting the prognosis.", "id": "Sebaliknya, steroid dapat mengakibatkan efek samping berat, khususnya osteonekrosis, yang sangat memengaruhi prognosis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Nevertheless, short courses of corticosteroids at low-to-moderate doses have been recommended to be used prudently for critically ill COVID-19 patients.", "id": "Meski demikian, pemberian kortikosteroid singkat pada dosis rendah hingga sedang dianjurkan untuk diberikan dengan hati-hati pada pasien COVID-19 yang sakit kritis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "At the time of writing, no effective antiviral therapy has been confirmed.", "id": "Pada saat penulisan tinjauan ini, belum ada terapi antivirus efektif yang telah terkonfirmasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, intravenous administration with remdesivir, a nucleotide analog, has been found to be efficacious in an American patient with COVID-19.", "id": "Namun, pemberian remdesivir secara intravena, yakni sebuah analog nukleotida, didapati berkhasiat pada seorang pasien COVID-19 dari Amerika."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Remdesivir is a novel antiviral drug developed by Gilead initially for the treatment of diseases caused by Ebola and Marlburg viruses.", "id": "Remdesivir adalah obat antivirus baru yang dikembangkan oleh Gilead, semula untuk perawatan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus Ebola dan Marlburg."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Later, remdesivir also demonstrated possible inhibition of other single stranded RNA viruses including MERS and SARS viruses.", "id": "Belakangan, remdesivir juga menunjukkan inhibisi terhadap virus RNA untai tunggal lainnya, yang mencakup virus MERS dan SARS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Based on these, Gilead has provided the compound to China to conduct a pair of trials on SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, and the results are highly anticipated.", "id": "Berdasarkan hal ini, Gilead menyediakan senyawa ini bagi Tiongkok untuk melakukan serangkaian uji coba pada orang terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2, dan hasilnya sangat dinantikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, baricitinb, interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin have been suggested as potential therapies for patients with acute respiratory symptoms.", "id": "Selain itu, baricitinb, interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, dan ribavirin telah disarankan sebagai terapi potensial untuk pasien dengan gejala pernapasan akut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, liver damage, and other adverse reactions can occur following combined therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir.", "id": "Diare, nausea, muntah, kerusakan hati, dan reaksi samping lainnya dapat terjadi setelah terapi kombinasi dengan lopinavir/ritonavir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The interaction of these treatments with other drugs used in the patients should be monitored carefully.", "id": "Interaksi terapi ini dengan obat lain yang digunakan pasien harus dipantau secara saksama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Plasma from recovered patients and antibody generation", "id": "Plasma dari pasien yang sudah sembuh dan pembuatan antibodi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The collection of the blood from patients who recovered from a contagious disease to treat other patients suffering from the same disease or to protect healthy individuals from catching the disease has a long history.", "id": "Ada sejarah panjang tentang pengumpulan darah pasien yang sudah sembuh dari penyakit menular untuk mengobati pasien lain yang menderita penyakit yang sama atau untuk mencegah orang sehat terkena penyakit tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Indeed, recovered patients often have a relatively high level of antibodies against the pathogen in their blood.", "id": "Memang, pasien yang sudah sembuh sering kali memiliki kadar antibodi yang relatif tinggi dalam darahnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Antibodies are an immunoglobulin (Ig) produced by B lymphocytes to fight pathogens and other foreign objects and they recognize unique molecules in the pathogens and neutralize them directly.", "id": "Antibodi adalah imunoglobulin (Ig) yang dihasilkan limfosit B untuk melawan patogen serta benda asing lainnya, mengenali molekul unik pada patogen, dan langsung menetralkannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Based on this, plasma was collected from the blood of a group of patients who recovered from COVID-19 and was injected into 10 seriously ill patients.", "id": "Berdasarkan hal ini, plasma dikumpulkan dari darah sekelompok pasien yang sudah sembuh dari COVID-19 dan disuntikkan kepada 10 pasien yang sakit parah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Their symptoms improved within 24 hours, accompanied by reduced inflammation and viral loads and improved oxygen saturation in the blood.", "id": "Gejala mereka membaik dalam 24 jam, disertai dengan menurunnya inflamasi dan beban virus serta meningkatnya saturasi oksigen dalam darah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, verification and clarification are necessary to propose the method for large-scale use before specific therapies are not yet developed.", "id": "Namun, verifikasi dan klarifikasi perlu dilakukan untuk mengajukan metode tersebut untuk penggunaan skala besar sebelum terapi spesifik dikembangkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, given the therapeutic effects, some disadvantages associated with the plasma should be considered carefully.", "id": "Lebih lanjut, selain efek terapeutiknya, beberapa kekurangan yang berkaitan dengan plasma harus dipertimbangkan secara saksama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, antibodies can overstimulate the immune response and cause cytokine release syndrome, which is potentially a life-threatening toxicity.", "id": "Sebagai contoh, antibodi dapat menstimulasi respons imun secara berlebihan dan menyebabkan sindrom pelepasan sitokin, yang merupakan toksisitas yang berpotensi mengancam jiwa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The concentration of antibodies in the blood is usually low, and the demand for the plasma is large to treat critically ill patients.", "id": "Konsentrasi antibodi dalam darah biasanya rendah dan plasma dibutuhkan dalam jumlah besar untuk merawat pasien yang sakit kritis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is difficult to develop and produce specific antibodies rapidly enough to fight against a global epidemic.", "id": "Pengembangan dan produksi antibodi spesifik dengan cukup cepat untuk melawan epidemi global sulit dilakukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, it is more critical and practical to isolate B cells from recovered patients and identify the genetic codes encoding effective antibodies or screen for effective antibodies against essential proteins of the virus.", "id": "Karena itu, lebih penting dan praktis mengisolasi sel B dari pasien yang sudah sembuh dan mengidentifikasi kode genetik yang menyandi antibodi efektif atau melakukan penapisan antibodi yang efektif terhadap protein yang penting bagi virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This way, we can readily scale up the production of the antibodies.", "id": "Dengan cara ini, kita dapat dengan mudah meningkatkan skala produksi antibodi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "TCM has been used to treat a variety of diseases in China for thousands of years.", "id": "TCM telah digunakan untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit di Tiongkok selama ribuan tahun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, its effects largely rely on a combination of multiple components in a formula that varies depending on the diagnosis of a disease based on the theories of TCM.", "id": "Namun, efeknya sebagian besar tergantung pada kombinasi berbagai komponen dalam formula. Formula ini berbeda-beda tergantung pada diagnosis penyakit berdasarkan teori TCM."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Most of the effective components remain unknown or are vague as it is difficult to extract and verify such components or their optimal combinations.", "id": "Sebagian besar komponen efektif masih belum diketahui atau belum jelas karena sulit untuk mengekstrak atau memverifikasi komponen tersebut atau kombinasi optimalnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Currently, due to the lack of effective and specific therapy for COVID-19, TCM has become one of the major alternative treatments for patients with light to moderate symptoms or for those who have recovered from severe stages.", "id": "Saat ini, karena terapi yang efektif dan spesifik untuk COVID-19 belum ada, TCM menjadi salah satu terapi alternatif utama untuk pasien dengan gejala ringan hingga sedang atau untuk orang yang pulih dari penyakit berat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, Shu Feng Jie Du capsules and Lian Hua Qing Wen capsules were found to be effective for COVID-19 treatment.", "id": "Sebagai contoh, kapsul Shu Feng Jie Du dan kapsul Lian Hua Qing Wen didapati manjur untuk terapi COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Top cure rates in the treatment of COVID-19 patients were observed in several provinces in China that used TCM in 87% of their patients, including Gansu (63.7%), Ningxia (50%), and Hunan (50%), whereas Hubei province, which used TCM in only approximately 30% of its COVID-19 patients, had the lowest cure rate (13%).", "id": "Tingkat kesembuhan teratas dalam terapi pasien COVID-19 teramati di beberapa provinsi Tiongkok yang menggunakan TCM pada 87% pasiennya, yang mencakup Gansu (63,7%), Ningxia (50%), dan Hunan (50%), sementara provinsi Hubei, yang menggunakan TCM hanya pada sekitar 30% pasien COVID-19, memiliki tingkat kesembuhan terendah (13%)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, this is quite a rough comparison as many other impact factors such as the number and severity of the patients should be included in the evaluation.", "id": "Namun, perbandingan ini masih sangat kasar sebab banyak faktor dampak lainnya, seperti jumlah dan keparahan pasien, harus disertakan dalam evaluasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On February 18, 2020, Boli Zhang and coworkers published a study to compare western medicine (WM) treatment alone with combined treatment of WM and TCM.", "id": "Pada 18 Februari 2020, Boli Zhang dan kawan-kawan memplubikasikan sebuah studi yang membandingkan terapi obat barat (WM) saja dengan terapi gabungan WM dan TCM."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They found that the times needed for body temperature recovery, symptom disappearance, and hospitalization were remarkably shorter in the WM+TCM group than in the WM only group.", "id": "Mereka menemukan bahwa waktu yang diperlukan untuk pemulihan suhu tubuh, hilangnya gejala, dan rawat inap sangat jauh lebih singkat pada kelompok WM+TCM dibandingkan dengan kelompok WM saja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Most impressively, the rate for symptomatic worsening (from light to severe) was remarkably lower for the WM+TCM group than for the WM only group (7.4% versus 46.2%) and the mortality was lower in the WM+TCM group than WM only group (8.8% versus 39%).", "id": "Hal yang lebih mengesankan, tingkat pemburukan gejala (dari ringan ke berat) jauh lebih rendah untuk kelompok WM+TCM dibandingkan dengan kelompok WM saja (7,4% dibanding 46,2%) dan mortalitas lebih rendah pada kelompok WM+TCM dibandingkan dengan kelompok WM saja (8,8% dibanding 39%)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Nevertheless, the efficacy and safety of TCM still await more well-controlled trials at larger scales and in more centers.", "id": "Meski demikian, efikasi dan keamanan TCM masih menunggu uji coba yang terkontrol lebih baik pada skala lebih besar dan di lebih banyak pusat penelitian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It would also be intriguing to characterize the mechanism of actions and clarify the effective components of TCM treatments or their combinations if possible.", "id": "Hal yang menarik lainnya adalah mencirikan mekanisme kerja dan mengklarifikasi komponen efektif dalam terapi TCM atau kombinasinya, jika memungkinkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 mostly experience great fear of the highly contagious and even fatal disease, and quarantined people also experience boredom, loneliness, and anger.", "id": "Sebagian besar pasien yang diduga atau dikonfirmasi COVID-19 merasa sangat ketakutan akan penyakit yang sangat menular dan bahkan mematikan ini, dan orang yang dikarantina juga merasakan kebosanan, kesepian, dan kemarahan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Furthermore, symptoms of the infection such as fever, hypoxia, and cough as well as adverse effects of the treatments such as insomnia caused by corticosteroids can lead to more anxiety and mental distress.", "id": "Lebih lanjut, gejala infeksi seperti demam, hipoksia, dan batuk serta efek samping terapi seperti insomnia yang disebabkan kortikosteroid dapat menyebabkan kecemasan dan tekanan mental yang lebih besar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the early phase of the SARS outbreak, a range of psychiatric morbidities including persistent depression, anxiety, panic attacks, psychomotor excitement, psychotic symptoms, delirium, and even suicidality were reported.", "id": "Di fase awal wabah SARS, serangkaian morbiditas psikiatri, yang mencakup depresi, kecemasan, serangan panik, gejolak psikomotor, gejala psikotik, delirium, dan bahkan suisidalitas pernah dilaporkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mandatory contact tracing and quarantine, as a part of the public health responses to the COVID-19 outbreak, can make people more anxious and guilty about the effects of the contagion, quarantine, and stigma on their families and friends.", "id": "Pelacakan riwayat kontak dan karantina wajib, sebagai bagian dari respons kesehatan masyarakat terhadap wabah COVID-19, dapat membuat orang menjadi lebih cemas dan merasa bersalah terkait efek penularan, karantina, dan stigma tentang kerabat dan teman."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, mental health care should be provided to COVID-19 patients, suspected individuals, and people in contact with them as well as the general public who are in need.", "id": "Karena itu, perawatan kesehatan mental harus disediakan bagi pasien COVID-19, orang yang diduga, dan orang yang berkontak dengan mereka, serta masyarakat umum yang membutuhkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The psychological support should include the establishment of multidisciplinary mental health teams, clear communications with regular and accurate updates about the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and treatment plans and the use of professional electronic devices and applications to avoid close contact with each other.", "id": "Dukungan psikologis harus mencakup pembentukan tim kesehatan mental multidisipliner, komunikasi yang jelas dengan pembaruan rutin dan akurat tentang wabah SARS-CoV-2, dan rencana terapi serta penggunaan perangkat dan aplikasi elektronik profesional untuk menghindari kontak dekat satu sama lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Effective vaccines are essential for interrupting the chain of transmission from animal reservoirs and infected humans to susceptible hosts and are often complementary to antiviral treatment in the control of epidemics caused by emerging viruses.", "id": "Vaksin yang efektif sangat penting untuk memutus rantai transmisi dari reservoir hewan dan manusia terinfeksi kepada inang yang rentan dan sering kali bersifat melengkapi terapi antivirus dalam mengontrol epidemi yang disebabkan oleh kemunculan virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Efforts have been made to develop S protein-based vaccines to generate long-term and potent neutralizing antibodies and/or protective immunity against SARS-CoV.", "id": "Upaya telah dilakukan untuk mengembangkan vaksin berbasis protein S, yang secara jangka panjang dan efektif membuat antibodi penetralan dan/atau imunitas yang melindungi terhadap SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Live-attenuated vaccines have been evaluated in animal models for SARS.", "id": "Untuk SARS, vaksin hidup-dilemahkan telah dievaluasi pada hewan percobaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, the in vivo efficacy of these vaccine candidates in elderly individuals and lethal-challenge models and their protection against zoonotic virus infection have yet to be determined before a clinical study is initiated.", "id": "Meski demikian, efikasi in vivo kandidat vaksin ini pada lansia dan model tantangan letal serta perlindungannya terhadap infeksi virus zoonotik masih harus ditentukan sebelum studi klinis dimulai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is probably because SARS died down 17 years ago and no new case has been reported since.", "id": "Hal ini mungkin karena SARS mereda 17 tahun lalu dan tidak ada kasus baru dilaporkan sejak saat itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In contrast, sporadic cases and clusters of MERS continue to occur in the Middle East and spread to other regions owing to the persistence of zoonotic sources in endemic areas.", "id": "Sebaliknya, kasus sporadis dan klaster MERS terus terjadi di Timur Tengah dan menyebar ke wilayah lain karena terus adanya sumber zoonotik di daerah endemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Vaccination strategies have been developed for MERS by using inactivated virus, DNA plasmids, viral vectors, nanoparticles, virus-like particles and recombinant protein subunits and some have been evaluated in animal models.", "id": "Strategi vaksinasi telah dikembangkan untuk MERS dengan menggunakan virus yang dinonaktifkan, plasmid DNA, vektor virus, nanopartikel, partikel mirip virus, dan subunit protein rekombinan dan sebagian telah dievaluasi pada hewan percobaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The development of a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 for non-immune individuals is an urgent and critical task for controlling the ongoing epidemic.", "id": "Pengembangan vaksin terhadap SARS-CoV-2 yang aman dan efektif untuk orang non-imun merupakan tugas yang sangat mendesak dan penting untuk mengontrol epidemi yang sedang berlangsung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, it is challenging to overcome the difficulty because of the long period of time (averaged 18 months) needed for vaccine development and the dynamic variations of CoVs.", "id": "Namun, kesulitan ini tidak mudah diatasi karena waktu yang panjang untuk mengembangkan vaksin (rata-rata 18 bulan) dan variasi CoV yang dinamis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As a novel disease, COVID-19 has just started to manifest its full clinical course throughout thousands of patients.", "id": "Sebagai penyakit baru, COVID-19 baru mulai memperlihatkan perjalanan klinis penuhnya pada ribuan pasien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In most cases, patients can recover gradually without sequelae.", "id": "Pada sebagian besar kasus, pasien dapat berangsur sembuh tanpa sequela."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, similar to SARS and MERS, COVID-19 is also associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with severe cases.", "id": "Namun, serupa dengan SARS dan MERS, COVID-19 juga dikaitkan dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi pada pasien dengan kasus berat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Therefore, building a prognosis model for the disease is essential for health-care agencies to prioritize their services, especially in resource-constrained areas.", "id": "Karena itu, pembentukan model prognosis penyakit sangat penting bagi badan perawatan kesehatan guna memprioritaskan layanannya, khususnya di area dengan sumber daya terbatas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Based on clinical studies reported thus far, the following factors may affect or be associated with the prognosis of COVID-19 patients (Table ​(Table33):", "id": "Berdasarkan studi klinis yang dilaporkan sejauh ini, faktor berikut dapat memengaruhi atau dikaitkan dengan prognosis pasien COVID-19 (Tabel 3):"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Age: Age was the most important factor for the prognosis of SARS, which is also true for COVID-19.", "id": "Usia: Usia merupakan faktor paling penting untuk prognosis SARS, yang juga berlaku untuk COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "COVID-19 mainly happened at the age of 30-65 with 47.7% of those patients being over 50 in a study of 8,866 cases as described above.", "id": "COVID-19 terutama terjadi pada usia 30-65 tahun dengan 47,7% pasien berusia di atas 50 tahun dalam studi berisi 8.866 kasus sebagaimana dijelaskan di atas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Patients who required intensive care were more likely to have underlying comorbidities and complications and were significantly older than those who did not (at the median age of 66 versus 51), suggesting age as a prognostic factor for the outcome of COVID-19 patients.", "id": "Pasien yang membutuhkan perawatan intensif cenderung memiliki komorbiditas penyerta dan komplikasi serta secara signifikan berusia lebih tua dibandingkan pasien yang tidak membutuhkan perawatan intensif (median usia 66 tahun dibanding 51 tahun), yang mengisyaratkan usia sebagai faktor prognostik untuk hasil akhir pasien COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Sex: SARS-CoV-2 has infected more men than women (0.31/100,000 versus 0.27/100,000), as described above.", "id": "Jenis kelamin: SARS-CoV-2 lebih banyak menginfeksi pria dibanding wanita (0,31/100.000 dibanding 0,27/100.000), sebagaimana dijelaskan di atas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Comorbidities and complications: Patients with COVID-19 who require intensive care are more likely to suffer from acute cardiac injury and arrhythmia.", "id": "Komorbiditas dan komplikasi: Pasien COVID-19 yang memerlukan perawatan intensif memiliki kemungkinan lebih besar mengalami cedera jantung akut dan aritmia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Cardiac events were also the main reason for death in SARS patients.", "id": "Kejadian jantung juga meruapakan alasan utama kematian pada pasien SARS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 can also bind to ACE2-positive cholangiocytes, which might lead to liver dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients.", "id": "SARS-CoV-2 dilaporkan juga dapat berikatan dengan kolangiosit dengan ACE2-positif, yang dapat mengakibatkan disfungsi hati pada pasien COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is worth noting that age and underlying disease are strongly correlated and might interfere with each other.", "id": "Perlu diperhatikan bahwa usia dan penyakit yang mendasari sangat berkorelasi dan dapat saling memengaruhi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Abnormal laboratory findings: The C-reactive protein (CRP) level in blood reflects the severity of inflammation or tissue injury and has been proposed to be a potential prognostic factor for disease, response to therapy, and ultimate recovery.", "id": "Temuan laboratorium abnormal: Kadar protein C-reaktif (CRP) dalam darah mencerminkan keparahan inflamasi atau cedera jaringan dan diusulkan sebagai faktor prognostik potensial untuk penyakit, respons terhadap terapi, dan pemulihan akhir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The correlation of CRP level to the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 has also been proposed.", "id": "Korelasi antara kadar CRP dan keparahan serta prognosis COVID-19 juga telah diusulkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) may also help predict the outcome.", "id": "Selain itu, peningkatan laktat dehidrogenase (LDH), aspartat aminotransferase (AST), alanin aminotransferase (ALT), dan kreatin kinase (CK) juga dapat membantu memprediksi hasil akhir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These enzymes are expressed extensively in multiple organs, especially in the heart and liver, and are released during tissue damage.", "id": "Enzim-enzim ini diekspresikan sangat tinggi di berbagai organ, khususnya di jantung dan hati, dan dilepaskan selama kerusakan jaringan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, they are traditional markers for heart or liver dysfunctions.", "id": "Karena itu, enzim-enzim ini merupakan penanda tradisional untuk disfungsi jantung dan hati."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Major clinical symptoms: Chest radiography and temporal progression of clinical symptoms should be considered together with the other issues for the prediction of outcomes and complications of COVID-19.", "id": "Gejala klinis utama: Foto toraks dan perkembangan gejala klinis temporal harus dipertimbangkan bersama dengan hal-hal lainnya untuk memprediksi hasil akhir dan komplikasi COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Use of steroids: As described above, steroids are immunosuppressant commonly used as an adjunctive therapy for infectious diseases to reduce the severity of inflammatory damage.", "id": "Penggunaan steroid: Sebagaimana dijelaskan di atas, steroid merupakan imunosupresan yang banyak digunakan sebagai terapi penunjang untuk penyakit infeksi guna mengurangi keparahan kerusakan inflamatori."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since a high dosage of corticosteroids was widely used in severe SARS patients, many survivors suffered from avascular osteonecrosis with life-long disability and poor life quality.", "id": "Karena kortikosteroid dosis tinggi banyak digunakan pada pasien SARS parah, banyak orang yang selamat dari penyakit ini akhirnya menderita osteonekrosis avaskular dengan disabilitas seumur hidup dan kualitas hidup yang buruk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, if needed, steroids should be used at low dosage and for a short time in COVID-19 patients.", "id": "Karena itu, jika diperlukan, steroid harus digunakan pada dosis rendah dan kurun waktu singkat pada pasien COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mental stress: As described above, during the COVID-19 outbreak many patients have suffered from extraordinary stress as they often endured long periods of quarantine and extreme uncertainty and witnessed the death of close family members and fellow patients.", "id": "Tekanan mental: Seperti dijelaskan di atas, selama wabah COVID-19, banyak pasien menderita stres luar biasa karena mereka harus menjalani karantina jangka panjang dan ketidakpastian yang ekstrem serta menyaksikan kematian anggota keluarga dekat dan sesama pasien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is imperative to provide psychological counseling and long-term support to help these patients recover from the stress and return to normal life.", "id": "Konseling psikologis dan dukungan jangka panjang harus diberikan untuk menolong pasien ini pulih dari stres dan kembali ke kehidupan normal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to demographic studies so far, COVID-19 seems to have different epidemiological features from SARS.", "id": "Berdasarkan studi demografi sejauh ini, COVID-19 tampaknya memiliki gambaran epidemiologis yang berbeda dengan SARS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition to replicating in the lower respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently replicate in the upper respiratory tract and causes mild or no symptoms in the early phase of infection, similar to other CoVs that cause common colds.", "id": "Selain bereplikasi di saluran pernapasan bawah, SARS-CoV-2 dapat bereplikasi secara efisien di saluran pernapasan atas dan menyebabkan gejala ringan atau tanpa gejala di fase awal infeksi, serupa dengan CoV lain yang menyebabkan pilek."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Therefore, infected patients at the early phase or incubation period can produce a large amount of virus during daily activities, causing great difficulty for the control of the epidemic.", "id": "Karena itu, pada fase awal atau masa inkubasi, pasien yang terinfeksi dapat menghasilkan virus dalam jumlah besar selama aktivitas sehari-hari, yang menimbulkan kesulitan besar untuk mengontrol epidemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, the transmission of SARS-CoV was considered to occur when the patients are severely ill, while most transmission did not happen at the early phase.", "id": "Namun, transmisi SARS-CoV dipercaya terjadi saat pasien sakit parah dan kebanyakan tidak terjadi pada fase awal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, the current outbreak of COVID-19 is much more severe and difficult to control than the outbreak of SARS.", "id": "Dengan demikian, wabah COVID-19 saat ini jauh lebih parah dan sulit dikontrol daripada wabah SARS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Great efforts are currently underway in China including the lockdown of Wuhan and surrounding cities and continuous quarantine of almost the entire population in hopes of interrupting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Saat ini, upaya besar sedang dilakukan di Tiongkok, yang mencakup karantina wilayah Wuhan dan kota-kota sekitar serta karantina berkelanjutan hampir seluruh populasi dengan harapan memutus transmisi SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although these actions have been dramatically damaging the economy and other sectors of the country, the number of new patients is declining, indicating the slowdown of the epidemic.", "id": "Walaupun tindakan ini sangat merusak ekonomi dan sektor lain dalam negara, jumlah pasien baru menurun, yang mengindikasikan perlambatan epidemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The most optimistic estimate is that the outbreak will end by March and the downswing phase will last for 3-4 months.", "id": "Estimasi paling optimis menyatakan wabah akan berakhir pada bulan Maret dan fase penurunan berlangsung selama 3-4 bulan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, some other experts are not that optimistic.", "id": "Namun, beberapa pakar lain tidak seoptimis itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Paul Hunter, et al., estimated that COVID-19, which seems substantially more infectious than SARS, will not end in 2020.", "id": "Paul Hunter et al. mengestimasi bahwa COVID-19, yang tampaknya jauh lebih menular daripada SARS, tidak akan berakhir pada tahun 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ira Longini, et al., established a model to predict the outcome of the epidemic and suggested that SARS-CoV-2 could infect two-thirds of the global population.", "id": "Ira Longini, et al. membuat model untuk memprediksi hasil akhir epidemi dan menyatakan bahwa SARS-CoV-2 dapat menginfeksi dua pertiga populasi global."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A Canadian group reported that SARS-CoV-2 was detected in both mid-turbinate and throat swabs of patients who recovered and left the hospital 2 weeks earlier, which indicates that the newly identified virus could become a cyclical episode similar to influenza.", "id": "Grup peneliti Kanada melaporkan bahwa SARS-CoV-2 terdeteksi di usap mid-konka dan tenggorokan pasien yang sudah sembuh dan pulang dari rumah sakit 2 minggu sebelumnya. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa virus yang teridentifikasi kembali dapat menjadi episode berulang, mirip dengan influenza."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, promising signs have occurred in China based on the declining number of new cases, indicating the current strategies might have been working.", "id": "Meski demikian, tanda-tanda menjanjikan terjadi di Tiongkok, jika dilihat berdasarkan menurunnya jumlah kasus baru, yang menunjukkan bahwa strategi saat ini mungkin berhasil."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ebola was originally predicted to cause up to a million cases with half a million deaths.", "id": "Ebola semula diprediksi akan menyebabkan satu juta kasus dengan setengah juga kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, via strict quarantine and isolation, the disease has eventually been put under control.", "id": "Namun, dengan karantina dan isolasi ketat, penyakit ini akhirnya dapat dikendalikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is possible, similar to SARS-CoV, that SARS-CoV-2 might become weaker in infectivity and eventually die down or become a less pathogenic virus co-existent with humans.", "id": "Mungkin juga, mirip dengan SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 melemah kemampuannya menginfeksi dan akhirnya menghilang atau menjadi virus tidak terlalu patogen yang dapat berdampingan dengan manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A comparison of the epidemic of COVID-19 with that of SARS and MERS is provided below (Fig. ​(Fig.55).", "id": "Perbandingan epidemi COVID-19 dengan epidemi SARS dan MERS diberikan di bawah ini (Gbr. 5)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmittable through coughing or sneezing, and possibly also through direct contact with materials contaminated by the virus.", "id": "SARS-CoV-2 sangat mudah ditransmisikan melalui batuk atau bersin, dan mungkin juga melalui kontak langsung dengan bahan yang terkontaminasi oleh virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The virus was also found in feces, which raises a new possibility of feces-to-mouth transmission.", "id": "Virus ini ditemukan juga di feses sehingga memunculkan kemungkinan transmisi baru, yakni transmisi feses-ke-mulut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A recent study on 138 cases reported that 41% of the cases were possibly caused by nosocomial infections, including 17 patients with other prior diseases and 40 health-care providers.", "id": "Studi baru-baru ini pada 138 kasus melaporkan bahwa 41% kasus mungkin disebabkan oleh infeksi nosokomial, yang mencakup 17 pasien dengan penyakit lain sebelumnya dan 40 penyedia perawatan kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, great precaution should be used to protect humans, especially health-care providers, social workers, family members, colleagues, and even bystanders in contact with patients or infected people.", "id": "Karena itu, tindakan pencegahan yang saksama harus dilakukan untuk melindungi manusia, khususnya penyedia perawatan kesehatan, pekerja sosial, anggota keluarga, rekan kerja, dan bahkan orang yang kebetulan berkontak dengan pasien atau orang yang terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The first line of defense that could be used to lower the risk of infection is through wearing face masks; both the use of surgical masks and N95 respirator masks (series # 1860s) helps control the spread of viruses.", "id": "Lini pertahanan pertama yang dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan risiko infeksi adalah melalui penggunaan masker wajah, baik masker bedah maupun masker respirator N95 (nomor seri 1860-an) membantu mengendalikan penyebaran virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Surgical face masks prevent liquid droplets from a potentially infected individual from traveling through the air or sticking onto surfaces of materials, where they could be passed on to others.", "id": "Masker bedah menjaga agar percikan ludah orang yang berpotensi terinfeksi tidak terikut udara atau menempel pada permukaan bahan, tempat percikan ludah tersebut dapat diteruskan kepada orang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, only N95 (series # 1860s) masks can protect against the inhalation of virions as small as 10 to 80 nm, with only 5% of the virions being able to penetrate completely; SARS-CoV-2 is similar to SARS-CoV in size and both are approximately 85 nm.", "id": "Namun, hanya masker N95 (nomor seri 1860-an) yang dapat melindungi terhadap inhalasi virion dengan ukuran sekecil 10 sampai 80 nm, dengan hanya 5% virion dapat memenetrasi sepenuhnya; SARS-CoV-2 mirip dengan SARS-CoV dalam hal ukuran, keduanya berukuran sekitar 85 nm."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since particles can penetrate even five surgical masks stacked together, health-care providers in direct contact with patients must wear N95 (series # 1860s) masks but not surgical masks.", "id": "Karena partikel dapat memenetrasi bahkan lima masker bedah yang ditumpuk menjadi satu, penyedia perawatan kesehatan yang berkontak langsung dengan pasien harus mengenakan N95 (nomor seri 1860-an) dan bukan masker bedah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition to masks, health-care providers should wear fitted isolation gowns in order to further reduce contact with viruses.", "id": "Selain masker, penyedia perawatan kesehatan harus mengenakan jubah isolasi yang pas untuk lebih mengurangi kontak dengan virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Viruses can also infect an individual through the eyes.", "id": "Virus juga dapat menginfeksi seseorang melalui mata."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On January 22, 2020, a doctor was infected with SARS-CoV-2 although he wore an N95 mask; the virus might have entered his body through his inflammatory eyes.", "id": "Pada 22 Januari 2020, seorang dokter terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2 walaupun ia mengenakan masker N95; virus mungkin masuk ke dalam tubuhnya melalui peradangan mata."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, health-care providers should also wear transparent face shields or goggles while working with patients.", "id": "Karena itu, penyedia perawatan kesehatan juga harus mengenakan perisai wajah tembus pandang atau kacamata selagi bekerja dengan pasien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For the general public in affected or potentially affected areas, it is highly suggested that everybody wash their hands with disinfectant soaps more often than usual, try to stay indoors for self-quarantine and limit contact with potentially infected individuals.", "id": "Untuk masyarakat umum di daerah yang terdampak atau berpotensi terdampak, sangat disarankan bagi setiap orang untuk mencuci tangannya dengan sabun disinfektan lebih sering daripada biasa, mencoba untuk tetap di rumah guna karantina mandiri, dan menghindari kontak dengan orang yang berpotensi terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Three feet is considered an appropriate distance for people to stay away from a patient.", "id": "Jarak tiga kaki diyakini sesuai untuk menjaga jarak dari pasien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These actions are effective methods to lower the risk of infection as well as prevent the spread of the virus.", "id": "Tindakan-tindakan ini merupakan metode yang efektif untuk mengurangi risiko infeksi serta mencegah penyebaran virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although SARS-CoV-2 came as a new virus to the human world, its high homology to SARS-CoV as reported on 7 January 2020 should have caused high alert to China based on her deep memory of the SARS outbreak in 2003.", "id": "Meskipun SARS-CoV-2 merupakan virus baru bagi dunia manusia, homologinya yang tinggi dengan SARS-CoV, sebagaimana dilaporkan pada 7 Januari 2020, mestinya menjadi peringatan besar bagi Tiongkok yang memiliki kenangan kuat terhadap wabah SARS tahun 2003."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, not until 19 January 2020 did the director of the Center of Disease Control of Wuhan comfort the citizens by saying that the novel virus has low contagiousness and limited reproductivity from human to human and that it is not a problem to prevent and contain the disease.", "id": "Meski demikian, pada tanggal 19 Januari 2020, direktur Pusat Pengendalian Penyakit Wuhan menenangkan penduduk dengan mengatakan bahwa virus baru ini memiliki sifat penyebaran rendah dan kapasitas reproduksi terbatas dari manusia ke manusia dan pencegahan serta pembendungan penyakit ini bukanlah suatu masalah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This message remarkably relaxed the alarm of the public, especially when the entire country was preparing for the Spring Festival, and the critical time was missed to contain the disease at its minimal scale in Wuhan.", "id": "Pesan ini sangat menenangkan ketakutan masyarakat, terutama saat seluruh negeri sedang mempersiapkan Festival Musim Semi, sehingga waktu yang kritis ini terlewat untuk membendung penyakit yang masih berskala kecil di Wuhan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The disease control agencies in China may take this hard lesson and make critical improvements in the future.", "id": "Badan pengendalian penyakit di Tiongkok hendaknya memetik pelajaran dari hal ini dan membuat perbaikan besar di masa depan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, these agencies should be (1) more careful when making public announcements as every word counts to citizens and can change their attitude and decisions; (2) more sensitive and reactive to unusual information from clinics rather than waiting for formal reports from doctors or officials; (3) more restrictive to contain a potential epidemic at its early stage rather than attempting to comfort the public; and (4) more often to issue targeted and effective drills to increase the public's awareness about epidemic diseases and to test and improve the response system of the society periodically.", "id": "Misalnya, badan ini seharusnya (1) lebih berhati-hati saat membuat pengumuman publik sebab setiap kata diperhatikan oleh penduduk dan dapat mengubah sikap dan keputusan mereka; (2) lebih sensitif dan reaktif terhadap informasi tidak lazim dari klinik daripada menunggu laporan resmi dari dokter atau petugas yang berwenang; (3) lebih membatasi guna membendung potensi epidemi pada tahap awal, dan bukan mencoba menenangkan publik; dan (4) lebih sering mengeluarkan latihan bertarget dan efektif guna meningkatkan kesadaran publik tentang epidemi penyakit dan menguji serta meningkatkan sistem respons masyarakat secara periodik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 started in the end of December 2019.", "id": "Wabah COVID-19 disebabkan oleh virus baru SARS-CoV-2 yang mulai merebak pada akhir Desember 2019."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In less than two months, it has spread all over China and near 50 other countries globally at the time of this writing.", "id": "Dalam waktu kurang dari 2 bulan, wabah telah menyebar ke seluruh Tiongkok dan lebih dari 50 negara di dunia pada saat penulisan tinjauan ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since the virus is very similar to SARS-CoV and the symptoms are also similar between COVID-19 and SARS, the outbreak of COVID-19 has created a sense of SARS recurring.", "id": "Karena virus ini sangat mirip dengan SARS-CoV dan gejala COVID-19 dan SARS juga serupa, wabah COVID-19 memberi kesan seperti wabah SARS terulang kembali."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, there are some remarkable differences between COVID-19 and SARS, which are essential for containing the epidemic and treating the patients.", "id": "Namun, ada beberapa perbedaan jelas antara COVID-19 dan SARS, yang sangat penting untuk membendung epidemi dan menangani pasien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "COVID-19 affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women, and the severity and death rate are also higher in elderly individual than in youth.", "id": "COVID-19 lebih banyak mengenai lansia daripada orang muda dan lebih banyak mengenai pria daripada wanita, serta tingkat kematian juga lebih tinggi pada lansia dibandingkan orang muda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS has higher mortality than COVID-19 (10.91% versus 1.44%).", "id": "Mortalitas SARS lebih tinggi daripada mortalitas COVID-19 (10,91% dibanding 1,44%)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "COVID-19 patients transmit the virus even when they are symptomless whereas SARS patients do so usually when they are severely ill, which causes much greater difficulty to contain the spread of COVID-19 than SARS.", "id": "Pasien COVID-19 mentransmisikan virus walaupun saat mereka tanpa gejala, sementara pasien SARS biasanya mentransmisikan virus saat mereka sakit parah. Hal ini membuat kesulitan yang lebih besar dalam membendung penyebaran COVID-19 dibandingkan SARS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This partially explains why SARS-CoV-2 spread much faster and broader than SARS-CoV.", "id": "Hal ini menjelaskan sebagian alasan SARS-CoV-2 menyebar lebih cepat dan lebih luas daripada SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The regular RNA assay for SARS-CoV-2 can be negative in some COVID-19 patients.", "id": "Asai RNA rutin untuk memeriksa SARS-CoV-2 dapat memberi hasil negatif pada beberapa pasien COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the other hand, cured patients can be positive for the virus again.", "id": "Di sisi lain, pasien yang sudah sembuh dapat memberi hasil positif lagi terhadap pemeriksaan virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These findings dramatically increase the risk of virus spreading.", "id": "Temuan ini sangat meningkatkan risiko penyebaran virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Given such rapid progress in research on COVID-19, several critical issues remain to be solved, as follows:", "id": "Dengan begitu cepatnya kemajuan penelitian COVID-19, beberapa masalah penting masih harus diselesaikan, yaitu:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Where did SARS-CoV-2 come from?", "id": "Dari mana SARS-CoV-2 berasal?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although 96% genetic homolog was found between SARS-CoV-2 and two bat SARS-like CoVs, we still cannot conclude that SARS-CoV-2 is from bats.", "id": "Walaupun ditemukan homologi genetik sebesar 96% antara SARS-CoV-2 dan dua CoV mirip-SARS kelelawar, kita masih belum dapat menyimpulkan bahwa SARS-CoV-2 berasal dari kelelawar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "What animal was the intermediate species to transmit the virus from the original host, say bats, to humans?", "id": "Hewan apa yang menjadi spesies perantara untuk mentranmisikan virus dari inang asal, katakanlah kelelawar, kepada manusia?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Without knowing answers to #1 and 2, we cannot efficiently cut the transmission, and the outbreak can relapse at any time.", "id": "Tanpa mengetahui jawaban nomor 1 dan 2, kita tidak dapat memutus transmisi dengan efektif dan wabah dapat merebak kembali setiap saat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although molecular modeling and biochemical assays have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2, how exactly does the virus enter the airway cells and cause subsequent pathological changes?", "id": "Walaupun pemodelan molekuler dan asai biokimia menunjukkan bahwa SARS-CoV-2 berikatan dengan ACE2, bagaimana tepatnya virus masuk ke sel saluran napas dan mengakibatkan perubahan patologis selanjutnya?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Does the virus also bind ACE2-expressing cells in other organs?", "id": "Apakah virus ini berikatan juga dengan sel yang mengekspresikan ACE2 di organ lain?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Without clear answers to these questions, we cannot achieve fast and accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.", "id": "Tanpa jawaban yang jelas untuk pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini, kita tidak dapat mencapai diagnosis yang cepat dan akurat serta perawatan yang efektif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "How long will the epidemic last?", "id": "Berapa lama epidemi ini akan berlangsung?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "How is the virus genetically evolving during transmission among humans?", "id": "Bagaimana virus berkembang secara genetis selama transmisi antara manusia?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Will it become a pandemic worldwide, die down like SARS or relapse periodically like the flu?", "id": "Apakah pandemi ini akan menjadi pandemi seluruh dunia, berakhir seperti SARS, atau terulang kembali secara periodik seperti flu?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is essential but may take some time to search for answers to the above and many other questions.", "id": "Jawaban untuk pertanyaan di atas dan banyak pernyataan lainnya sangat penting, tetapi mungkin memerlukan waktu untuk menemukannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, with whatever expense it may demand, we have no other choice but to stop the epidemic as soon as possible and bring our life back to normal.", "id": "Meski demikian, berapa pun harganya, kita tidak memiliki pilihan lain selain menghentikan epidemi ini sesegera mungkin agar dapat kembali ke kehidupan normal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses", "id": "Asal zoonotik virus korona manusia"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years.", "id": "Selama ribuan tahun, mutasi dan adaptasi telah menggerakkan ko-evolusi virus korona (CoV) dan inangnya, termasuk manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold.", "id": "Sebelum tahun 2003, dua CoV manusia (HCoV) diketahui menyebabkan penyakit ringan, seperti selesma."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have flipped the coin to reveal how devastating and life-threatening an HCoV infection could be.", "id": "Wabah sindrom pernapasan akut berat (SARS) dan sindrom pernapasan Timur Tengah (MERS) membalikkan keadaan dan mengungkapkan betapa infeksi HCoV dapat sangat merusak dan mengancam jiwa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in central China at the end of 2019 has thrusted CoVs into the spotlight again and surprised us with its high transmissibility but reduced pathogenicity compared to its sister SARS-CoV.", "id": "Munculnya SARS-CoV-2 di Tiongkok pusat pada akhir tahun 2019 telah membuat CoV menjadi sorotan kembali dan mengejutkan kita dengan transmisi yang tinggi, tetapi dengan patogenisitas yang lebih rendah dibandingkan saudaranya, SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "HCoV infection is a zoonosis and understanding the zoonotic origins of HCoVs would serve us well.", "id": "Infeksi HCoV merupakan zoonosis. Karena itu, pemahaman asal zoonotik HCoV akan bermanfaat bagi kita."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Most HCoVs originated from bats where they are non-pathogenic.", "id": "Sebagian besar HCoV berasal dari kelelawar. Pada hewan ini, virus tidak bersifat patogenik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known.", "id": "Inang reservoir perantara beberapa HCoV juga telah diketahui."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases.", "id": "Identifikasi inang hewan memiliki implikasi langsung dalam pencegahan penyakit manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans.", "id": "Penyelidikan interaksi CoV-inang pada hewan juga dapat memberikan wawasan penting tentang patogenesis CoV pada manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission.", "id": "Dalam tinjauan ini, kami menyajikan gambaran umum pengetahuan saat ini tentang tujuh HCoV, dengan fokus pada sejarah penemuannya serta asal zoonotiknya dan transmisi antarspesiesnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination.", "id": "Hal yang penting, kami membandingkan dan mengontraskan HCoV tersebut dari sudut pandang evolusi dan rekombinasi genom."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context.", "id": "Epidemi penyakit CoV 2019 (COVID-19) saat ini dibahas dalam konteks ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted.", "id": "Selain itu, persyaratan peralihan inang yang berhasil dan implikasi evolusi virus pada keparahan penyakit juga disoroti."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the family Coronaviridae, which comprises a group of enveloped, positive-sensed, single-stranded RNA viruses.", "id": "Virus korona (CoV) berasal dari keluarga Coronaviridae, yang terdiri dari sekelompok virus RNA berselubung, berindra positif, dan beruntai tunggal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These viruses harbouring the largest genome of 26 to 32 kilobases amongst RNA viruses were termed “CoVs” because of their crown-like morphology under electron microscope.", "id": "Virus ini memiliki genom terbesar dengan ukuran 26 hingga 32 kilobasa di antara virus RNA yang disebut \"CoV\", karena morfologinya yang mirip mahkota di bawah mikroskop elektron."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Structurally, CoVs have non-segmented genomes that share a similar organization.", "id": "Berdasarkan strukturnya, CoV memiliki genom yang tidak tersegmentasi yang memiliki penataan yang serupa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Approximately two thirds of the genome contain two large overlapping open reading frames (ORF1a and ORF1b), which are translated into the pp1a and pp1ab replicase polyproteins.", "id": "Sekitar dua pertiga genom terdiri dari dua rangka baca terbuka besar (ORF1a dan ORF1b) yang saling tumpang tindih. Keduanya ditranslasi menjadi poliprotein replikasi pp1a dan pp1ab."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The polyproteins are further processed to generate 16 non-structural proteins, designated nsp1~16.", "id": "Poliprotein mengalami pemrosesan lebih lanjut untuk membentuk 16 protein nonstruktural, yang disebut nsp1~16."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The remaining portion of the genome contains ORFs for the structural proteins, including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleoprotein (N).", "id": "Sisa genom terdiri dari rangka baca terbuka (ORF) untuk protein struktural, yang mencakup tonjolan atau spike (S), selubung atau envelope (E), membran (M), dan nukleoprotein (N)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A number of lineage-specific accessory proteins are also encoded by different lineages of CoVs.", "id": "Sejumlah protein pelengkap yang spesifik untuk garis keturunan tertentu juga disandikan oleh berbagai garis keturunan CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Based on the difference in protein sequences, CoVs are classified into four genera (alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV and delta-CoV), among which the beta-CoV genera contains most HCoVs and is subdivided into four lineages (A, B, C and D).", "id": "Berdasarkan perbedaan pada sekuens protein, CoV diklasifikasi menjadi empat genus (alfa-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV, dan delta-CoV); di antara keempat genus tersebut, genus beta-CoV memiliki paling banyak HCoV dan dibagi lagi menjadi empat garis keturunan (A, B, C, dan D)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phylogenetic evidence has shown that bats and rodents serve as the gene source of most alpha-CoVs and beta-CoVs, while birds are the main reservoir of gamma-CoVs and delta-CoVs.", "id": "Bukti filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa kelelawar dan hewan pengerat merupakan sumber gen sebagian besar alfa-CoV dan beta-CoV, sementara unggas merupakan reservoir utama gamma-CoV dan delta-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For thousands of years, CoVs have constantly crossed species barriers and some have emerged as important human pathogens.", "id": "Selama ribuan tahun, CoV terus menerus melintasi penghalang spesies dan beberapa CoV telah menjadi patogen penting pada manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To date, seven human CoVs (HCoVs) are known.", "id": "Sampai saat ini, ada tujuh CoV manusia (HCoV) yang diketahui."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Among them HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 are alpha-CoVs.", "id": "Di antara ketujuh virus tersebut, HCoV-229E dan HCoV-NL63 adalah alfa-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The other five beta-CoVs include HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Lima beta-CoV lainnya meliputi HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, virus korona sindrom pernapasan akut berat (SARS-CoV), virus korona sindrom pernapasan Timur Tengah (MERS-CoV), dan SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63 usually cause mild symptoms, like common cold and/or diarrhea.", "id": "HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, dan HCoV-NL63 biasanya menyebabkan gejala ringan, seperti pilek dan/atau diare."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In contrast, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the newly-identified SARS-CoV-2 are highly pathogenic, causing severe lower respiratory tract infection in relatively more patients with a higher chance to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and extrapulmonary manifestations.", "id": "Sebaliknya, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, dan SARS-CoV-2 bersifat sangat patogenik, menyebabkan infeksi saluran napas bawah berat pada relatif lebih banyak pasien dan memiliki peluang lebih tinggi untuk berkembang menjadi sindrom gangguan pernapas akut (ARDS) dan manifestasi di luar organ paru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The first HCoV-229E strain, B814, was isolated from the nasal discharge of patients with common cold in mid-1960s.", "id": "Strain HCoV-229E pertama, B814, diisolasi dari ingus pasien yang selesma pada pertengahan 1960-an."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since then, more knowledge was accumulated through extensive studies on HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, both of which cause self-limiting symptoms.", "id": "Sejak itu, semakin banyak pengetahuan dikumpulkan melalui studi mendalam terhadap HCoV-229E dan HCoV-OC43, yang keduanya menyebabkan gejala yang sembuh sendiri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Indeed, the concept had been widely accepted that infection with HCoVs is generally harmless until the outbreak of SARS.", "id": "Bahkan, konsep ini telah diterima secara luas bahwa infeksi HCoV umumnya tidak berbahaya, sampai wabah SARS terjadi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The SARS outbreak occurred in 2003 is one of the most devastating in current history, infecting over 8,000 people with a crude case fatality of approximately 10%.", "id": "Wabah SARS yang terjadi pada tahun 2003 adalah salah satu wabah paling merusak dalam sejarah saat ini, yang menginfeksi lebih dari 8.000 orang dengan angka kematian kasar sekitar 10%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ten years later, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak resulted in a persistent epidemic in the Arabian Peninsula with sporadic spreading to the rest of the world.", "id": "Sepuluh tahun kemudian, wabah sindrom pernapasan Timur Tengah (MERS) mengakibatkan epidemi berkelanjutan di Semenanjung Arab dengan penyebaran sporadik ke berbagai belahan dunia lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The 2019 novel HCoV (2019-nCoV), which has subsequently been renamed SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has claimed more than 3,120 lives and infected more than 91,000 people as of March 3, 2020.", "id": "HCoV baru 2019 (2019-nCoV), yang selanjutnya disebut SARS-CoV-2, adalah agen kausatif epidemi penyakit virus korona 2019 (COVID-19), yang telah merenggut nyawa lebih dari 3.120 orang dan menginfeksi lebih dari 91.000 orang sampai dengan 3 Maret 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The alarm has been ringing and the world has to prepare for the coming pandemic of SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Alarm sudah berbunyi dan dunia harus mempersiapkan diri untuk pandemi SARS-CoV-2 yang akan datang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All seven HCoVs have a zoonotic origin from bats, mice or domestic animals.", "id": "Tujuh HCoV tersebut semua memiliki asal zoonotik dari kelelawar, tikus, atau hewan peliharaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Multiple lines of evidence support an evolutionary origin of all HCoVs from bats, where viruses are well adapted and non-pathogenic but show great genetic diversity.", "id": "Banyak bukti mendukung asal evolusi semua HCoV dari kelelawar. Di kelelawar, CoV berdaptasi dengan baik dan bersifat nonpatogenik, tetapi menunjukkan keragaman genetik yang besar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The COVID-19 epidemic has presented enormous medical, scientific, social and moral challenges to China and the world.", "id": "Epidemi COVID-19 telah menimbulkan tantangan medis, ilmiah, sosial, dan moral yang luar biasa besar bagi Tiongkok dan seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Tracing the zoonotic origins of HCoVs provides a framework to understand the natural history, driving force and restriction factors of species jumping.", "id": "Pelacakan asal zoonotik HCoV memberi kerangka kerja untuk memahami riwayat alami, daya penggerak, dan faktor pembatasan terjadinya perpindahan antar spesies."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This might also guide or facilitate the search for the reservoir, intermediate and amplifying animal host(s) of SARS-CoV-2, with important implications in the prevention of future spillovers.", "id": "Studi ini juga dapat memandu atau memfasilitasi pencarian inang hewan reservoir, perantara, dan pengamplifikasi SARS-CoV-2, yang memiliki implikasi penting dalam pencegahan penyebaran di masa mendatang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In this review we present an overview of the zoonotic origins, interspecies transmission and pathogenesis of HCoVs.", "id": "Dalam tinjauan ini, kami memberikan gambaran umum asal zoonotik, transmisi antarspesies, dan patogenesis HCoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Particularly, we highlight and discuss the common theme that parental viruses of HCoVs are typically non-pathogenic in their natural reservoir hosts but become pathogenic after interspecies transmission to a new host.", "id": "Kami secara khusus menyoroti dan membahas topik umum bahwa virus induk HCoV biasanya bersifat nonpatogenik di reservoir alaminya, tetapi menjadi patogenik setelah transmisi antarspesies ke inang baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We also review the trend of HCoV evolution in which the increase in transmissibility often comes with the decrease in pathogenicity.", "id": "Kami juga mengulas tren evolusi HCoV bahwa peningkatan kemampuan transmisi sering kali disertai dengan penurunan patogenisitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The outcome of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is also discussed in this context.", "id": "Hasil akhir epidemi SARS-CoV-2 juga dibahas dalam konteks ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Animal CoVs have been known since late 1930s.", "id": "CoV hewan telah dikenal sejak akhir 1930-an."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Before the first isolation of HCoV-229E strain B814 from the nasal discharge of patients who had contracted common cold, different CoVs had been isolated in various infected animals, including turkey, mouse, cow, pig, cat and dog.", "id": "Sebelum isolasi HCoV-229E strain B814 pertama dari ingus pasien yang terkena selesma, berbagai CoV telah diisolasi dari berbagai hewan yang terinfeksi, yang mencakup kalkun, tikus, sapi, babi, kucing, dan anjing."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the past decades, seven HCoVs have been identified.", "id": "Dalam beberapa dasawarsa terakhir, tujuh HCoV telah diidentifikasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A brief summary of the history of HCoV discovery in chronological order (Table ​1) would be informative and instructive.", "id": "Rangkuman singkat sejarah penemuan HCoV dalam urutan kronologis (Tabel 1) merupakan petunjuk yang informatif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The first HCoV-229E strain was isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with upper respiratory tract infection in the year of 1966, and was subsequently adapted to grow in WI-38 lung cell lines.", "id": "Strain HCoV-229E pertama diisolasi dari saluran napas pasien yang mengalami infeksi saluran napas atas pada tahun 1966, yang selanjutnya diadaptasi untuk ditumbuhkan di lini sel paru WI-38."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Patients infected with HCoV-229E presented with common cold symptoms, including headache, sneezing, malaise and sore-throat, with fever and cough seen in 10~20% cases.", "id": "Pasien yang terinfeksi HCoV-229E menunjukkan gejala selesma, yang mencakup sakit kepala, bersin, lesu, dan sakit tenggorokan, disertai demam dan batuk yang terlihat pada 10~20% kasus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Later in 1967, HCoV-OC43 was isolated from organ culture and subsequent serial passage in brains of suckling mice.", "id": "Selanjutnya pada tahun 1967, HCoV-OC43 diisolasi dari kultur organ dan jalur seri berurutan di otak mencit yang masih menyusu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The clinical features of HCoV-OC43 infection appear to be similar to those caused by HCoV-229E, which are symptomatically indistinguishable from infection with other respiratory tract pathogens such as influenza A viruses and rhinoviruses.", "id": "Gambaran klinis infeksi HCoV-OC43 tampaknya mirip dengan infeksi yang disebabkan oleh HCoV-229E, yang secara simtomatis tidak dapat dibedakan dengan infeksi patogen saluran pernapasan lain seperti virus influenza A dan rhinovirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Both HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are distributed globally, and they tend to be predominantly transmitted during the season of winter in temperate climate.", "id": "HCoV-229E dan HCoV-OC43 tersebar ke seluruh dunia dan cenderung paling banyak ditransmisikan selama musim dingin di daerah beriklim sedang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Generally, the incubation time of these two viruses is less than one week, followed by an approximately 2-week illness.", "id": "Biasanya, waktu inkubasi dua virus ini kurang dari satu minggu dan diikuti dengan masa sakit selama sekitar 2 minggu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to a human volunteer study, healthy individuals infected with HCoV-229E developed mild common cold.", "id": "Berdasarkan sebuah studi sukarelawan manusia, orang sehat yang terinfeksi HCoV-229E mengalami selesma ringan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Only a few immunocompromised patients exhibited severe lower respiratory tract infection.", "id": "Hanya sedikit pasien dengan sistim kekebalan tubuh yang melemah yang menunjukkan infeksi saluran napas bawah berat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS, also known as “atypical pneumonia”, was the first well documented HCoV-caused pandemic in human history and the etiological agent is SARS-CoV, the third HCoV discovered.", "id": "SARS, yang dikenal juga sebagai \"pneumonia atipis\", merupakan pandemi akibat HCoV pertama yang didokumentasikan dengan baik dalam sejarah manusia dan agen etiologisnya adalah SARS-CoV, yang merupakan HCoV ketiga yang ditemukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The first case of SARS can be traced back to late 2002 in Guangdong Province of China.", "id": "Kasus pertama SARS dapat ditelusuri kembali ke akhir tahun 2002 di Provinsi Guangdong, Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The SARS epidemic resulted in 8,096 reported cases with 774 deaths, spreading across many countries and continents.", "id": "Epidemi SARS mengakibatkan 8.096 kasus dilaporkan dengan 774 kematian, yang tersebar di banyak negara dan benua."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Apart from the super-spreaders, it was estimated that each case could give rise to approximately two secondary cases, with an incubation period of 4 to 7 days and the peak of viral load appearing on the 10th day of illness.", "id": "Terlepas dari penular super, setiap kasus diperkirakan dapat menyebabkan sekitar dua kasus sekunder, dengan masa inkubasi 4 hingga 7 hari dan puncak beban virus terlihat pada hari ke-10 penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Patients infected with SARS-CoV initially present with myalgia, headache, fever, malaise and chills, followed by dyspnea, cough and respiratory distress as late symptoms.", "id": "Pasien yang terinfeksi SARS-CoV awalnya mengalami mialgia, sakit kepala, demam, lesu, dan menggigil, yang diikuti dengan dispnea, batuk, dan gangguan napas sebagai gejala tingkat lanjut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Lymphopenia, deranged liver function tests, and elevated creatine kinase are common laboratory abnormalities of SARS.", "id": "Limfopenia, uji fungsi hati yang tidak normal, dan peningkatan kreatin kinase merupakan kelainan laboratorium yang lazim pada SARS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Diffuse alveolar damage, epithelial cell proliferation and an increase of macrophages are also observed in SARS patients.", "id": "Kerusakan difusi alveolar, proliferasi sel epitel, dan peningkatan makrofag juga teramati pada pasien SARS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Approximately 20-30% of patients subsequently require intensive care and mechanical ventilation.", "id": "Selanjutnya, sekitar 20-30% pasien memerlukan perawatan intensif dan ventilasi mekanis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition to lower respiratory tract, multiple organs including gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney can also be infected in these severe cases, usually accompanied with a cytokine storm, which might be lethal particularly in immunocompromised patients.", "id": "Selain saluran pernapasan bawah, beberapa organ yang mencakup saluran gastrointestinal, hati, dan ginjal juga dapat terinfeksi dalam kasus berat, biasanya disertai dengan badai sitokin, yang bisa mematikan, khususnya pada pasien yang kekebalannya lemah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The virus was first isolated from the open lung biopsy of a relative of the index patient who travelled to Hong Kong from Guangzhou.", "id": "Virus pertama kali diisolasi dari biopsi paru terbuka kerabat pasien nol yang melakukan perjalanan ke Hong Kong dari Guangzhou."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since then, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to HCoV research.", "id": "Sejak itu, upaya sangat besar didedikasikan untuk penelitian HCoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "HCoV-NL63 was isolated from a 7-month-old child from the Netherlands during late 2004.", "id": "HCoV-NL63 diisolasi dari anak berusia 7 bulan dari Belanda pada akhir tahun 2004."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It was initially found to be prevalent in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients with respiratory illnesses.", "id": "Virus ini awalnya sangat lazim pada anak kecil, lansia, dan pasien yang kekebalannya lemah yang menderita penyakit pernapasan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Presentation of coryza, conjunctivitis, fever, and bronchiolitis is common in the disease caused by HCoV-NL63.", "id": "Gambaran koriza, konjungtivitis, demam, dan bronkiolitis lazim dijumpai pada penyakit yang disebabkan oleh HCoV-NL63."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Another independent study described the isolation of the same virus from a nasal specimen from an 8-month-old boy suffering from pneumonia in the Netherlands.", "id": "Studi independen lain menjelaskan isolasi virus yang sama dari spesimen nasal anak laki-laki berusia 8 bulan yang menderita pneumonia di Belanda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although it was identified in Netherlands, it is actually distributed globally.", "id": "Walaupun diidentifikasi di Belanda, virus ini sebenarnya tersebar di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It has been estimated that HCoV-NL63 accounts for approximately 4.7% of common respiratory diseases, and its peak incidence occurs during early summer, spring and winter.", "id": "Diperkirakan bahwa HCoV-NL63 mewakili sekitar 4,7% penyakit pernapasan umum dan puncak kejadiannya terjadi pada awal musim panas, musim semi, dan musim dingin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "HCoV-NL63 is associated with obstructive laryngitis, also known as croup.", "id": "HCoV-NL63 dikaitkan dengan laringitis obstruktif, yang disebut juga krup."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the same year, HCoV-HKU1 was isolated from a 71-year-old man who had been hospitalized with pneumonia and bronchiolitis in Hong Kong.", "id": "Di tahun yang sama, HCoV-HKU1 diisolasi dari pria berusia 71 tahun yang pernah dirawat inap karena pneumonia dan bronkiolitis di Hong Kong."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Besides community-acquired pneumonia and bronchiolitis, HCoV-HKU1 was reported to be associated with acute asthmatic exacerbation.", "id": "Selain pneumonia dan bronkiolitis komunitas, HCoV-HKU1 dilaporkan berkaitan dengan eksaserbasi asma akut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Similar to HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 was found worldwide, causing mild respiratory diseases.", "id": "Serupa dengan HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, dan HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 ditemukan di seluruh dunia, menyebabkan penyakit pernapasan ringan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All these four community-acquired HCoVs have been well adapted to humans and are generally less likely to mutate to cause highly pathogenic diseases, though accidents did occur for unknown reasons as in the rare case of a more virulent subtype of HCoV-NL63, which has recently been reported to cause severe lower respiratory tract infection in China.", "id": "Empat HCoV komunitas ini seluruhnya telah beradaptasi dengan manusia dan umumnya memiliki kemungkinan kecil bermutasi menjadi penyakit sangat patogen. Meski demikian, kasus luar biasa memang terjadi karena alasan yang tidak diketahui, seperti dalam kasus subtipe HCoV-NL63 lebih virulen yang baru-baru ini dilaporkan menyebabkan infeksi saluran napas bawah berat di Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Generally, when these HCoVs acquire the abilities to transmit efficiently and to maintain themselves continuously within humans, they also become less virulent or pathogenic.", "id": "Umumnya, ketika mendapat kemampuan untuk berpindah secara efisien dan terus mempertahankan diri di dalam manusia, virulensi dan patogenitas HCoV ini juga berkurang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "MERS-CoV was first isolated in 2012 from the lung of a 60-year-old patient who developed acute pneumonia and renal failure in Saudi Arabia.", "id": "MERS-CoV pertama kali diisolasi pada tahun 2012 dari paru pasien berusia 60 tahun yang mengalami pneumonia akut dan gagal ginjal di Arab Saudi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Whereas most of the laboratory-confirmed cases originate from the Middle East, imported cases with occasional secondary spreads to close contacts have been reported in various European countries and Tunisia.", "id": "Walaupun kebanyakan kasus terkonfirmasi laboratorium berasal dari Timur Tengah, kasus impor dengan sesekali penyebaran sekunder kepada kontak erat telah dilaporkan di berbagai negara Eropa dan Tunisia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Another secondary outbreak occurred in South Korea in 2015 with 186 confirmed cases.", "id": "Wabah sekunder lainnya terjadi di Korea Selatan pada tahun 2015 dengan 186 kasus terkonfirmasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Clinical manifestations of MERS resemble those of SARS, characterized by progressive acute pneumonia.", "id": "Manifestasi klinis MERS mirip dengan manifestasi klinis SARS, yang dicirikan dengan pneumonia akut progresif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Unlike SARS, many patients with MERS also developed acute renal failure, which is thus far unique for MERS among HCoV-caused diseases.", "id": "Tidak seperti SARS, banyak pasien MERS juga mengalami gagal ginjal akut, yang sejauh ini hanya terjadi pada MERS di antara penyakit yang disebabkan HCoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "More than 30% of patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and vomiting.", "id": "Lebih dari 30% pasien memperlihatkan gejala gastrointestinal, seperti diare dan muntah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of February 14, 2020, over 2500 laboratory confirmed cases were reported with a high case fatality of 34.4%, making MERS-CoV one of the most devastating viruses known to humans.", "id": "Hingga 14 Februari 2020, lebih dari 2500 kasus terkonfirmasi laboratorium dilaporkan dengan kematian kasus yang tinggi, yaitu sebesar 34,4%, membuat MERS-CoV menjadi salah satu virus paling menakutkan yang dikenal oleh manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "During middle to late December 2019, clusters of pneumonia patients retrospectively known to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.", "id": "Pada pertengahan hingga akhir Desember 2019, klaster pasien pneumonia yang secara retrospektif dikaitkan dengan infeksi SARS-CoV-2 ditemukan di Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei, Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "World Health Organization declared the ongoing outbreak of lower respiratory tract infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and also named the disease COVID-19.", "id": "Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menyatakan bahwa wabah infeksi saluran napas bawah yang sedang berlangsung dan disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV-2 sebagai Darurat Kesehatan Global serta menamai penyakit tersebut COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 3, 2020, 90,053 cases have been confirmed worldwide, with a crude case fatality of 3.4%.", "id": "Hingga 3 Maret 2020, 90.053 kasus telah dikonfirmasi di seluruh dunia, dengan angka kematian kasus kasar sebesar 3,4%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Notably, the case fatality in Hubei, China is 4.2%, whereas the one outside of it is 1.2%.", "id": "Perlu dicatat, kematian kasus di Hubei, Tiongkok, sebesar 4,2%, sementara kematian kasus di luar Hubei sebesar 1,2%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory infection like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, presented as fever, cough and dyspnea.", "id": "SARS-CoV-2 menyebabkan infeksi pernapasan berat seperti SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV dengan gambaran demam, batuk, dan sesak napas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Diarrhea is also seen in some patients.", "id": "Diare juga dijumpai pada sejumlah pasien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Pneumonia is one of the most severe symptoms and can progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "id": "Pneumonia adalah salah satu gejala paling berat dan dapat berkembang cepat menjadi sindrom gangguan napas akut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are very similar due to high nucleotide sequence homology of 82%, they cluster into different branches in the phylogenetic tree.", "id": "Walaupun SARS-CoV dan SARS-CoV-2 sangat mirip karena homologi urutan nukleotida yang tinggi, sebesar 82%, keduanya mengelompok ke dalam cabang pohon filogenetik yang berbeda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 is apparently less pathogenic but more transmissible compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.", "id": "Patogonisitas SARS-CoV-2 jelas lebih rendah, tetapi lebih menular dibandingkan dengan SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Asymptomatic subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported and might contribute to its rapid spreading around the world.", "id": "Subjek terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2 tanpa gejala telah dilaporkan dan mungkin berperan dalam penyebaran SARS-CoV-2 yang cepat di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Comparing and contrasting SARS-CoV-2 with the other six HCoVs reveal similarities and differences of great interest.", "id": "Membandingkan dan membedakan SARS-CoV-2 dengan enam HCoV lain menunjukkan persamaan dan perbedaan yang sangat menarik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "First, the incubation period and the duration of the course of HCoV disease are very similar.", "id": "Pertama, masa inkubasi dan durasi perjalanan penyakit HCoV sangat mirip."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In this regard, SARS-CoV-2 follows the general trend of the other six HCoVs.", "id": "Dalam hal ini, SARS-CoV-2 mengikuti tren umum enam HCoV lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Second, the severity of symptoms of COVID-19 lies between SARS-CoV and the four community-acquired HCoVs (i.e. HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63).", "id": "Kedua, keparahan COVID-19 terletak di antara SARS-CoV dan empat HCoV komunitas yang lain (yakni HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, dan HCoV-NL63)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On one hand, SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibits features that are more commonly seen during infection with community-acquired HCoVs, including the presentation of non-specific, mild or even no symptoms.", "id": "Di satu sisi, infeksi SARS-CoV-2 memperlihatkan gambaran yang lebih umum terlihat pada infeksi HCoV Komunitas, yang mencakup gambaran gejala nonspesifik ringan atau bahkan tanpa gejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the other hand, a small subset of severe cases of COVID-19 can also be seen as in the case of SARS-CoV infection, although the ratio is a bit lower.", "id": "Di sisi lain, sebagian kecil kasus COVID-19 yang parah dapat terlihat seperti infeksi SARS-CoV walaupun dengan rasio yang sedikit lebih rendah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Third, the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 also shows interesting patterns characteristic of both community-acquired HCoVs and SARS-CoV.", "id": "Ketiga, transmisi SARS-CoV-2 juga memperlihatkan karakteristik pola yang menarik, memiliki kemiripan dengan HCoV komunitas maupun SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On one hand, the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is at least as high as that of community-acquired HCoVs.", "id": "Di satu sisi, kemampuan transmisi SARS-CoV-2 setidaknya sama tinggi dengan HCoV komunitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the other hand, it remains to be verified whether the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 decreases after passages in humans as in the cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.", "id": "Di sisi lain, menurun tidaknya kemampuan transmisi SARS-CoV-2 setelah beberapa jalur pada manusia masih perlu diverifikasi, sebagaimana kasus SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Finally, same as the other HCoVs, SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in fecal samples.", "id": "Terakhir, sama seperti HCoV lainnya, SARS-CoV-2 dapat dideteksi dari sampel feses."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Whether fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 plays an important role as in the case of SARS-CoV at least under some circumstance remains to be clarified by future studies.", "id": "\"Apakah transmisi SARS-CoV-2 fekal-oral berperan penting, seperti dalam kasus transmisi SARS-CoV, setidaknya pada situasi tertentu, hal itu masih harus diklarifikasi oleh studi selanjutnya.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is also of particularly great interest to see whether SARS-CoV-2 might exhibit seasonality as in the cases of community-acquired HCoVs.", "id": "Hal yang juga sangat penting untuk diketahui adalah apakah SARS-CoV-2 bersifat musiman seperti pada kasus HCoV komunitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Nevertheless, the features of SARS-CoV-2 including its transmissibility, pathogenicity and sustainable spreading after passages in humans will be influential on the ultimate fate of the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19.", "id": "Bagaimana pun, gambaran SARS-CoV-2, yang mencakup kemampuan transmisi, patogenisitas, dan penyebaran berkelanjutan dalam beberapa jalur pada manusia, akan sangat berpengaruh pada nasib akhir wabah COVID-19 yang sedang berlangsung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All four community-acquired HCoVs causing mild symptoms have been well adapted to humans.", "id": "Empat HCoV komunitas yang menyebabkan gejala ringan semua telah beradaptasi dengan manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "From another perspective, it might also be true that humans have been well adapted to these four HCoVs.", "id": "Dilihat dari sudut pandang lain, dapat dikatakan manusia telah beradaptasi dengan empat HCoV ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In other words, both could be the survivors of ancient HCoV pandemics.", "id": "Dengan kata lain, baik HCoV maupun manusia mungkin adalah spesies penyintas pandemi HCoV zaman purba."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "HCoVs that cause severe diseases in humans and humans who developed severe HCoV diseases have been eliminated.", "id": "HCoV yang menyebabkan penyakit berat pada manusia dan manusia yang mengalami sakit HCoV berat telah musnah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For this to happen, HCoVs have to replicate in humans to sufficient extent to allow the accumulation of adaptive mutations that counteract host restriction factors.", "id": "Agar hal ini terjadi, HCoV harus bereplikasi dalam manusia dalam jumlah yang memadai untuk memungkinkan akumulasi mutasi adaptif guna melawan faktor pembatasan inang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In this sense, the longer the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak persists and the more people that it infects, the greater chance that it will fully adapt to humans.", "id": "Dengan demikian, semakin lama wabah SARS-CoV-2 bertahan dan semakin banyak orang terinfeksi, semakin besar kemungkinan virus ini beradaptasi penuh dengan manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If it adapts well, its transmission in humans would be difficult to stop by quarantine or other infection control measures.", "id": "Jika virus beradaptasi dengan baik, transmisinya pada manusia akan sulit dihentikan dengan karantina atau langkah pengendalian infeksi lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For many years, the four community-acquired CoVs circulate in human populations, triggering common cold in immunocompetent subjects.", "id": "Selama bertahun-tahun, empat CoV komunitas beredar di populasi manusia dan memicu selesma pada orang yang imunokompetensi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These viruses do not need an animal reservoir.", "id": "Virus ini tidak memerlukan reservoir hewan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In contrast, highly pathogenic SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have not adapted to humans well and their transmission within humans cannot be sustained.", "id": "Sebaliknya, SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV yang sangat patogenik belum beradaptasi dengan manusia dan transmisinya dalam manusia tidak bisa dipertahankan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They need to maintain and propagate in their zoonotic reservoirs and seek the chance to spillover to susceptible human targets, possibly via one or more intermediate and amplifying hosts.", "id": "Keduanya harus mempertahankan diri dan melakukan pembiakan dalam reservoir zoonotik serta mencari peluang untuk menyebar ke target manusia yang rentan, kemungkinan melalui satu atau beberapa inang perantara dan pengamplifikasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 has features that are similar to both SARS-CoV/MERS-CoV and the four community-acquired HCoVs.", "id": "SARS-CoV-2 memiliki gambaran yang mirip dengan SARS-CoV/MERS-CoV dan empat HCoV komunitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is highly transmissible like community-acquired HCoVs, at least for the time being.", "id": "SARS-CoV-2 sangat mudah ditransmisikan seperti HCoV komunitas, setidaknya sekarang ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, it is more pathogenic than community-acquired HCoVs and less pathogenic than SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV.", "id": "Namun, SARS-CoV-2 lebih patogenik dibanding HCoV komunitas dan tidak sepatogenik SARS-CoV atau MERS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It remains to be seen whether it will adapt fully to humans and circulate within humans without a reservoir or intermediate animal host.", "id": "Masih harus diamati apakah SARS-CoV-2 akan beradaptasi penuh dengan manusia dan bersirkulasi dalam manusia tanpa inang hewan reservoir atau perantara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Before discussing the animal origins of HCoVs, it will serve us well to discuss the definitions and characteristics of evolutionary, natural, reservoir, intermediate and amplifying hosts of HCoVs.", "id": "Sebelum membahas asal hewan HCoV, kita perlu membahas definisi dan karakteristik inang evolusioner, alami, reservoir, perantara, dan pengamplifikasi HCoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "An animal serves as the evolutionary host of an HCoV if it harbours a closely related ancestor sharing high homology at the level of nucleotide sequence.", "id": "Hewan bertindak sebagai inang evolusioner HCoV jika memiliki leluhur yang berkerabat dekat dan berbagi homologi yang tinggi di tingkat sekuens nukleotida."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The ancestral virus is usually well adapted and non-pathogenic in this host.", "id": "Virus leluhur biasanya beradaptasi dengan baik dan bersifat nonpatogenik dalam inang ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Likewise, a reservoir host harbours HCoV continuously and for long term.", "id": "Begitu pula, inang reservoir membawa HCoV secara berkelanjutan dan dalam kurun waktu lama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In both cases, the hosts are naturally infected and are the natural hosts of HCoV or its parental virus.", "id": "Dalam dua kasus tersebut, inang terinfeksi secara alami dan merupakan inang alami untuk HCoV atau virus induk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In contrast, if the HCoV is newly introduced to an intermediate host right before or around its introduction to humans, it is not well adapted to the new host and is often pathogenic.", "id": "Sebaliknya, jika HCoV baru masuk ke inang perantara tepat sebelum atau sekitar waktu virus masuk ke manusia, virus belum beradaptasi dengan inang baru dan sering kali bersifat patogenik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This intermediate host can serve as the zoonotic source of human infection and play the role of an amplifying host by allowing the virus to replicate transiently and then transmitting it to humans to amplify the scale of human infection.", "id": "Inang perantara ini dapat berfungsi sebagai sumber zoonotik infeksi manusia dan berperan sebagai inang pengamplifikasi dengan memungkinkan virus untuk bereplikasi secara sementara, lalu mentransmisikannya kepada manusia untuk mengamplifikasi skala infeksi manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "An HCoV can undergo a dead-end infection if it cannot sustain its transmission within the intermediate host.", "id": "HCoV dapat mengalami infeksi buntu jika tidak dapat mempertahankan transmisinya dalam inang perantara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the contrary, HCoVs can also adapt to the intermediate host and even establish long-term endemicity.", "id": "Sebaliknya, HCoV juga dapat beradaptasi dengan inang perantara dan bahkan menyebabkan endemisitas jangka panjang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In this case, the intermediate host becomes a natural reservoir host.", "id": "Dalam hal ini, inang perantara menjadi inang reservoir alami."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Epidemiological data revealed retrospectively that the index case of SARS had a contact history with game animals.", "id": "Data epidemiologis mengungkapkan secara retrospektif bahwa kasus nol SARS memiliki riwayat kontak dengan hewan buruan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Subsequent seroprevalence investigations indicated that animal traders had a higher prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV IgG compared with that of the general population.", "id": "Penelitian seroprevalensi selanjutnya mengindikasikan bahwa penjual hewan tersebut memiliki prevalensi IgG anti-SARS-CoV yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan populasi umum."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) and a racoon dog in live animal markets were first identified to carry SARS-CoV-like viruses that are almost identical to SARS-CoV.", "id": "Musang bulan (Paguma larvata) dan anjing rakun di pasar hewan hidup adalah yang pertama kali diidentifikasi membawa virus mirip-SARS-CoV yang hampir identik dengan SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This was indirectly supported by the fact that no further SARS was reported after killing all civets in the markets.", "id": "Secara tidak langsung, hal ini didukung oleh fakta bahwa tidak ada lagi kasus SARS dilaporkan sejak semua musang di pasar itu dibunuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, it has been reported that masked palm civets from the wild or farms without exposure to the live animal markets were largely negative for SARS-CoV, suggesting that masked palm civets might only serve as the intermediate amplifying host but not the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV.", "id": "Kendati demikian, dilaporkan bahwa musang bulan dari alam liar atau peternakan yang tidak terpapar ke pasar hewan hidup tersebut sebagian besar memberi hasil uji negatif untuk SARS-CoV. Hal ini mengisyaratkan bahwa musang bulan mungkin hanya bertindak sebagai inang pengamplifikasi perantara, tetapi bukan resorvoir alami SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Notably, since 80% of the different animals in the markets in Guangzhou have anti-SARS-CoV antibodies, the possibilities that multiple species of small mammals might also serve as intermediate amplifying hosts of SARS-CoV cannot be excluded.", "id": "Perlu dicatat, karena 80% dari berbagai hewan di pasar Guangzhou memiliki antibodi anti-SARS-CoV, tidak dapat dikesampingkan bahwa mungkin banyak spesies mamalia kecil juga berfungsi sebagai inang pengamplifikasi perantara SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All of these appear to be dead-end hosts of SARS-CoV.", "id": "Semua inang ini tampaknya merupakan inang akhir SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Subsequent search for the natural animal host of SARS-CoV unveiled a closely related bat CoV, termed SARS-related Rhinolophus bat CoV HKU3 (SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3), which exists in Chinese horseshoe bats.", "id": "Pencarian inang hewan alami untuk SARS-CoV selanjutnya mengungkapkan CoV kelelawar yang berkerabat dekat, yang disebut CoV kelelawar Rhinolopus kerabat-SARS HKU3 (SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3), yang terdapat di kelelawar tapal kuda Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These bats are positive for anti-SARS-CoV antibodies and genome sequence of SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3.", "id": "Kelelawar ini memberi hasil uji positif untuk antibodi anti-SARS-CoV dan sekuens genom SARSr-Rh-BatCoV HKU3."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This and other bat CoVs share 88-92% nucleotide sequence homology with SARS-CoV.", "id": "CoV ini dan CoV kelelawar lainnya berbagi homologi sekuens nukleotida 88-92% dengan SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These studies have laid the foundation for the new concept that bats host emerging human pathogens.", "id": "Studi ini menjadi fondasi untuk konsep baru bahwa kelelawar adalah inang untuk patogen manusia yang baru muncul."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several SARS-like CoVs (SL-CoVs) have also been identified from bats, but none except for one designated WIV1 can be isolated as live virus.", "id": "Beberapa CoV mirip-SARS (SL-CoV) juga diidentifikasi dari kelelawar, tetapi hanya satu, yang diberi nama WIV1, dapat diisolasi sebagai virus hidup."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is known to be the receptor of SARS-CoV.", "id": "Enzim pengubah angiotensin 2 (ACE2) diketahui merupakan reseptor SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "WIV1 derived from fecal sample of bats was demonstrated to use bat, civet and human ACE2 as receptor for cell entry.", "id": "WIV1 yang berasal dari sampel feses kelelawar diperlihatkan menggunakan ACE2 kelelawar, musang, dan manusia sebagai reseptor untuk masuk ke dalam sel."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Intriguingly, sera of convalescent SARS patients were capable of neutralizing WIV1.", "id": "Hal yang menarik, serum pasien SARS konvalesen dapat menetralkan WIV1."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus far, WIV1 represents the most closely related ancestor of SARS-CoV in bats, sharing 95% nucleotide sequence homology.", "id": "Sejauh ini, WIV1 mewakili leluhur yang berkerabat paling dekat dengan SARS-CoV di kelelawar, dengan homologi sekuens nukleotida sebesar 95%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Albeit the high homology between these two viruses, it is generally believed that WIV1 is not the immediate parental virus of SARS-CoV and bats are not the immediate reservoir host of SARS-CoV.", "id": "Terlepas dari tingginya homologi antara dua virus ini, umumnya dipercaya bahwa WIV1 bukan virus induk langsung SARS-CoV dan kelelawar bukan inang reservoir langsung SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phylogenetic analysis clusters MERS-CoV to the same group as bat CoV-HKU4 and bat CoV-HKU5.", "id": "Analisis filogenetik mengelompokkan MERS-CoV ke dalam kelompok yang sama dengan CoV-HKU4 kelelawar dan CoV-HKU5 kelelawar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Bat CoV-HKU4 and MERS-CoV utilize the same host receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), for virus entry.", "id": "CoV-HKU4 kelelawar dan MERS-CoV menggunakan reseptor inang yang sama, yakni dipeptidil peptidase 4 (DPP4), sebagai jalan masuk virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequences of MERS-CoV are phylogenetically closer to counterparts in bat beta-CoVs identified from Europe and Africa.", "id": "Sekuens RNA polimerase tergantung-RNA MERS-CoV secara filogenetis lebih dekat dengan padanannya di beta-CoV kelelawar yang diidentifikasi dari Eropa dan Afrika."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Up to now, no live MERS-CoV can be found in wild bats.", "id": "Hingga saat ini, belum ada MERS-CoV hidup ditemukan dalam kelelawar liar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "MERS-CoV and its closest relative bat CoV-HKU25 share only 87% nucleotide sequence homology.", "id": "MERS-CoV dan kerabat terdekatnya CoV-HKU25 kelelawar hanya berbagi 87% homologi sekuens nukleotida."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, bats might not be the immediate reservoir host of MERS-CoV.", "id": "Karena itu, kelelawar mungkin bukan inang reservoir langsung MERS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the other hand, studies in Middle East have shown that dromedary camels are seropositive for MERS-CoV-specific neutralizing antibodies, same as camels of Middle East origin in multiple African countries.", "id": "Di sisi lain, studi di Timur Tengah menunjukkan bahwa unta Arab memberi hasil seropositif untuk antibodi spesifik yang menetralkan MERS-CoV, sama seperti unta asal Timur Tengah di beberapa negara Afrika."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Live MERS-CoV identical to the virus found in humans was isolated from the nasal swabs of dromedary camels, further indicating that camels serve as the bona fide reservoir host of MERS-CoV.", "id": "MERS-CoV hidup yang identik dengan virus yang ditemukan di manusia diisolasi dari usap nasal unta Arab. Hal ini mengindikasikan lebih lanjut bahwa unta adalah inang reservoir yang sebenarnya untuk MERS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is also noteworthy that generally mild symptoms but massive virus shedding were observed in camels experimentally infected with MERS-CoV.", "id": "Hal yang juga penting diperhatikan bahwa peluruhan virus masif dengan gejala yang biasanya ringan teramati pada unta percobaan yang diinfeksi dengan MERS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Notably, infected camels shed viruses not only through respiratory route but also through fecal-oral route, which is also the main route for virus shedding from bats.", "id": "Perlu dicatat, unta yang terinfeksi meluruhkan virus bukan hanya melalui rute pernapasan, tetapi juga melalui rute fekal-oral, yang juga merupakan rute utama peluruhan virus dari kelelawar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, questions still remain since many confirmed cases of MERS have no contact history with camels prior to symptom onset, plausibly ascribed to human-to-human transmission or unknown transmission routes involving unrecognized animal species that harbour MERS-CoV.", "id": "Meski demikian, pertanyaan masih belum terjawab sebab banyak kasus MERS terkonfirmasi tidak memiliki riwayat kontak dengan unta sebelum awitan gejala, kemungkinan akibat transmisi manusia-ke-manusia atau rute transmisi tidak diketahui yang melibatkan spesies hewan tidak dikenal yang membawa MERS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 shares 96.2% nucleotide homology with a bat CoV RaTG13 isolated from Rhinolophus affinis bats.", "id": "SARS-CoV-2 berbagi 96,2% homologi nukleotida dengan CoV kelelawar RaTG13 yang diisolasi dari kelelawar Rhinolophus affinis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As in the cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the sequence divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 is too great to assign parental relationship.", "id": "Seperti pada kasus SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV, perbedaan sekuens antara SARS-CoV-2 dan RaTG13 terlalu besar untuk menetapkan hubungan induk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "That is to say, bats might not be the immediate reservoir host(s) of SARS-CoV-2 unless almost identical bat CoVs are found in future.", "id": "Dengan kata lain, kelelawar mungkin bukan inang reservoir langsung SARS-CoV-2, kecuali jika CoV kelelawar yang hampir identik ditemukan di kemudian hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Presumably, the intermediate animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2 should be among the wildlife species sold and killed at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, with which many of the initial cases of COVID-19 were associated, indicative of a probable animal-to-human transmission event.", "id": "Kemungkinan, inang hewan perantara SARS-CoV-2 ada di antara spesies satwa liar yang dijual dan dibunuh di Pasar Grosir Makanan Laut Huanan. Banyak kasus awal COVID-19 terkait dengan pasar ini, yang mengindikasikan kemungkinan terjadinya transmisi hewan-ke-manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several recent studies based on metagenomic sequencing have suggested that a group of endangered small mammals known as pangolins (Manis javanica) could also harbour ancestral beta-CoVs related to SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Beberapa studi terbaru berdasarkan sekuensi metagenomik menunjukkan bahwa sekelompok mamalia kecil yang terancam punah, dikenal sebagai trenggiling (Manis javanica), juga mungkin membawa beta-CoV leluhur yang berkerabat dengan SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These novel pangolin CoV genomes share 85-92% nucleotide sequence homology with SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Genom CoV trenggiling baru ini berbagi 85-92% homologi sekuens nukleotida dengan SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, they are equally closely related to RaTG13 with about 90% identity at the level of nucleotide sequence.", "id": "Namun, CoV tersebut berkerabat sama dekat dengan RaTG13 dengan kesamaan sebesar 90% pada tingkat sekuens nukleotida."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They cluster into two sub-lineages of SARS-CoV-2-like viruses in the phylogenetic tree, one of which share a more similar receptor binding domain (RBD) with SARS-CoV-2, with 97.4% amino acid sequence identity.", "id": "Keduanya dikelompokkan ke dalam dua subgaris-keturunan virus mirip SARS-CoV-2 dalam pohon filogenetik, salah satu berbagi domain pengikatan reseptor (RBD) yang lebih mirip dengan SARS-CoV-2, dengan kesamaan sekuens asam amino sebesar 97,4%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In stark contrast, the RBDs of SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 are more divergent, albeit a higher degree of sequence homology genome-wide.", "id": "Hal yang mencolok, RBD SARS-CoV-2 dan RaTG13 lebih jauh berbeda, walaupun tingkat homologi sekuens seluruh genom lebih tinggi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "An earlier study on diseased pangolins also reported the detection of viral contigs from lung samples, which turn out to be similarly related to SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Studi sebelumnya pada trenggiling yang sakit juga melaporkan deteksi contig virus dari sampel paru, yang ternyata juga berkerabat dengan SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This study adopted different assembly methods and manual curation to generate a partial genome sequence comprising about 86.3% of the full-length viral genome.", "id": "Studi ini mengadopsi metode penyusunan yang berbeda dan kurasi manual untuk menghasilkan sekuens genom parsial yang terdiri dari sekitar 86,3% genom virus lengkap."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We cannot exclude the possibility that pangolin is one of the intermediate animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Kita tidak dapat mengesampingkan kemungkinan trenggiling sebagai salah satu inang hewan perantara SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, currently there is no evidence in support of a direct pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 due to the sequence divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs.", "id": "Namun, saat ini belum ada bukti yang mendukung SARS-CoV-2 berasal langsung dari trenggiling karena perbedaan sekuens antara SARS-CoV-2 dan beta-CoV kerabat-SARS-CoV-2 tenggiling."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, the distance between SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 is even shorter than that between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs.", "id": "Selain itu, jarak antara SARS-CoV-2 dan RaTG13 malah lebih dekat dibanding jarak antara SARS-CoV-2 dan beta-CoV kerabat-SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The evolutionary pathway of SARS-CoV-2 in bats, pangolins and other mammals remains to be established.", "id": "Jalur evolusioner SARS-CoV-2 di kelelawar, trenggiling, dan mamalia lain masih harus ditetapkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Whereas the highest sequence homology has been found in the RBDs between SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin, SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs, SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 share the highest genome-wide sequence homology.", "id": "Walaupun homologi sekuens tertinggi pada RBD ditemukan antara SARS-CoV-2 dan beta-CoV kerabat-SARS-CoV-2 trenggiling, SARS-CoV-2 dan RaTG13 berbagi homologi tertinggi di tingkat sekuens seluruh genom."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is highly speculative that the high degree of similarity between the RBDs of pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 is driven by selectivity-mediated convergent evolution.", "id": "Terlalu berspekulasi jika dikatakan bahwa tingginya tingkat kemiripan antara RBD beta-CoV kerabat-SARS-CoV-2 trenggiling dan SARS-CoV-2 digerakkan oleh evolusi konvergen yang selektivitasnya dimediasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A counter-proposal is in favour of a recombination between a pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoV and RaTG13 in the third wild animal species.", "id": "Hipotesis tandingan mendukung rekombinasi antara beta-CoV kerabat-SARS-CoV-2 trenggiling dan RaTG13 di spesies hewan liar ketiga."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As a driving force in evolution, recombination is widespread among beta-CoVs.", "id": "Sebagai faktor penggerak evolusi, rekombinasi banyak terjadi di antara beta-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The jury is still out on the immediate zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Para peneliti masih belum dapat memutuskan mengenai asal zoonotik SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Besides the highly pathogenic HCoVs, the zoonotic origin of HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 have also been studied.", "id": "Selain HCoV yang sangat patogenik, asal zoonotik HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, dan HCoV-HKU1 juga telah diteliti."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phylogenetic evidence indicated that both HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E might have originated from bat CoVs, while the parental viruses of HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 have been found in rodents.", "id": "Bukti filogenetik mengindikasikan bahwa HCoV-NL63 dan HCoV-229E mungkin berasal dari CoV kelelawar, sementara virus induk HCoV-OC43 dan HCoV-HKU1 telah ditemukan di hewan pengerat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It has been reported that a bat CoV termed ARCoV.2 (Appalachian Ridge CoV) detected in North American tricolored bat displayed close relationship with HCoV-NL63.", "id": "Dilaporkan bahwa CoV kelelawar bernama ARCoV.2 (Appalachian Ridge CoV) yang dideteksi di kelelawar tiga warna Amerika Utara menunjukkan kekerabatan dekat dengan HCoV-NL63."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the other hand, HCoV-229E was genetically related to another bat CoV, termed Hipposideros/GhanaKwam/19/2008, which was detected in Ghana, while camelids have also been suspected as its intermediate host.", "id": "Di sisi lain, HCoV-229E secara genetis berkerabat dengan CoV kelelawar lainnya, dengan nama Hipposideros/GhanaKwam/19/2008, yang terdeteksi di Ghana, dengan Camelidae diduga juga merupakan inang perantaranya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For clarity, the current knowledge on animal origins of known HCoVs is summarized in Figure ​1 and Table 2.", "id": "Agar lebih jelas, pengetahuan saat ini tentang asal hewan HCoV yang diketahui diringkas di Gambar 1 dan Tabel 2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phylogenetic analysis has provided evidence for interspecies transmission events of HCoVs in the history.", "id": "Analisis filogenetik telah memberikan bukti kejadian transmisi antarspesies HCoV dalam sejarah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When HCoV-OC43 crossed species to infect humans from domestic livestock around 1890, a pandemic of respiratory infection was recorded.", "id": "Pada sekitar tahun 1890, saat HCoV-OC43 melintas spesies dari hewan ternak untuk menginfeksi manusia, tercatat adanya pandemi infeksi pernapasan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The interspecies transmission history of HCoV-229E is less clear.", "id": "Sejarah transmisi HCoV-229E antarspesies tidak terlalu jelas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Bat alpha-CoVs closely related to HCoV-229E have been found.", "id": "Alfa-CoV kelelawar yang berkerabat dengan HCoV-229E telah ditemukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Between them there is an alpaca alpha-CoV.", "id": "Di antara keduanya, ada alfa-CoV alpaka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several lines of evidence support the transmission of virus from bats to humans directly.", "id": "Beberapa bukti mendukung transmisi virus langsung dari kelelawar kepada manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "First, humans but not alpacas might have contact with bats in a shared ecological niche.", "id": "Pertama, manusia, bukan alpaka, yang mungkin berkontak dengan kelelawar dalam relung ekologi bersama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Instead, humans have close contact with alpacas.", "id": "Sebaliknya, manusia memiliki kontak erat dengan alpaka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Second, HCoV-229E-related bat alpha-CoVs are diverse and non-pathogenic in bats, whereas alpaca alpha-CoV caused an outbreak of respiratory disease in infected animals.", "id": "Kedua, alfa-CoV kelelawar yang berkerabat dengan HCoV-229E ada bermacam-macam dan nonpatogenik di kelelawar, sementara alfa-CoV alpaka menyebabkan wabah penyakit pernapasan pada hewan yang terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Finally, alpaca alpha-CoV has not been found in feral animals.", "id": "Terakhir, alfa-CoV alpaka tidak ditemukan di hewan feral."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, the possibility cannot be excluded that alpacas obtain the HCoV-229E-related alpha-CoV from humans.", "id": "Karena itu, kemungkinan alpaka mendapatkan alfa-CoV kerabat-HCoV-229E dari manusia tidak dapat dikesampingkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In fact, bats are the direct source of human pathogenic viruses including rabies virus, Ebola virus, Nipah virus and Hendra virus.", "id": "Faktanya, kelelawar merupakan sumber langsung untuk virus patogenik manusia, yang mencakup virus rabies, virus Ebola, virus Nipah, dan virus Hendra."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is therefore not too surprising that bats might transmit HCoV-229E to humans directly.", "id": "Karena itu, tidak terlalu mengherankan bahwa kelelawar mungkin langsung mentransmisikan HCoV-229E ke manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Alternatively, whereas bat alpha-CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoV-229E, alpacas and dromedary camels might serve as intermediate hosts that transmit viruses to humans, exactly as in the case of MERS-CoV.", "id": "Kemungkinan lainnya, sementara alfa-CoV kelelawar berfungsi sebagai lungkang gen HCoV-229E, alpaka dan unta Arab mungkin berfungsi sebagai inang perantara yang mentransmisikan virus kepada manusia, persis seperti kasus MERS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "MERS-CoV serves as an excellent example of interspecies transmission from bats to dromedary camels and from dromedary camels to humans.", "id": "MERS-CoV merupakan contoh yang sangat baik untuk transmisi antarspesies dari kelelawar ke unta Arab dan dari unta Arab ke manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The evolutionary origin of MERS-CoV from bats is known at its initial identification and has also been strengthened by subsequent findings.", "id": "Asal evolusioner MERS-CoV dari kelelawar diketahui pada identifikasi awal virus dan juga diperkuat dengan temuan setelahnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is obvious that bats provide a rich pool of virus species for interspecies exchange of genetic fragments and interspecies transmission.", "id": "Jelas bahwa kelelawar merupakan lungkang spesies virus yang kaya untuk pertukaran fragmen genetik antarspesies dan transmisi antarspesies."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Longevity, densely packed colonies, close social interaction and strong ability to fly are all favourable conditions for bats to be an ideal 'virus spreader'.", "id": "Umur yang panjang, koloni yang tersusun rapat, interaksi sosial yang erat, dan kemampuan terbang yang kuat, semua adalah kondisi yang mendukung bagi kelelawar untuk menjadi 'penyebar virus' yang ideal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the other hand, MERS-CoV has been introduced to dromedary camels for decades.", "id": "Di sisi lain, MERS-CoV sudah masuk ke unta Arab selama puluhan tahun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is well adapted to these camels that have turned from an intermediate host to a stable and natural reservoir host.", "id": "Virus ini telah beradaptasi dengan unta yang telah berubah dari inang perantara menjadi inang reservoir yang stabil dan alami."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "MERS-CoV causes very mild disease and maintains a relatively low mutation rate in these animals.", "id": "MERS-CoV menyebabkan penyakit yang sangat ringan dan mempertahankan laju mutasi yang relatif rendah dalam hewan ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Its sporadic transmission to humans is an accident and humans remain a dead-end host of MERS-CoV as its transmission cannot be sustained.", "id": "Transmisinya yang sporadik ke manusia terjadi secara kebetulan dan manusia tetap menjadi inang akhir bagi MERS-CoV karena transmisinya tidak bisa berkelanjutan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In contrast to the role of camels in the transmission of MERS-CoV, the role of pangolins, if there is any, in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is different.", "id": "Tidak seperti peran unta dalam transmisi MERS-CoV, peran trenggiling, jika ada, dalam transmisi SARS-CoV-2 berbeda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Particularly, pangolin beta-CoVs are highly pathogenic in pangolins.", "id": "Terutama, beta-CoV trenggiling bersifat sangat patogenik dalam trenggiling."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They might be a dead-end host for SARS-CoV-2-related beta-CoVs, similar to civets in the case of SARS-CoV.", "id": "Tenggiling mungkin merupakan inang akhir untuk beta-CoV kerabat SARS-CoV-2, mirip dengan musang dalam kasus SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several possibilities for interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from animals to humans have to be ruled in or ruled out in future studies.", "id": "Di studi-studi mendatang, beberapa kemungkinan transmisi SARS-CoV-2 antarspesies dari hewan ke manusia harus diperhitungkan atau dikesampingkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "First, bats could be the reservoir host of a SARS-CoV-2-related virus almost identical to SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Pertama, kelelawar bisa saja merupakan inang reservoir untuk virus kerabat SARS-CoV-2 yang hampir identik dengan SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Humans might share the ecological niche with bats through butchering or coal mining.", "id": "Manusia dapat berbagi relung ekologis dengan kelelawar melalui penyembelihan atau pertambangan batu bara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Second, pangolins could be one of intermediate amplifying host to which a SARS-CoV-2-related virus had been newly introduced.", "id": "Kedua, trenggiling bisa saja merupakan salah satu inang pengamplifikasi perantara untuk virus kerabat SARS-CoV-2 yang baru masuk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Humans contract the virus through butchering and consumption of game meat.", "id": "Manusia mendapat virus melalui penyembelihan dan konsumsi daging buruan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is possible that many mammals including domestic animals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Mungkin saja, banyak mamalia, yang mencakup hewan peliharaan, rentan terhadap SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A survey of domestic and wild animals for antibodies is warranted.", "id": "Survei antibodi terhadap hewan peliharaan dan hewan liar perlu dilakukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Third, as mentioned above, recombination and adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 might have occurred in a third species that has contact with both bats and pangolins.", "id": "Ketiga, seperti disebutkan di atas, rekombinasi dan adaptasi SARS-CoV-2 mungkin terjadi dalam spesies ketiga yang berkontak baik dengan kelelawar maupun trenggiling."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The search for the animal origins of SARS-CoV-2 is still on.", "id": "Pencarian asal hewan SARS-CoV-2 masih berlangsung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Apart from different types of the animal hosts, three major factors on the viral side are also important in facilitating CoVs to cross species barriers.", "id": "Terlepas dari berbagai jenis inang hewan, tiga faktor utama dari sisi virus juga penting untuk memudahkan CoV melintasi penghalang spesies."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "First of all, their relatively high mutation rates in RNA replication.", "id": "Pertama, laju mutasinya yang relatif tinggi dalam replikasi RNA."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In comparison to other single-stranded RNA viruses, the estimated mutation rates of CoVs could be regarded as “moderate” to “high” with an average substitution rate being ~10-4 substitution per year per site 2, depending on the phase of CoV adaptation to novel hosts.", "id": "Dibandingkan dengan virus RNA beruntai tunggal lain, perkiraan laju mutasi CoV dapat dianggap “sedang” hingga “tinggi” dengan laju substitusi rata-rata sebesar ~10-4 per tahun per tapak, tergantung fase adaptasi CoV terhadap inang baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "CoVs have a proof-reading exoribonuclease, deletion of which results in exceedingly high mutability and attenuation or even inviability.", "id": "CoV memiliki eksoribonuklease pengoreksi, penghapusan yang mengakibatkan mutabilitas yang sangat tinggi, atenuasi, atau bahkan inviabilitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Interestingly, the nucleotide analogue Remdesivir is known to suppress CoV replication through inhibition of this exoribonuclease and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.", "id": "Hal yang menarik, analog nukleotida Remdesivir diketahui menekan replikasi CoV melalui inhibisi eksoribunuklease ini dan RNA polimerase tergantung-RNA."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Remdesivir is one of most promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents to be tested in clinical trials.", "id": "Remdesivir adalah salah satu agen anti-SARS-CoV-2 paling menjanjikan yang akan diuji dalam percobaan klinis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Nevertheless, mutation rates of CoVs are about a million times higher than those of their hosts.", "id": "Meski demikian, laju mutasi CoV sekitar sejuta kali lebih tinggi daripada laju mutasi inangnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, mutation rate is often high when CoVs are not well adapted to the host.", "id": "Selain itu, laju mutasi sering kali tinggi saat CoV belum beradaptasi dengan inang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Compared to SARS-CoV with a high mutation rate, the mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 is apparently lower, suggestive of a higher level of adaptation to humans.", "id": "Dibandingkan SARS-CoV yang memiliki laju mutasi tinggi, laju mutasi SARS-CoV-2 sebenarnya lebih rendah, mengisyaratkan tingkat adaptasi yang lebih tinggi dengan manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Presumably, it has already been adapted to another host close to humans.", "id": "Kemungkinan, SARS-CoV-2 telah beradaptasi dengan inang lain yang berkerabat dekat dengan manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition to SARS-CoV-2, this also applies to MERS-CoV, which is well adapted to dromedary camels.", "id": "Selain SARS-CoV-2, hal ini juga berlaku pada MERS-CoV yang telah beradaptasi dengan unta Arab."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Theoretically, it is unlikely that genetic drift would render vaccines and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 ineffective quickly.", "id": "Secara teoritis, kecil kemungkinan bahwa hanyutan genetik akan cepat membuat vaksin dan agen antivirus terhadap SARS-CoV-2 menjadi tidak efektif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Second, the large RNA genome in CoVs exerts extra plasticity in genome modification for mutations and recombination, thereby increasing the probability for interspecies co-evolution, which is advantageous for the emergence of novel CoVs when the conditions become appropriate.", "id": "Kedua, genom RNA yang besar dalam CoV memberi kefleksibelan ekstra dalam modifikasi genom, untuk mutasi dan rekombinasi, sehingga meningkatkan probabilitas ko-evolusi antarspesies, yang menguntungkan untuk munculnya CoV baru saat kondisi sesuai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is supported by the copious unique open reading frames and protein functions encoded towards the 3′ end of the genome.", "id": "Hal ini didukung oleh banyaknya rangka baca terbuka unik dan fungsi protein yang disandi ke arah ujung 3′ genom."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Third, CoVs randomly and frequently switch templates during RNA replication through a unique “copy-choice” mechanism.", "id": "Ketiga, CoV kerap berganti templat secara acak selama replikasi RNA melalui mekanisme “pilih-salin” unik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In a host that serves as the mixing vessel, strand switching occurs frequently during CoV RNA transcription.", "id": "Dalam inang yang berfungsi sebagai wadah pencampuran, peralihan untai kerap terjadi selama transkripsi RNA CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Highly homologous full-length and subgenomic RNAs could recombine to generate new CoVs.", "id": "RNA lengkap dan subgenomik yang sangat homolog dapat mengalami rekombinasi untuk membentuk CoV baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phylogenetic evidence of natural recombination has been found in both HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43, as well as animal CoVs such as bat SL-CoV and batCoV-HKU9.", "id": "Bukti filogenetik rekombinasi alami telah ditemukan pada HCoV-HKU1 dan HCoV-OC43, begitu pula pada CoV hewan seperti SL-CoV kelelawar dan CoV-HKU9 kelelawar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Virus-host interaction in relation to transmission", "id": "Interaksi virus-inang dalam kaitannya dengan transmisi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Besides three viral factors stated above, viral interaction with host receptor is another key factor influential on interspecies transmission.", "id": "Selain tiga faktor virus yang disebutkan di atas, interaksi virus dengan reseptor inang adalah faktor utama lain yang memengaruhi transmisi antarspesies."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Herein, recombination of SARS-CoV is taken as a typical example, which also showed evidence of positive selection during interspecies transmission events.", "id": "Di sini, rekombinasi SARS-CoV dianggap sebagai contoh khas, yang juga menunjukkan bukti seleksi positif selama kejadian transmisi antarspesies."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Based on the comparative analysis between isolates of human and civet SARS-CoVs, SARS-CoV is thought to undergo rapid adaptation in different hosts, particularly with mutations at the RBD of the S protein.", "id": "Berdasarkan analisis komparatif antara isolat SARS-CoV manusia dan musang, SARS-CoV diduga mengalami adaptasi cepat dalam berbagai inang, khususnya dengan mutasi pada RBD protein S."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Generally, the RBD in the S protein of a CoV interacts with the cellular receptor and is intensely selected by the host antibody response.", "id": "Umumnya, RBD protein S CoV berinteraksi dengan reseptor sel dan secara intensif menjadi target respons antibodi inang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In SARS-CoV, the RBD is in the 318th to 510th amino acids on the S1 fragment, which binds to the human ACE2 as well as its coreceptors for viral entry.", "id": "Pada SARS-CoV, RBD adalah asam amino ke-318 hingga ke-510 pada fragmen S1, yang berikatan dengan ACE2 manusia serta koreseptornya sebagai jalan masuk virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RBD of SARS-CoV is capable of recognizing the ACE2 receptors of various animals, including bat, civet, mouse and raccoon dog, allowing interspecies transmission of the virus.", "id": "RBD SARS-CoV memiliki kemampuan untuk mengenali reseptor ACE2 berbagai hewan, yang mencakup kelelawar, musang, tikus, dan anjing rakun, sehingga memungkinkan transmisi virus antarspesies."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In fact, only 6 amino acid residues were observed to be different from human and civet viral isolates in the RBD and 4 of them locate in the receptor-binding motif for interaction with the ACE2 receptor.", "id": "Sebenarnya, hanya 6 residu asam amino yang diamati berbeda antara isolat virus manusia dan musang di RBD dan 4 di antaranya berlokasi di motif pengikatan reseptor untuk interaksi dengan reseptor ACE2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Civet SARS-CoV has K479N and S487T mutations in its RBD, which might increase the affinity of the interaction of spike protein with human ACE2 receptor.", "id": "SARS-CoV musang memiliki mutasi K479N dan S487T di RBD-nya, yang mungkin meningkatkan afinitas interaksi protein tonjolan dengan reseptor ACE2 manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In other words, these two amino acid substitutions might be critical to viral adaption to humans.", "id": "Dengan kata lain, dua substitusi asam amino ini mungkin sangat penting untuk adaptasi virus ke manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is noteworthy that SARS-CoV-2 shares the same cellular receptor with SARS-CoV.", "id": "Perlu dicatat bahwa SARS-CoV-2 memiliki reseptor sel yang sama dengan SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A 30% difference between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in the S1 unit of the S protein implicates that the binding affinity of its S protein with human ACE2 might have altered.", "id": "Perbedaan sebesar 30% antara SARS-CoV-2 dan SARS-CoV di unit S1 protein S mengimplikasikan afinitas pengikatan protein S dengan ACE2 manusia kemungkinan sudah berubah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Indeed, a cryo-EM study indicates a 10- to 20-fold higher affinity of this binding than that between human ACE2 and SARS-CoV S protein.", "id": "Bahkan, sebuah studi cryo-EM menunjukkan afinitas pengikatan ACE2 manusia dan protein S SARS-CoV-2 10 hingga 20 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan afinitas antara ACE2 manusia dan protein S SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It will also be of interest to determine whether any other coreceptor might be required for SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "id": "Hal yang juga penting untuk diketahui adalah apakah ada koreseptor lain yang mungkin dibutuhkan untuk transmisi SARS-CoV-2.."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Intriguingly, HCoV-NL63 also binds to ACE2 but with a different part of S.", "id": "Hal yang menarik, HCoV-NL63 juga berikatan dengan ACE2, tetapi dengan bagian yang berbeda pada S."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There exist many other HCoV receptors, such as aminopeptidase N for HCoV-229E, and 9-O-acetylated sialic acid for HCoV-OC43.", "id": "Ada banyak reseptor HCoV lain, seperti aminopeptidase N untuk HCoV-229E dan asam sialat 9-O-terasetilasi untuk HCoV-OC43."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They might also account for successful adaptation of these CoVs in humans after interspecies transmission from their animal hosts.", "id": "Reseptor-reseptor ini mungkin juga berperan dalam keberhasilan adaptasi CoV ini dalam manusia setelah transmisi antarspesies dari inang hewannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition to cellular receptors, the outcome of interspecies transmission of HCoVs is also governed by other host dependency and restriction factors.", "id": "Selain reseptor sel, hasil akhir transmisi HCoV antarspesies juga diatur oleh faktor ketergantungan dan pembatasan inang lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The divergence of these host proteins between humans and natural reservoir hosts of HCoVs such as bats, dromedary camels and rodents might constitute a barrier to interspecies transmission.", "id": "Perbedaan protein inang ini antara manusia dan inang reservoir alami, seperti kelelawar, unta Arab, dan hewan pengerat dapat menjadi penghalang untuk transmisi antarspesies."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "HCoVs have to usurp host dependency factors and subvert host restriction factors for a successful interspecies transmission.", "id": "HCoV harus mengambil alih faktor ketergantungan inang dan membobol faktor pembatasan inang agar berhasil dalam transmisi antarspesies."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In this regard, molecular determinants in this important area of virus-host interaction remain to be identified and characterized.", "id": "Dalam hal ini, penentu molekuler di bidang interaksi virus-inang yang penting ini masih harus diidentifikasi dan dicirikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "An unbiased genome-wide screening of host dependency and restriction factors for SARS-CoV-2 using the state-of-the-art technology of CRISPR might be fruitful.", "id": "Penapisan seluruh genom tak bias untuk melihat faktor ketergantungan dan pembatasan inang SARS-CoV-2 menggunakan teknologi CRISPR tercanggih mungkin dapat bermanfaat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Emergence of novel HCoVs: back to ground zero", "id": "Munculnya HCoV baru: kembali ke awal wabah"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The diversity of bat CoVs provides ample opportunities for the emergence of novel HCoVs.", "id": "Keragaman CoV kelelawar memberi peluang besar untuk munculnya HCoV baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In this sense, bat CoVs serve as the gene pool of HCoVs.", "id": "Dalam hal ini, CoV kelelawar berfungsi sebagai lungkang gen HCoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, rapid mutation and genetic recombination also drive HCoV evolution and serve as two important steps in this process.", "id": "Selain itu, mutasi cepat dan rekombinasi genetik juga menggerakkan evolusi HCoV dan berfungsi sebagai dua langkah penting dalam proses ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, the acquisition or loss of novel protein-coding genes has the potential to drastically modify viral phenotypes.", "id": "Sebagai contoh, perolehan atau kehilangan gen penyandi protein baru berpotensi memodifikasi fenotipe virus secara drastis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Among SARS-CoV accessory proteins, ORF8 has been thought to be important in adaptation to humans, as SARS-CoV-related bat viruses were isolated but found to encode divergent ORF8 proteins.", "id": "Di antara protein aksesori SARS-CoV, ORF8 diduga berperan penting dalam adaptasi ke manusia sebab virus kelelawar kerabat-SARS-CoV yang diisolasi ditemukan menyandi beragam protein ORF8."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A 29-nucleotide deletion characteristic of SARS-CoVs has been found in strains isolated at the beginning of the human epidemic.", "id": "SARS-CoV dengan ciri khas penghapusan 29 nukleotida ditemukan pada strain yang diisolasi di awal epidemi manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This deletion splits ORF8 into ORF8a and ORF8b and is thought to be an adaptive mutation that promotes the switch of hosts.", "id": "Penghapusan ini memisahkan ORF8 menjadi ORF8a dan ORF8b dan diduga merupakan mutasi adaptif yang mendukung peralihan inang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Besides, SARS-CoV has a possible recombination history with lineages of alpha- and gamma-CoVs, where a large number of smaller recombinant regions were identified in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.", "id": "Selain itu, SARS-CoV mungkin memiliki sejarah rekombinasi dengan garis keturunan alfa-CoV dan gamma-CoV, dengan sejumlah besar daerah rekombinan lebih kecil teridentifikasi di RNA polimerase yang tergantung pada RNA."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Recombination locations were also identified in the nsp9, most of nsp10, and parts of nsp14.", "id": "Lokasi rekombinasi juga teridentifikasi di nsp9, sebagian besar nsp10, dan sebagian nsp14."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Likewise, it has been shown that the epidemic MERS-CoV experienced recombination events between different lineages, which occurred in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia.", "id": "Begitu pula, kejadian rekombinasi antara berbagai lini keturunan ditunjukkan berlangsung pada epidemi MERS-CoV, yang terjadi dalam unta Arab di Arab Saudi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Besides SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, recombination events have also been observed in other HCoVs, in which the HCoVs recombine with other animal CoVs in their non-structural genes.", "id": "Selain SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV, kejadian rekombinasi juga telah diamati pada HCoV lainnya tempat HCoV mengalami rekombinasi dengan CoV hewan lain dalam gen nonstrukturalnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It should also be cautioned that artificial selection can contribute to unintended changes in viral genomes, most likely resulting from relieving viruses from selection pressures exerted, such as by the host immune system.", "id": "Juga harus diwaspadai bahwa seleksi buatan dapat berperan dalam perubahan yang tidak disengaja pada genom viral, kemungkinan besar diakibatkan oleh pembebasan virus dari tekanan seleksi yang dialami, seperti oleh sistem imun inang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "An example of these effects is the loss of a full-length ORF4 in the HCoV-229E prototype strain, owing to a two-nucleotide deletion.", "id": "Contoh efek ini adalah hilangnya ORF4 lengkap pada strain prototipe HCoV-229E akibat penghapusan dua nukleotida."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "While intact ORF4 could be observed in bat and camel viruses related to HCoV-229E, the alpaca alpha-CoV displays a single nucleotide insertion, resulting in a frameshift.", "id": "Sementara ORF4 utuh dapat diamati pada virus kelelawar dan unta yang berkerabat dengan HCoV-229E, alfa-CoV alpaka menunjukkan sisipan nukleotida tunggal yang mengakibatkan pergeseran rangka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Last but not least, the evolution of novel HCoVs is also driven by the selection pressure in their reservoir hosts.", "id": "Terakhir, evolusi HCoV baru juga digerakkan oleh tekanan seleksi di inang reservoirnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Asymptomatic or only mild symptoms were detected when bats were infected with CoVs, indicating the mutual adaptation between CoVs and bats.", "id": "Gejala ringan atau tanpa gejala terdeteksi saat kelelawar terinfeksi CoV, yang menunjukkan saling adaptasi antara CoV dan kelelawar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It appeared that bats are well adapted to CoVs anatomically and physiologically.", "id": "Tampaknya kelelawar beradaptasi dengan baik dengan CoV secara anatomi dan fisiologi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, defects in the activation of pro-inflammatory response in bats efficiently reduce the pathology triggered by CoVs.", "id": "Sebagai contoh, cacat pada pengaktifan respons proinflamasi pada kelelawar akan menurunkan patologi yang dipicu CoV secara efisien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Besides, the natural killer cell activity in bats is suppressed due to upregulation of inhibitory natural killer cell receptor NKG2/CD94 and low expression level of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules.", "id": "Selain itu, aktivitas sel pembunuh alami pada kelelawar ditekan karena kenaikan regulasi reseptor sel pembunuh alami penghambat NKG2/CD94 dan tingkat ekspresi molekul kompleks histokompatibilitas utama kelas I yang rendah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Moreover, the high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from high metabolic activity of bats could both suppress CoV replication and affects proofreading by exoribonuclease, thus providing the selection pressure for the generation of virus strains highly pathogenic when introduced into a new host.", "id": "Selain itu, kadar spesies oksigen reaktif (ROS) yang tinggi dari aktivitas metabolik kelelawar yang tinggi dapat menekan replikasi CoV dan memengaruhi pengoreksian oleh eksoribonuklease sehingga memberi tekanan seleksi untuk pembuatan strain virus yang sangat patogenik saat masuk ke dalam inang baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "More pathogenic CoV strains might also evolve by recombination, leading to the acquisition of novel proteins or protein features for host adaptation.", "id": "Strain CoV yang lebih patogenik mungkin juga berkembang melalui rekombinasi, yang mengakibatkan perolehan protein atau fitur protein baru untuk adaptasi inang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, it is not by chance that three novel HCoVs have emerged in the past two decades.", "id": "Karena itu, bukan suatu kebetulan bahwa tiga HCoV baru telah muncul dalam dua dasawarsa terakhir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "CoVs are non-pathogenic or cause mild symptoms in their reservoir hosts such as bats and camels.", "id": "CoV bersifat nonpatogenik atau menyebabkan gejala ringan dalam inang reservoirnya, seperti kelelawar dan unta."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They replicate robustly without eliciting a strong host immune response.", "id": "CoV bereplikasi dengan kuat tanpa memicu respons imun inang yang kuat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Herein lie the secrets of why asymptomatic carriers are seen and what causes the severe cases in human infection.", "id": "Di sinilah terletak rahasia adanya pembawa tanpa gejala dan penyebab kasus berat pada infeksi manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The severe symptoms are mainly due to the hyperactivation of immune response and the cytokine storm wherein the stronger the immune response, the more severe the lung damage.", "id": "Gejala berat terutama karena pengaktifan respons imun yang berlebihan serta badai sitokin, dengan kerusakan paru yang semakin berat jika respons imun semakin kuat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In contrast, in asymptomatic carriers, the immune response has been de-coupled from CoV replication.", "id": "Sebaliknya, pada pembawa tanpa gejala, respons imun sudah terlepas dari replikasi CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The same strategy of delinking the immune response might have beneficial effects in anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy.", "id": "Strategi yang sama untuk memutuskan keterkaitan respons imun mungkin bermanfaat dalam terapi anti-SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The interferon response is particularly strong in bats.", "id": "Respons interferon terutama kuat pada kelelawar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thus, administration of type I interferon at least in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans should be beneficial.", "id": "Karena itu, pemberian interferon tipe I, setidaknya di fase awal infeksi SARS-CoV-2 pada manusia, seharusnya bermanfaat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, NLRP3 inflammasome activation in bats is defective.", "id": "Selain itu, pengaktifan inflamasom NLRP3 di kelelawar bersifat defektif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By this reasoning, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 might be useful in the treatment of COVID-19.", "id": "Dengan alasan ini, inhibisi inflamasom NLRP3 dengan MCC950 mungkin bermanfaat dalam penanganan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 follows the general theme by which SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV arose.", "id": "Kemunculan SARS-CoV-2 mengikuti alur umum kemunculan SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Whereas a bat beta-CoV sharing 95% nucleotide homology with SARS-CoV has been found, there also exists a bat-CoV sharing 96% nucleotide homology with SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Sementara beta-CoV kelelawar yang berbagi 95% homologi nukleotida dengan SARS-CoV telah ditemukan, ada pula CoV kelelawar yang berbagi 96% homologi nukleotida dengan SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Whereas civets and other animals in the markets have been found to harbour viruses identical to SARS-CoV, immediate intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV-2 have not been identified.", "id": "Walaupun musang dan hewan lain di pasar tersebut ditemukan membawa virus yang identik dengan SARS-CoV, inang perantara langsung untuk SARS-CoV-2 belum ditemukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Pangolin beta-CoVs strikingly homologous to SARS-CoV-2 have been found, indicating that pangolins might serve as one of intermediate hosts or pangolin beta-CoVs could contribute gene fragments to the final version of SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Beta-CoV trenggiling yang sangat homolog dengan SARS-CoV-2 telah ditemukan, yang menunjukkan bahwa trenggiling mungkin berperan sebagai salah satu inang perantara atau beta-CoV trenggiling mungkin memberi kontribusi fragmen gen pada versi akhir SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although questions remain, there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is man-made either deliberately or accidentally.", "id": "Walaupun masih dipertanyakan, belum ada bukti bahwa SARS-CoV-2 dibuat oleh manusia baik secara sengaja maupun tidak sengaja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "CoVs have returned to the limelight due to the recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "CoV kembali menjadi pusat perhatian karena wabah SARS-CoV-2 baru-baru ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The study of CoVs in bats and other animals has drastically changed our perception of the importance of zoonotic origins and animal reservoirs of HCoVs in human transmission.", "id": "Studi CoV di kelelawar dan hewan lain telah sangat mengubah persepsi kita tentang pentingnya asal zoonotik dan reservoir hewan untuk HCoV pada transmisi manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Pervasive evidence has shown that SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have a bat origin and are transmitted to humans via intermediate hosts.", "id": "Sangat banyak bukti menunjukkan bahwa SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, dan SARS-CoV-2 berasal dari kelelawar dan ditransmisikan kepada manusia melalui inang perantara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Given that SARS-CoV infection originates from the contact between humans and civets in the markets, closing wet markets and killing civets therein could have effectively ended the SARS epidemic.", "id": "Mengingat bahwa infeksi SARS-CoV berasal dari kontak antara manusia dan musang di pasar basah, mungkin penutupan pasar basah dan pembunuhan semua musang di dalamnya yang mengakhiri epidemi SARS secara efektif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By the same reasoning, pangolins should be removed from wet markets to prevent zoonotic transmission, in view of the discovery of multiple lineages of pangolin beta-CoVs closely related to SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Dengan alasan yang sama, trenggiling seharusnya dipindahkan dari pasar basah untuk mencegah transmisi zoonotik, mengingat adanya penemuan beberapa garis keturunan beta-CoV trenggiling yang berkerabat dekat dengan SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, whether and how SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted to humans through pangolins and other mammals remain to be clarified in future investigations.", "id": "Meski demikian, kebenaran dan mekanisme SARS-CoV-2 ditransmisikan kepada manusia melalui trenggiling dan mamalia lainnya masih harus diklarifikasi dalam penelitian di masa mendatang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the other hand, MERS-CoV has existed in dromedary camels for a long time.", "id": "Di sisi lain, MERS-CoV sudah lama berada dalam unta Arab."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These camels serve as an important tool for transportation as well as a main source of meat, milk, leather and wool products for the local people.", "id": "Unta ini berfungsi sebagai alat transportasi penting serta sebagai sumber utama untuk daging, susu, kulit, dan produk wol untuk masyarakat setempat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They are widely distributed across the Middle East and Africa.", "id": "Unta Arab tersebar luas di seluruh Timur Tengah dan Afrika."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is therefore impossible to sacrifice all camels for the control of MERS, as what was done in wild animal markets in China to prevent the spreading of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Karena itu, kita tidak mungkin membunuh semua unta untuk mengendalikan MERS, seperti yang dilakukan di pasar hewan liar di Tiongkok untuk mencegah penyebaran SARS-CoV dan SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To stop the recurrent outbreaks of MERS, a comprehensive approach should be taken to develop effective vaccines against MERS-CoV for camels, in combination with other infection control measures.", "id": "Untuk menghentikan wabah MERS, pendekatan komprehensif harus dilakukan untuk mengembangkan vaksin untuk unta yang efektif terhadap MERS-CoV dan dikombinasikan dengan langkah pengendalian infeksi yang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As we are not able to eliminate these viruses, new genotypes might emerge to cause outbreaks.", "id": "Sebelum kita berhasil menghilangkan virus ini, genotipe baru dapat muncul dan menyebabkan wabah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A variety of zoonotic CoVs are circulating in the wild.", "id": "Berbagai CoV zoonotik beredar di alam liar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Particularly, bat CoVs with zoonotic potential are so diverse.", "id": "Khususnya, CoV kelelawar yang berpotensi zoonotik sangat beragam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are plenty of opportunities that these zoonotic CoVs evolve and recombine, resulting in the emergence of new CoVs that are more transmissible and/or deadly in humans in future.", "id": "Ada banyak kemungkinan bagi CoV zoonotik ini untuk berevolusi dan mengalami rekombinasi, yang mengakibatkan munculnya CoV baru yang lebih mudah ditransmisikan dan/atau lebih mematikan bagi manusia di masa depan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The culture of eating wild animals in some places of China should be abandoned to reduce unnecessary contact between humans and animals.", "id": "Budaya memakan hewan liar di beberapa tempat di Tiongkok harus ditinggalkan untuk mengurangi kontak yang tidak perlu antara manusia dan hewan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "With the ordeals of SARS, MERS and COVID-19, a better preparedness and response plan should be in place.", "id": "Dengan pengalaman pahit SARS, MERS, dan COVID-19, persiapan dan rencana penanggulangan yang lebih baik harus diterapkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In fact, many viruses have existed in the planet for a very long time.", "id": "Sebenarnya, banyak virus telah ada di planet ini sejak dahulu kala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They stay in their own natural reservoirs until there is a chance for spillover.", "id": "Virus-virus ini berada di reservoir alaminya sampai ada kesempatan untuk penyebaran."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although bats have many features that favours the spreading of viruses, the chance for humans to be in contact with bats and other wildlife species can be minimized if people are educated to stay away from them.", "id": "Walaupun kelelawar memiliki banyak ciri yang mendukung penyebaran virus, peluang manusia berkontak dengan kelelawar dan spesies alam liar lain dapat diminimalkan jika orang diedukasi untuk menjauhi hewan liar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Continuous surveillance in mammals is necessary for better understanding of the ecology of CoVs and their natural hosts, which will prove useful in preventing animal-to-human transmission and future outbreaks.", "id": "Surveilans berkelanjutan terhadap mamalia perlu dilakukan untuk lebih memahami ekologi CoV dan inang alaminya, yang akan terbukti bermanfaat dalam mencegah transmisi hewan-ke-manusia dan wabah mendatang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To conclude, the most effective way to prevent viral zoonosis is for humans to stay away from the ecological niches of the natural reservoirs of the zoonotic viruses.", "id": "Sebagai kesimpulan, cara paling efektif untuk mencegah zoonosis virus adalah manusia harus menjaga jarak dari relung ekologis reservoir alami virus zoonotik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several pieces in the puzzle of the zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2 are still missing.", "id": "Beberapa bagian teka-teki asal zoonotik SARS-CoV-2 belum ditemukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "First, if bats transmit an ancestral virus of SARS-CoV-2 to pangolins, it will be of interest to see under what circumstances bats and pangolins could share the same ecological niche.", "id": "Pertama, jika kelelawar mentransmisikan virus leluhur SARS-CoV-2 ke trenggiling, kondisi ketika kelelawar dan trenggiling berbagi relung ekologis adalah hal yang penting untuk diketahui."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Second, if bats play a more direct role in human transmission, how humans get into contact with bats should be determined.", "id": "Kedua, jika kelelawar memiliki peran yang lebih langsung dalam transmisi ke manusia, cara manusia berkontak dengan kelelawar harus ditentukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Third, if a third mammal acts as the true intermediate host, how it interacts with the different species including humans, bats and pangolins has to be clarified.", "id": "Ketiga, jika ada mamalia ketiga yang berperan sebagai inang perantara sebenarnya, cara mamalia itu berinteraksi dengan spesies lain, yang mencakup manusia, kelelawar, dan trenggiling harus diperjelas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Finally, since many mammals including domestic animals might be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, both surveillance and experimental infection should be conducted.", "id": "Akhirnya, karena banyak mamalia, termasuk hewan peliharaan yang mungkin rentan terhadap SARS-CoV-2, baik infeksi percobaan dan surveilans harus dilakukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Should it be a bat, a pangolin or another mammal, it is expected that SARS-CoV-2 or its parental viruses that are almost identical will be identified in its natural hosts in future.", "id": "Entah kelelawar, trenggiling, atau mamalia lain, diharapkan bahwa SARS-CoV-2 atau virus induknya yang hampir identik dapat diidentifikasi di inang alaminya di masa mendatang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Continued investigations in this area will elucidate the evolutionary pathway of SARS-CoV-2 in animals, with important implications in the prevention and control of COVID-19 in humans.", "id": "Penyelidikan berkelanjutan dalam bidang ini akan menguraikan jalur evolusioner SARS-CoV-2 di hewan, dengan implikasi penting dalam pencegahan dan pengendalian COVID-19 pada manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 — United States, February 12–March 28, 2020", "id": "Estimasi Awal Prevalensi Beberapa Kondisi Kesehatan yang Mendasari di Antara Pasien Penyakit Koronavirus 2019 — Amerika Serikat, 12 Februari–28 Maret 2020"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic.", "id": "Pada 11 Maret 2020, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menyatakan Penyakit Koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) sebagai pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 28, 2020, a total of 571,678 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 26,494 deaths have been reported worldwide.", "id": "Hingga 28 Maret 2020, ada total 571.678 kasus COVID-19 terkonfirmasi dan 26.494 kematian dilaporkan di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Reports from China and Italy suggest that risk factors for severe disease include older age and the presence of at least one of several underlying health conditions.", "id": "Laporan dari Tiongkok dan Italia menyatakan bahwa faktor risiko untuk penyakit berat mencakup usia tua dan adanya paling sedikit satu dari beberapa kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "U.S. older adults, including those aged ≥65 years and particularly those aged ≥85 years, also appear to be at higher risk for severe COVID-19–associated outcomes; however, data describing underlying health conditions among U.S. COVID-19 patients have not yet been reported.", "id": "Lansia Amerika Serikat (AS), yang mencakup orang berusia ≥65 tahun dan terutama orang berusia ≥85 tahun, tampaknya juga memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk hasil akhir berat terkait COVID-19; namun, data yang menjelaskan kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari di antara pasien COVID-19 AS belum dilaporkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 28, 2020, U.S. states and territories have reported 122,653 U.S. COVID-19 cases to CDC, including 7,162 (5.8%) for whom data on underlying health conditions and other known risk factors for severe outcomes from respiratory infections were reported.", "id": "Hingga 28 Maret 2020, negara bagian dan wilayah teritorial AS telah melaporkan 122.653 kasus COVID-19 AS kepada CDC. Data ini mencakup 7.162 (5,8%) kasus yang dilaporkan beserta data tentang kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari dan faktor risiko lainnya untuk hasil akhir berat akibat infeksi pernapasan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Among these 7,162 cases, 2,692 (37.6%) patients had one or more underlying health condition or risk factor, and 4,470 (62.4%) had none of these conditions reported.", "id": "Di antara 7.162 kasus ini, 2.692 (37,6%) pasien dilaporkan memiliki satu atau beberapa kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari atau faktor risiko dan 4.470 (62,4%) tidak memiliki kondisi ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The percentage of COVID-19 patients with at least one underlying health condition or risk factor was higher among those requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission (358 of 457, 78%) and those requiring hospitalization without ICU admission (732 of 1,037, 71%) than that among those who were not hospitalized (1,388 of 5,143, 27%).", "id": "Persentase pasien COVID-19 dengan setidaknya satu kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari atau faktor risiko lebih tinggi di antara pasien yang perlu masuk unit perawatan intensif (ICU) (358 dari 457, 78%) dan di antara pasien yang perlu dirawat inap tanpa masuk ICU (732 dari 1.037, 71%) daripada di antara pasien yang tidak dirawat inap (1.388 dari 5.143, 27%)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The most commonly reported conditions were diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease, and cardiovascular disease.", "id": "Kondisi yang paling banyak dilaporkan adalah diabetes melitus, penyakit paru kronis, dan penyakit kardiovaskular."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These preliminary findings suggest that in the United States, persons with underlying health conditions or other recognized risk factors for severe outcomes from respiratory infections appear to be at a higher risk for severe disease from COVID-19 than are persons without these conditions.", "id": "Temuan awal ini mengisyaratkan bahwa, di Amerika Serikat, orang yang memiliki kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari atau faktor risiko lain yang diketahui untuk hasil akhir berat akibat infeksi pernapasan tampaknya memiliki rsiko lebih tinggi untuk penyakit berat akibat COVID-19 dibandingkan orang tanpa kondisi ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Data from laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases reported to CDC from 50 states, four U.S. territories and affiliated islands, the District of Columbia, and New York City with February 12–March 28, 2020 onset dates were analyzed.", "id": "Data dari kasus COVID-19 terkonfirmasi laboratorium yang dilaporkan kepada CDC dan berasal dari 50 negara bagian, empat wilayah teritorial AS dan kepulauan yang terkait, Distrik Columbia, dan Kota New York dengan tanggal awitan 12 Februari–28 Maret 2020 dianalisis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Cases among persons repatriated to the United States from Wuhan, China, and the Diamond Princess cruise ship were excluded.", "id": "Kasus di antara orang yang direpatriasi ke Amerika Serikat dari Wuhan, Tiongkok, dan kapal pesiar Diamond Princess tidak disertakan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For cases with missing onset dates, date of onset was estimated by subtracting 4 days (median interval from symptom onset to specimen collection date among cases with known dates in these data) from the earliest specimen collection.", "id": "Untuk kasus yang tanggal awitannya tidak ada, tanggal awitan diestimasi dengan mengurangi 4 hari (median interval mulai dari awitan gejala hingga tanggal pengambilan spesimen di antara kasus dengan tanggal diketahui dalam data ini) dari tanggal pengambilan spesimen pertama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Public health departments reported cases to CDC using a standardized case report form that captures information (yes, no, or unknown) on the following conditions and potential risk factors: chronic lung disease (inclusive of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], and emphysema); diabetes mellitus; cardiovascular disease; chronic renal disease; chronic liver disease; immunocompromised condition; neurologic disorder, neurodevelopmental, or intellectual disability; pregnancy; current smoking status; former smoking status; or other chronic disease.", "id": "Departemen kesehatan masyarakat melaporkan kasus kepada CDC menggunakan formulir laporan kasus terstandarisasi yang mencatat informasi (ya, tidak, tidak diketahui) tentang kondisi dan faktor risiko potensial berikut: penyakit paru kronis (meliputi asma, penyakit paru obstruktif kronis [COPD], dan emfisema); diabetes melitus; penyakit kardiovaskular; penyakit ginjal kronis; penyakit hati kronis; kondisi luluh imun; gangguan neurologi, perkembangan neural, atau disabilitas intelektual; kehamilan; status merokok saat ini; status merokok sebelumnya; atau penyakit kronis lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Data reported to CDC are preliminary and can be updated by health departments over time; critical data elements might be missing at the time of initial report; thus, this analysis is descriptive, and no statistical comparisons could be made.", "id": "Data yang dilaporkan kepada CDC adalah data awal dan dapat diperbarui oleh departemen kesehatan seiring waktu; unsur data penting mungkin tidak ada pada waktu laporan awal; karena itu, analisis ini bersifat deskriptif dan tidak ada pembandingan statistik dapat dilakukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The percentages of patients of all ages with underlying health conditions who were not hospitalized, hospitalized without ICU admission, and hospitalized with ICU admission were calculated.", "id": "Persentase pasien dari semua umur dengan kondisi kesehatan mendasari yang tidak dirawat inap, dirawat inap tanpa masuk ICU, dan dirawat inap dengan masuk ICU dihitung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Percentages of hospitalizations with and without ICU admission were estimated for persons aged ≥19 years with and without underlying health conditions.", "id": "Persentase rawat inap dengan atau tanpa masuk ICU diestimasi untuk orang berusia ≥19 tahun dengan atau tanpa kondisi kesehatan mendasari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This part of the analysis was limited to persons aged ≥19 years because of the small sample size of cases in children with reported underlying health conditions (N = 32).", "id": "Bagian analisis ini dibatasi untuk orang berusia ≥19 tahun karena kecilnya ukuran sampel yang dilaporkan (N = 32) untuk kasus anak dengan kondisi kesehatan mendasari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To account for missing data among these preliminary reports, ranges were estimated with a lower bound including cases with both known and unknown status for hospitalization with and without ICU admission as the denominator and an upper bound using only cases with known outcome status as the denominator.", "id": "Untuk memperhitungkan data yang hilang di antara laporan awal ini, dibuat estimasi rentang dengan batas bawah mencakup kasus dengan status rawat inap diketahui dan tidak diketahui dengan atau tanpa masuk ICU sebagai denominator dan batas atas hanya menggunakan kasus dengan status hasil akhir diketahui sebagai denominator."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Because of small sample size and missing data on underlying health conditions among COVID-19 patients who died, case-fatality rates for persons with and without underlying conditions were not estimated.", "id": "Karena ukuran sampel kecil dan data tidak lengkap mengenai kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari di antara pasien COVID-19 yang meninggal, tingkat fatalitas kasus untuk orang dengan atau tanpa kondisi mendasari tidak diestimasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 28, 2020, a total of 122,653 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases (Figure) and 2,112 deaths were reported to CDC.", "id": "Hingga 28 Maret 2020, total ada 122.653 kasus COVID-19 terkonfirmasi laboratorum (Gambar) dan 2.112 kematian dilaporkan kepada CDC."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Case report forms were submitted to CDC for 74,439 (60.7%) cases.", "id": "Formulir laporan kasus dikirimkan kepada CDC untuk 74.439 (60,7%) kasus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Data on presence or absence of underlying health conditions and other recognized risk factors for severe outcomes from respiratory infections (i.e., smoking and pregnancy) were available for 7,162 (5.8%) patients (Table 1).", "id": "Data tentang ada tidaknya kondisi kesehatan mendasari dan faktor risiko lain yang diketahui untuk hasil akhir berat akibat infeksi pernapasan (yaitu, merokok dan kehamilan) tersedia untuk 7.162 (5,8%) pasien (Tabel 1)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Approximately one third of these patients (2,692, 37.6%), had at least one underlying condition or risk factor.", "id": "Sekitar sepertiga dari pasien ini (2.692, 37,6%) memiliki setidaknya satu kondisi mendasari atau faktor risiko."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Diabetes mellitus (784, 10.9%), chronic lung disease (656, 9.2%), and cardiovascular disease (647, 9.0%) were the most frequently reported conditions among all cases.", "id": "Diabetes melitus (784, 10,9%), penyakit paru kronis (656, 9,2%), dan penyakit kardiovaskular (647, 9,0%) adalah kondisi yang paling banyak dilaporkan di antara semua kasus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Among 457 ICU admissions and 1,037 non-ICU hospitalizations, 358 (78%) and 732 (71%), respectively occurred among persons with one or more reported underlying health condition.", "id": "Di antara 457 rawat inap dengan masuk ICU dan 1.037 tanpa masuk ICU, masing-masing, 358 (78%) dan 732 (71%) terjadi di antara orang dengan satu atau beberapa kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In contrast, 1,388 of 5,143 (27%) COVID-19 patients who were not hospitalized were reported to have at least one underlying health condition.", "id": "Sebaliknya, 1.388 dari 5.143 (27%) pasien COVID-19 yang tidak dirawat inap dilaporkan memiliki setidaknya satu kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Among patients aged ≥19 years, the percentage of non-ICU hospitalizations was higher among those with underlying health conditions (27.3%–29.8%) than among those without underlying health conditions (7.2%–7.8%); the percentage of cases that resulted in an ICU admission was also higher for those with underlying health conditions (13.3%–14.5%) than those without these conditions (2.2%–2.4%) (Table 2).", "id": "Di antara pasien berusia ≥19 tahun, persentase rawat inap non-ICU lebih tinggi untuk pasien dengan kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari (27,3%–29,8%) dibandingkan pasien tanpa kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari (7,2%–7,8%); persentase kasus yang masuk ICU juga lebih tinggi untuk pasien dengan kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari (13,3%–14,5%) dibandingkan pasien tanpa kondisi ini (2,2%–2,4%) (Tabel 2)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Small numbers of COVID-19 patients aged < 19 years were reported to be hospitalized (48) or admitted to an ICU (eight).", "id": "Sejumlah kecil pasien COVID-19 berusia < 19 tahun dilaporkan dirawat inap (48) atau masuk ICU (delapan)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In contrast, 335 patients aged < 19 years were not hospitalized and 1,342 had missing data on hospitalization.", "id": "Sebaliknya, 335 pasien yang berusia < 19 tahun tidak dirawat inap dan data tentang rawat inap 1.342 pasien tidak ada."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Among all COVID-19 patients with complete information on underlying conditions or risk factors, 184 deaths occurred (all among patients aged ≥19 years); 173 deaths (94%) were reported among patients with at least one underlying condition.", "id": "Di antara semua COVID-19 pasien dengan informasi lengkap tentang kondisi mendasari atau faktor risiko, 184 meninggal (semua pasien berusia di atas ≥19 tahun); 173 kematian (94%) dilaporkan di antara pasien dengan setidaknya satu kondisi mendasari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Among 122,653 U.S. COVID-19 cases reported to CDC as of March 28, 2020, 7,162 (5.8%) patients had data available pertaining to underlying health conditions or potential risk factors; among these patients, higher percentages of patients with underlying conditions were admitted to the hospital and to an ICU than patients without reported underlying conditions.", "id": "Di antara 122.653 kasus COVID-19 AS yang dilaporkan kepada CDC hingga 28 Maret 2020, 7.162 (5,8%) pasien memiliki data tentang kondisi kesehatan mendasari atau faktor risiko potensial; di antara pasien ini, persentase pasien dengan kondisi mendasari yang dirawat inap dan masuk ICU lebih tinggi daripada pasien yang dilaporkan tanpa kondisi mendasari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These results are consistent with findings from China and Italy, which suggest that patients with underlying health conditions and risk factors, including, but not limited to, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, COPD, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal disease, and smoking, might be at higher risk for severe disease or death from COVID-19.", "id": "Hasil ini konsisten dengan temuan dari Tiongkok dan Italia, yang menyatakan bahwa pasien dengan kondisi kesehatan mendasari dan faktor risiko, yang mencakup, tetapi tidak terbatas pada, diabetes melitus, hipertensi, COPD, penyakit arteri koroner, penyakit serebrovaskular, penyakit ginjal kronis, dan merokok, mungkin memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk penyakit berat atau kematian akibat COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This analysis was limited by small numbers and missing data because of the burden placed on reporting health departments with rapidly rising case counts, and these findings might change as additional data become available.", "id": "Analisis ini dibatasi oleh jumlah data yang kecil dan tidak lengkap karena pelaporan menjadi beban bagi departemen kesehatan yang melaporkan kasus yang meningkat sangat cepat, dan temuan ini mungkin berubah saat data tambahan tersedia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is not yet known whether the severity or level of control of underlying health conditions affects the risk for severe disease associated with COVID-19.", "id": "Belum diketahui apakah keparahan atau tingkat pengendalian kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari memengaruhi risiko penyakit berat yang berkaitan dengan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many of these underlying health conditions are common in the United States: based on self-reported 2018 data, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among U.S. adults was 10.1%, and the U.S. age-adjusted prevalence of all types of heart disease (excluding hypertension without other heart disease) was 10.6% in 2017.", "id": "Banyak kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari ini lazim di Amerika Serikat: berdasarkan data swa-lapor tahun 2018, prevalensi diabetes terdiagnosis di antara orang dewasa AS sebesar 10,1% dan prevalensi tersuai umur untuk semua jenis penyakit jantung (tidak mencakup hipertensi tanpa penyakit jantung lainnya) sebesar 10,6% pada tahun 2017."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The age-adjusted prevalence of COPD among U.S. adults is 5.9%, and in 2018, the U.S. estimated prevalence of current asthma among persons of all ages was 7.9%.", "id": "Prevalensi tersuai umur untuk COPD di antara orang dewasa AS sebesar 5,9%, dan pada tahun 2018, estimasi prevalensi asma yang sedang diderita di antara semua orang AS di semua usia sebesar 7,9%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "CDC continues to develop and update resources for persons with underlying health conditions to reduce the risk of acquiring COVID-19.", "id": "CDC terus mengembangkan dan memperbarui sumber daya untuk orang dengan kondisi kesehatan mendasari guna menurunkan risiko terkena COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The estimated higher prevalence of these conditions among those in this early group of U.S. COVID-19 patients and the potentially higher risk for more severe disease from COVID-19 associated with the presence of underlying conditions highlight the importance of COVID-19 prevention in persons with underlying conditions.", "id": "Estimasi prevalensi kondisi ini yang lebih tinggi di antara kelompok awal pasien COVID-19 AS, dan potensi risiko yang lebih tinggi untuk penyakit lebih berat akibat COVID-19 yang berkaitan dengan adanya kondisi mendasari, menyoroti pentingnya pencegahan COVID-19 pada orang dengan kondisi mendasari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The findings in this report are subject to at least six limitations.", "id": "Temuan dalam laporan ini setidaknya dibatasi oleh enam hal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "First, these data are preliminary, and the analysis was limited by missing data related to the health department reporting burden associated with rapidly rising case counts and delays in completion of information requiring medical chart review; these findings might change as additional data become available.", "id": "Pertama, data ini adalah data awal dan analisis dibatasi oleh data yang tidak lengkap karena beban departemen kesehatan yang melaporkan terkait begitu cepatnya peningkatan jumlah kasus dan penundaan dalam melengkapi informasi yang memerlukan peninjauan bagan medis; temuan ini mungkin berubah saat data tambahan tersedia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Information on underlying conditions was only available for 7,162 (5.8%) of 122,653 cases reported to CDC.", "id": "Informasi tentang kondisi mendasari hanya tersedia untuk 7.162 (5,8%) dari 122.653 kasus yang dilaporkan kepada CDC."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It cannot be assumed that those with missing information are similar to those with data on either hospitalizations or underlying health conditions.", "id": "Kasus yang tanpa informasi tidak dapat diasumsikan serupa dengan kasus yang dilengkapi dengan data rawat inap atau kondisi kesehatan mendasari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Second, these data are subject to bias in outcome ascertainment because of short follow-up time.", "id": "Kedua, data ini mungkin bias dalam pemastian hasil akhir karena waktu tindak-lanjut yang singkat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some outcomes might be underestimated, and long-term outcomes cannot be assessed in this analysis.", "id": "Sebagian hasil akhir mungkin kurang diperhitungkan dan hasil akhir jangka panjang tidak dapat dikaji dalam analisis ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Third, because of the limited availability of testing in many jurisdictions during this period, this analysis is likely biased toward more severe cases, and findings might change as testing becomes more widespread.", "id": "Ketiga, karena terbatasnya ketersediaan pengujian di banyak yurisdiksi selama periode ini, analisis ini mungkin bias ke arah kasus yang lebih berat, dan temuan mungkin berubah setelah pengujian lebih tersebar luas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Fourth, because of the descriptive nature of these data, attack rates among persons with and without underlying health conditions could not be compared, and thus the risk difference of severe disease with COVID-19 between these groups could not be estimated.", "id": "Keempat, karena sifat data yang deskriptif, tingkat serangan di antara orang dengan atau tanpa kondisi kesehatan mendasari tidak dapat dibandingkan sehingga perbedaan risiko COVID-19 berat antara kelompok ini tidak dapat diestimasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Fifth, no conclusions could be drawn about underlying conditions that were not included in the case report form or about different conditions that were reported in a single, umbrella category.", "id": "Kelima, tidak ada kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik tentang kondisi mendasari yang tidak disertakan dalam formulir laporan kasus atau tentang berbagai kondisi yang dilaporkan sebagai satu kategori umum."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, asthma and COPD were included in a chronic lung disease category.", "id": "Misalnya, asma dan COPD dimasukkan dalam kategori penyakit paru kronis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Finally, for some underlying health conditions and risk factors, including neurologic disorders, chronic liver disease, being a current smoker, and pregnancy, few severe outcomes were reported; therefore, conclusions cannot be drawn about the risk for severe COVID-19 among persons in these groups.", "id": "Terakhir, untuk beberapa kondisi kesehatan mendasari dan faktor risiko, yang mencakup gangguan neurologi, penyakit hati kronis, perokok saat ini, dan kehamilan, sedikit hasil akhir berat dilaporkan; karena itu, kesimpulan tidak dapat diambil mengenai risiko COVID-19 berat di antara orang dalam kelompok ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Persons in the United States with underlying health conditions appear to be at higher risk for more severe COVID-19, consistent with findings from other countries.", "id": "Di Amerika Serikat, orang yang memiliki kondisi kesehatan mendasari tampaknya memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk COVID-19 yang lebih berat, temuan ini konsisten dengan temuan dari negara lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Persons with underlying health conditions who have symptoms of COVID-19, including fever, cough, or shortness of breath, should immediately contact their health care provider.", "id": "Orang dengan kondisi kesehatan mendasari yang mengalami gejala COVID-19, yang mencakup demam, batuk, atau sesak napas, harus segera menghubungi penyedia perawatan kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These persons should take steps to protect themselves from COVID-19, through washing their hands; cleaning and disinfecting high-touch surfaces; and social distancing, including staying at home, avoiding crowds, gatherings, and travel, and avoiding contact with persons who are ill.", "id": "Orang-orang ini harus menerapkan langkah-langkah untuk melindungi dirinya dari COVID-19, melalui cuci tangan; membersihkan dan mendisinfeksi permukaan yang banyak disentuh; serta pembatasan sosial, yang mencakup tetap di rumah, menghindari kerumunan, perkumpulan, dan perjalanan, serta menghindari kontak dengan orang yang sakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Maintaining at least a 30-day supply of medication, a 2-week supply of food and other necessities, and knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms are recommended for those with underlying health conditions.", "id": "Orang dengan kondisi kesehatan mendasari dianjurkan untuk memiliki persediaan obat setidaknya untuk 30 hari, persediaan makanan dan keperluan lainnya untuk 2 minggu, dan pengetahuan tentang gejala COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All persons should take steps to protect themselves from COVID-19 and to protect others.", "id": "Semua orang harus menerapkan langkah-langkah untuk melindungi dirinya dari COVID-19 dan melindungi orang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All persons who are ill should stay home, except to get medical care; should not go to work; and should stay away from others.", "id": "Semua orang yang sakit harus tetap di rumah, kecuali untuk mendapatkan perawatan kesehatan; tidak boleh pergi ke tempat kerja; dan harus menjaga jarak dengan orang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is especially important for those who work with persons with underlying conditions or who otherwise are at high risk for severe outcomes from COVID-19.", "id": "Hal ini terutama penting untuk orang yang bekerja dengan orang dengan kondisi mendasari atau karena hal lain berisiko tinggi untuk hasil akhir berat akibat COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Community mitigation strategies, which aim to slow the spread of COVID-19, are important to protect all persons from COVID-19, especially persons with underlying health conditions and other persons at risk for severe COVID-19–associated disease (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/community-mitigation-strategy.pdf).", "id": "Strategi mitigasi komunitas, yang bertujuan untuk memperlambat penyebaran COVID-19, penting untuk melindungi semua orang dari COVID-19, khususnya orang yang memiliki kondisi kesehatan mendasari dan orang lain yang berisiko untuk penyakit terkait COVID-19 berat (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/community-mitigation-strategy.pdf)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "What is already known about this topic?", "id": "Apa yang telah diketahui mengenai topik ini?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Published reports from China and Italy suggest that risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease include underlying health conditions, but data describing underlying health conditions among U.S. COVID-19 patients have not yet been reported.", "id": "Laporan yang dipublikasikan dari Tiongkok dan Italia menunjukkan bahwa faktor risiko untuk penyakit COVID-19 berat mencakup kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari, tetapi data yang menjelaskan kondisi kesehatan yang mendasari di antara pasien COVID-19 AS belum dilaporkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "What is added by this report?", "id": "Apa yang ditambahkan melalui laporan ini?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Based on preliminary U.S. data, persons with underlying health conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease, and cardiovascular disease, appear to be at higher risk for severe COVID-19–associated disease than persons without these conditions.", "id": "Berdasarkan data AS awal, orang dengan kondisi kesehatan mendasari seperti diabetes melitus, penyakit paru kronis, dan penyakit kardiovaskular, tampaknya memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk penyakit terkait COVID-19 berat dibandingkan orang tanpa kondisi ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "What are the implications for public health practice?", "id": "Apa implikasinya untuk praktik kesehatan masyarakat?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Strategies to protect all persons and especially those with underlying health conditions, including social distancing and handwashing, should be implemented by all communities and all persons to help slow the spread of COVID-19.", "id": "Strategi untuk melindungi semua orang, khususnya orang dengan kondisi kesehatan mendasari, yang mencakup pembatasan sosial dan mencuci tangan, harus diterapkan oleh semua komunitas dan semua orang untuk membantu memperlambat penyebaran COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Emergence of a Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): Protocol for Extending Surveillance Used by the Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre and Public Health England", "id": "Kemunculan Koronavirus Baru (COVID-19): Protokol untuk Memperluas Surveilans yang Digunakan oleh Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) dan Public Health England (PHE)"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) and Public Health England (PHE) have successfully worked together on the surveillance of influenza and other infectious diseases for over 50 years, including three previous pandemics.", "id": "Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) dan Public Health England (PHE) telah berhasil bekerja sama dalam surveilans influenza dan penyakit menular lain selama lebih dari 50 tahun, yang mencakup tiga pandemi sebelumnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "With the emergence of the international outbreak of the coronavirus infection (COVID-19), a UK national approach to containment has been established to test people suspected of exposure to COVID-19.", "id": "Dengan merebaknya wabah internasional infeksi koronavirus (COVID-19), pendekatan pembendungan nasional Inggris Raya (UK) telah ditetapkan untuk menguji orang yang diduga terpapar COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "At the same time and separately, the RCGP RSC’s surveillance has been extended to monitor the temporal and geographical distribution of COVID-19 infection in the community as well as assess the effectiveness of the containment strategy.", "id": "Pada saat yang bersamaan dan secara terpisah, surveilans RSC RCGP telah diperluas untuk memantau penyebaran temporal dan geografis infeksi COVID-19 dalam komunitas serta menilai keefektifan strategi pembendungan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The aims of this study are to surveil COVID-19 in both asymptomatic populations and ambulatory cases with respiratory infections, ascertain both the rate and pattern of COVID-19 spread, and assess the effectiveness of the containment policy.", "id": "Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk mengawasi COVID-19 baik di populasi tanpa gejala maupun kasus rawat jalan dengan infeksi pernapasan, memastikan laju dan pola penyebaran COVID-19, serta mengkaji keefektifan kebijakan pembendungan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC, a network of over 500 general practices in England, extract pseudonymized data weekly.", "id": "RSC RCGP, jaringan lebih dari 500 praktik dokter umum di Inggris, mengekstrak data yang dipseudoanonimkan setiap minggu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This extended surveillance comprises of five components: (1) Recording in medical records of anyone suspected to have or who has been exposed to COVID-19.", "id": "Surveilans diperluas ini terdiri dari lima komponen: (1) Pencatatan dalam rekam medis setiap orang yang diduga menderita atau terpapar COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Computerized medical records suppliers have within a week of request created new codes to support this.", "id": "Dalam satu minggu sejak permintaan, pemasok rekam medis terkomputasi telah membuat kode baru untuk mendukung hal ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "(2) Extension of current virological surveillance and testing people with influenza-like illness or lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI)—with the caveat that people suspected to have or who have been exposed to COVID-19 should be referred to the national containment pathway and not seen in primary care.", "id": "(2) Perluasan surveilans virologis saat ini dan pengujian orang dengan penyakit mirip influenza atau infeksi saluran napas bawah (LRTI)—dengan peringatan bahwa orang yang diduga menderita atau terpapar COVID-19 harus dirujuk ke alur pembendungan nasional dan tidak terlihat di fasilitas kesehatan tingkat pertama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "(3) Serology sample collection across all age groups.", "id": "(3) Pengumpulan sampel serologi di semua kelompok usia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This will be an extra blood sample taken from people who are attending their general practice for a scheduled blood test.", "id": "Sampel darah tambahan akan diambil dari orang yang datang ke praktik dokter umum untuk pengujian darah terjadwal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The 100 general practices currently undertaking annual influenza virology surveillance will be involved in the extended virological and serological surveillance.", "id": "Seratus praktik dokter umum yang saat ini melakukan surveilans virologi influenza tahunan akan dilibatkan dalam surveilans virologis dan serologis diperluas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "(4) Collecting convalescent serum samples.", "id": "(4) Pengumpulan sampel serum konvalesen."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We have the opportunity to escalate the data extraction to twice weekly if needed.", "id": "Kami memiliki kesempatan untuk meningkatkan ekstraksi data hingga dua kali seminggu jika diperlukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Swabs and sera will be analyzed in PHE reference laboratories.", "id": "Usapan dan serum akan dianalisis di laboratorium rujukan PHE."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "General practice clinical system providers have introduced an emergency new set of clinical codes to support COVID-19 surveillance.", "id": "Penyedia sistem klinis praktik dokter umum telah memperkenalkan set darurat kode klinis baru untuk mendukung surveilans COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Additionally, practices participating in current virology surveillance are now taking samples for COVID-19 surveillance from low-risk patients presenting with LRTIs.", "id": "Selain itu, praktik yang berpartisipasi dalam surveilans virologi ini kini mengambil sampel untuk surveilans COVID-19 dari pasien berisiko rendah yang menunjukkan LRTI."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Within the first 2 weeks of setup of this surveillance, we have identified 3 cases: 1 through the new coding system, the other 2 through the extended virology sampling.", "id": "Dalam 2 minggu pertama penyiapan surveilans ini, kami telah mengidentifikasi 3 kasus: 1 kasus melalui sistem pengodean baru dan 2 kasus lainnya melalui pengambilan sampel virologi diperluas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We have rapidly converted the established national RCGP RSC influenza surveillance system into one that can test the effectiveness of the COVID-19 containment policy.", "id": "Dengan cepat, kami telah mengubah sistem surveilans influenza RSC RCGP nasional yang ada menjadi sistem yang dapat menguji keefektifan kebijakan pembendungan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The extended surveillance has already seen the use of new codes with 3 cases reported.", "id": "Dengan 3 kasus dilaporkan, surveilans yang diperluas sudah melihat kegunaan kode baru tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Rapid sharing of this protocol should enable scientific critique and shared learning.", "id": "Pembagian protokol ini dengan cepat akan memungkinkan kritik ilmiah dan pembelajaran bersama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) is a network of general practices (GPs) with a nationally representative population that provides pseudonymized data for weekly surveillance of infectious diseases.", "id": "Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) adalah jaringan praktik dokter umum (GP) dengan populasi representatif secara nasional yang menyediakan data pseudoanonim untuk surveilans mingguan terhadap penyakit infeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The disease surveillance program is commissioned by Public Health England (PHE) and covers 37 infectious diseases, including influenza.", "id": "Program surveilans penyakit ini diamanatkan oleh Public Health England (PHE) dan mencakup 37 penyakit infeksi, yang mencakup influenza."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC and PHE have an established collaboration of over 50 years in influenza and respiratory disease surveillance and are now in their 53rd season of surveillance and analysis.", "id": "RSC RCGP dan PHE telah membangun kolaborasi selama lebih dari 50 tahun dalam surveilans penyakit pernapasan dan influenza, dan kini berada dalam musim ke-53 untuk surveilans dan analisis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC extracts pseudonymized data from a nationally representative sample of over 500 urban and nonurban GPs each week covering a population of over 4 million.", "id": "RSC RCGP mengekstrak data yang dipseudoanonimkan dari sampel representatif nasional lebih dari 500 GP perkotaan dan nonperkotaan setiap minggu, yang mencakup populasi berukuran lebih dari 4 juta."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Data from these practices are reported online in a weekly return, which includes monitoring weekly rates of influenza-like illness (ILI) and other communicable and respiratory diseases in England.", "id": "Data dari praktik ini dilaporkan secara online dalam laporan mingguan, yang mencakup pemantauan angka kesakitan mingguan untuk penyakit mirip influenza (ILI) serta penyakit menular dan pernapasan lain di Inggris."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We also produce an annual report.", "id": "Kami juga membuat laporan tahunan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC data set includes all coded data and all prescribed items including vaccine exposure.", "id": "Set data RSC RCGP mencakup semua data yang dikode dan semua item yang ditentukan, yang mencakup paparan vaksin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC conducts virology surveillance each influenza season, with 100 GPs participating in the 2019-2020 season (Figure 1).", "id": "RSC RCGP melakukan surveilans virologi setiap musim influenza dengan 100 GP berpartisipasi pada musim 2019-2020 (Gambar 1)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These virology sampling practices are also recruited to be nationally representative (Figure 1).", "id": "Praktik pengambilan sampel virologi ini juga direkrut agar respresentatif secara nasional (Gambar 1)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "GPs take nasopharyngeal swabs from persons showing acute respiratory illness within 7 days of the onset of symptoms.", "id": "GP mengambil usap nasofaring dari orang yang menunjukkan penyakit pernapasan akut dalam 7 hari sejak awitan gejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Nasopharyngeal swabs are taken from children younger than 5 years showing symptoms of acute bronchitis or bronchiolitis.", "id": "Usap nasofaring diambil dari anak berusia kurang dari 5 tahun yang menunjukkan gejala bronkitis atau bronkiolitis akut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Additionally, nasopharyngeal samples are taken from anyone 5 years and older showing acute onset of ILI and respiratory synctial virus.", "id": "Selain itu, sampel nasofaring diambil dari setiap orang berusia 5 tahun atau lebih tua yang menunjukkan awitan akut untuk ILI dan virus sinsitial pernapasan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Swabs are tested at the PHE Respiratory Virus Unit for influenza to monitor positivity rates and circulating strains, as well as for measuring vaccine effectiveness.", "id": "Usapan diuji di Unit Virus Pernapasan PHE untuk influenza guna memantau angka kepositifan dan galur yang bersirkulasi, serta mengukur keefektifan vaksin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC successfully conducted a pilot collecting serological samples from adults and linking them to a patient’s medical records during the 2018-2019 influenza season.", "id": "RSC RCGP berhasil mengadakan kajian rintis yang mengumpulkan sampel serologis dari orang dewasa dan menautkannya dengan rekam medis pasien selama musim influenza 2018-2019."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This pilot was in collaboration with the PHE Seroepidemiology Unit and added to the residual blood samples submitted to PHE by National Health Service (NHS) laboratories.", "id": "Kajian rintis ini berkolaborasi dengan Unit Seroepidemiologi PHE dan ditambahkan ke sisa sampel darah yang dikirimkan ke PHE oleh laboratorium National Health Service (NHS)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Serology can provide important information about background population immunity, and sentinel networks can provide a mechanism for systematic data collection and linkage to medical records and health outcomes.", "id": "Serologi dapat memberikan informasi penting tentang imunitas populasi latar, lalu jaringan sentinel dapat menyediakan mekanisme untuk pengumpulan data sistematik dan penautan ke rekam medis dan hasil akhir kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The serology pilot has demonstrated the ability of the network to collect serology samples in adults.", "id": "Kajian rintis serologi telah memperlihatkan kemampuan jaringan untuk mengumpulkan sampel serologi pada orang dewasa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "With the COVID-19 outbreak, PHE and RCGP RSC have adapted existing influenza surveillance to monitor the spread of COVID-19 in the community, and this protocol sets out the basis for that collaboration.", "id": "Dengan adanya wabah COVID-19, PHE dan RSC RCGP telah mengadaptasi surveilans influenza yang ada untuk memantau penyebaran COVID-19 di komunitas, dan protokol ini menyiapkan dasar untuk kolaborasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The primary national strategy for COVID-19 infection is containment, with patients who are at high risk managed via the telephone help system NHS111 and the PHE health protection teams, but the RCGP RSC surveillance is entirely separate.", "id": "Strategi nasional utama untuk infeksi COVID-19 adalah pembendungan, dengan pasien yang berisiko tinggi dikelola melalui sistem bantuan telepon NHS111 dan tim perlindungan kesehatan PHE, tetapi surveilans RSC RCGP sepenuhnya terpisah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC, by extending its established work, will provide virological and serological surveillance to monitor the temporal and geographical distribution of COVID-19 infection in the community, and assess the effectiveness of the containment strategy.", "id": "RSC RCGP, dengan memperluas pekerjaan yang sudah dilakukan, akan menyediakan surveilans virologis dan serologis untuk memonitor distribusi temporal dan geografis infeksi COVID-19 di komunitas, serta mengkaji keefektifan strategi pembendungan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We would not be working in isolation on this research.", "id": "Kami tidak akan bekerja sendirian dalam riset ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We will share the protocol with UK colleagues and the I-MOVE consortium who have recently obtained EU Horizon 2020 funding from the stream “Advancing knowledge for the clinical and public health response to the novel coronavirus epidemic”.", "id": "Kami akan membagikan protokol ini dengan rekan UK dan konsorsium I-MOVE yang baru-baru ini mendapatkan pendanaan Horizon 2020 Uni Eropa dari jalur “Advancing knowledge for the clinical and public health response to the novel coronavirus epidemic”."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is anticipated that great efficiencies in project management will result through this collaboration than that obtained from countries acting alone.", "id": "Efisiensi yang sangat tinggi diharapkan akan dihasilkan melalui kolaborasi ini dibandingkan dengan efisiensi yang dapat dicapai jika negara-negara bertindak sendiri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The aim of this study is to identify whether there is undetected community transmission of COVID-19, estimate population susceptibility, and monitor the temporal and geographical distribution of COVID-19 infection in the community.", "id": "Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi adanya transmisi komunitas COVID-19 yang tidak terdeteksi, mengestimasi kerentanan populasi, dan memantau distribusi temporal dan geografis infeksi COVID-19 dalam komunitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The objectives of this study are as follows:", "id": "Tujuan studi ini adalah sebagai berikut:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To monitor the burden of suspected COVID-19 activity in the community through primary care surveillance and clinical coding of possible COVID-19 cases referred into the containment pathway", "id": "Untuk memantau beban aktivitas kasus terduga COVID-19 di komunitas melalui surveilans fasilitas kesehatan tingkat pertama dan pengodean klinis kasus kemungkinan COVID-19 yang dirujuk ke dalam jalur pembendungan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To provide virological evidence on the presence and extent of undetected community transmission of COVID-19 and monitor positivity rates among individuals presenting ILI or acute respiratory tract infections to primary care", "id": "Untuk menyediakan bukti virologis keberadaan dan tingkat transmisi komunitas COVID-19 yang tidak terdeteksi serta memonitor angka kepositifan di antara orang yang menunjukkan ILI atau infeksi saluran pernapasan akut yang datang ke fasilitas kesehatan tingkat pertama"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To estimate baseline susceptibility to COVID-19 in the community and estimate both symptomatic and asymptomatic exposure rates in the population through seroprevalence monitoring", "id": "Untuk mengestimasi kerentanan dasar terhadap COVID-19 di komunitas dan mengestimasi tingkat paparan baik bergejala maupun tanpa gejala di populasi melalui pemantauan seroprevalensi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To pilot implementation of a scheme for collection of convalescent sera with antibody profiles among recovered cases of COVID-19 discharged to the community", "id": "Untuk merintis penerapan skema untuk mengumpulkan serum konvalesen dengan profil antibodi di antara kasus COVID-19 yang sembuh dan dipulangkan ke komunitas"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We intend to capture the following.", "id": "Kami bermaksud menangkap hal berikut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Clinical workload related to reports of COVID-19 using the codes created to flag cases, those being assessed and where the infection is located are excluded (Figures 2-​-44)", "id": "Beban kerja klinis terkait laporan COVID-19 menggunakan kode yang dibuat untuk menandai kasus, orang yang dikaji dan lokasi infeksi tidak disertakan (Gambar 2-44)"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Foreign countries visited in the last 28 days", "id": "Negara asing yang dikunjungi dalam 28 hari terakhir"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Existing codes that may have utility (Tables 1-​-3).3).", "id": "Kode saat ini yang mungkin dapat digunakan (Tabel 1-3).3)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many GPs and primary care teams may not realize that important relevant data can be coded.", "id": "Banyak GP dan tim fasilitas kesehatan tingkat pertama mungkin tidak menyadari bahwa data relevan yang penting dapat dikode."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is also the potential during any pandemic to monitor the effectiveness of any transmission control measures.", "id": "Tersedia juga potensi selama pandemi untuk memantau keefektifan langkah pengendalian transmisi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Reliable coding of letters and test results that will show an infection has become either confirmed or excluded", "id": "Hasil uji dan pengodean huruf tepercaya yang akan menunjukkan infeksi telah dikonfirmasi atau dikesampingkan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The methods will follow the approach used in the current influenza surveillance system and recent serology study, and includes five components: (1) primary care clinical surveillance; (2) virological surveillance; (3) population serological surveillance; (4) convalescent sera in cases; and (5) data curation.", "id": "Metode akan mengikuti pendekatan yang digunakan dalam sistem surveilans influenza saat ini dan studi serologi terbaru, dan mencakup lima komponen: (1) surveilans klinis fasilitas kesehatan tingkat pertama; (2) surveilans virologis; (3) surveilans serologis populasi; (4) serum konvalesen dalam kasus; dan (5) pengumpulan data."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The NHS uses the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) system of coding, which is normally only updated twice annually.", "id": "NHS menggunakan sistem pengodean Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), yang biasanya hanya diperbarui dua kali setahun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There was added complexity as some computerized medical record (CMR) suppliers use the Read coding systems (Read clinical terms version 3 – CTv3), which is no longer updated.", "id": "Ada kerumitan tambahan karena sebagian pemasok rekam medis terkomputasi (CMR) menggunakan sistem pengodean Read (istilah klinis Read versi 3 – CTv3) yang tidak diperbarui lagi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Additionally, there were no clinical codes to record COVID-19 in early February 2020.", "id": "Selain itu, tidak ada kode klinis untuk melaporkan COVID-19 di awal Februari 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Therefore, the two main GP system suppliers added the five terms shown in Table 4 as system-wide local codes.", "id": "Karena itu, dua pemasok sistem GP utama menambahkan lima istilah yang diperlihatkan di Tabel 4 sebagai kode lokal seluruh sistem."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A UK emergency release of SNOMED CT concepts for COVID-19 was also subsequently made available across all CMR systems (Table 4).", "id": "Selanjutnya, rilis darurat konsep SNOMED CT untuk COVID-19 UK juga dibuat tersedia di seluruh sistem CMR (Tabel 4)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The intention is that these will eventually be mapped to the new SNOMED CT concepts as they become available, allowing recording of relevant data (Multimedia Appendix 1).", "id": "Tujuannya adalah agar konsep ini akhirnya dapat dipetakan ke konsep SNOMED CT baru, setelah tersedia, sehingga memungkinkan pencatatan data yang relevan (Lampiran Multimedia 1)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The key requirements for this release were the ability to code (Table 4) a case of COVID-19, exposure to risk of infection (travel to an area where there may be a higher risk), contact with anyone infected with COVID-19, a report that a person had been tested for COVID-19, and that the disease had been excluded (likely a negative test).", "id": "Persyaratan utama untuk rilis ini adalah kemampuan mengodekan (Tabel 4) kasus COVID-19, paparan ke risiko infeksi (perjalanan ke area yang mungkin memiliki risiko lebih tinggi), kontak dengan orang yang terinfeksi COVID-19, laporan bahwa seseorang telah diuji COVID-19, dan bahwa penyakit telah dikesampingkan (kemungkinan melalu hasil uji negatif)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, practices are now able to code any foreign travel undertaken, including the ability to record visits to multiple countries (implemented February 8, 2020).", "id": "Selain itu, praktik sekarang mampu mengodekan setiap perjalanan luar negeri yang dilakukan, yang mencakup kemampuan mencatat kunjungan ke beberapa negara (diimplentasikan 8 Februari 2020)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Figures 2-​-44 show the EMIS web implementation.", "id": "Gambar 2-44 menunjukkan implementasi web EMIS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Currently, virology samples for influenza surveillance are accompanied by a standard request form.", "id": "Saat ini, sampel virologi untuk surveilans influenza disertai dengan formulir permintaan standar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For COVID-19, we will create a new request form that will record:", "id": "Untuk COVID-19, kami akan membuat formulir permintaan baru yang akan mencatat:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Date of onset of symptoms", "id": "Tanggal awitan gejala"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Diagnosis of any of the following:", "id": "Diagnosis salah satu hal berikut:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis in those younger than five years", "id": "Bronkitis/bronkiolitis akut pada anak berusia kurang dari lima tahun"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)", "id": "Infeksi saluran napas bawah (LRTI)"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "History of fever (Y/N); measured (Y/N); if yes, level", "id": "Riwayat demam (Y/T); diukur (Y/T); jika ya, tingkat panas"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Shortness of breath (Y/N), if measured: oxygen saturation and respiratory rate", "id": "Sesak napas (Y/T), jika diukur: saturasi oksigen dan laju pernapasan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Recent travel (Y/N); if yes, countries visited in last 14 days", "id": "Baru bepergian (Y/T); jika ya, negara yang dikunjungi dalam 14 hari terakhir"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Contact with a named person with confirmed COVID-19 (Y/N) with a free text comment about the level of certainty", "id": "Kontak dengan seseorang yang terkonfirmasi COVID-19 (Y/T) dengan komentar terbuka tentang tingkat keyakinan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These codes will be grouped ontologically into “definite”, “probable”, “possible”, and “not a case” using our standard approach to grouping codes (Table 5), which has been used previously across disease areas.", "id": "Kode ini akan dikelompokkan secara ontologis menjadi “pasti”, “besar kemungkinan”, “kecil kemungkinan”, dan “bukan kasus” menggunakan pendekatan standar untuk mengelompokkan kode (Tabel 5), yang telah digunakan sebelumnya di bidang penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC definition for ILI is shown in Multimedia Appendix 2.", "id": "Definisi RSC RCGP untuk ILI diperlihatkan di Lampiran Multimedia 2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Public Presentation of Data Using an Observatory and Dashboards", "id": "Penyajian Data di Publik Menggunakan Observatori dan Dasbor"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We will develop an observatory to present data nationally and a dashboard for feedback to practices about their data quality and collection of virology and serology samples.", "id": "Kami akan mengembangkan observatori untuk menyajikan data secara nasional dan dasbor untuk memberi umpan balik kepada praktik tentang kualitas data mereka dan pengumpulan sampel virologi dan serologi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is based on coding described in Table 4.", "id": "Hal ini berdasarkan pengodean yang dijelaskan di Tabel 4."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Definite case will be presented on our dashboard as “cases” of COVID-19.", "id": "Kasus pasti akan disajikan di dasbor kami sebagai “kasus” COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Possible cases will be presented as “Under investigation” (investigating).", "id": "Kasus mungkin akan disajikan sebagai “Dalam penyelidikan” (sedang diselidiki)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "“Not a case” will be presented as “Excluded”.", "id": "“Bukan kasus” akan disajikan sebagai “Dikesampingkan”."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Online data has been established within the initial few weeks in the COVID-19 Observatory (Figure 5), indicating the overall number of patients and rate per 10,000 patients of cases confirmed or under investigation, as well as where the virus is excluded.", "id": "Data online telah dibuat dalam beberapa minggu awal di Observatori COVID-19 (Gambar 5), yang mengindikasikan keseluruhan jumlah pasien dan angka kasus terkonfirmasi atau dalam penyelidikan per 10.000 pasien, serta saat virus ini dikesampingkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We have the option to move to twice weekly surveillance reports with a scope to change this to daily reporting.", "id": "Kami memiliki opsi untuk bergerak menjadi laporan surveilans dua kali seminggu dengan kapasitas untuk mengubahnya menjadi pelaporan harian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We will continue virology sampling from our sentinel practices, rather than discontinuing as seasonal influenza declines.", "id": "Kami akan meneruskan pengambilan sampel virologi dari praktik sentinel dan tidak berhenti saat influenza musiman menurun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Additionally, we will recruit more surveillance practices.", "id": "Selain itu, kami akan merekrut lebih banyak praktik surveilans."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC virology practices will aim to undertake 200-300 nasopharyngeal swabs per week across the RCGP RSC sentinel network, collecting specimens across all age bands.", "id": "Praktik virologi RSC RCGP akan menargetkan untuk melakukan 200-300 usap nasofaring per minggu di seluruh jaringan sentinel RSC RCGP, dengan mengumpulkan spesimen di seluruh kelompok usia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition to the inclusion criteria for influenza virology surveillance (ILI, acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis), participating practices will take nasopharyngeal swab samples from any people showing acute symptoms of LRTI if the onset of symptoms is within 7 days.", "id": "Selain kriteria untuk surveilans virologi influenza (ILI, bronkitis/bronkiolitis akut), praktik yang berpartisipasi akan mengambil sampel usap nasofaring dari semua orang yang menunjukkan gejala LRTI akut jika awitan gejala terjadi dalam 7 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "RCGP RSC research officers and practice liaison staff will manage practices to achieve a total national sample of 200-300 swabs per week.", "id": "Petugas riset RSC RCGP dan staf penghubung praktik akan mengelola praktik untuk mencapai total sampel nasional sebesar 200-300 usapan per minggu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This could be increased if PHE modelers require more samples.", "id": "Angka ini dapat ditingkatkan jika pemodel PHE memerlukan lebih banyak sampel."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Samples from each practice would be spread across the following age groups: < 5 years, 5-17 years, 18-64 years, and 65 years and older", "id": "Sampel dari masing-masing praktik akan disebar di seluruh kelompok usia berikut: < 5 tahun, 5-17 tahun, 18-64 tahun, dan lebih dari 65 tahun"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Samples (swabs or serum) collected will be sent via prepaid envelopes addressed to the appropriate PHE laboratory for analysis.", "id": "Sampel (usapan dan serum) yang dikumpulkan akan dikirim melalui amplop prabayar yang dialamatkan kepada laboratorium PHE yang sesuai untuk dianalisis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All samples collected will be tested for the presence of influenza and COVID-19.", "id": "Semua sampel yang dikumpulkan akan diuji untuk melihat adanya influenza dan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Additionally, PHE will retrospectively test any influenza virology samples collected between early and mid-February 2020 for COVID-19.", "id": "Selain itu, PHE akan menguji secara retrospektif setiap sampel virologi influenza yang dikumpulkan antara awal dan pertengahan Februari 2020 untuk memeriksa COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Practices will still follow the PHE protocol for COVID-19 with respect to people at risk of infection who should be signposted down the containment pathway, rather than physically attend their practice.", "id": "Praktik akan tetap mengikuti protokol PHE untuk COVID-19 terkait orang dengan risiko infeksi yang harus diarahkan ke jalur pembendungan dan bukan datang secara fisik ke tempat praktik mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Direct testing of those who attend surgery remains permitted, but we have also rolled out self-swabbing at home.", "id": "Pengujian langsung orang yang datang ke praktik dokter umum tetap diizinkan, tetapi kami juga telah meluncurkan pengambilan usap mandiri di rumah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Summary of processes are detailed in Multimedia Appendix 3.", "id": "Ringkasan proses diperinci di Lampiran Multimedia 3."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Everyone with an ILI or a respiratory illness who contacts a GP (eg, phones for an appointment) should be asked specifically about recent travel to China and other countries flagged in current PHE advice, or if they have had contact with other people with COVID-19.", "id": "Setiap orang dengan ILI atau penyakit pernapasan yang menghubungi GP (misalnya, menelepon untuk membuat janji temu) harus ditanya secara spesifik tentang perjalanan baru-baru ini ke Tiongkok atau negara lain yang ditandai dalam saran PHE saat ini, atau jika mereka telah berkontak dengan orang lain yang menderita COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If these screening enquiries are positive, the patient would be advised to not come to the practice but instead to follow the PHE flow sheet.", "id": "Jika pertanyaan penapisan ini positif, pasien akan disarankan untuk tidak datang ke praktik, tetapi sebagai gantinya untuk mengikuti lembar alur PHE."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This can be by a reception or clinician staff, depending on individual practice protocol.", "id": "Hal ini dapat dilakukan oleh staf resepsi atau dokter, tergantung masing-masing protokol praktik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These calls should be coded into the GP CMR system and can be reported as part of the RCGP RSC weekly return.", "id": "Telepon ini harus dikodekan ke dalam sistem CMR GP dan dapat dilaporkan sebagai bagian dari laporan mingguan RSC RCGP."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We have developed training material to support this coding (Multimedia Appendix 4).", "id": "Kami telah mengembangkan bahan pelatihan untuk mendukung pengodean ini (Lampiran Multimedia 4)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These include prompt cards for:", "id": "Proses ini mencakup kartu perintah untuk:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Practice reception or triage staff: for coding of any patients calling the practice with symptoms of acute respiratory infection with a history of travel to important areas based on PHE advice", "id": "Staf resepsi atau triase praktik: untuk pengodean setiap orang yang menelepon ke praktik dengan gejala infeksi pernapasan akut dan dengan riwayat perjalanan ke daerah penting berdasarkan saran PHE"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Administrative staff or clinicians who code: to encourage consistent coding of results for any suspected cases, including coding of negative results for exclusion", "id": "Staf administratif atau dokter yang mengodekan: untuk mendorong pengodean hasil yang konsisten untuk kasus terduga, yang mencakup pengodean hasil negatif untuk dikesampingkan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Practices participating in virology surveillance will opportunistically collect blood samples from patients coming into the practice for a routine blood test.", "id": "Praktik yang berpartisipasi dalam surveilans virologis akan mengambil sampel darah secara oportunistis dari pasien yang datang ke praktik untuk pengujian darah rutin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Patients who attend their practice for a routine blood test will be asked to provide an additional sample for serology.", "id": "Pasien yang datang ke praktik mereka untuk pengujian darah rutin akan diminta untuk memberikan sampel tambahan untuk serologi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We have conducted initial searches within the RCGP RSC database to look at the number of full blood count (FBC) results and overall rates in adults and children (Figures 6-​-9).9).", "id": "Kami telah melakukan pencarian awal dalam basis data RSC RCGP untuk melihat jumlah hasil hitung darah lengkap (FBC) dan keseluruhan laju pada orang dewasa dan anak (Gambar 6-9).9)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "An FBC is one of the most common tests performed, and we hope this will give an approximate indication of overall numbers of blood tests performed.", "id": "FBC adalah salah satu pengujian yang paling banyak dilakukan, dan kami berharap data ini akan memberi indikasi perkiraan keseluruhan jumlah pengujian darah yang dilakukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The sampling rate, per 100,000 patients was highest for children 15-17 years of age and 60 year or older in adults, with the lowest rates in children 0-4 years of age and 18-29 years of age in adults (Figures 6-​-99).", "id": "Tingkat pengambilan sampel per 100.000 pasien paling tinggi untuk anak berusia 15-17 tahun dan lebih dari 60 tahun pada orang dewasa, dengan tingkat terendah pada anak berusia 0-4 tahun dan 18-29 tahun pada orang dewasa (Gambar 6-9)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We will provide 1000 serology baseline samples across all ages that reflect the varying rates of attendance by age.", "id": "Kami akan menyediakan 1000 sampel dasar serologi di seluruh kelompok usia yang mencerminkan variasi tingkat kedatangan berdasarkan umur."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Additionally, we will test if we can obtain these all from virology practices to enhance the yield.", "id": "Selain itu, kami akan menguji dapat tidaknya kami memperoleh semua ini dari praktik virologi untuk meningkatkan hasil."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A good geographical spread is important, so PHE can advise on areas where serology will most usefully be collected.", "id": "Sebaran geografis yang baik penting, jadi PHE dapat memberi saran area tempat serologi paling berguna dikumpulkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This will be followed by 800 samples monthly.", "id": "Ini akan diikuti dengan 800 sampel setiap bulan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The sample will be stratified with 200 specimens for prepandemic survey (100 for monthly) in the following age groups: < 5 years, 5-17 years, 18-64 years, and 65 years or older.", "id": "Sampel akan distratifikasi dengan 200 spesimen untuk survei prapandemi (100 untuk setiap bulan) dalam kelompok usia berikut: < 5 tahun, 5-17 tahun, 18-64 tahun, dan lebih dari 65 tahun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The younger patients, in many practices younger than 14 years, and in nearly all for children younger than 8 years will require pediatric serology surveillance.", "id": "Pasien yang lebih muda, yaitu yang berusia kurang dari 14 tahun di banyak praktik dan yang berusia kurang dari 8 tahun di hampir semua praktik, akan memerlukan surveilans serologi pediatrik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We will develop a new request form for practices to capture recent travel and exposure to COVID-19.", "id": "Kami akan mengembangkan formulir permintaan baru untuk praktik guna mencatat perjalanan terbaru dan paparan terhadap COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We will pilot a scheme for collecting convalescent serology from people with confirmed cases and who have had an acute virology sample at the time of their infection.", "id": "Kami akan merintis skema untuk mengumpulkan serologi konvalesen dari orang dengan kasus terkonfirmasi dan yang telah diambil sampel virologi akut pada saat infeksinya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is to identify a carrier state in patients who have recovered from the virus but may continue shedding the virus.", "id": "Tindakan ini untuk mengidentifikasi status pembawa pada pasien yang telah sembuh dari virus, tetapi mungkin masih terus meluruhkan virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If there are a small number of cases, this may assist in developing a test kit for patients to take to their own GP and explore its acceptability to patients.", "id": "Jika jumlah kasus kecil, tindakan ini mungkin membantu mengembangkan kit uji bagi pasien guna dibawa ke GP-nya sendiri dan ditelusuri penerimaannya bagi pasien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If there are a large number of COVID-19 cases nationally, convalescent samples could be collected from RCGP RSC practices where there are confirmed cases, with the ability to link to the full medical record.", "id": "Jika jumlah kasus COVID-19 nasional besar, sampel konvalesen dapat dikumpulkan dari praktik RSC RCGP saat ada kasus terkonfirmasi, dengan kemampuan untuk menghubungkan ke rekam medis lengkap."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This process may include checking pseudonymized NHS numbers for positive individuals at RCGP RSC practices, checking current PHE guidance regarding considerations of infectiousness for confirmed cases, and offering the patient an appointment following the previously mentioned process.", "id": "Proses ini mungkin mencakup memeriksa nomor NHS pseudoanonim untuk orang yang positif di praktik RSC RCGP, memeriksa panduan PHE saat ini mengenai pertimbangan penularan untuk kasus terkonfirmasi, dan menawarkan janji temu kepada pasien dengan mengikuti proses yang disebutkan sebelumnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This needs to be carefully coordinated nationally across the network and may require PHE to ensure individuals are not contacted by multiple agencies.", "id": "Hal ini perlu dikoordinasi dengan cermat secara nasional di seluruh jaringan dan PHE mungkin perlu memastikan bahwa orang tidak dihubungi oleh beberapa badan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "RCGP RSC could provide a useful structure to channel the initial contact once PHE has made a request.", "id": "RSC RCGP dapat menyediakan struktur yang diperlukan untuk menyalurkan kontak awal setelah PHE membuat permintaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC practices participating in the annual influenza virology surveillance have started sampling from patients showing symptoms of a LRTI.", "id": "Praktik RSC RCGP yang berpartisipasi dalam surveilans virologi influenza tahunan telah mulai mengambil sampel dari pasien yang menunjukkan gejala LRTI."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All samples received are being tested for influenza and COVID-19.", "id": "Semua sampel yang diterima diuji untuk memeriksa influenza dan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC will explore ways to collect convalescent samples from any patients tested positive for COVID-19 through the extension of the virological surveillance.", "id": "RSC RCGP akan mencari cara untuk mengambil sampel konvalesen dari pasien yang memberi hasil positif untuk COVID-19 melalui perluasan surveilans virologis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "From the start, we will be carefully curating data to ensure that it can be used for future studies.", "id": "Sejak awal, kami akan mengumpulkan data secara saksama untuk memastikan data dapat digunakan untuk studi di masa mendatang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Our clinical data will be linked to virology.", "id": "Data klinis kami akan dihubungkan dengan virologi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We will curate our data using the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable principles.", "id": "Kami akan mengumpulkan data menggunakan prinsip Dapat Ditemukan, Dapat Diakses, Dapat Saling Operasi, dan Dapat Digunakan Kembali."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To facilitate this our data set is listed with Health Data Research UK and the European Health Data Evidence Network.", "id": "Untuk memfasilitasinya, set data kami didaftarkan di Health Data Research UK dan European Health Data Evidence Network."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The statistical methodology is in support of a policy approach to widespread disease outbreak, where so-called nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are used to respond to an emerging pandemic to produce disease suppression.", "id": "Metode statistik yang dipakai mendukung pendekatan kebijakan untuk wabah penyakit yang tersebar luas, dengan intervensi nonfarmaseutikal (NPI) digunakan untuk menanggulangi wabah yang merebak guna menekan penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This policy aims to reduce contact rates in the population and thereby reduce transmission of the virus.", "id": "Kebijakan ini bertujuan untuk menurunkan tingkat kontak dalam populasi dan dengan demikian mengurangi transmisi virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To implement this the UK government has recently articulated the desire to implement population self-isolation measures.", "id": "Untuk menerapkan hal ini, pemerintah UK baru-baru ini mengutarakan keinginan untuk menerapkan langkah isolasi mandiri populasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By targeting the reproduction number (R) (the average number of secondary cases each case generates) and aiming to reduce the R to below 1, the policy seeks to reduce case numbers to low levels or (as seen in previous outbreaks with severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola) to eliminate human-to-human transmission.", "id": "Dengan menargetkan angka reproduksi (R) (angka rata-rata kasus sekunder yang dihasilkan setiap kasus) dan bertujuan menurunkan R hingga di bawah 1, kebijakan ini berupaya untuk menurunkan jumlah kasus hingga tingkat rendah atau (sebagaimana terlihat pada wabah sebelumnya yakni sindrom pernapasan akut bawah dan Ebola) untuk menghilangkan transmisi manusia-ke-manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As the experience from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic has shown, NPIs can be a crucial component of pandemic mitigation.", "id": "Sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh pengalaman wabah H1N1 tahun 2009, NPI dapat menjadi komponen krusial dalam mitigasi pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Key to the focus of our study will be the estimation of peak cases in the population and continual monitoring by data collection and modelling the potential growth and emergence of subsequent peaks in new cases as social distancing measures are relaxed.", "id": "Fokus utama studi kami adalah mengestimasi kasus puncak di populasi dan pemantauan berkelanjutan melalui pengumpulan data serta pemodelan potensi pertumbuhan dan kemunculan puncak berikutnya pada kasus baru saat langkah pembatasan sosial dikendurkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There has already been publication of important disease epidemiological measures concerning the outbreak of COVID-19 in mainland China.", "id": "Sudah ada publikasi tentang ukuran epidemiologi penyakit yang penting terkait wabah COVID-19 di Tiongkok daratan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A further fundamental measure in pandemic dynamics is the length of time from infection to when a person is infectious to others and the mean duration of infectiousness.", "id": "Ukuran selanjutnya yang sangat penting dalam dinamika pandemi adalah jangka waktu sejak infeksi hingga seseorang dapat menularkan kepada orang lain dan rata-rata durasi kemampuan menularkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These factors, if estimated accurately, will give good predictions for the likely length of the pandemic, the final number of infected cases.", "id": "Faktor-faktor ini, jika diestimasi secara akurat, akan memberi prediksi yang baik untuk kemungkinan durasi pandemi dan jumlah akhir kasus yang terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We intend to apply approximate Bayesian inference (ABC) to (possibly spatially heterogeneous) Susceptible-Exposed- Infectious-Removed (SEIR) stochastic epidemic models.", "id": "Kami bermaksud menerapkan inferens Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) untuk model epidemi stokastik SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed) yang mungkin heterogen spasial."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Such techniques are highly parallelizable and have been successfully applied to many fields including disease transmission modelling.", "id": "Teknik tersebut sangat dapat diparalelkan dan telah berhasil diterapkan pada banyak bidang, mencakup pemodelan transmisi penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They are particularly suited to situations where likelihood functions are absent and where more traditional approaches such as Markov chain Monte Carlo are impractical.", "id": "Teknik tersebut terutama sesuai untuk situasi saat fungsi kemungkinan tidak ada dan saat pendekatan yang lebih tradisional, seperti Markov chain Monte Carlo, tidak dapat diterapkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Such an approach has been demonstrated to work effectively on the ASPREN surveillance data, a network of sentinel GPs and nurse practitioners who report deidentified information on ILIs and other conditions, where issues such as missing data and the need to model the observation process itself has been successfully addressed.", "id": "Pendekatan tersebut telah terbukti berfungsi efektif pada data surveilans ASPREN, yakni jaringan GP sentinel dan praktisi perawat yang melaporkan informasi ILI dan kondisi lain yang telah dihilangkan identitasnya, dengan masalah seperti data tidak lengkap dan kebutuhan untuk memodelkan proses observasi itu sendiri berhasil diatasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Furthermore, peaks in new cases have been estimated by distributional methods.", "id": "Lebih lanjut, puncak pada kasus baru telah diestimasi melalui metode distribusi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Estimates of the parameters of the SEIR model are tractable on large data sets because of parallelizability, and these methods have been implemented in several R libraries; we intend to use the libraries ABSEIR (deposited on GitHub: https://tinyurl.com/vqu35cj) and abctools (https://tinyurl.com/tfjavz4) to estimate epidemic measures on a weekly basis.", "id": "Estimasi parameter model SEIR dapat dilacak pada set data besar karena sifatnya yang dapat diparalelkan, dan metode ini telah diterapkan pada beberapa pustaka R; kami bermaksud menggunakan pustaka ABSEIR (disimpan di GitHub: https://tinyurl.com/vqu35cj) dan abctools (https://tinyurl.com/tfjavz4) untuk mengestimasi ukuran epidemi setiap minggu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since we are fitting an SIR-epidemic model in the ABC routine, we anticipate that our results will be robust against weekly case data containing relatively small counts.", "id": "Karena kami menyesuaikan model epidemi SIR dalam prosedur ABC, kami memperkirakan hasil kami akan teguh terhadap data kasus mingguan dengan angka relatif kecil."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, see for the ABC methodology applied to the Tristan da Cunha common cold data from 1967, where counts of I (number of infectious cases) and R (number of recovered cases) are in the tens at most.", "id": "Sebagai contoh, kita dapat melihat metodologi ABC yang diterapkan pada data pilek Tristan da Cunha tahun 1967, dengan angka I (jumlah kasus infeksi) dan R (jumlah kasus sembuh) paling banyak puluhan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Finally, in addition to the above methodology we will employ the Kaplan-Meier method with two outcomes (death and recovery) to estimate the case fatality ratio.", "id": "Akhirnya, selain metodologi di atas, kami akan menggunakan metode Kaplan-Meier dengan dua hasil akhir (kematian dan sembuh) untuk mengestimasi rasio fatalitas kasus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This approach is independent of the ABC methodology and will allow comparisons between estimates from the two modelling approaches to judge robustness of results.", "id": "Pendekatan ini independen terhadap metodologi ABC dan akan memungkinkan perbandingan antara estimasi dari dua pendekatan pemodelan untuk menilai keteguhan hasil."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "RCGP RSC’s surveillance with PHE is defined as Health Protection under Regulation 3 of The Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002.", "id": "Surveilans RSC RCGP dengan PHE didefinisikan sebagai Perlindungan Kesehatan berdasarkan Regulasi 3 pada Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This has been confirmed by PHE’s Caldicott Guardian’s Office.", "id": "Hal ini telah dikonfirmasi oleh Kantor Caldicott Guardians PHE."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We do not see any increased risk to practices or practitioners taking part in this surveillance.", "id": "Kami tidak melihat adanya peningkatan risiko bagi praktik atau praktisi yang mengambil bagian dalam surveilans ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Infection prevention and control advice will follow extant national guidance.", "id": "Saran pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi akan mengikuti panduan nasional yang berlaku."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Any cases identified will be managed according to the PHE/NHS guidance in force at the time, including advice for identified contacts.", "id": "Setiap kasus yang teridentifikasi akan dikelola sesuai dengan panduan PHE/NHS yang berlaku saat ini, yang mencakup saran untuk kontak yang teridentifikasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, our training will include reminders about safe handling of specimens and revision of infection control measures anticipated to be high in our practices.", "id": "Namun, pelatihan kami akan mencakup pengingat tentang penanganan spesimen yang aman dan revisi langkah pengendalian infeksi yang diduga akan tinggi dalam praktik kami."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is a key part of Regulation 12 about safe care and treatment, periodically inspected by the Care Quality Commission.", "id": "Hal ini merupakan bagian utama Regulasi 12 tentang perlakuan dan penanganan aman, yang diperiksa secara berkala oleh Care Quality Commission."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Travel History and Clinical Descriptors of the COVID-19 Infections", "id": "Riwayat Perjalanan dan Deskriptor Klinis Infeksi COVID-19"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC practices have been advised on the clinical coding that has been made available for COVID-19 across all CMR systems.", "id": "Praktik RSC RCGP telah diberi tahu mengenai pengodean klinis yang telah tersedia untuk COVID-19 di seluruh sistem CMR."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This includes information on coding of clinical descriptors (Table 4) and any recent travel history.", "id": "Hal ini termasuk informasi mengenai pengodean deskriptor klinis (Tabel 4) dan setiap riwayat perjalanan terbaru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Establishment of Extended Virology Sampling", "id": "Pemapanan Pengambilan Sampel Virologi Diperluas"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC practices participating in the annual influenza virology surveillance have started sampling from patients showing symptoms of LRTI.", "id": "Praktik RSC RCGP yang berpartisipasi dalam surveilans virologi influenza tahunan telah mulai mengambil sampel dari pasien yang menunjukkan gejala LRTI."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All samples received are being tested for influenza and COVID-19.", "id": "Semua sampel yang diterima diuji untuk memeriksa influenza dan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This has led to initial early identification of background spread in low-risk patients.", "id": "Tindakan ini telah menghasilkan identifikasi awal sebaran latar pada pasien berisiko rendah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 7, 2020, the surveillance system has detected 2 cases of COVID-19 in low-risk patients with no history of travel through extended virological sampling.", "id": "Hingga 7 Maret 2020, sistem surveilans telah mendeteksi 2 kasus COVID-19 pada pasien berisiko rendah tanpa riwayat perjalanan melalui pengambilan sampel virologis diperluas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This protocol describes how we have adapted a national influenza surveillance system to monitor community spread of an unexpected infection of COVID-19.", "id": "Protokol ini menjelaskan cara kami mengadaptasi sistem surveilans influenza nasional untuk memantau sebaran komunitas infeksi COVID-19 yang tidak diduga."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We have rapidly created and incorporated new codes to allow data recording, and are collecting data to monitor the effectiveness of containment strategies.", "id": "Dengan cepat, kami telah membuat dan menambahkan kode baru untuk memungkinkan pencatatan data, serta mengumpulkan data untuk memonitor keefektifan strategi pembendungan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Through this surveillance, we intend to find out more about the epidemiology of COVID-19 in ambulatory care.", "id": "Melalui surveilans ini, kami bermaksud mencari tahu lebih lanjut tentang epidemiologi COVID-19 di perawatan ambulatori."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In particular, its rate of spread, both temporal and geographical.", "id": "Khususnya, laju sebarannya, baik temporal maupun geografis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Our testing of low-risk patients will also inform whether the containment strategy that is based on virology testing of high-risk patients and their contacts plus self-isolation is effective.", "id": "Pengujian kami terhadap pasien berisiko rendah juga akan memberi informasi tentang keefektifan strategi pembendungan yang berdasarkan pada pengujian virologi pasien berisiko tinggi dan kontaknya, ditambah dengan isolasi mandiri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Containment should slow the spread, and there may be benefits in the management of spread from intense surveillance.", "id": "Pembendungan mestinya akan memperlambat penyebaran, dan pengelolaan sebaran dengan surveilans intensif mungkin akan bermanfaat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, there may come a point at which the virus spreads more widely into the population, as has happened in Italy.", "id": "Namun, mungkin akan ada suatu titik ketika sebaran virus lebih luas dalam populasi, seperti yang terjadi di Italia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Surveillance of low-risk patients should inform when we reach this tipping point and when infection rates start to remit.", "id": "Surveilans pasien berisiko rendah akan memberi informasi saat kita mencapai titik kritis ini dan saat laju infeksi mulai menurun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The epidemiology of COVID-19 remains emergent.", "id": "Epidemiologi COVID-19 masih baru muncul."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The registration-based nature of UK primary care means that we will be able to create a complete picture of the cumulative incidence and duration.", "id": "Sifat fasilitas kesehatan tingkat pertama UK yang berbasis pendaftaran berarti bahwa kita akan dapat membuat gambaran lengkap durasi dan insiden kumulatif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The surveillance system should be able to identify areas where COVID-19 spread is taking place that might be suitable for trials of antiviral therapy.", "id": "Sistem surveilans akan dapat mengidentifikasi area tempat berlangsungnya penyebaran COVID-19 yang mungkin sesuai untuk uji coba terapi antivirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We could also follow up on the effectiveness or any adverse reactions to these medicines or vaccinations.", "id": "Kita juga dapat menindaklanjuti efektivitas atau reaksi samping terhadap obat atau vaksinasi ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Finally, early detection of a confirmed COVID-19 case has exemplified the rapid implementation of this enhanced surveillance in the national network.", "id": "Akhirnya, deteksi awal kasus COVID-19 terkonfirmasi telah memperlihatkan pentingnya implementasi cepat surveilans yang ditingkatkan ini di jaringan nasional."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Safety of practices is our primary concern.", "id": "Keamanan praktik adalah perhatian utama kami."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RCGP RSC has operated for over 50 years and has been involved in collecting samples to monitor disease and vaccine effectiveness through the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968/69, the Russian flu of 1977/78, and the 2009 Swine flu pandemic.", "id": "RSC RCGP telah beroperasi selama lebih dari 50 tahun dan telah terlibat dalam pengumpulan sampel untuk memantau penyakit dan keefektifan vaksin selama pandemi flu Hong Kong pada tahun 1968/69, flu Rusia pada tahun 1977/78, dan pandemi flu babi pada tahun 2009."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We are not aware of any increased risk to practice staff or other patients from involvement in surveillance.", "id": "Kami tidak mengetahui adanya peningkatan risiko bagi staf praktik atau pasien lain akibat keterlibatan dalam surveilans."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Pandemic preparedness is part of the role of the RCGP RSC.", "id": "Kesiapan pandemi adalah bagian dari peran RSC RCGP."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is plausible that enhanced coding of information from contacts with the practices in RCGP RSC will reduce the likelihood of people who may be suspected COVID-19 cases being brought to the surgery inadvertently.", "id": "Pengodean yang ditingkatkan terhadap informasi dari kontak dengan praktik di RSC RCGP dipercaya akan mengurangi kemungkinan orang yang berpotensi terduga kasus COVID-19 tanpa sengaja diminta datang ke praktik dokter umum."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Where cases are detected unexpectedly, it is probably helpful for that patient, their contacts, and the practice to know.", "id": "Ketika kasus terdeteksi tanpa diduga, mungkin akan bermanfaat jika pasien, kontaknya, dan praktik diberi tahu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The impact on practices has been to close for a day, if a case is found, for deep cleaning and then reopen.", "id": "Dampak bagi praktik adalah ditutup selama sehari jika kasus ditemukan, untuk pembersihan secara saksama, lalu dibuka kembali."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The principal limitations of our system are the number of data points.", "id": "Limitasi utama sistem kami adalah jumlah titik data."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We are collecting serology and virology data from 100 sites, which covers a small group of the population.", "id": "Kami mengumpulkan data serologi dan virologi dari 100 lokasi, yang mencakup sekelompok kecil populasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This has been satisfactory for monitoring influenza, but we are not certain if this is a sufficiently large sample for the COVID-19 outbreak.", "id": "Sampel ini memadai untuk pemantauan influenza, tetapi kami tidak yakin jika sampel ini cukup besar untuk wabah COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Our sites (surveillance practices) are currently fixed, and it could be helpful to be able to rapidly onboard practices in regions where there are more cases.", "id": "Lokasi (praktik surveilans) kami saat ini adalah praktik yang sudah tetap; penyertaan cepat praktik-praktik di daerah yang memiliki banyak kasus mungkin akan berguna."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Currently, we will be reporting weekly.", "id": "Saat ini, kami akan melaporkan setiap minggu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Our existing system can be enhanced to twice weekly, but maybe daily or hourly data should be our current approach.", "id": "Sistem yang ada dapat ditingkatkan menjadi dua kali seminggu, tetapi mungkin data per hari atau per jam seharusnya menjadi pendekatan kami saat ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Opportunistic sampling for serology in children younger than 10 years might be limited due to the overall reduced rate of blood tests in children.", "id": "Pengambilan sampel oportunistik untuk serologi pada anak berusia kurang dari 10 tahun mungkin terbatas karena tingkat pengujian darah yang secara keseluruhan dikurangi pada anak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The extended surveillance using the RCGP RSC-PHE network for the emergent COVID-19 outbreak has been established rapidly.", "id": "Surveilans yang diperluas menggunakan jaringan RSC RCGP-PHE untuk wabah COVID-19 yang baru muncul telah dibuat dengan cepat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The model of getting the appropriate informatics to enable capture of the required data has already been a success, with data recording starting the week the codes were created.", "id": "Model untuk mendapatkan informatika yang sesuai guna memungkinkan pencatatan data yang diperlukan sudah berhasil, dengan pencatatan data dimulai pada minggu yang sama ketika kode dibuat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, modifying the existing surveillance system to collect population data in a parallel way has also been effective.", "id": "Selain itu, modifikasi sistem surveilans yang ada untuk mengumpulkan data populasi dalam cara yang paralel juga efektif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, we are at present unsure as to whether the scale of this surveillance provides sufficient data to drive local containment strategies or if reporting infrequently meets the need of our information age.", "id": "Namun, saat ini kami tidak yakin apakah skala surveilans ini menyediakan data yang memadai untuk mendorong strategi pembendungan lokal atau apakah pelaporan yang tidak cukup sering memenuhi kebutuhan kita di era informasi ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Updating the diagnostic criteria of COVID-19 “suspected case” and “confirmed case” is necessary", "id": "Pembaruan kriteria diagnostik “kasus terduga” dan “kasus terkonfirmasi” COVID-19 perlu dilakukan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 6 February 2020, our team had published a rapid advice guideline for diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection, and this guideline provided our experience and make well reference for fighting against this pandemic worldwide.", "id": "Pada 6 Februari 2020, tim kami mempublikasikan panduan nasihat cepat untuk diagnosis dan penanganan infeksi koronavirus baru 2019 (2019-nCoV). Panduan ini berdasarkan pengalaman kami dan menjadi referensi yang baik untuk melawan pandemi di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new disease, our awareness and knowledge are gradually increasing based on the ongoing research findings and clinical practice experience; hence, the strategies of diagnosis and treatment are also continually updated.", "id": "Meski demikian, penyakit koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) adalah penyakit baru, kesadaran dan pengetahuan kita semakin meningkat berdasarkan temuan riset yang sedang berlangsung dan pengalaman praktis klinis; karena itu, strategi diagnosis dan penanganan juga terus diperbarui."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In this letter, we answered one comment on our guideline and provided the newest diagnostic criteria of “suspected case” and “confirmed case” according to the latest Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for COVID-19 (seventh version) that issued by the National Health Committee of the People’s Republic of China.", "id": "Dalam surat ini, kami menjawab salah satu komentar di panduan kami dan menyediakan kriteria diagnostik terbaru untuk “kasus terduga” dan “kasus terkonfirmasi” berdasarkan Panduan Diagnosis dan Penanganan untuk COVID-19 (versi ketujuh) yang dikeluarkan oleh Komisi Kesehatan Nasional Republik Rakyat Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In December 2019, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has caused an outbreak, which is now officially named as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the virus has been named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "id": "Pada Desember 2019, koronavirus baru 2019 (2019-nCoV) telah menyebabkan wabah, yang saat ini secara formal disebut penyakit koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) dan virus tersebut diberi nama koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2 (SARS-CoV-2)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 11 March 2020, WHO characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic.", "id": "Pada 11 Maret 2020, WHO menjelaskan COVID-19 sebagai pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In order to fight against the SARS-CoV-2 infection, our team has developed a rapid advice guideline and that has been published online in Military Medical Research on 06 February 2020.", "id": "Untuk melawan infeksi SARS-CoV-2, tim kami mengembangkan panduan nasihat cepat dan panduan tersebut telah dipublikasikan secara daring di Military Medical Research pada 6 Februari 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It has attracted a great attention since published.", "id": "Panduan tersebut telah banyak menarik perhatian sejak diterbitkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Note however that COVID-19 is a new disease, our awareness and knowledge is gradually increasing based on the ongoing research findings and clinical practice experience; hence, the strategies of diagnosis and treatment are also continually updated.", "id": "Namun, perlu dicatat bahwa COVID-19 adalah penyakit baru, kesadaran dan pengetahuan kita semakin meningkat berdasarkan temuan riset yang sedang berlangsung serta pengalaman praktis klinis; karena itu, strategi diagnosis dan penanganan juga terus diperbarui."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For instance the Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for COVID-19 issued by the National Health Committee of the People’s Republic of China (http://www.nhc.gov.cn/), among 16 January 2020 to 3 March 2020, has issued a total of seven editions with some contexts being substantively changed.", "id": "Sebagai contoh Panduan Diagnosis dan Penanganan untuk COVID-19 yang dikeluarkan oleh Komisi Kesehatan Nasional Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (http://www.nhc.gov.cn/), antara 16 Januari 2020 hingga 3 Maret 2020, komisi ini telah mengeluarkan total tujuh edisi dengan sebagian konteks telah diubah cukup banyak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Now our guideline received a comment by Zhou et al., they introduced a simple scoring proposal based on their clinical experience.", "id": "Panduan kami menerima komentar dari Zhou et al., mereka memperkenalkan proposal pemberian skor sederhana berdasarkan pengalaman klinis mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Their work added new evidence for our guideline and also make valuable reference for this pandemic worldwide.", "id": "Hasil kerja mereka menambahkan bukti baru untuk panduan kami serta menjadi rujukan berharga untuk pandemi ini di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We endorse their significant work and express our thanks.", "id": "Kami mendukung hasil kerja mereka yang signifikan dan mengungkapkan rasa terima kasih kami."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, their work also needs update according to the latest Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for COVID-19 (Trial seventh version) and recently studies.", "id": "Meski demikian, hasil kerja mereka juga memerlukan pembaruan berdasarkan Panduan Diagnosis dan Penanganan untuk COVID-19 terbaru (versi ketujuh uji coba) dan studi terbaru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to the seventh edition (3 March 2020), to confirm the suspected case needs to combine any one item of epidemiological history features with two items of clinical manifestations to make a comprehensive analysis, or needs to meet three items of clinical manifestations if without clear epidemiological history:", "id": "Berdasarkan edisi ketujuh (3 Maret 2020), untuk mengonfirmasi kasus terduga diperlukan kombinasi salah satu gambaran riwayat epidemiologis dengan dua manifestasi klinis untuk membuat analisis yang komprehensif, atau diperlukan pemenuhan tiga manifestasi klinis jika tidak ada riwayat epidemiologis yang jelas:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Epidemiological history: (1) a history of travel or residence in Wuhan city and surrounding areas, or other communities where COVID-19 cases had been reported in the last 14 days before symptom onset; (2) a history of contact with SARS-CoV-2 infectious cases (with positive nucleic acid test); (3) a history of contacting with patients with fever or respiratory symptoms from Wuhan city and surrounding areas, or other communities where COVID-19 had been reported in the last 14 days before symptom onset; (4) a history of contacting with cluster of confirmed cases (≥ 2 cases with fever and/or respiratory symptoms occurred within 2 weeks in small areas, such as home, office, class of school, etc).", "id": "Riwayat epidemiologis: (1) riwayat perjalanan atau tinggal di kota Wuhan dan daerah sekitarnya, atau komunitas lain tempat kasus COVID-19 telah dilaporkan dalam 14 hari terakhir sebelum awitan gejala; (2) riwayat kontak dengan kasus menular SARS-CoV-2 (dengan uji asam nukleat positif); (3) riwayat kontak dengan pasien yang mengalami demam atau gejala pernapasan dari kota Wuhan dan daerah sekitarnya, atau komunitas lain tempat kasus COVID-19 telah dilaporkan dalam 14 hari terakhir sebelum awitan gejala; (4) riwayat kontak dengan klaster kasus terkonfirmasi (≥ 2 kasus dengan demam dan/atau gejala pernapasan yang terjadi dalam 2 minggu di area kecil, seperti rumah, kantor, kelas sekolah, dll.)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Clinical manifestations: (1) fever and/ or respiratory symptoms; (2) with imaging features of COVID-19 infection; (3) total white blood cell counts showing normal, decreased, or reduced lymphocyte count in the early onset stage.", "id": "Manifestasi klinis: (1) demam dan/atau gejala pernapasan; (2) fitur pencitraan infeksi COVID-19; (3) total hitung sel darah putih menunjukkan hitung limfosit normal, menurun, atau berkurang di tahap awitan awal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Diagnosing the confirmed case should base on suspected case with any one item of pathogenic or serological evidence as following: (1) real-time PCR test positive for SARS-CoV-2; (2) viral whole genome sequencing showing high homogeneity to the known novel coronaviruses; (3) positive for the specific IgM antibody and IgG antibody to SARS-CoV-2 in serum test; or a change of the SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibody from negative to positive, or titer rising ≥4 times in the recovery phase above that in the acute phase.", "id": "Mendiagnosis kasus terkonfirmasi harus didasarkan pada kasus terduga dengan salah satu bukti patogenik atau serologis sebagai berikut: (1) uji PCR real-time positif untuk SARS-CoV-2; (2) sekuensi seluruh genom virus menunjukkan homogenitas tinggi untuk koronavirus baru yang diketahui; (3) positif untuk antibody IgM spesifik dan antibodi IgG terhadap SARS-CoV-2 dalam uji serum; atau perubahan antibodi IgG spesifik-SARS-CoV-2 dari negatif menjadi positif, atau titer meningkat ≥4 lipat pada fase pemulihan di atas kadar pada fase akut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We can see that the real-time PCR test for nucleic acid in respiratory tract or blood samples was added to the second (18 January 2020) and third (22 January 2020) editions.", "id": "Kita dapat melihat bahwa uji PCR real-time asam nukleat dalam sampel saluran pernapasan atau darah ditambahkan pada edisi kedua (18 Januari 2020) dan ketiga (22 Januari 2020)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The pathogenic detection of blood sample was added to the fourth (27 January 2020) and fifth (8 February 2020) editions; and then the serological evidence was added to the seventh edition.", "id": "Deteksi patogenik pada sampel darah ditambahkan pada edisi keempat (27 Januari 2020) dan kelima (8 Februari 2020); lalu, bukti serologis ditambahkan pada edisi ketujuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These modifications based on the researchers continued work that to search for an optimal nucleic acid detection kit for rapid diagnosis, as well as the samples from respiratory tract including blood sampling, which increased the availability of different specimens, and supported bringing the specific antibody positive result into the confirmed criteria.", "id": "Modifikasi ini berdasarkan penelitian berkelanjutan para peneliti untuk mencari kit deteksi asam nukleat optimal untuk diagnosis cepat, serta sampel dari saluran napas termasuk pengambilan darah, yang meningkatkan ketersediaan berbagai spesimen, dan mendukung penyertaan hasil positif antibodi tertentu ke dalam kriteria terkonfirmasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Besides, there are more and more evidence that remind us to caution with the atypical symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.", "id": "Selain itu, ada semakin banyak bukti yang mengingatkan kita untuk mewaspadai pasien dengan gejala atipis dan tanpa gejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hence, the flow chart of Zhou et al. should be updated, as they classified the person without clinical symptoms as “low risk”.", "id": "Karena itu, bagan alir Zhou et al. harus diperbarui sebab mereka mengklasifikasikan orang tanpa gejala klinis sebagai “berisiko rendah”."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The score system also needs to be verified in further clinical practice and studies.", "id": "Sistem skor juga perlu diverifikasi dalam praktik dan studi klinis di masa mendatang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To conclude, we hope more direct evidence coming up and call for readers to provide their comments.", "id": "Sebagai penutup, kami berharap bukti yang lebih langsung akan muncul dan meminta pembaca untuk memberikan komentar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For the diagnosis of “suspected case” and “confirmed case”, we suggest to trace and obey the newest guidelines of their home countries.", "id": "Untuk diagnosis “kasus terduga” dan “kasus terkonfirmasi”, kami menyarankan untuk mengikuti dan mematuhi panduan terbaru di negara masing-masing."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Our team will also timely update our guideline to offer help.", "id": "Tim kami juga akan memperbarui panduan kami secara berkala sebagai bantuan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Bangladesh reports five new deaths due to COVID-19, a daily highest", "id": "Bangladesh melaporkan lima kematian baru akibat COVID-19, angka kematian harian tertinggi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Yesterday, Bangladesh has confirmed five new deaths due to COVID-19 on the day.", "id": "Kemarin, Bangladesh mengonfirmasi lima kematian baru akibat COVID-19 pada hari itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is the highest number of fatalities in a day due to the virus.", "id": "Ini adalah angka kematian tertinggi dalam satu hari akibat virus itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of yesterday, Bangladesh's Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) reported the number of recorded infected cases included 114 active cases and 33 recovered cases who were staying home.", "id": "Hingga kemarin, Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) Bangladesh melaporkan jumlah kasus infeksi yang tercatat mencakup 114 kasus aktif dan 33 kasus sembuh yang tinggal di rumah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A total of 17 deaths have been recorded.", "id": "Tercatat total 17 kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In an online news briefing, the director of IEDCR, Dr Meerjady Sabrina Flora, said the fatalities included four males and one female.", "id": "Dalam sebuah taklimat berita daring, direktur IEDCR, Dr Meerjady Sabrina Flora, mengatakan kematian meliputi empat pria dan seorang wanita."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to Dr Meerjady, two cases were aged above 60, two between 51 and 60, and one 41-50 years old.", "id": "Menurut Dr Meerjady, dua kasus berumur di atas 60 tahun, dua kasus antara 51 dan 60 tahun, dan satu kasus antara 41-50 tahun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "She also said two of the victims were from Dhaka.", "id": "Ia juga mengatakan dua korban berasal dari Dhaka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11.", "id": "Pada tanggal 11 Maret 2020, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menyatakan COVID-19 sebagai pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A hospital official told Anadolu Agency, a local news outlet, that one of the deceased was Jalal Saifur Rahman, a director of Bengali Anti-Corruption Commission, who was cared for at the Kuwait Maitree Hospital.", "id": "Seorang pejabat rumah sakit memberitahu Anadolu Agency, sebuah kantor berita lokal, bahwa salah seorang yang meninggal adalah Jalal Saifur Rahman, direktur Komisi Anti Korupsi Bengali, yang dirawat di Rumah Sakit Kuwait Maitree."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On Saturday, in an online video announcement, Bangladeshi Road Transport and Bridges Minister Obaidul Quader said public transport would be shut down for longer than initially planned, until this coming Saturday.", "id": "Pada hari Sabtu, dalam sebuah pengumuman video daring, Menteri Transportasi Jalan dan Jembatan, Obaidul Quader mengatakan transportasi umum akan dihentikan lebih lama dari yang semula direncanakan, sampai Sabtu mendatang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This public transport shutdown had initially started on March 26 and was planned to end on Saturday, April 4.", "id": "Penghentian transportasi umum ini telah dimulai sejak tanggal 26 Maret dan direncanakan berakhir pada hari Sabtu, 4 April."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Transport of essential goods -- medical, fuel and food -- was still allowed.", "id": "Transportasi barang kebutuhan pokok -- medis, bahan bakar, dan makanan -- masih diizinkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The first recorded incidents of COVID-19 infection in Bangladesh were on March 8, in two people who returned from Italy and also the wife of one of them.", "id": "Insiden infeksi COVID-19 yang pertama tercatat di Bangladesh adalah pada tanggal 8 Maret, pada dua orang yang baru pulang dari Italia dan juga istri salah seorang dari mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 19, these three had already recovered.", "id": "Pada 19 Maret, tiga orang tersebut telah sembuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "National Basketball Association suspends season due to COVID-19 concerns", "id": "National Basketball Association menangguhkan musim ini akibat COVID-19"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On Wednesday, the United States' National Basketball Association (NBA) suspended its professional basketball season due to concerns regarding COVID-19.", "id": "Pada hari Rabu, National Basketball Association (NBA) Amerika Serikat menangguhkan musim bola basket profesionalnya karena kekhawatiran terkait COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The NBA's decision followed a Utah Jazz player testing positive for the COVID-19 virus.", "id": "Keputusan NBA tersebut diambil setelah hasil tes salah seorang pemain Utah Jazz positif untuk virus COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The NBA did not release the identity of the player in question in its announcement.", "id": "NBA tidak mengumumkan identitas pemain tersebut dalam pengumumannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They did say he was not present at Chesapeake Energy Arena in Oklahoma City, where the Utah Jazz were to play against the Oklahoma City Thunder.", "id": "Namun, mereka mengatakan bahwa ia tidak hadir di Chesapeake Energy Arena di Oklahoma City, tempat Utah Jazz bermain menghadapi Oklahoma City Thunder."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to its press release, the NBA was \"suspending game play following the conclusion of [Wednesday's] schedule of games until further notice.\"", "id": "Menurut pernyataan persnya, NBA \"menangguhkan kompetisi sejak keputusan [hari Rabu] sampai pemberitahuan lebih lanjut.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Jazz's game was cancelled, as was another NBA game Wednesday between the Sacramento Kings and the New Orleans Pelicans.", "id": "Pertandingan Jazz dibatalkan, sebagaimana pertandingan NBA hari Rabu lainnya antara Sacramento Kings dan New Orleans Pelicans."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other games scheduled for Wednesday were still held, according to NBC News.", "id": "Pertandingan lain yang dijadwalkan hari Rabu masih diadakan, menurut Kantor Berita NBC."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The United States' other major basketball organization, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, which runs college basketball, has cancelled its own tournament, March Madness, for both men's and women's leagues.", "id": "Organisasi basket utama di Amerika Serikat yang lain, National Collegiate Athletic Association, yang menyelenggarakan pertandingan basket kampus, telah membatalkan turnamennya, March Madness, baik untuk liga pria maupun wanita."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to Johns Hopkins University, as of Wednesday, there were at least 1,279 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the United States.", "id": "Menurut Johns Hopkins University, hingga hari Rabu, terdapat setidaknya 1.279 kasus terkonfirmasi COVID-19 di Amerika Serikat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "CNBC reported there were at least 118,381 cases worldwide.", "id": "CNBC melaporkan setidaknya 118.381 kasus di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SARS-CoV-2 surpasses one million infections worldwide", "id": "Infeksi SARS-CoV-2 melebihi angka satu juta di seluruh dunia"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On Thursday, the total number of cases of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infections surpassed one million worldwide, Johns Hopkins University data indicated.", "id": "Pada hari Kamis, total jumlah kasus infeksi virus korona SARS-CoV-2 melampaui satu juta di seluruh dunia, menurut data Johns Hopkins University."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "At least 52 thousand deaths were linked to COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus.", "id": "Setidaknya 52 ribu kematian dikaitkan dengan COVID-19, penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus korona."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The milestone came the same day Malawi confirmed its first coronavirus infections and Zambia had its first coronavirus-related death.", "id": "Puncaknya terjadi pada hari yang sama ketika Malawi mengonfirmasi infeksi virus korona pertamanya dan Zambia mengalami kematian pertamanya terkait virus korona."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "North Korea claimed, as of Thursday, it was one of the few countries remaining free of coronavirus infections.", "id": "Korea Utara mengklaim, pada hari Kamis, bahwa negara tersebut adalah salah satu dari sedikit negara yang tetap terbebas dari infeksi virus korona."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By yesterday, the World Health Organization reported 1,051,635 confirmed cases, including 79,332 cases in the twenty four hours preceding 10 a.m. Central European Time (0800 UTC) on April 4.", "id": "Hingga kemarin, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) melaporkan 1.051.635 kasus terkonfirmasi, termasuk 79.332 kasus dalam dua puluh empat jam sejak pukul 10 pagi Waktu Eropa Tengah (0800 UTC) pada tanggal 4 April."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the United States, over 244 thousand coronavirus cases were recorded, linking to at least 5,900 deaths.", "id": "Di Amerika Serikat (AS), tercatat ada lebih dari 244 ribu kasus virus korona, yang mengakibatkan setidaknya 5.900 kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "CBS News reported, citing Johns Hopkins University data, there were over 1,000 US deaths on Wednesday caused by coronavirus infections.", "id": "Kantor Berita CBS melaporkan, yang mengutip data Johns Hopkins University, terdapat lebih dari 1.000 kematian di AS yang diakibatkan oleh infeksi virus korona."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Around the world, countries announced stricter measures to inhibit the disease from spreading.", "id": "Di seluruh dunia, negara-negara mengumumkan tindakan yang lebih ketat untuk menghambat penyebaran penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On Thursday, Sergei Sobyanin, the mayor of Moscow, extended the city lockdown to May 1.", "id": "Pada hari Kamis, Sergei Sobyanin, walikota Moskow, memperpanjang karantina wilayah hingga tanggal 1 Mei."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Nationally, President Vladimir Putin declared Russians would continue to be paid without going to work until April 30.", "id": "Secara Nasional, Presiden Vladimir Putin menyatakan bahwa warga Rusia akan tetap dibayar tanpa perlu pergi bekerja hingga tanggal 30 April."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The parliament of Portugal voted to extend the national state of emergency by 15 days; the vote passed with 215 votes in favor, ten abstentions, and one vote against.", "id": "Parlemen Portugal melakukan pengambilan suara untuk memperpanjang status darurat nasional selama 15 hari; pengambilan suara tersebut lolos dengan 215 suara mendukung, sepuluh suara abstain, dan satu suara menolak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Saudi Arabia extended curfews in the holy cities of Mecca and Medina to last the entire day; previously, the curfew was only in effect between 3 p.m. and 6 a.m.", "id": "Arab Saudi memperpanjang jam malam di kota suci Mekkah dan Madinah hingga sepanjang hari; sebelumnya, jam malam tersebut hanya berlaku antara pukul 3 sore dan 6 pagi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thailand planned to implement a curfew between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m.", "id": "Thailand berencana menerapkan jam malam antara pukul 10 malam dan 4 pagi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The governor of Ohio, Mike DeWine, announced the state had extended its stay-at-home order until May 1.", "id": "Gubernur Ohio, Mike DeWine, mengumumkan bahwa negara bagian tersebut telah memperpanjang perintah tinggal di rumah hingga tanggal 1 Mei."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Stores in Australia lower toilet paper limits per transaction", "id": "Toko-toko di Australia menurunkan batas pembelian tisu toilet per transaksi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On Sunday and Saturday evening, Australian store chains Woolworths and Coles lowered their purchase restrictions on toilet paper to two and one package per transaction in all stores on national level, respectively.", "id": "Pada hari Minggu dan Sabtu sore, jaringan toko Australia Woolworth dan Coles masing-masing menurunkan batasan pembelian tisu toilet hingga dua dan satu pak per transaksi di semua toko pada tingkat nasional."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "ALDI also introduced a one-pack limit, on Monday.", "id": "ALDI juga menerapkan batasan satu pak, pada hari Senin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These limitations were posted as messages on the checkouts, and on the chains' Facebook pages.", "id": "Pembatasan ini diumumkan sebagai pesan di kasir dan di halaman Facebook jaringannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Buyers were reportedly stocking up due to fears of COVID-19 in case people need to self-isolate.", "id": "Pembeli dilaporkan menumpuk persediaan akibat ketakutan COVID-19 kalau-kalau masyarakat harus melakukan isolasi mandiri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On Wednesday, Woolworths also limited toilet paper purchases for home delivery to one pack per order.", "id": "Pada hari Rabu, Woolworths juga membatasi pembelian tisu toilet untuk pengiriman ke rumah hingga satu pak per pesanan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These changes followed the previous four-pack per transaction restriction introduced by Woolworths and Coles on March 4 and 5 respectively.", "id": "Perubahan ini mengikuti pembatasan empat pak per transaksi yang sebelumnya diterapkan Woolworths dan Coles masing-masing pada 4 dan 5 Maret."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coles, in its March 8 media release, reported that with the four-pack restriction in place, \"many stores are still selling out within an hour of delivery\", and called the demand \"unprecedented\", while ALDI, in a Facebook post on Tuesday, called it \"unexpected\".", "id": "Pada pernyataan medianya tanggal 8 Maret, Coles melaporkan bahwa dengan pemberlakukan pembatasan empat pak tersebut, \"banyak toko masih kehabisan dalam satu jam sejak pengiriman\", dan menyebut permintaan tersebut \"belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya\", sementara ALDI, dalam sebuah postingan Facebook pada hari Selasa, menyebutnya \"tidak terduga\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Sales went up in a \"sharp increase\" last week, according to a Woolworths spokesperson.", "id": "Penjualan \"meningkat tajam\" minggu lalu, menurut salah seorang juru bicara Woolworths."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Costco's store in Canberra also limited the allowed amount to two packs last week.", "id": "Toko Costco di Canberra juga membatasi jumlah yang diijinkan hingga dua pak minggu lalu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To further alleviate the shortage, Coles ordered bigger packages from suppliers and increased delivery frequency, Woolworths ordered extra stock, while ALDI made stocks for a planned Wednesday special available early.", "id": "Untuk menghindari kelangkaan, Coles memesan kemasan lebih besar dari pemasok dan meningkatkan frekuensi pengiriman, Woolworths memesan persediaan tambahan, sementara ALDI membuat persediaan untuk kegiatan promosi Rabu istimewa tersedia lebih awal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Russell Zimmerman, executive director of the Australian Retailers Association, said that retailers try to raise stock, but local council restrictions on the timing of truck-deliveries make it hard.", "id": "Russell Zimmerman, direktur eksekutif Asosiasi Peritel Australia, mengatakan bahwa peritel mencoba meningkatkan persediaan, tetapi batasan badan pemerintah lokal untuk waktu pengiriman truk membuatnya sulit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "He expects rising production costs, as suppliers try to meet demand, and fewer specials.", "id": "Ia mengantisipasi kenaikan biaya produksi, selagi pemasok berusaha memenuhi permintaan, dan lebih sedikit promosi khusus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On Tuesday, ALDI announced that following the early release of stock, some stores can't run the Wednesday special.", "id": "Pada hari Selasa, ALDI mengumumkan bahwa karena telah melepas persediaan lebih awal, beberapa toko tidak dapat mengadakan Rabu istimewa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In a News.com.au report, Dr Gary Mortimer, retail expert from Queensland University of Technology, said the stores fill the stock every night.", "id": "Dalam sebuah laporan News.com.au, Dr Gary Mortimer, pakar ritel dari Queensland University of Technology, mengatakan toko mengisi persediaan tiap malam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "He remarked toilet paper is a bulky item, leading to low quantity of stocks in numbers, and, when sold out, leaves vast shelf spaces empty, hardening the feeling of a shortage.", "id": "Ia menekankan bahwa tisu toilet adalah barang yang bervolume besar sehingga jumlah persediaannya rendah dan, jika habis terjual, membuat banyak ruang kosong di rak-rak sehingga kelangkaan barang semakin terasa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coles and Woolworths have a view [that] if there was plenty of stuff on the shelf, if product like toilet rolls and sanitiser could be [bought] and are there in quantities, you would probably minimise the panic said Russell Zimmerman per ABC News.", "id": "Coles dan Woolworths berpendapat [bahwa] jika ada banyak barang di rak, jika produk seperti tisu toilet dan penyanitasi dapat [dibeli] dan ada dalam jumlah besar, kepanikan mungkin dapat diminimalkan, ujar Russel Zimmerman melalui Kantor Berita ABC."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Recycled toilet paper producer Who Gives a Crap said on last Wednesday they'd run out of stock.", "id": "Produsen tisu toilet daur ulang Who Gives a Crap mengatakan pada hari Rabu yang lalu bahwa mereka kehabisan persediaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Kimberly-Clark, which makes Kleenex Toilet Tissue, and Solaris Paper which makes Sorbent, emphasized they were working 24/7 to maintain the supply, according to the News.com.au report.", "id": "Kimberly-Clark, yang membuat Tisu Toilet Kleenex, dan Solaris Paper, yang membuat Sorbent, menekankan mereka bekerja 24/7 untuk menjaga pasokan, menurut laporan News.com.au."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Domain.com, a real estate site, reported some property sellers offering free toilet paper to the first bidder on auctions in Melbourne, when fewer auctions were held because of buyers having time off on the long weekend of Labour Day.", "id": "Domain.com, sebuah situs real estat, melaporkan bahwa beberapa penjual properti menawarkan tisu toilet gratis kepada penawar pertama lelang di Melbourne, saat lebih sedikit lelang diadakan karena pembeli mengambil jeda untuk libur panjang akhir pekan Hari Buruh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Thursday edition of NT News, a daily printed in Darwin, included an eight-page insert meant to be cut up and used as toilet paper.", "id": "Edisi Kamis NT News, sebuah harian yang dicetak di Darwin, menyertakan delapan halaman sisipan yang dimaksudkan untuk dipotong dan digunakan sebagai tisu toilet."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The stores were originally reluctant to impose restrictions, according to a report from ABC Australia on March 3 in which they said they had no plans to introduce restrictions on the purchases.", "id": "Toko-toko sebetulnya enggan menerapkan batasan, menurut laporan ABC Australia pada 3 Maret, mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka tidak berencana untuk menerapkan batasan pembelian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Russell Zimmerman added that other products are also in high demand, including masks, sanitiser, dried goods, handwash and flour.", "id": "Russell Zimmerman menambahkan bahwa produk lain juga dalam permintaan tinggi, termasuk masker, penyanitasi, makanan kering, sabun cuci tangan, dan tepung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Similarly, outside of Australia, on Sunday evening online British supermarket Ocado was observed limiting purchases of Andres toilet paper to two 12-roll packs.", "id": "Begitu pula di luar Australia, pada Minggu sore supermarket daring Inggris Ocado diamati membatasi pembelian tisu toilet Andres hingga dua pak berisi 12 gulung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "US President Trump declares COVID-19 national emergency", "id": "Presiden AS Trump menyatakan darurat nasional COVID-19"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On Friday, United States President Donald Trump declared a national emergency in response to the ongoing coronavirus outbreak.", "id": "Pada hari Jumat, Presiden Amerika Serikat Donald Trump menyatakan darurat nasional sebagai tanggapan terhadap berlanjutnya wabah koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The move came two days after the World Health Organization declared the outbreak, which causes the COVID-19 disease, to be a pandemic.", "id": "Pergerakan ini datang dua hari setelah Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menyatakan wabah tersebut, yang menyebabkan penyakit COVID-19, sebagai pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The move gives the federal government access to around US$50 billion in extra funding to combat the pandemic, according to NBC News.", "id": "Pergerakan tersebut memberikan pemerintah federal akses terhadap sekitar US$50 miliar dana tambahan untuk memerangi pandemi, menurut kantor berita NBC."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The proclamation specifically said \"the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States constitutes a national emergency\" and said the national emergency began on March 1, almost two weeks before the proclamation itself.", "id": "Pengumuman tersebut secara khusus menyebut \"Wabah COVID-19 di Amerika Serikat merupakan suatu darurat nasional\" dan mengatakan darurat nasional tersebut dimulai tanggal 1 Maret, hampir dua minggu sebelum pengumuman itu sendiri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The United States Department of Health and Human Services declared the outbreak a \"public health emergency\" on January 31.", "id": "Kementerian Kesehatan dan Layanan Masyarakat Amerika Serikat menyatakan wabah itu sebagai \"darurat kesehatan masyarakat\" pada 31 Januari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Trump did not place the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in charge of the government's response to COVID-19, which Politico reported left some experts in disaster management disappointed.", "id": "Trump tidak menugaskan Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) untuk bertanggung jawab dalam respons pemerintah terhadap COVID-19, yang dilaporkan Politico mengecewakan beberapa pakar dalam manajemen bencana."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Politico quoted Tim Manning, formerly a deputy administrator at FEMA, as saying \"FEMA has an important role in coordinating the larger response to the crisis\" and \"[i]f there's an emergency, FEMA needs to be involved.\"", "id": "Politico mengutip Tim Manning, mantan wakil administrator di FEMA, yang mengatakan \"FEMA memiliki peran penting dalam mengoordinasikan respons besar terhadap krisis\" dan \"jika ada suatu kedaruratan, FEMA perlu dilibatkan.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Trump made the decision under provisions of the National Emergencies Act, amongst other governing authorities.", "id": "Trump membuat keputusan tersebut berdasarkan ketentuan National Emergencies Act, di samping otoritas pemerintah yang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Trump administration also announced other efforts in response to COVID-19, including waiving the interest it collects on federal student loans and increasing U.S. strategic oil reserve oil purchases.", "id": "Pemerintahan Trump juga mengumumkan upaya lain sebagai tanggapan terhadap COVID-19, termasuk membebaskan bunga terhadap pinjaman mahasiswa kepada pemerintah federal dan meningkatkan pembelian minyak cadangan strategis AS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "World Health Organization declares COVID-19 pandemic", "id": "Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menyatakan COVID-19 sebagai pandemi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On Wednesday, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 — the disease caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 — to be a pandemic.", "id": "Pada hari Rabu, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menyatakan wabah COVID-19 yang sedang terjadi—penyakit yang disebabkan oleh koronavirus SARS-CoV-2—sebagai pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although the word \"pandemic\" only refers to how widely a disease has spread, not how dangerous specific cases are, the WHO noted the need to drive governments to action:", "id": "Walaupun kata \"pandemi\" hanya mengacu pada seberapa luas penyakit telah menyebar, bukan seberapa berbahaya kasus tersebut, WHO mencatat perlunya mendorong pemerintah untuk bertindak:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All countries can still change the course of this pandemic.", "id": "Semua negara masih dapat mengubah perjalanan pandemi ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If countries detect, test, treat, isolate, trace and mobilize their people in the response, said Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the Director-General of the WHO.", "id": "Jika negara mendeteksi, menguji, menangani, mengisolasi, dan memobilisasi rakyatnya sebagai respons, ujar Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Direktur Jendral WHO."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We are deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity and by the alarming levels of inaction.", "id": "Kami sangat waswas baik karena tingkat penyebaran dan keparahan yang menghawatirkan maupun karena tingkat kelambanan tindakan yang mengkhawatirkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to Dr. Tom Frieden, formerly the director of the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the pandemic is \"unprecedented.\"", "id": "Menurut Dr. Tom Frieden, mantan direktur Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Amerika Serikat Amerika Serikat, pandemi ini \"belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "He said, in remarks published by CNN in February, \"other than influenza, no other respiratory virus has been tracked from emergence to continuous global spread.\"", "id": "Ia mengatakan, dalam catatan yang dipublikasikan CNN pada bulan Februari, \"selain influenza, tidak ada virus saluran pernapasan yang pernah dilacak dari kemunculannya hingga penyebaran global yang berkelanjutan.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ghebreyesus expressed a similar view, saying \"we have never before seen a pandemic sparked by a coronavirus.\"", "id": "Ghebreyesus menyatakan pandangan serupa, dengan mengatakan \"kita belum pernah melihat pandemi yang dipicu oleh koronavirus.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "He continued, \"and we have never before seen a pandemic that can be controlled at the same time.\"", "id": "Ia melanjutkan, \"dan kita belum pernah melihat pandemi yang dapat dikendalikan pada waktu yang bersamaan.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The new status as a pandemic follows the WHO's decision in January to declare the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern.", "id": "Status baru pandemi mengikuti keputusan WHO pada bulan Januari yang menyatakan wabah ini sebagai suatu kedaruratan kesahatan masyarakat yang meresahkan dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The United States' National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease's director, Dr. Anthony Fauci, said of the outbreak, \"bottom line, it's going to get worse.\"", "id": "Direktur National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease Amerika Serikat, Dr. Anthony Fauci, mengatakan mengenai wabah ini, \"intinya, wabah ini akan memburuk.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of Thursday, Associated Press reported there were at least 126,000 cases of COVID-19 worldwide, resulting in over 4,600 deaths.", "id": "Hingga Kamis, Associated Press melaporkan terdapat setidaknya 126.000 kasus COVID-19 di seluruh dunia, yang mengakibatkan lebih dari 4.600 kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "id": "Pandemi koronavirus 2019-2020 adalah pandemi penyakit koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) yang sedang berlanjut dan disebabkan oleh koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2 (SARS-CoV-2)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The outbreak was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and recognized as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.", "id": "Wabah diidentifikasi di Wuhan, Tiongkok, pada Desember 2019, dinyatakan sebagai suatu Kedaruratan Kesehatan Masyarakat yang Meresahkan Dunia pada 30 Januari 2020, dan dinyatakan sebagai pandemi pada 11 Maret 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 10 April 2020, approximately 1.61 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported in 210 countries and territories, resulting in approximately 97,000 deaths.", "id": "Hingga 10 April 2020, sekitar 1,61 juta kasus COVID-19 telah dilaporkan di 210 negara dan wilayah teritorial, yang mengakibatkan sekitar 97.000 kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "About 364,000 people have recovered.", "id": "Sekitar 364.000 orang telah sembuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The case fatality rate has been estimated to be 4% in China, while globally ranging from 13.04% in Algeria to .08% in New Zealand.", "id": "Angka fatalitas kasus diperkirakan 4% di Tiongkok, sementara di seluruh dunia berkisar mulai dari 13,04% hingga 0,08% di Selandia Baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath.", "id": "Gejala umum meliputi demam, batuk, dan sesak napas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "id": "Komplikasi dapat meliputi pneumonia dan sindrom gawat napas akut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days, but may range from two to fourteen days.", "id": "Waktu sejak terpapar hingga awitan gejala pada umumnya sekitar lima hari, tetapi dapat berkisar mulai dari dua hingga empat belas hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment.", "id": "Belum ada vaksin yang diketahui atau pengobatan antivirus yang spesifik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Primary treatment is symptomatic and supportive therapy.Recommended preventive measures include hand washing, covering one's mouth when coughing, maintaining distance from other people, and monitoring and self-isolation for people who suspect they are infected.", "id": "Perawatan utama berupa terapi simptomatik dan suportif. Tindakan preventif yang direkomendasikan meliputi mencuci tangan, menutup mulut saat batuk, menjaga jarak dari orang lain, dan memantau serta isolasi mandiri bagi orang-orang yang diduga terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Authorities worldwide have responded by implementing travel restrictions, quarantines, curfews, workplace hazard controls, and facility closures.", "id": "Otoritas di seluruh dunia telah merespons dengan memberlakukan batasan bepergian, karantina, jam malam, pengendalian bahaya tempat kerja, dan penutupan fasilitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The pandemic has led to severe global socioeconomic disruption, the postponement or cancellation of sporting, religious, political and cultural events, and widespread shortages of supplies exacerbated by panic buying.", "id": "Pandemi ini telah menyebabkan gangguan sosial ekonomi global yang berat, penundaan atau pembatalan kegiatan budaya, politik, keagamaan, olah raga, dan luasnya kelangkaan pasokan barang yang diperparah dengan pembelian panik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Schools and universities have closed either on a nationwide or local basis in 193 countries, affecting approximately 99.4 percent of the world's student population.", "id": "Sekolah dan universitas telah ditutup baik di tingkat nasional maupun lokal di 193 negara, yang memengaruhi sekitar 99,4 persen populasi pelajar di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Misinformation about the virus has spread online, and there have been incidents of xenophobia and discrimination against Chinese people, other people of East and Southeast Asian descent and appearance, and others from areas with significant virus cases.", "id": "Misinformasi mengenai virus ini telah menyebar daring dan ada insiden xenofobia dan diskriminasi terhadap orang Tionghoa, orang dengan keturunan dan penampilan Asia Timur dan Tenggara, dan orang yang berasal dari area dengan kasus virus yang signifikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Due to reduced travel and closures of heavy industry, there has been a decrease in air pollution and carbon emissions.", "id": "Akibat pengurangan perjalanan dan penutupan industri berat, polusi udara dan emisi karbon menurun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Health authorities in Wuhan, China (the capital of Hubei province) reported a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown cause on 31 December 2019, and an investigation was launched in early January 2020.", "id": "Otoritas kesehatan di Wuhan, Tiongkok (ibukota propinsi Hubei), melaporkan klaster kasus pneumonia dengan penyebab tidak dikenal pada 31 Desember 2019 dan penyelidikan dilakukan pada awal Januari 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The cases mostly had links to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market and so the virus is thought to have a zoonotic origin.", "id": "Kasus-kasus tersebut sebagian besar terkait dengan Pasar Grosir Makanan Laut Huanan dan karena itu virus tersebut diduga memiliki asal zoonotik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The virus that caused the outbreak is known as SARS-CoV-2, a newly discovered virus closely related to bat coronaviruses, pangolin coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV.The earliest known person with symptoms was later discovered to have fallen ill on 1 December 2019, and that person did not have visible connections with the later wet market cluster.", "id": "Virus yang menyebabkan wabah disebut SARS-CoV-2, virus yang baru ditemukan dan berkerabat dengan koronavirus kelelawar, koronavirus tenggiling, dan SARS-CoV. Orang pertama dengan gejala kemudian diketahui jatuh sakit pada 1 Desember 2019, dan orang tersebut tidak memiliki keterkaitan yang jelas dengan klaster pasar basah yang disebutkan kemudian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Of the early cluster of cases reported in December 2019, two-thirds were found to have a link with the market.", "id": "Di antara klaster kasus awal yang dilaporkan pada Desember 2019, dua-pertiga didapati memiliki kaitan dengan pasar tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 13 March 2020, an unverified report from the South China Morning Post suggested that a case traced back to 17 November 2019, in a 55-year-old from Hubei province, may have been the first.On 26 February 2020, the WHO reported that, as new cases reportedly declined in China but suddenly increased in Italy, Iran, and South Korea, the number of new cases outside China had exceeded the number of new cases within China for the first time.", "id": "Pada 13 Maret 2020, sebuah laporan yang belum terverifikasi dari South China Morning Post memperkirakan bahwa sebuah kasus yang dapat ditelusuri ke tanggal 17 November 2019, pada seorang berusia 55 tahun dari provinsi Hubei, kemungkinan adalah yang pertama. Pada 26 Februari 2020, WHO melaporkan bahwa, dengan kasus baru dilaporkan menurun di Tiongkok, tetapi tiba-tiba meningkat di Italia, Iran, dan Korea Selatan, jumlah kasus baru di luar Tiongkok telah melampaui jumlah kasus baru di dalam Tiongkok untuk pertama kalinya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There may be substantial underreporting of cases, particularly among those with milder symptoms.", "id": "Mungkin terdapat sejumlah besar kasus yang tidak dilaporkan, khususnya di antara orang dengan gejala yang lebih ringan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 26 February, relatively few cases had been reported among youths, with those 19 and under making up 2.4% of cases worldwide.The United Kingdom's chief scientific adviser, Patrick Vallance, estimated that 60% of the British population would need to become infected before effective herd immunity could be achieved.", "id": "Hingga 26 Februari, relatif sedikit jumlah kasus yang dilaporkan di antara pemuda, dengan orang berumur 19 tahun ke bawah membentuk 2,4% kasus di seluruh dunia. Kepala penasihat ilmiah Inggris Raya, Patrick Vallance, memperkirakan bahwa 60% populasi Inggris perlu terinfeksi sebelum kekebalan kelompok dapat tercapai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Cases refers to the number of people who have been tested for COVID-19, and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols.", "id": "Kasus mengacu pada jumlah orang yang telah diuji COVID-19 dan yang hasil ujinya telah dikonfirmasi positif menurut protokol resmi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 23 March, no country had tested more than 3% of its population, and many countries have had official policies not to test those with only mild symptoms, such as Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland.", "id": "Hingga 23 Maret, belum ada negara yang menguji lebih dari 3% populasinya, dan banyak negara telah membuat kebijakan resmi untuk tidak menguji orang dengan gejala ringan, seperti Italia, Belanda, Spanyol, dan Swiss."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A study published on 16 March found that in China, up to 23 January, an estimated 86% of COVID-19 infections had not been detected, and that these undocumented infections were the infection source for 79% of documented cases.", "id": "Sebuah penelitian yang dipublikasikan pada 16 Maret menemukan bahwa di Tiongkok, hingga 23 Januari, diperkirakan 86% infeksi COVID-19 tidak terdeteksi, dan bahwa infeksi yang tidak terdokumentasi ini adalah sumber infeksi bagi 79% kasus yang terdokumentasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A statistical analysis published 30 March estimated that numbers of infections in Italy were considerably greater than the reported cases.", "id": "Sebuah analisis statistik yang dipublikasikan pada 30 Maret memperkirakan bahwa angka infeksi di Italia diperkirakan lebih besar daripada kasus yang dilaporkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The initial estimates of the basic reproduction number (R0) for COVID-19 were 1.4 to 2.4.", "id": "Perkiraan awal dari angka reproduksi dasar (R0) untuk COVID-19 adalah 1,4 hingga 2,4."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A study published by the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention has concluded that it may be 5.7.", "id": "Sebuah penelitian yang dipublikasikan oleh Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Amerika Serikat menyimpulkan bahwa angka tersebut kemungkinan 5,7."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Most people with COVID-19 recover.", "id": "Kebanyakan penderita COVID-19 sembuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For those who do not, the time from development of symptoms to death has been between 6 and 41 days, with the most common being 14 days.", "id": "Untuk yang tidak sembuh, waktu sejak perkembangan gejala hingga kematian antara 6 dan 41 hari, dengan yang paling umum 14 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 10 April 2020, approximately 97,000 deaths had been attributed to COVID-19.", "id": "Sejak 10 April 2020, sekitar 97.000 kematian dikaitkan dengan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In China, as of 5 February about 80% of deaths were in those over 60, and 75% had pre-existing health conditions including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.Official tallies of deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic generally refer to dead people who tested positive for COVID according to official protocols.", "id": "Di Tiongkok, hingga 5 Februari, sekitar 80% kematian terjadi pada orang berusia di atas 60 tahun dan 75% memiliki gangguan kesehatan yang sudah ada sebelumnya, yang meliputi penyakit kardiovaskular dan diabetes. Perhitungan kematian resmi akibat pandemi COVID-19 secara umum mengacu pada orang meninggal yang memberi hasil uji positif untuk COVID menurut protokol resmi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The number of true fatalities from COVID-19 may be much higher, as it may not include people who die without testing - e.g. at home, in nursing homes, etc.", "id": "Angka fatalitas yang sebenarnya akibat COVID-19 mungkin jauh lebih tinggi, mengingat angka resmi kemungkinan tidak menyertakan orang yang meninggal tanpa diuji, misalnya, di rumah, di rumah perawatan, dsb."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Partial data from Italy found that the number of excess deaths during the pandemic exceeded the official COVID death tally by a factor of 4-5x.", "id": "Data parsial dari Italia menemukan bahwa jumlah kelebihan angka kematian selama pandemi melampaui perhitungan kematian COVID resmi dengan faktor 4-5 kali lipat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A spokeswoman for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) acknowledged \"We know that [the stated death toll] is an underestimation\", a statement corroborated by anecdotal reports of undercounting in the U.S. Such underestimation often occurs in pandemics, such as the 2009 H1N1 swine flu epidemic.The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020.", "id": "Seorang juru bicara wanita untuk Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit (CDC) AS mengakui, \"Kami tahu [jumlah kematian yang diumumkan] itu lebih rendah daripada angka sebenarnya\", sebuah pernyataan yang dikuatkan oleh laporan nonilmiah tentang perhitungan terlalu rendah di AS. Perhitungan yang terlalu rendah sering muncul dalam pandemi, seperti pada epidemi flu babi H1N1 tahun 2009. Kematian pertama terkonfirmasi adalah di Wuhan pada 9 Januari 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The first death outside mainland China occurred on 1 February in the Philippines, and the first death outside Asia was in France on 14 February.", "id": "Kematian pertama di luar Tiongkok daratan terjadi pada 1 Februari di Filipina, dan kematian pertama di luar Asia adalah di Prancis pada 14 Februari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 28 February, outside mainland China, more than a dozen deaths each were recorded in Iran, South Korea, and Italy.", "id": "Hingga 28 Februari, di luar Tiongkok daratan, lebih dari selusin kematian dicatat masing-masing di Iran, Korea Selatan, dan Italia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 13 March, more than forty countries and territories had reported deaths, on every continent except Antarctica.Several measures are commonly used to quantify mortality.", "id": "Hingga 13 Maret, lebih dari empat puluh negara dan wilayah teritorial telah melaporkan kematian, di setiap benua, kecuali Antartika. Pada umumnya, beberapa pengukuran digunakan untuk menghitung mortalitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These numbers vary by region and over time, and are influenced by the volume of testing, healthcare system quality, treatment options, time since initial outbreak, and population characteristics such as age, sex, and overall health.The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths divided by the number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval.", "id": "Angka ini bervariasi berdasarkan wilayah dan seiring waktu, serta dipengaruhi oleh jumlah pengujian, kualitas sistem perawatan kesehatan, opsi penanganan, waktu sejak wabah pertama, dan karakter populasi seperti usia, jenis kelamin, dan kesehatan secara keseluruhan. Rasio kematian terhadap kasus mencerminkan jumlah kematian dibagi jumlah kasus terdiagnosis dalam suatu interval waktu yang ditentukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global death-to-case ratio is 6.0% (97,039/1,617,204) as of 10 April 2020.", "id": "Menurut statistik Johns Hopkins University, rasio kematian terhadap kasus secara global adalah 6,0% (97.039/1.617.204) per 10 April 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The number varies by region.", "id": "Angka ini bervariasi menurut wilayah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In China, estimates for the death-to-case ratio decreased from 17.3% (for those with symptom onset 1–10 January 2020) to 0.7% (for those with symptom onset after 1 February 2020).Other measures include the case fatality rate (CFR), which reflects the percent of diagnosed people who die from a disease, and the infection fatality rate (IFR), which reflects the percent of infected (diagnosed and undiagnosed) who die from a disease.", "id": "Di Tiongkok, perkiraan rasio kematian terhadap kasus menurun dari 17,3% (untuk orang dengan awitan gejala 1-10 Januari 2020) menjadi 0,7% (untuk orang dengan awitan gejala setelah 1 Februari 2020).Pengukuran lain meliputi angka fatalitas kasus (CFR), yang mencerminkan persentase orang terdiagnosis yang meninggal akibat penyakit tertentu, dan angka fatalitas infeksi (IFR), yang mencerminkan persentase orang terinfeksi (terdiagnosis dan tidak terdiagnosis) yang meninggal akibat penyakit tertentu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These statistics are not timebound and follow a specific population from infection through case resolution.", "id": "Statistik ini tidak terikat waktu dan mengikuti suatu populasi tertentu mulai dari infeksi hingga resolusi kasus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A number of academics have attempted to calculate these numbers for specific populations.", "id": "Sejumlah akademisi telah mencoba menghitung angka-angka ini untuk populasi tertentu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The University of Oxford's Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine estimates that the infection fatality rate for the pandemic as a whole is between 0.1% and 0.39%.", "id": "Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine University of Oxford memperkirakan angka fatalitas infeksi untuk pandemi secara keseluruhan antara 0,1% dan 0,39%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The upper estimate of this range is consistent with the results from the first random testing for COVID-19 in Germany, and a statistical study analysing the impact of testing on CFR estimates.", "id": "Batas atas rentang perkiraan ini sejalan dengan hasil dari pengujian acak pertama untuk COVID-19 di Jerman dan sebuah penelitan statistik yang menganalisis dampak pegujian pada perkiraan CFR."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO asserts that the pandemic can be controlled.", "id": "WHO menegaskan bahwa pandemi ini dapat dikendalikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The peak and ultimate duration of the outbreak are uncertain and may differ by location.", "id": "Puncak dan akhir durasi wabah ini tidak jelas dan mungkin berbeda menurut lokasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Maciej Boni of Penn State University stated, \"Left unchecked, infectious outbreaks typically plateau and then start to decline when the disease runs out of available hosts.", "id": "Maciej Boni dari Penn State University menyatakan, \"Tanpa dikendalikan pun, wabah menular biasanya mendatar dan kemudian mulai menurun saat penyakit itu kehabisan inang yang tersedia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "But it's almost impossible to make any sensible projection right now about when that will be\".", "id": "Namun, hampir tidak mungkin untuk membuat proyeksi yang masuk akal saat ini tentang kapan hal itu terjadi\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Chinese government's senior medical adviser Zhong Nanshan argued that \"it could be over by June\" if all countries can be mobilized to follow the WHO's advice on measures to stop the spread of the virus.", "id": "Penasihat medis senior pemerintah Tiongkok Zhong Nanshan berpendapat bahwa \" wabah ini mungkin berakhir Juni\" jika seluruh negara dapat dimobilisasi untuk mengikuti saran WHO mengenai langkah-langka untuk menghentikan penyebaran virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 17 March, Adam Kucharski of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine stated that SARS-CoV-2 \"is going to be circulating, potentially for a year or two\".", "id": "Pada 17 Maret, Adam Kucharski dari London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine menyatakan bahwa SRS-CoV-2 \"akan terus beredar, kemungkinan hingga satu atau dua tahun.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to the Imperial College study led by Neil Ferguson, physical distancing and other measures will be required \"until a vaccine becomes available (potentially 18 months or more)\".", "id": "Menurut penelitian Imperial College yang dipimpin oleh Neil Ferguson, pembatasan fisik dan langkah-langkah lain akan diperlukan \"hingga vaksin tersedia (kemungkinan 18 bulan atau lebih).\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "William Schaffner of Vanderbilt University stated, \"I think it's unlikely that this coronavirus—because it's so readily transmissible—will disappear completely\" and it \"might turn into a seasonal disease, making a comeback every year\".", "id": "William Schaffner dari Vanderbilt University menyatakan, \"Saya rasa kecil kemungkinan bahwa koronavirus ini, karena sangat mudah ditransmisikan, dapat menghilang seluruhnya\" dan penyakit ini \"mungkin berubah menjadi penyakit musiman, yang datang kembali setiap tahun.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The virulence of the comeback would depend on herd immunity and the extent of mutation.", "id": "Virulensi pengulangan akan tergantung pada kekebalan kelompok dan tingkat mutasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can be relatively non-specific and infected people may be asymptomatic.", "id": "Gejala COVID-19 bisa relatif tidak spesifik dan orang yang terinfeksi bisa tanpa gejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The two most common symptoms are fever (88%) and dry cough (68%).", "id": "Dua gejala paling umum adalah demam (88%) dan batuk kering (68%)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Less common symptoms include fatigue, respiratory sputum production (phlegm), loss of the sense of smell, shortness of breath, muscle and joint pain, sore throat, headache, chills, vomiting, hemoptysis, diarrhea, or cyanosis.The WHO states that approximately one person in six becomes seriously ill and has difficulty breathing.", "id": "Gejala yang kurang umum meliputi kelelahan, produksi sputum pernapasan (flegma), hilangnya daya penciuman, sesak napas, nyeri sendi dan otot, nyeri tenggorokan, sakit kepala, menggigil, muntah, hemoptisis, diare, atau sianosis. WHO menyatakan bahwa sekitar satu di antara enam orang menjadi sakit parah dan mengalami kesulitan bernapas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists emergency symptoms as difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, sudden confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish face or lips; immediate medical attention is advised if these symptoms are present.Further development of the disease can lead to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, septic shock and death.", "id": "Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit (CDC) AS mencantumkan gejala darurat meliputi kesulitan bernapas, dada tertekan atau nyeri dada menetap, kebingungan mendadak, kesulitan berjalan, dan kebiruan pada wajah dan bibir; perhatian medis segera disarankan jika gejala-gejala ini muncul. Perkembangan penyakit lebih lanjut dapat menjadi pneumonia parah, sindrome gawat napas akut, sepsis, syok septik, dan kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some of those infected may be asymptomatic, with no clinical symptoms but with test results that confirm infection, so researchers have issued advice that those with close contact to confirmed infected people should be closely monitored and examined to rule out infection.", "id": "Beberapa orang yang terinfeksi mungkin asimtomatik, yakni tanpa gejala klinis, tetapi dengan hasil tes yang mengonfirmasi infeksi, karena itu, peneliti menyarankan agar mereka yang kontak dekat dengan orang yang terkonfirmasi terinfeksi harus dipantau ketat dan diperiksa untuk memastikan tidak terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Chinese estimates of the asymptomatic ratio range from few to 44%.", "id": "Orang Tionghoa memperkirakan rasio asimtomatik berkisar dari beberapa hingga 44%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The usual incubation period (the time between infection and symptom onset) ranges from one to 14 days; it is most commonly five days.As an example of uncertainty, the estimate of the fraction of people with COVID-19 who lost their sense of smell was initially 30% and later fell to 15%.", "id": "Periode inkubasi (waktu antara infeksi dan awitan gejala) biasanya berkisar antara 1 hingga 14 hari, paling sering 5 hari. Sebagai contoh ketidakpastian, perkiraan jumlah penderita COVID-19 yang kehilangan daya penciuman awalnya 30%, lalu menurun menjadi 15%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some details about how the disease is spread are still being determined.", "id": "Perincian tentang cara penyakit ini menyebar masih diteliti."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The disease is believed to be primarily spread during close contact and by small droplets produced during coughing, sneezing, or talking; with close contact being within 1 to 2 metres (3 to 6 feet).", "id": "Penyebaran COVID-19 diyakini terutama terjadi pada waktu kontak dekat dan melalui droplet kecil yang dihasilkan sewaktu batuk, bersin, atau berbicara; kontak dekat adalah kontak dalam jarak 1 hingga 2 meter (3 sampai 6 kaki)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Studies have found that an uncovered coughing can lead to droplets travelling up to 4.5 metres (15 feet) to 8.2 metres (27 feet).", "id": "Penelitian menemukan bahwa batuk yang tidak ditutupi dapat menyebabkan droplet terdorong 4,5 meter (15 kaki) hingga 8,2 meter (27 kaki)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some have proposed that the virus may also be transmitted by small droplets that stay for more prolonged periods in the air, that may be generated during speech.Respiratory droplets may also be produced during breathing out, including when talking, though the virus is not generally airborne.", "id": "Beberapa peneliti memperkirakan virus mungkin juga dapat ditularkan oleh droplet kecil yang bertahan lebih lama di udara dan dihasilkan ketika berbicara. Droplet pernapasan juga dapat dihasilkan saat mengembuskan napas, termasuk saat berbicara, meskipun virus ini umumnya tidak ditularkan melalui udara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs.", "id": "Droplet dapat jatuh di mulut atau hidung orang yang berada di dekatnya atau mungkin terhirup ke dalam paru-paru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some medical procedures such as intubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may cause respiratory secretions to be aerosolized and thus result in airborne spread.", "id": "Beberapa prosedur medis, seperti intubasi dan resusitasi jantung paru (RJP), bisa membuat sekret pernapasan berubah menjadi aerosol lalu tersebar lewat udara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It may also spread when one touches a contaminated surface, including skin, and then touches their eyes, nose, or mouth.", "id": "Penyebaran juga dapat terjadi saat seseorang menyentuh permukaan yang terkontaminasi, termasuk kulit, lalu menyentuh mata, hidung, dan mulut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "While there are concerns it may spread by faeces, this risk is believed to be low.", "id": "Walaupun ada kekhawatiran bahwa virus dapat menyebar melalui feses, risiko ini diyakini rendah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Government of China denied the possibility of faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2.The virus is most contagious during the first three days after onset of symptoms, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear and in later stages of the disease.", "id": "Pemerintah Tiongkok menampik kemungkinan transmisi SARS-CoV-2 secara fekal-oral.Virus paling menular dalam tiga hari pertama setelah awitan gejala, meskipun penyebaran mungkin terjadi sebelum gejala kelihatan dan pada tahap penyakit yang lebih lanjut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "People have tested positive for the disease up to three days before onset of symptoms suggesting transmission is possible before developing significant symptoms.", "id": "Orang memberi hasil uji positif hingga tiga hari sebelum awitan gejala, yang mengisyaratkan transmisi mungkin terjadi sebelum adanya gejala yang signifikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Only few reports of laboratory-confirmed asymptomatic cases exist, but asymptomatic transmission has been identified by some countries during contact tracing investigations.", "id": "Hanya sedikit laporan kasus asimtomatik yang terkonfirmasi secara laboratorium, tetapi penularan asimtomatik telah diidentifikasi oleh beberapa negara sewaktu penyelidikan penelusuran kontak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) states that while it is not entirely clear how easily the disease spreads, one person generally infects two to three others.The virus survives for hours to days on surfaces.", "id": "Pusat Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Eropa (ECDC) menyatakan bahwa meskipun belum jelas sepenuhnya seberapa mudah penyakit ini menyebar, satu orang umumnya menginfeksi dua hingga tiga orang lain. Virus ini dapat bertahan di permukaan selama berjam-jam hingga berhari-hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Specifically, the virus was found to be detectable for up to three days on plastic (polypropylene) and 304 stainless steel, for one day on cardboard, and for up to four hours on copper.", "id": "Khususnya, ditemukan bahwa virus dapat dideteksi hingga tiga hari pada plastik (polipropilen) dan baja tahan karat 304, satu hari pada kardus, dan lebih dari empat jam pada tembaga."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This, however, varies based on the humidity and temperature.Pets and other animals have tested positive for COVID-19.", "id": "Namun, hal ini bervariasi tergantung pada kelembapan dan suhu. Hewan peliharaan dan hewan lainnya telah diuji positif COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is no evidence animals can pass the virus on to humans, though British authorities advise washing one's hands after contact with animals, like after contact with other surfaces infected people could have touched.", "id": "Tidak ada bukti bahwa hewan dapat menularkan virus kepada manusia, meskipun otoritas Inggris menyarankan untuk mencuci tangan setelah kontak dengan hewan, seperti setelah kontak dengan permukaan yang mungkin sudah disentuh orang yang terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel virus, first isolated from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan.", "id": "Koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2 (SARS-CoV-2) adalah virus baru, pertama kali diisolasi dari tiga orang penderita pneumonia yang terkait dengan klaster kasus penyakit pernapasan akut di Wuhan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus occur in related coronaviruses in nature.Outside the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which dissolves its protective envelope.SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the original SARS-CoV.", "id": "Semua ciri virus SARS-CoV-2 baru terkait dengan koronavirus di alam. Di luar tubuh manusia, virus ini dapat hancur jika terkena sabun rumah tangga, yang melarutkan amplop pelindungnya. SARS-CoV-2 berkerabat erat dengan SARS-CoV awal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is thought to have a zoonotic origin.", "id": "Virus diperkirakan memiliki asal zoonotik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Genetic analysis has revealed that the coronavirus genetically clusters with the genus Betacoronavirus, in subgenus Sarbecovirus (lineage B) together with two bat-derived strains.", "id": "Analisis genetik mengungkapkan bahwa koronavirus secara genetik terklaster dengan genus Betacoronavirus, dalam subgenus Sarbecovirus (garis keturunan B) bersama dengan dua galur turunan kelelawar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is 96% identical at the whole genome level to other bat coronavirus samples (BatCov RaTG13).", "id": "Virus ini memiliki kesamaan 96% di tingkat seluruh genom dengan sampel koronavirus kelelawar lainnya (BatCov RaTG13)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In February 2020, Chinese researchers found that there is only one amino acid difference in certain parts of the genome sequences between the viruses from pangolins and those from humans.", "id": "Pada Februari 2020, peneliti Tionghoa menemukan bahwa hanya ada perbedaan satu asam amino di bagian-bagian tertentu sekuens genom antara virus tenggiling dan virus manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Whole-genome comparison to date has found at most 92% of genetic material shared between pangolin coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, which is insufficient to prove pangolins to be the intermediate host.", "id": "Hingga saat ini, perbandingan seluruh genom menemukan paling banyak terdapat 92% kesamaan materi genetik antara koronavirus tenggiling dan SARS-CoV-2, tidak cukup untuk membuktikan bahwa tenggiling adalah inang perantara SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Infection by the virus can be provisionally diagnosed on the basis of symptoms, though confirmation is ultimately by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) of infected secretions or CT imaging.", "id": "Infeksi oleh virus dapat didiagnosis sementara berdasarkan gejala, tetapi konfirmasi pada akhirnya dilakukan melalui reaksi rantai polimerase transkripsi balik (rRT-PCR) pada sekret yang terinfeksi atau memalui pencitraan CT."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A study comparing PCR to CT in Wuhan has suggested that CT is significantly more sensitive than PCR, though less specific, with many of its imaging features overlapping with other pneumonias and disease processes.", "id": "Sebuah penelitian yang membandingkan antara PCR dengan CT di Wuhan menunjukkan bahwa CT secara signifikan lebih sensitif daripada PCR, tetapi kurang spesifik, dengan banyaknya fitur pencitraan yang tumpang tindih dengan pneumonia dan proses penyakit lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 2020, the American College of Radiology recommends that \"CT should not be used to screen for or as a first-line test to diagnose COVID-19\".", "id": "Pada Maret 2020, American College of Radiology merekomendasikan \"CT tidak boleh digunakan untuk penapisan atau sebagai uji lini pertama dalam mendiagnosis COVID-19.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO has published several RNA testing protocols for SARS-CoV-2, with the first issued on 17 January.", "id": "WHO telah menerbitkan beberapa protokol pengujian RNA untuk SARS-CoV-2, yang diedarkan pertama kali pada 17 Januari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The test uses real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR).", "id": "Pengujian menggunakan reaksi rantai polimerase transkripsi balik real-time (rRT-PCR)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The test can be done on respiratory or blood samples.", "id": "Pengujian dapat dilakukan pada sampel pernapasan atau darah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Results are generally available within a few hours to days.", "id": "Hasil umumnya tersedia dalam beberapa jam hingga beberapa hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Generally this test is carried out on a nasopharyngeal swab though a throat swab may also be used.A number of laboratories and companies are developing serological tests, which detect antibodies.", "id": "Umumnya, uji ini dilakukan pada usap nasofaring, tetapi usap tenggorokan juga dapat digunakan. Sejumlah laboratorium dan perusahaan sedang mengembangkan uji serologis yang mendeteksi antibodi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 6 April 2020, none of these has been proved sufficiently accurate to be approved for widespread use.", "id": "Per 6 April 2020, tidak satu pun uji serologis ini terbukti cukup akurat untuk disetujui penggunaannya secara luas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the US a serological test developed by Cellex has been approved for emergency use by certified laboratories only.", "id": "Di AS, uji serologis yang dikembangkan oleh Cellex telah disetujui untuk penggunaan darurat, hanya oleh laboratorium yang disertifikasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Characteristic imaging features on radiographs and computed tomography (CT) of people who are symptomatic include asymmetric peripheral ground glass opacities and absent pleural effusions.", "id": "Karakteristik fitur pencitraan radiografi dan tomografi terkomputasi (CT) pada orang yang simtomatik mencakup opasitas ground glass perifer asimetri dan tidak ada efusi pleura."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Italian Radiological Society is compiling an international online database of imaging findings for confirmed cases.", "id": "Italian Radiological Society sedang menyusun basis data daring internasional untuk temuan pencitraan pada kasus terkonfirmasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Due to overlap with other infections such as adenovirus, imaging without confirmation by PCR is of limited specificity in identifying COVID-19.", "id": "Karena tumpang tindih dengan infeksi lain seperti adenovirus, pencitraan tanpa konfirmasi PCR memiliki spesifisitas terbatas dalam mengidentifikasi COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A large study in China compared chest CT results to PCR and demonstrated that though imaging is less specific for the infection, it is faster and more sensitive, suggesting its consideration as a screening tool in epidemic areas.", "id": "Sebuah penelitian besar di Tiongkok membandingkan hasil CT dada dengan PCR dan menunjukkan bahwa meskipun kurang spesifik untuk infeksi, pencitraan lebih cepat dan lebih sensitif sehingga disarankan untuk dipertimbangkan sebagai alat penapisan di daerah epidemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Artificial intelligence-based convolutional neural networks have been developed to detect imaging features of the virus with both radiographs and CT.", "id": "Jaringan neural konvolusi berbasis kecerdasan buatan telah dikembangkan untuk mendeteksi fitur pencitraan virus dengan radiografi dan CT."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Strategies for preventing transmission of the disease include maintaining overall good personal hygiene, washing hands, avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands, and coughing or sneezing into a tissue and putting the tissue directly into a waste container.", "id": "Strategi untuk mencegah penularan penyakit ini mencakup menjaga kebersihan pribadi yang baik secara komprehensif, mencuci tangan, menghindari menyentuh mata, hidung, atau mulut sebelum mencuci tangan, dan memakai tisu saat batuk atau bersin serta langsung membuang tisu ke tempat sampah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Those who may already have the infection have been advised to wear a surgical mask in public.", "id": "Orang yang mungkin sudah terinfeksi disarankan untuk memakai masker bedah di tempat umum."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Physical distancing measures are also recommended to prevent transmission.Many governments have restricted or advised against all non-essential travel to and from countries and areas affected by the outbreak.", "id": "Langkah-langkah pembatasan fisik juga direkomendasikan untuk mencegah penularan. Pemerintah di berbagai wilayah telah membatasi atau mengimbau untuk menghentikan semua perjalanan nonesensial ke dan dari negara dan daerah yang terkena dampak wabah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, the virus has reached the stage of community spread in large parts of the world.", "id": "Namun, virus telah mencapai tahap penyebaran skala masyarakat di sebagian besar wilayah di dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This means that the virus is spreading within communities, and some community members don't know where or how they were infected.Health care providers taking care of someone who may be infected are recommended to use standard precautions, contact precautions, and eye protection.Contact tracing is an important method for health authorities to determine the source of an infection and to prevent further transmission.", "id": "Ini berarti bahwa virus telah menyebar di masyarakat, dan beberapa anggota masyarakat tidak tahu di mana atau bagaimana mereka terinfeksi. Penyedia perawatan kesehatan yang menangani orang yang mungkin terinfeksi disarankan untuk melakukan tindakan pencegahan standar, tindakan pencegahan kontak, dan pelindung mata. Pelacakan kontak merupakan langkah penting bagi otoritas kesehatan untuk menentukan sumber infeksi dan mencegah penularan lebih lanjut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The use of location data from mobile phones by governments for this purpose has prompted privacy concerns, with Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issuing a statement calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.", "id": "Penggunaan data lokasi dari ponsel oleh pemerintah untuk tujuan ini telah memicu masalah privasi, dengan keluarnya pernyataan dari Amnesty International dan lebih dari 100 organisasi lainnya yang menyerukan pembatasan surveilans semacam ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Various mobile apps have been implemented or proposed for voluntary use, and as of April 7, 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.", "id": "Berbagai aplikasi seluler telah diimplementasikan atau diusulkan untuk digunakan secara sukarela, dan pada 7 April 2020, lebih dari selusin kelompok pakar mengerjakan solusi ramah privasi, seperti menggunakan Bluetooth untuk mencatat kedekatan jarak pengguna ke ponsel lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Users then receive a message if they've been in close contact with someone who has tested positive for COVID-19.Misconceptions are circulating about how to prevent infection; for example, rinsing the nose and gargling with mouthwash are not effective.", "id": "Selanjutnya, pengguna akan menerima pesan jika mereka berdekatan dengan seseorang yang teruji positif untuk COVID-19.Beredar kesalahpahaman tentang cara mencegah infeksi; sebagai contoh, membilas hidung dan berkumur dengan obat kumur tidak efektif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is no COVID-19 vaccine, though many organizations are working to develop one.", "id": "Belum ada vaksin COVID-19, meskipun banyak organisasi sedang bekerja untuk mengembangkannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hand washing is recommended to prevent the spread of the disease.", "id": "Mencuci tangan dianjurkan untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The CDC recommends that people wash hands often with soap and water for at least twenty seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty; before eating; and after blowing one's nose, coughing, or sneezing.", "id": "CDC merekomendasikan agar orang sering mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air selama setidaknya dua puluh detik, terutama setelah dari toilet atau ketika tangan terlihat kotor; sebelum makan; serta setelah mengembus hidung, batuk, atau bersin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is because outside the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which bursts its protective bubble.", "id": "Anjuran ini karena, di luar tubuh manusia, virus dibunuh oleh sabun rumah tangga yang merusak lapisan pelindungnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "CDC further recommended using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol by volume when soap and water are not readily available.", "id": "Lebih lanjut, CDC merekomendasikan penggunaan penyanitasi tangan berbasis alkohol dengan kandungan alkohol sedikitnya 60% berdasarkan volume ketika sabun dan air tidak tersedia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO advises people to avoid touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.", "id": "WHO menganjurkan agar orang tidak menyentuh mata, hidung, atau mulut sebelum mencuci tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Surfaces may be decontaminated with a number of solutions (within one minute of exposure to the disinfectant for a stainless steel surface), including 62–71% ethanol, 50–100% isopropanol, 0.1% sodium hypochlorite, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.2–7.5% povidone-iodine.", "id": "Permukaan dapat didekontaminasi menggunakan sejumlah larutan (dalam satu menit paparan disinfektan untuk permukaan baja tahan karat), termasuk etanol 62–71%, isopropanol 50–100%, natrium hipoklorit 0,1%, hidrogen peroksida 0,5%, dan povidone-iodine 0,2–7,5%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other solutions, such as benzalkonium chloride and chrohexidine gluconate, are less effective.", "id": "Larutan lain, seperti benzalkonium klorida dan klorheksidin glukonat, kurang efektif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The CDC recommends that if a COVID case is suspected or confirmed at a facility such as an office or day care, all areas such as offices, bathrooms, common areas, shared electronic equipment like tablets, touch screens, keyboards, remote controls, and ATM machines used by the ill persons, should be disinfected.", "id": "CDC merekomendasikan bahwa jika terdapat kasus COVID terduga atau terkonfirmasi di fasilitas umum, seperti kantor atau tempat penitipan anak, semua area seperti kantor, kamar mandi, area umum, peralatan elektronik bersama seperti tablet, layar sentuh, keyboard, remote control, dan mesin ATM yang digunakan oleh penderita, harus didisinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Health organizations recommended that people cover their mouth and nose with a bent elbow or a tissue when coughing or sneezing, and disposing of any tissue immediately.", "id": "Organisasi kesehatan merekomendasikan agar orang menutupi mulut dan hidung mereka dengan siku yang ditekuk atau menggunakan tisu ketika batuk atau bersin, lalu segera membuang tisu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Surgical masks are recommended for those who may be infected, as wearing a mask can limit the volume and travel distance of expiratory droplets dispersed when talking, sneezing, and coughing.", "id": "Masker bedah direkomendasikan bagi orang yang mungkin telah terinfeksi sebab memakai masker dapat membatasi volume dan jarak tempuh droplet ekspiratori yang tersebar saat berbicara, bersin, dan batuk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO has issued instructions on when and how to use masks.", "id": "WHO telah mengeluarkan instruksi tentang waktu dan cara pemakaian masker."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to Stephen Griffin, a virologist at the University of Leeds, \"Wearing a mask can reduce the propensity [of] people to touch their faces, which is a major source of infection without proper hand hygiene.\"Masks have also been recommended for use by those taking care of someone who may have the disease.", "id": "Menurut Stephen Griffin, seorang ahli virologi di University of Leeds, \"Memakai masker dapat mengurangi kecenderungan orang untuk menyentuh wajah dengan tangan yang tidak cukup bersih, yang merupakan sumber penularan utama.\"Masker juga direkomendasikan untuk dipakai oleh orang yang merawat orang lain yang mungkin menderita penyakit ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO has recommended the wearing of masks by healthy people only if they are at high risk, such as those who are caring for a person with COVID-19, although they also acknowledge that wearing masks may help people avoid touching their face.", "id": "WHO merekomendasikan penggunaan masker oleh orang sehat hanya jika mereka berisiko tinggi, seperti orang yang merawat penderita COVID-19, meskipun WHO juga mengakui bahwa memakai masker dapat membantu mencegah orang menyentuh wajah mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several countries have started to encourage the use of face masks by members of the public.", "id": "Beberapa negara sudah mulai mendorong penggunaan masker kepada anggota masyarakat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the U.S., the CDC recommends wearing non-medical face mask made out of cloth.China has specifically recommended the use of disposable medical masks by healthy members of the public, particularly when coming into close contact (1 metre (3 ft) or less) with other people.", "id": "Di AS, CDC merekomendasikan penggunaan masker wajah nonmedis yang terbuat dari kain. Tiongkok secara spesifik merekomendasikan penggunaan masker medis sekali pakai kepada masyarakat yang sehat, terutama ketika berdekatan (1 meter (3 kaki) atau kurang) dengan orang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hong Kong recommends wearing a surgical mask when taking public transport or staying in crowded places.", "id": "Hong Kong merekomendasikan pemakaian masker bedah saat menggunakan angkutan umum atau tinggal di tempat yang ramai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thailand's health officials are encouraging people to make cloth facemasks at home and wash them daily.", "id": "Pejabat kesehatan Thailand menganjurkan orang untuk membuat masker kain di rumah dan mencucinya setiap hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Czech Republic and Slovakia banned going out in public without wearing a mask or covering one's nose and mouth.", "id": "Republik Ceko dan Slovakia melarang masyarakatnya keluar ke tempat umum tanpa mengenakan masker atau menutupi hidung dan mulut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 16 March, Vietnam requested everyone to wear a face mask when going to public areas in order to protect themselves and others.", "id": "Pada 16 Maret, Vietnam meminta semua warganya untuk mengenakan masker wajah saat pergi ke tempat umum untuk melindungi diri sendiri dan orang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Austrian government mandated that everyone entering a grocery store must wear a face mask.", "id": "Pemerintah Austria mengharuskan setiap orang yang memasuki toserba untuk mengenakan masker wajah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Israel has asked all residents to wear face masks when in public.", "id": "Israel meminta semua warganya untuk memakai masker wajah saat berada di tempat umum."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Taiwan, which has been producing ten million masks per day since mid-March, required passengers on trains and intercity buses to wear face masks on 1 April.", "id": "Taiwan, yang memproduksi sepuluh juta masker per hari sejak pertengahan Maret, mewajibkan penumpang kereta api dan bus antarkota mengenakan masker wajah per 1 April."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Panama has made it obligatory to wear a face mask whenever going outside, while also recommending the manufacture of a homemade face mask for those who cannot purchase face masks.", "id": "Panama mewajibkan penggunaan masker wajah setiap kali ke luar rumah, serta merekomendasikan pembuatan masker wajah buatan sendiri bagi mereka yang tidak dapat membeli masker wajah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Face masks have also been widely used in Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, and Singapore.", "id": "Masker wajah juga digunakan secara luas di Jepang, Korea Selatan, Malaysia, dan Singapura."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Social distancing (also known as physical distancing) includes infection control actions intended to slow the spread of disease by minimizing close contact between individuals.", "id": "Pembatasan sosial (yang disebut juga pembatasan fisik) merupakan tindakan pengendalian infeksi yang dimaksudkan untuk memperlambat penyebaran penyakit dengan meminimalkan kontak dekat antar individu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Methods include quarantines; travel restrictions; and the closing of schools, workplaces, stadiums, theatres, or shopping centres.", "id": "Metode pembatasan sosial meliputi karantina; pembatasan perjalanan; serta penutupan sekolah, tempat kerja, stadion, teater, atau pusat perbelanjaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Individuals may apply social distancing methods by staying at home, limiting travel, avoiding crowded areas, using no-contact greetings, and physically distancing themselves from others.", "id": "Orang dapat menerapkan metode pembatasan sosial dengan tinggal di rumah, membatasi perjalanan, menghindari daerah ramai, menggunakan salam tanpa kontak, dan menjaga jarak fisik dari orang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many governments are now mandating or recommending social distancing in regions affected by the outbreak.", "id": "Saat ini, banyak pemerintahan mewajibkan atau mengimbau pembatasan sosial di daerah yang terdampak wabah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The maximum gathering size recommended by US government bodies and health organizations was swiftly reduced from 250 people (if there was no known COVID-19 spread in a region) to 50 people, and later to 10 people.", "id": "Jumlah maksimum orang berkumpul yang direkomendasikan oleh badan-badan pemerintah AS dan organisasi kesehatan dengan cepat dikurangi, mulai dari 250 orang (jika tidak diketahui adanya sebaran COVID-19 di suatu wilayah) menjadi 50 orang, dan kemudian menjadi 10 orang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 22 March 2020, Germany banned public gatherings of more than two people.Older adults and those with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, respiratory disease, hypertension, and compromised immune systems face increased risk of serious illness and complications and have been advised by the CDC to stay home as much as possible in areas of community outbreak.In late March 2020, the WHO and other health bodies began to replace the use of the term \"social distancing\" with \"physical distancing\", to clarify that the aim is to reduce physical contact while maintaining social connections, either virtually or at a distance.", "id": "Pada 22 Maret 2020, Jerman melarang pertemuan di area publik yang melibatkan lebih dari dua orang. Lansia dan orang dengan kondisi medis mendasari seperti diabetes, penyakit jantung, penyakit pernapasan, hipertensi, dan sistem imun terganggu yang memiliki risiko penyakit serius dan komplikasi lebih tinggi disarankan CDC untuk sebisa mungkin di rumah saja di daerah yang mengalami wabah di tingkat masyarakat. Pada akhir Maret 2020, WHO dan badan kesehatan lainnya mulai mengganti penggunaan istilah \"pembatasan sosial\" menjadi \"pembatasan fisik\", untuk memperjelas bahwa tujuannya adalah untuk mengurangi kontak fisik dengan tetap menjaga hubungan sosial, baik secara virtual atau dari jarak jauh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The use of the term \"social distancing\" had led to implications that people should engage in complete social isolation, rather than encouraging them to stay in contact with others through alternative means.Some authorities have issued sexual health guidelines for use during the pandemic.", "id": "Penggunaan istilah \"pembatasan sosial\" memberi kesan bahwa orang harus mengisolasi diri sepenuhnya secara sosial dan tidak mendorong orang untuk tetap berhubungan dengan orang lain melalui cara-cara alternatif. Beberapa otoritas telah mengeluarkan pedoman kesehatan seksual untuk digunakan selama masa pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These include recommendations to only have sex with someone you live with, who does not have the virus or symptoms of the virus.", "id": "Rekomendasi ini mencakup anjuran untuk berhubungan seks hanya dengan orang yang tinggal bersama Anda dan tidak memiliki virus atau gejala virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Self-isolation at home has been recommended for those diagnosed with COVID-19 and those who suspect they have been infected.", "id": "Isolasi mandiri di rumah direkomendasikan bagi orang yang didiagnosis menderita COVID-19 dan orang yang diduga terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Health agencies have issued detailed instructions for proper self-isolation.Many governments have mandated or recommended self-quarantine for entire populations living in affected areas.", "id": "Badan-badan kesehatan telah mengeluarkan instruksi terperinci untuk isolasi mandiri yang benar. Banyak pemerintah mewajibkan atau merekomendasikan karantina mandiri untuk seluruh populasi yang tinggal di daerah yang terdampak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The strongest self-quarantine instructions have been issued to those in high risk groups.", "id": "Instruksi karantina mandiri paling ketat dikeluarkan bagi orang-orang yang termasuk kelompok berisiko tinggi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Those who may have been exposed to someone with COVID-19 and those who have recently travelled to a country or region with widespread transmission have been advised to self-quarantine for 14 days from the time of last possible exposure.", "id": "Orang yang mungkin terpapar penderita COVID-19 dan orang yang baru-baru ini bepergian ke negara atau wilayah dengan penyebaran COVID-19 yang luas disarankan untuk melakukan karantina mandiri selama 14 hari sejak waktu kemungkinan paparan terakhir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Strategies in the control of an outbreak are containment or suppression, and mitigation.", "id": "Strategi dalam pengendalian wabah adalah pembendungan atau supresi, serta mitigasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Containment is undertaken in the early stages of the outbreak and aims to trace and isolate those infected as well as introduce other measures of infection control and vaccinations to stop the disease from spreading to the rest of the population.", "id": "Pembendungan dilakukan pada tahap awal wabah dan bertujuan untuk melacak dan mengisolasi orang yang terinfeksi serta melakukan langkah-langkah lain untuk pengendalian infeksi dan vaksinasi yang bertujuan menghentikan penyebaran penyakit ke seluruh populasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When it is no longer possible to contain the spread of the disease, efforts then move to the mitigation stage: measures are taken to slow the spread and mitigate its effects on the healthcare system and society.", "id": "Ketika tidak mungkin lagi untuk membendung penyebaran penyakit, upaya selanjutnya beralih ke tahap mitigasi: langkah-langkah ini diambil untuk memperlambat penyebaran dan mengurangi dampaknya pada sistem perawatan kesehatan dan masyarakat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A combination of both containment and mitigation measures may be undertaken at the same time.", "id": "Kombinasi tindakan pembendungan dan mitigasi dapat dilakukan pada saat yang bersamaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Suppression requires more extreme measures so as to reverse the pandemic by reducing the basic reproduction number to less than 1.Part of managing an infectious disease outbreak is trying to decrease the epidemic peak, known as flattening the epidemic curve.", "id": "Supresi membutuhkan langkah-langkah yang lebih ekstrem untuk membalikkan pandemi dengan mengurangi angka reproduksi dasar menjadi kurang dari 1.Bagian dari pengelolaan wabah penyakit menular adalah berusaha untuk menurunkan puncak epidemi, yang dikenal dengan melandaikan kurva epidemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This decreases the risk of health services being overwhelmed and provides more time for vaccines and treatments to be developed.", "id": "Hal ini menurunkan risiko kewalahan pada layanan kesehatan dan memberikan lebih banyak waktu untuk pengembangan vaksin dan pengobatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Non-pharmaceutical interventions that may manage the outbreak include personal preventive measures, such as hand hygiene, wearing face-masks, and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at physical distancing such as closing schools and cancelling mass gathering events; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such surface cleaning.More drastic actions aimed at containing the outbreak were taken in China once the severity of the outbreak became apparent, such as quarantining entire cities and imposing strict travel bans.", "id": "Intervensi nonfarmasi untuk menangani wabah meliputi tindakan pencegahan individu, seperti kebersihan tangan, memakai masker wajah, dan karantina mandiri; langkah-langkah di tingkat masyarakat yang ditujukan untuk pembatasan fisik, seperti menutup sekolah dan membatalkan acara pertemuan massal; pelibatan masyarakat untuk mendorong penerimaan dan partisipasi dalam intervensi semacam ini; serta langkah-langkah di tingkat lingkungan, seperti pembersihan permukaan. Tindakan drastis lainnya yang bertujuan untuk membendung wabah dilakukan di Tiongkok saat keparahan wabah semakin nyata, seperti mengarantina seluruh kota dan memberlakukan larangan perjalanan yang ketat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other countries also adopted a variety of measures aimed at limiting the spread of the virus.", "id": "Negara-negara lain juga menerapkan berbagai langkah yang bertujuan untuk membatasi penyebaran virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "South Korea introduced mass screening and localized quarantines, and issued alerts on the movements of infected individuals.", "id": "Korea Selatan memperkenalkan penapisan massal dan karantina setempat, serta mengeluarkan peringatan tentang pergerakan orang yang terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Singapore provided financial support for those infected who quarantined themselves and imposed large fines for those who failed to do so.", "id": "Singapura memberikan dukungan finansial bagi orang terinfeksi yang melakukan karantina mandiri dan mengenakan denda besar bagi orang yang gagal melakukannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Taiwan increased face mask production and penalized hoarding of medical supplies.Simulations for Great Britain and the United States show that mitigation (slowing but not stopping epidemic spread) and suppression (reversing epidemic growth) have major challenges.", "id": "Taiwan meningkatkan produksi masker wajah dan menghukum penimbun persediaan medis. Simulasi untuk Inggris dan Amerika Serikat menunjukkan bahwa mitigasi (memperlambat, tetapi tidak menghentikan penyebaran epidemi) dan supresi (membalikkan pertumbuhan epidemi) memiliki tantangan besar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Optimal mitigation policies might reduce peak healthcare demand by 2/3 and deaths by half, but still result in hundreds of thousands of deaths and health systems being overwhelmed.", "id": "Kebijakan mitigasi yang optimal dapat mengurangi puncak permintaan akan perawatan kesehatan hingga 2/3 dan kematian hingga setengahnya, tetapi masih mengakibatkan ratusan ribu kematian dan sistem kesehatan yang kewalahan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Suppression can be preferred but needs to be maintained for as long as the virus is circulating in the human population (or until a vaccine becomes available, if that comes first), as transmission otherwise quickly rebounds when measures are relaxed.", "id": "Supresi bisa dipilih, tetapi perlu dipertahankan selama virus masih beredar di populasi manusia (atau sampai vaksin tersedia, jika ini yang pertama dicapai), karena jika tidak, penularan akan melonjak kembali dengan cepat saat langkah-langkah supresi dikendurkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Long-term intervention to suppress the pandemic causes social and economic costs.", "id": "Intervensi jangka panjang untuk menekan pandemi membawa dampak pada sosial dan ekonomi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are no specific antiviral medications approved for COVID-19, but development efforts are underway, including testing of existing medications.", "id": "Belum ada obat antivirus spesifik yang disetujui untuk COVID-19, tetapi upaya pengembangan sedang dilakukan, yang mencakup pengujian obat yang sudah ada."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Taking over-the-counter cold medications, drinking fluids, and resting may help alleviate symptoms.", "id": "Mengonsumsi obat flu yang dijual bebas, minum cukup air, dan istirahat dapat membantu meringankan gejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Depending on the severity, oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and breathing support may be required.", "id": "Tergantung pada tingkat keparahan, terapi oksigen, cairan intravena, dan dukungan pernapasan mungkin dibutuhkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The use of steroids may worsen outcomes.", "id": "Penggunaan steroid dapat memperburuk kondisi pasien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several compounds that were previously approved for treatment of other viral diseases are being investigated for use in treating COVID-19.", "id": "Beberapa senyawa yang sebelumnya disetujui untuk pengobatan penyakit virus lain sedang diteliti untuk digunakan dalam mengobati COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO also stated that some \"traditional and home remedies\" can provide relief of the symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-19.", "id": "WHO juga menyatakan bahwa beberapa \"pengobatan tradisional dan rumahan\" dapat meredakan gejala yang disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Increasing capacity and adapting healthcare for the needs of COVID-19 patients is described by the WHO as a fundamental outbreak response measure.", "id": "WHO mengatakan bahwa meningkatkan kapasitas dan mengadaptasi layanan kesehatan untuk kebutuhan pasien COVID-19 merupakan langkah dasar dalam merespon wabah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The ECDC and the European regional office of the WHO have issued guidelines for hospitals and primary healthcare services for shifting of resources at multiple levels, including focusing laboratory services towards COVID-19 testing, cancelling elective procedures whenever possible, separating and isolating COVID-19 positive patients, and increasing intensive care capabilities by training personnel and increasing the number of available ventilators and beds.", "id": "ECDC dan kantor WHO regional Eropa telah mengeluarkan pedoman untuk rumah sakit dan layanan kesehatan primer supaya mengalihkan sumber daya di berbagai tingkatan, termasuk memfokuskan layanan laboratorium untuk pengujian COVID-19, jika memungkinkan membatalkan prosedur elektif, memisahkan dan mengisolasi pasien positif COVID-19, serta meningkatkan kemampuan perawatan intensif dengan melatih personel serta meningkatkan jumlah ventilator dan tempat tidur."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are various theories about where the very first case (the so-called patient zero) may have originated.", "id": "Ada berbagai teori tentang asal kasus pertama (yang disebut pasien nol)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The first known case of the novel coronavirus may trace back to 1 December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, China.", "id": "Kasus koronavirus baru yang pertama diketahui dapat ditelusuri ke tanggal 1 Desember 2019 di Wuhan, Hubei, Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Within a month, the number of coronavirus cases in Hubei gradually increased.", "id": "Dalam sebulan, jumlah kasus koronavirus di Hubei meningkat secara bertahap."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals, and one theory is that the virus came from one of these kinds of animals; or, in other words, has a zoonotic origin.A pneumonia cluster of unknown cause was observed on 26 December and treated by the doctor Zhang Jixian in Hubei Provincial Hospital, who informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December.", "id": "Kasus-kasus ini sebagian besar terkait dengan Pasar Grosir Makanan Laut Huanan, yang juga menjual hewan hidup, dan satu teori mengatakan bahwa virus berasal dari salah satu jenis hewan ini; atau, dengan kata lain, virus memiliki asal zoonotik. Sebuah klaster pneumonia dengan penyebab tidak dikenal teramati pada 26 Desember dan ditangani oleh dokter Zhang Jixian di Rumah Sakit Provinsi Hubei, yang memberi tahu CDC Jianghan Wuhan pada 27 Desember."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 30 December, a group of doctors at Wuhan Central Hospital alerted their colleagues of a \"SARS-like coronavirus\".", "id": "Pada 30 Desember, sekelompok dokter di Rumah Sakit Pusat Wuhan memberi tahu rekan mereka tentang \"koronavirus mirip SARS\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Eight of these doctors, including Li Wenliang, were admonished by the police for spreading false rumours, and another, Ai Fen, was reprimanded by her superiors for raising the alarm.", "id": "Delapan dari dokter ini, termasuk Li Wenliang, diperingatkan oleh polisi karena menyebarkan desas-desus palsu, dan yang lain, Ai Fen, ditegur oleh atasannya karena peringatan yang dikeluarkannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Wuhan Municipal Health Commission later released a public notice on 31 December and informed the WHO.", "id": "Komisi Kesehatan Kota Wuhan kemudian mengeluarkan pengumuman kepada publik pada 31 Desember dan memberi tahu WHO."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Enough cases of unknown pneumonia had been reported to health authorities in Wuhan to trigger an investigation in early January.During the early stages of the outbreak, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half days.", "id": "Cukup banyak kasus pneumonia tidak dikenal dilaporkan kepada otoritas kesehatan di Wuhan yang kemudian memicu penyelidikan pada awal Januari. Pada tahap awal wabah, jumlah kasus meningkat dua kali lipat setiap tujuh setengah hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In early and mid-January 2020, the virus spread to other Chinese provinces, helped by the Chinese New Year migration and Wuhan being a transport hub and major rail interchange.", "id": "Pada awal dan pertengahan Januari 2020, virus menyebar ke provinsi-provinsi Tiongkok yang lain, didukung oleh migrasi saat Tahun Baru Imlek dan karena Wuhan merupakan pusat transportasi dan tempat transit kereta api utama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 20 January, China reported nearly 140 new cases in one day, including two people in Beijing and one in Shenzhen.", "id": "Pada 20 Januari, Tiongkok melaporkan hampir 140 kasus baru dalam sehari, termasuk dua orang di Beijing dan satu orang di Shenzhen."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Later official data shows that 6,174 people had already developed symptoms by 20 January 2020.As of 26 March, the United States has overtaken China and Italy with the highest number of confirmed cases in the world.As of 9 April 2020, more than 1.61 million cases have been reported worldwide; more than 97,000 people have died and more than 364,000 have recovered.", "id": "Data resmi selanjutnya menunjukkan bahwa 6.174 orang telah mengalami gejala pada 20 Januari 2020.Per 26 Maret, Amerika Serikat telah melampaui Tiongkok dan Italia dengan jumlah kasus terkonfirmasi tertinggi di dunia. Hingga 9 April 2020, lebih dari 1,61 juta kasus telah dilaporkan di seluruh dunia; lebih dari 97.000 orang meninggal dunia dan lebih dari 364.000 sembuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Around 200 countries and territories have had at least one case.", "id": "Sekitar 200 negara dan wilayah teritorial memiliki setidaknya satu kasus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Due to the pandemic in Europe, many countries in the Schengen Area have restricted free movement and set up border controls.", "id": "Karena pandemi di Eropa, banyak negara di Wilayah Schengen membatasi pergerakan bebas dan membuat kontrol perbatasan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "National reactions have included containment measures such as quarantines (known as stay-at-home orders, shelter-in-place orders, or lockdown) and curfews.As of 2 April, nearly 300 million people, or about 90% of the population, are under some form of lockdown in the United States, more than 50 million people are in lockdown in the Philippines, about 59 million people are in lockdown in South Africa, and 1.3 billion people are in lockdown in India.", "id": "Tanggapan nasional meliputi langkah-langkah pembendungan, seperti karantina (dikenal sebagai perintah tinggal di rumah, perintah berlindung di tempat, atau karantina wilayah) dan jam malam. Pada 2 April, hampir 300 juta orang, atau sekitar 90% populasi, berada dalam sejenis karantina wilayah di Amerika Serikat, lebih dari 50 juta orang dikarantina wilayah di Filipina, sekitar 59 juta orang dikarantina wilayah di Afrika Selatan, dan 1,3 miliar orang dikarantina wilayah di India."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 26 March, 1.7 billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown, which increased to 2.6 billion people two days later—around a third of the world's population.", "id": "Pada 26 Maret, 1,7 miliar orang di seluruh dunia berada dalam sejenis kondisi karantina wilayah, yang meningkat menjadi 2,6 miliar orang dua hari kemudian, yakni sekitar sepertiga dari populasi dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The first confirmed case of COVID-19 has been traced back to 1 December 2019 in Wuhan; one unconfirmed report suggests the earliest case was on 17 November.", "id": "Kasus COVID-19 terkonfirmasi pertama dapat ditelusuri kembali ke tanggal 1 Desember 2019 di Wuhan; satu laporan yang belum terkonfirmasi menunjukkan kasus paling awal pada 17 November."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Doctor Zhang Jixian observed a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown cause on 26 December, upon which her hospital informed Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December.", "id": "Dokter Zhang Jixian mengamati klaster kasus pneumonia dengan penyebab tidak dikenal pada 26 Desember; pengamatan ini diberitahukan rumah sakitnya kepada CDC Jianghan pada 27 Desember."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Initial genetic testing of patient samples on 27 December 2019 indicated the presence of a SARS-like coronavirus.", "id": "Pengujian genetik awal sampel pasien pada 27 Desember 2019 mengindikasikan adanya koronavirus mirip SARS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A public notice was released by Wuhan Municipal Health Commission on 31 December.", "id": "Pengumuman kepada publik dirilis oleh Komisi Kesehatan Kota Wuhan pada 31 Desember."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO was informed on the same day.", "id": "WHO diberi tahu pada hari yang sama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As these notifications occurred, doctors in Wuhan were warned by police for \"spreading rumours\" about the outbreak.", "id": "Ketika pemberitahuan ini dilaksanakan, dokter di Wuhan diperingatkan oleh polisi karena \"menyebarkan desas-desus\" tentang wabah tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Chinese National Health Commission initially claimed that there was no \"clear evidence\" of human-to-human transmission.", "id": "Komisi Kesehatan Nasional Republik Rakyat Tiongkok pada awalnya mengklaim bahwa tidak ada \"bukti jelas\" penularan dari manusia ke manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In late January, the Chinese government launched a radical campaign later described by the Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping as a \"people's war\" to contain the spread of the virus.", "id": "Pada akhir Januari, pemerintah Tiongkok meluncurkan kampanye radikal yang kemudian dijelaskan oleh sekretaris jenderal Partai Komunis Tiongkok Xi Jinping sebagai \"perang rakyat\" untuk membendung penyebaran virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In what has been described as \"the largest quarantine in human history\", a cordon sanitaire was announced on 23 January stopping travel in and out of Wuhan, which was extended to a total of 15 cities in Hubei, affecting a total of about 57 million people.", "id": "Dalam karantina yang disebut sebagai \"karantina terbesar dalam sejarah manusia\", cordon sanitaire atau pembatas kebersihan diumumkan pada 23 Januari untuk menghentikan perjalanan masuk dan keluar Wuhan, dan diperluas ke total 15 kota di Hubei, yang memengaruhi total sekitar 57 juta orang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Private vehicle use was banned in the city.", "id": "Penggunaan kendaraan pribadi dilarang di dalam kota."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Chinese New Year (25 January) celebrations were cancelled in many places.", "id": "Perayaan Tahun Baru Imlek (25 Januari) dibatalkan di banyak tempat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The authorities also announced the construction of a temporary hospital, Huoshenshan Hospital, which was completed in 10 days.", "id": "Pihak berwenang juga mengumumkan pembangunan rumah sakit sementara, Rumah Sakit Huoshenshan, yang selesai dalam waktu 10 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Another hospital was built afterwards, Leishenshan Hospital, to handle additional patients.", "id": "Rumah sakit lain juga dibangun setelahnya, Rumah Sakit Leishenshan, untuk menangani pasien tambahan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition to newly constructed hospitals, China also converted 14 other facilities in Wuhan, such as convention centers and stadiums, into temporary hospitals.On 26 January, the government instituted further measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak, including issuing health declarations for travellers and extending the Spring Festival holiday.", "id": "Selain rumah sakit yang baru dibangun, Tiongkok juga mengubah 14 fasilitas lain di Wuhan, seperti pusat konvensi dan stadion, menjadi rumah sakit sementara. Pada 26 Januari, pemerintah menyusun langkah-langkah lebih lanjut untuk membendung wabah COVID-19, termasuk mengeluarkan deklarasi kesehatan untuk para turis dan memperpanjang liburan Festival Musim Semi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Universities and schools around the country were also closed.", "id": "Seluruh universitas dan sekolah di dalam negeri juga ditutup."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The regions of Hong Kong and Macau instituted several measures, particularly in regard to schools and universities.", "id": "Wilayah Hong Kong dan Makau menerapkan beberapa langkah, khususnya dalam hal sekolah dan universitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Remote working measures were instituted in several Chinese regions.", "id": "Langkah-langkah untuk bekerja dari jarak jauh diterapkan di beberapa daerah di Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Travel restrictions were enacted in and outside of Hubei.", "id": "Pembatasan perjalanan diberlakukan di dalam dan di luar Hubei."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Public transport was modified, and museums throughout China were temporarily closed.", "id": "Angkutan umum dimodifikasi dan museum di seluruh Tiongkok ditutup sementara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Control of public movement was applied in many cities, and it has been estimated that about 760 million people (more than half the population) faced some form of outdoor restriction.After the outbreak entered its global phase in March, Chinese authorities took strict measures to prevent the virus from \"importing\" from other countries.", "id": "Pengendalian terhadap pergerakan publik diterapkan di banyak kota, dan diperkirakan sekitar 760 juta orang (lebih dari separuh populasi) menghadapi semacam pembatasan di luar rumah. Setelah wabah memasuki fase global pada bulan Maret, otoritas Tiongkok mengambil langkah-langkah ketat untuk mencegah \"mengimpor\" virus dari negara lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, Beijing has imposed a 14-day mandatory quarantine for all international travellers entering the city.On 23 March, mainland China only one case had transmitted domestically in the five days prior, in this instance via a traveller returning to Guangzhou from Istanbul.", "id": "Sebagai contoh, Beijing memberlakukan karantina wajib 14 hari untuk semua turis internasional yang masuk kota. Pada 23 Maret, satu-satunya kasus Tiongkok daratan ditransmisikan di dalam negeri lima hari sebelumnya, dalam hal ini melalui seorang turis yang kembali ke Guangzhou dari Istanbul."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 24 March 2020, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang reported that the spread of domestically transmitted cases has been basically blocked and the outbreak has been controlled in China.", "id": "Pada 24 Maret 2020, Perdana Menteri Tiongkok Li Keqiang melaporkan bahwa penyebaran kasus yang ditransmisikan di dalam negeri pada dasarnya telah diblokir dan wabah telah dikendalikan di Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The same day travel restrictions were eased in Hubei, apart from Wuhan, two months after the lockdown was imposed.The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced on 26 March 2020 that entry for visa or residence permit holders would be suspended from 28 March onwards, with no specific details on when this policy will end.", "id": "Pembatasan perjalanan pada hari yang sama dilonggarkan di Hubei, selain dari Wuhan, dua bulan setelah karantina wilayah diberlakukan. Kementrian Luar Negeri Republik Rakyat Tiongkok mengumumkan pada 26 Maret 2020 bahwa entri untuk pemegang visa atau izin tinggal akan ditangguhkan mulai 28 Maret dan seterusnya, tanpa ada perincian spesifik tentang waktu kebijakan ini akan berakhir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Those who wish to enter China will have to apply for visas in Chinese embassies or consulates.", "id": "Orang yang ingin masuk ke Tiongkok harus mengajukan visa di kedutaan atau konsulat Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Chinese government encouraged businesses and factories to re-open on 30 March, and provided monetary stimulus packages for firms.The State Council declared a day of mourning to begin with a national three-minute moment of silence on 10:00 4 April, coinciding with Qingming Festival, although the central government asked families to pay their respects online in observance of physical distancing as to avoid a renewed COVID-19 outbreak.", "id": "Pada 30 Maret, pemerintah Tiongkok mendorong bisnis dan pabrik untuk buka kembali dan menyediakan paket stimulus moneter untuk perusahaan. Dewan Negara mengumumkan hari berkabung dengan memulai tiga menit mengheningkan cipta nasional pada 4 April pukul 10:00, bertepatan dengan Festival Qingming, meskipun pemerintah pusat meminta keluarga untuk memberikan penghormatan secara daring dengan memperhatikan pembatasan fisik untuk menghindari wabah COVID-19 yang baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "COVID-19 was confirmed to have spread to South Korea on 20 January 2020 from China.", "id": "Pada 20 Januari 2020, COVID-19 dikonfirmasi telah menyebar ke Korea Selatan dari Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The nation's health agency reported a significant increase in confirmed cases on 20 February, largely attributed to a gathering in Daegu of a new religious movement known as the Shincheonji Church of Jesus.", "id": "Pada 20 Februari, badan kesehatan negara melaporkan peningkatan kasus terkonfirmasi yang signifikan, sebagian besar disebabkan oleh pertemuan gerakan keagamaan baru di Daegu, yang dikenal sebagai Gereja Yesus Shincheonji."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Shincheonji devotees visiting Daegu from Wuhan were suspected to be the origin of the outbreak.", "id": "Para penganut Shincheonji yang mengunjungi Daegu dari Wuhan diduga merupakan asal wabah tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 22 February, among 9,336 followers of the church, 1,261 or about 13% reported symptoms.South Korea declared the highest level of alert on 23 February 2020.", "id": "Per tanggal 22 Februari, di antara 9.336 pengikut gereja, 1.261 atau sekitar 13% telah melaporkan gejala. Korea Selatan menyatakan tingkat siaga tertinggi pada 23 Februari 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 28 February, more than 2,000 confirmed cases were reported in Korea, rising to 3,150 on 29 February.", "id": "Pada 28 Februari, lebih dari 2.000 kasus terkonfirmasi dilaporkan di Korea, yang meningkat menjadi 3.150 pada 29 Februari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All South Korean military bases were quarantined after tests confirmed that three soldiers were positive for the virus.", "id": "Semua pangkalan militer Korea Selatan dikarantina setelah pengujian mengonfirmasi bahwa tiga tentara positif terkena virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Airline schedules were also affected and therefore they were changed.South Korea introduced what was considered the largest and best-organized programme in the world to screen the population for the virus, and isolate any infected people as well as tracing and quarantining those who contacted them.", "id": "Jadwal penerbangan juga terpengaruh dan diubah. Korea Selatan memperkenalkan program yang dianggap sebagai program terbesar dan terorganisir paling baik di dunia untuk menapis virus di populasi, mengisolasi setiap orang yang terinfeksi, serta melacak dan mengarantina orang yang kontak dengan mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Screening methods included mandatory self-reporting of symptoms by new international arrivals through mobile application, drive-thru testing for the virus with the results available the next day, and increasing testing capability to allow up to 20,000 people to be tested every day.", "id": "Metode penapisan termasuk kewajiban melaporkan gejala secara mandiri oleh orang yang baru datang dari luar negeri melalui aplikasi seluler, pengujian virus lantatur atau drive-thru dengan hasil tersedia pada hari berikutnya, dan peningkatan kemampuan pengujian hingga lebih dari 20.000 orang setiap hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "South Korea's programme is considered to be a success in controlling the outbreak despite not quarantining entire cities.The South Korean society was initially polarized on President Moon Jae-in's response to the crisis.", "id": "Program Korea Selatan dianggap berhasil dalam mengendalikan wabah meskipun tidak mengarantina seluruh kota. Pada awalnya, pandangan masyarakat Korea Selatan terbagi mengenai tanggapan Presiden Moon Jae-in terhadap krisis ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many Koreans signed petitions either calling for the impeachment of Moon over what they claimed to be government mishandling of the outbreak, or praising his response.", "id": "Banyak warga Korea menandatangani petisi menyerukan pemakzulan terhadap Presiden Moon atas klaim mereka bahwa pemerintah melakukan kesalahan dalam menangani wabah, atau sebaliknya, memuji reaksi presiden."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 23 March, it was reported that South Korea had the lowest one-day case total in four weeks.", "id": "Pada 23 Maret, Korea Selatan dilaporkan memiliki total kasus satu hari terendah dalam empat minggu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 29 March it was reported that beginning 1 April all new overseas arrivals will be quarantined for two weeks.", "id": "Pada 29 Maret, dilaporkan bahwa mulai 1 April semua orang yang baru datang dari luar negeri akan dikarantina selama dua minggu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Per media reports on 1 April, South Korea has received requests for virus testing assistance from 121 different countries.", "id": "Menurut laporan media pada 1 April, Korea Selatan telah menerima permintaan bantuan pengujian virus dari 121 negara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Iran reported its first confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections on 19 February in Qom, where, according to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, two people died later that day.", "id": "Iran melaporkan kasus infeksi SARS-CoV-2 terkonfirmasi pertama pada 19 Februari di Qom dan, menurut Kementerian Kesehatan dan Pendidikan Kedokteran, dua orang meninggal pada hari itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Early measures announced by the government included the cancellation of concerts and other cultural events, sporting events, and Friday prayers, and closures of universities, higher education institutions, and schools.", "id": "Langkah awal yang diumumkan pemerintah mencakup pembatalan konser dan acara budaya lainnya, acara olahraga, dan salat Jumat, serta penutupan universitas, lembaga pendidikan tinggi, dan sekolah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Iran allocated five trillion rials to combat the virus.", "id": "Iran mengalokasikan lima triliun real untuk memerangi virus ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "President Hassan Rouhani said on 26 February 2020 that there were no plans to quarantine areas affected by the outbreak, and only individuals would be quarantined.", "id": "Presiden Hassan Rouhani mengatakan pada 26 Februari 2020 bahwa tidak ada rencana untuk mengarantina wilayah yang terdampak wabah, hanya individu yang akan dikarantina."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Plans to limit travel between cities were announced in March, although heavy traffic between cities ahead of the Persian New Year Nowruz continued.", "id": "Rencana untuk membatasi perjalanan antarkota diumumkan pada bulan Maret, meskipun lalu lintas padat antarkota menjelang Tahun Baru Persia berlanjut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Shia shrines in Qom remained open to pilgrims until 16 March 2020.Iran became a centre of the spread of the virus after China during February.", "id": "Tempat ibadah Syiah di Qom tetap terbuka untuk peziarah hingga 16 Maret 2020.Setelah Tiongkok, Iran menjadi pusat penyebaran virus selama bulan Februari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Amidst claims of a cover-up of the extent of the outbreak in Iran, more than ten countries had traced their cases back to Iran by 28 February, indicating that the extent of the outbreak may be more severe than the 388 cases reported by the Iranian government by that date.", "id": "Di tengah klaim bahwa tingkat wabah di Iran ditutup-tutupi, lebih dari sepuluh negara menelusur balik kasus mereka ke Iran pada 28 Februari, yang menunjukkan bahwa tingkat wabah mungkin lebih parah daripada 388 kasus yang dilaporkan oleh pemerintah Iran pada tanggal itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Iranian Parliament was shut down, with 23 of its 290 members reported to have had tested positive for the virus on 3 March.", "id": "Parlemen Iran ditutup, dengan 23 dari 290 anggotanya dilaporkan teruji positif untuk virus ini pada 3 Maret."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 12 March, the Human Rights Watch urged the Iranian prison authorities to unconditionally release the human rights defenders detained for peaceful dissent, and to also temporarily release all the eligible prisoners.", "id": "Pada 12 Maret, Human Rights Watch mendesak otoritas penjara Iran untuk membebaskan tanpa syarat para pembela HAM yang ditahan karena protes damai dan, untuk sementara waktu, membebaskan semua tahanan yang memenuhi syarat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It stated that there is a greater risk of the virus to spread in closed institutions like detention centres, which also lack adequate medical care.", "id": "Dinyatakan bahwa ada risiko lebih besar untuk penyebaran di lembaga tertutup seperti pusat tahanan, yang juga tidak memiliki perawatan medis yang memadai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 15 March, the Iranian government reported 100 deaths in a single day, the most recorded in the country since the outbreak began.", "id": "Pada 15 Maret, pemerintah Iran melaporkan 100 kematian dalam satu hari, yang merupakan jumlah terbanyak di negara itu sejak awal wabah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "At least 12 sitting or former Iranian politicians and government officials had died from the disease by 17 March.", "id": "Hingga 17 Maret, setidaknya ada 12 politisi atau pejabat pemerintah Iran sebelumnya atau yang sedang menjabat meninggal akibat penyakit ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 23 March, Iran was experiencing 50 new cases every hour and one new death every ten minutes due to coronavirus.", "id": "Per 23 Maret, Iran menghadapi 50 kasus baru setiap jam dan satu kematian baru setiap sepuluh menit karena koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to a WHO official, there may be five times more cases in Iran than what is being reported.", "id": "Menurut seorang pejabat WHO, kemungkinan ada lima kali lebih banyak kasus di Iran daripada yang dilaporkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is also suggested that U.S. sanctions on Iran may be affecting the country's financial ability to respond to the viral outbreak.", "id": "Juga diutarakan bahwa sanksi AS terhadap Iran dapat memengaruhi kemampuan keuangan negara ini dalam merespons wabah virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has demanded economic sanctions to be eased for nations most affected by the pandemic, including Iran.", "id": "Komisaris Tinggi PBB untuk Hak Asasi Manusia meminta agar sanksi ekonomi diringankan bagi negara yang terdampak pandemi, termasuk Iran."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The outbreak was confirmed to have spread to Italy on 31 January, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Rome.", "id": "Pada 31 Januari, wabah dikonfirmasi telah menyebar ke Italia ketika dua wisatawan Tionghoa teruji positif untuk SARS-CoV-2 di Roma."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Cases began to rise sharply, which prompted the Italian government to suspend all flights to and from China and declare a state of emergency.", "id": "Kasus mulai meningkat tajam sehingga mendorong pemerintah Italia untuk menangguhkan semua penerbangan menuju dan dari Tiongkok serta menyatakan keadaan darurat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "An unassociated cluster of COVID-19 cases was later detected, starting with 16 confirmed cases in Lombardy on 21 February.On 22 February, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree-law to contain the outbreak, including quarantining more than 50,000 people from 11 different municipalities in northern Italy.", "id": "Kemudian, klaster kasus COVID-19 yang tidak berhubungan terdeteksi, dimulai dengan 16 kasus terkonfirmasi di Lombardy pada 21 Februari. Pada 22 Februari, Dewan Menteri mengumumkan undang-undang baru untuk membendung wabah, yang mencakup karantina lebih dari 50.000 orang dari 11 kota berbeda di Italia utara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte said, \"In the outbreak areas, entry and exit will not be provided.", "id": "Perdana Menteri Giuseppe Conte mengatakan, \"Di daerah wabah, orang tidak diperbolehkan untuk keluar masuk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Suspension of work activities and sports events has already been ordered in those areas.\"On 4 March, the Italian government ordered the full closure of all schools and universities nationwide as Italy reached 100 deaths.", "id": "Penangguhan kegiatan kerja dan acara olahraga telah diperintahkan di daerah tersebut.\"Pada 4 Maret, pemerintah Italia memerintahkan penutupan total semua sekolah dan universitas secara nasional saat Italia mencapai 100 kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All major sporting events, including Serie A football matches, were to be held behind closed doors until April, but on 9 March, all sport was suspended completely for at least one month.", "id": "Semua acara olahraga utama, termasuk pertandingan sepak bola Seri A, akan diadakan secara tertutup hingga April, tetapi pada 9 Maret, semua olahraga ditangguhkan sepenuhnya selama setidaknya satu bulan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 11 March, Prime Minister Conte ordered stoppage of nearly all commercial activity except supermarkets and pharmacies.On 6 March, the Italian College of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) published medical ethics recommendations regarding triage protocols that might be employed.", "id": "Pada 11 Maret, Perdana Menteri Conte memerintahkan penghentian hampir semua kegiatan komersial, kecuali supermarket dan apotek. Pada 6 Maret, Sekolah Tinggi Anestesi, Analgesia, Resusitasi, dan Perawatan Intensif Italia (SIAARTI) menerbitkan rekomendasi etika medis mengenai protokol triase yang mungkin akan digunakan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 19 March, Italy overtook China as the country with the most coronavirus-related deaths in the world after reporting 3,405 fatalities from the pandemic.", "id": "Pada 19 Maret, Italia mengambil alih posisi Tiongkok sebagai negara dengan kematian terkait koronavirus terbanyak di dunia setelah melaporkan 3.405 kematian akibat pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 22 March, it was reported that Russia had sent nine military planes with medical equipment to Italy.", "id": "Pada 22 Maret, Rusia dilaporkan mengirim sembilan pesawat militer berisi peralatan medis ke Italia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 5 April, there were 128,948 confirmed cases, 15,887 deaths, and 21,815 recoveries in Italy, with the majority of those cases occurring in the Lombardy region.", "id": "Per 5 April, ada 128.948 kasus terkonfirmasi, 15.887 kematian, dan 21.815 kasus sembuh di Italia, dengan sebagian besar kasus tersebut terjadi di wilayah Lombardy."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A CNN report indicated that the combination of Italy's large elderly population and inability to test all who have the virus to date may be contributing to the high fatality rate.", "id": "Sebuah laporan CNN mengatakan bahwa hal yang berkontribusi terhadap tingginya angka fatalitas adalah kombinasi populasi lansia Italia yang besar dan ketidakmampuan untuk menguji semua orang yang terinfeksi virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The United Kingdom's response to the virus first emerged as one of the most relaxed of the affected countries, and until 18 March 2020, the British government did not impose any form of social distancing or mass quarantine measures on its citizens.", "id": "Awalnya, respons Inggris Raya terhadap virus ini merupakan salah satu yang paling kendur di antara negara-negara yang terdampak, dan hingga 18 Maret 2020, pemerintah Inggris tidak memberlakukan langkah pembatasan sosial atau karantina massa apa pun pada warganya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As a result, the government received criticism for the perceived lack of pace and intensity in its response to concerns faced by the public.On 16 March, Prime Minister Boris Johnson made an announcement advising against all non-essential travel and social contact, suggesting people work from home where possible and avoid venues such as pubs, restaurants, and theatres.", "id": "Akibatnya, pemerintah menerima kritik karena dianggap kurang tanggap dan kurang intens dalam menanggapi kekhawatiran publik. Pada 16 Maret, Perdana Menteri Boris Johnson membuat pengumuman yang mengimbau untuk menghentikan semua perjalanan dan kontak sosial nonesensial dan menyarankan agar orang bekerja dari rumah, jika memungkinkan, serta menghindari tempat-tempat seperti pub, restoran, dan teater."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 20 March, the government announced that all leisure establishments such as pubs and gyms were to close as soon as possible, and promised to pay up to 80% of workers' wages to a limit of £2,500 per month to prevent unemployment in the crisis.On 23 March, the Prime Minister announced tougher social distancing measures, banning gatherings of more than two people and restricting travel and outdoor activity to that deemed strictly necessary.", "id": "Pada 20 Maret, pemerintah mengumumkan bahwa semua tempat rekreasi, seperti pub dan pusat kebugaran, harus ditutup sesegera mungkin, dan berjanji akan membayar hingga 80% upah pekerja hingga batas £2.500 per bulan untuk mencegah pengangguran dalam krisis. Pada 23 Maret, Perdana Menteri mengumumkan langkah-langkah pembatasan sosial yang lebih ketat, yakni melarang pertemuan lebih dari dua orang dan membatasi aktivitas perjalanan dan luar ruangan hanya untuk aktivitas yang dianggap sangat penting."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Unlike previous measures, these restrictions were enforceable by police through the issuing of fines and the dispersal of gatherings.", "id": "Tidak seperti langkah-langkah sebelumnya, pembatasan ini ditegakkan oleh polisi melalui pemberian denda dan pembubaran kumpulan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Most businesses were ordered to close, with exceptions for businesses deemed \"essential\", including supermarkets, pharmacies, banks, hardware shops, petrol stations, and garages.", "id": "Sebagian besar bisnis diperintahkan untuk tutup, kecuali bisnis yang dianggap \"esensial\", yang meliputi supermarket, apotek, bank, toko perangkat keras, pompa bensin, dan bengkel."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 20 January, the first known case of COVID-19 was confirmed in the Pacific Northwest state of Washington in a man who had returned from Wuhan on 15 January.", "id": "Pada 20 Januari, kasus COVID-19 terkorfirmasi pertama diketahui di negara bagian barat laut, Washington, pada seorang pria yang kembali dari Wuhan pada 15 Januari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The White House Coronavirus Task Force was established on 29 January.", "id": "Pada 29 Januari, Gugus Tugas Koronavirus Gedung Putih didirikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 31 January, the Trump administration declared a public health emergency, and placed restrictions on entry for travellers from China.", "id": "Pada 31 Januari, pemerintahan Trump mengumumkan darurat kesehatan masyarakat dan memberlakukan pembatasan entri untuk orang yang datang dari Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 28 January 2020, the Center for Disease Control—the leading public health institute of the U.S. government—announced they had developed their own testing kit.", "id": "Pada 28 Januari 2020, Pusat Pengendalian Penyakit, yaitu lembaga kesehatan masyarakat pemerintah AS terkemuka, mengumumkan bahwa mereka telah mengembangkan alat uji sendiri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Despite doing so, the United States had a slow start in testing, which obscured the true extent of the outbreak at the time.", "id": "Meski demikian, Amerika Serikat lambat dalam memulai pengujian sehingga mengaburkan tingkat wabah sebenarnya pada saat itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Testing was marred by defective test kits produced by the federal government in February, a lack of federal government approval for non-government test kits (by academia, companies and hospitals) until the end of February, and restrictive criteria for people to qualify for a test until early March (a doctor's order was required thereafter).", "id": "Pengujian dikacaukan oleh alat uji cacat yang diproduksi oleh pemerintah federal pada bulan Februari, kurangnya persetujuan pemerintah federal untuk alat uji nonpemerintah (oleh akademisi, perusahaan, dan rumah sakit) hingga akhir Februari, dan kriteria restriktif untuk orang memenuhi syarat pengujian hingga awal Maret (perintah dokter diperlukan setelahnya)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 27 February, The Washington Post reported fewer than 4,000 tests had been conducted in the United States.", "id": "Hingga 27 Februari, The Washington Post melaporkan bahwa kurang dari 4.000 pengujian telah dilakukan di Amerika Serikat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 13 March, The Atlantic reported that less than 14,000 tests had been conducted.", "id": "Hingga 13 Maret, The Atlantic melaporkan bahwa kurang dari 14.000 pengujian telah dilakukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 22 March, the Associated Press reported: \"Many people who have symptoms and a doctor's order have waited hours or days for a test.\"After the first death in the United States was reported in Washington state on 29 February, Governor Jay Inslee declared a state of emergency, an action that was soon followed by other states.", "id": "Pada 22 Maret, Associated Press melaporkan: \"Banyak orang yang memiliki gejala dan perintah dokter menunggu selama berjam-jam atau berhari-hari untuk diuji.\"Setelah kematian pertama di Amerika Serikat dilaporkan di negara bagian Washington pada 29 Februari, Gubernur Jay Inslee menyatakan keadaan darurat, tindakan yang segera diikuti oleh negara bagian lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Schools in the Seattle area cancelled classes on 3 March, and by mid-March, schools across the country were shutting down.On 6 March 2020, the United States was advised of projections for the impact of the new coronavirus on the country by a group of epidemiologists at Imperial College London.", "id": "Sekolah di daerah Seattle membatalkan kelas pada 3 Maret, dan pada pertengahan Maret, sekolah di seluruh negeri ditutup. Pada 6 Maret 2020, Amerika Serikat diberi tahu proyeksi dampak koronavirus baru pada negara oleh sekelompok ahli epidemiologi di Imperial College London."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the same day President Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies to respond to the outbreak.", "id": "Pada hari yang sama, Presiden Trump menandatangani Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplementsal Appropriations Act, yang menyediakan dana darurat sebesar $8,3 miliar bagi agen-agen federal untuk merespons wabah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Corporations imposed employee travel restrictions, cancelled conferences, and encouraged employees to work from home.", "id": "Perusahaan memberlakukan pembatasan perjalanan pada karyawan, membatalkan konferensi, dan mendorong karyawan untuk bekerja dari rumah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Sports events and seasons were cancelled.On 11 March, Trump announced travel restrictions for most of Europe, excluding the United Kingdom, for 30 days, effective 13 March.", "id": "Acara dan musim olahraga dibatalkan. Pada 11 Maret, Trump mengumumkan pembatasan perjalanan untuk sebagian besar Eropa, kecuali Inggris Raya, selama 30 hari, yang berlaku per 13 Maret."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The following day, he expanded the restrictions to include the United Kingdom and Ireland.", "id": "Keesokan harinya, ia memperluas pembatasan untuk menyertakan Inggris Raya dan Irlandia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 13 March, he declared a national emergency, which made federal funds available to respond to the crisis.", "id": "Pada 13 Maret, ia mengumumkan keadaan darurat nasional sehingga dana federal tersedia untuk merespons krisis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Beginning on 15 March, many businesses closed or reduced hours throughout the U.S. to try to reduce the spread of the virus.", "id": "Mulai 15 Maret, banyak bisnis ditutup atau dikurangi jam kerjanya di seluruh AS dalam rangka mencoba mengurangi penyebaran virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 17 March, the epidemic had been confirmed in all 50 states and in the District of Columbia.On 23 March, it was reported that New York City had 10,700 cases of the coronavirus, more than the total number of cases in South Korea.", "id": "Per 17 Maret, epidemi telah dikonfirmasi di seluruh 50 negara bagian dan di Distrik Columbia. Pada 23 Maret, Kota New York dilaporkan memiliki 10.700 kasus koronavirus, lebih banyak daripada jumlah total kasus di Korea Selatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 25 March, the governor said that social distancing seemed to be working, as estimates of case doubling slowed from 2.0 days to 4.7 days.", "id": "Pada 25 Maret, gubernur New York mengatakan bahwa pembatasan sosial tampaknya berhasil karena perkiraan penambahan kasus menjadi dua kali lipat melambat dari 2,0 hari menjadi 4,7 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 28 March, there were 32,308 confirmed cases in New York City, and 672 people had died from the virus.On 26 March, the United States was reported to have more confirmed coronavirus infection cases than any other country in the world, including China and Italy.As of 8 April, 400,335 cases have been confirmed in the United States, and 12,841 people have died.", "id": "Per 28 Maret, terdapat 32.308 kasus terkonfirmasi di Kota New York dan 672 orang meninggal akibat virus ini. Pada 26 Maret, Amerika Serikat dilaporkan memiliki kasus infeksi koronavirus terkonfirmasi lebih banyak daripada negara mana pun di dunia, termasuk Tiongkok dan Italia. Hingga 8 April, ada 400.335 kasus terkonfirmasi di Amerika Serikat dan 12.841 orang meninggal dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Per media reports on 30 March, U.S. President Trump has decided to extend social distancing guidelines until 30 April.", "id": "Menurut laporan media pada 30 Maret, Presiden AS Trump memutuskan untuk memperpanjang pedoman pembatasan sosial hingga 30 April."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the same day, the USNS Comfort, a hospital ship with about 1000 beds, made anchor in New York.", "id": "Pada hari yang sama, USNS Comfort, sebuah kapal rumah sakit dengan sekitar 1000 tempat tidur, berlabuh di New York."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 3 April, the U.S. had a record 884 deaths due to the coronavirus in a 24-hour period.", "id": "Pada 3 April, AS memiliki rekor 884 kematian akibat koronavirus dalam 24 jam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the state of New York the cases have exceeded 100,000 people on 3 April.The White House has been criticized for downplaying the threat and controlling the messaging by directing health officials and scientists to coordinate public statements and publications related to the virus with the office of Vice-President Mike Pence.", "id": "Di negara bagian New York, kasus telah melampaui 100.000 orang pada 3 April. Gedung Putih dikritik karena meremehkan ancaman dan mengendalikan pesan dengan mengarahkan pejabat kesehatan dan ilmuwan untuk mengoordinasikan pernyataan publik dan publikasi yang berkaitan dengan virus di kantor Wakil Presiden Mike Pence."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Overall approval of Trump's management of the crisis has been polarized along partisan lines.", "id": "Secara keseluruhan, persetujuan terhadap manajemen krisis Trump terbagi di seluruh jajaran partisan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some U.S. officials and commentators criticized the U.S. reliance on importation of critical materials, including essential medical supplies, from China.", "id": "Beberapa pejabat AS dan komentator mengkritik ketergantungan AS akan impor bahan penting dari Tiongkok, yang mencakup pasokan medis esensial."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "An analysis of air travel patterns was used to map and predict patterns of spread and was published in The Journal of Travel Medicine in mid-January 2020.", "id": "Analisis pola perjalanan udara digunakan untuk memetakan dan memprediksi pola penyebaran dan diterbitkan di The Journal of Travel Medicine pada pertengahan Januari 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Based on 2018 information from the International Air Transport Association, Bangkok, Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Taipei had the largest volume of travellers from Wuhan.", "id": "Berdasarkan informasi tahun 2018 dari Asosiasi Transportasi Udara Internasional, orang yang melakukan perjalanan dari Wuhan paling banyak berada di Bangkok, Hong Kong, Tokyo, dan Taipei."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Dubai, Sydney, and Melbourne were also reported as popular destinations for people travelling from Wuhan.", "id": "Dubai, Sydney, dan Melbourne juga dilaporkan sebagai tujuan populer bagi orang yang bepergian dari Wuhan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Bali was reported as least able among the 20 most popular destination cities in terms of preparedness, while cities in Australia were considered most able.Australia released its Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on 7 February.", "id": "Bali dilaporkan paling tidak mampu dalam hal kesiapan di antara 20 kota tujuan paling populer, sementara kota-kota di Australia dianggap paling mampu. Australia merilis Rencana Tanggap Darurat untuk Coronavirus Baru (COVID-19) pada 7 Februari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It stated that much was yet to be discovered about COVID-19, and that Australia would emphasize border control and communication in its response to the pandemic.", "id": "Disebutkan bahwa masih banyak yang belum ditemukan tentang COVID-19, dan bahwa Australia akan menekankan kontrol perbatasan dan komunikasi dalam menanggapi pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 21 March, a human biosecurity emergency was declared in Australia.", "id": "Pada 21 Maret, Australia menyatakan darurat ketahahanan hayati manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Owing to the effective quarantine of public transport in Wuhan and Hubei, several countries have planned to evacuate their citizens and diplomatic staff from the area, primarily through chartered flights of the home nation, with Chinese authorities providing clearance.", "id": "Karena karantina transportasi publik yang diberlakukan di Wuhan dan Hubei, beberapa negara berencana untuk mengevakuasi warga dan staf diplomatiknya dari daerah itu, terutama melalui penerbangan sewaan dari negara asal, dengan izin dari otoritas Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Canada, the United States, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, France, Argentina, Germany, and Thailand were among the first to plan the evacuation of their citizens.", "id": "Kanada, Amerika Serikat, Jepang, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, Prancis, Argentina, Jerman, dan Thailand adalah beberapa negara pertama yang berencana mengevakuasi warganya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Pakistan has said that it will not be evacuating any citizens from China.", "id": "Pakistan mengatakan bahwa mereka tidak akan mengevakuasi warganya dari Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 7 February, Brazil evacuated 34 Brazilians or family members in addition to four Poles, a Chinese person, and an Indian citizen.", "id": "Pada 7 Februari, Brasil mengevakuasi 34 orang Brasil atau anggota keluarga orang Brasil, di samping empat orang Polandia, seorang Tionghoa, dan seorang warga negara India."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The citizens of Poland, China, and India deplaned in Poland, where the Brazilian plane made a stopover before following its route to Brazil.", "id": "Warga Polandia, Tiongkok, dan India diturunkan di Polandia, tempat pesawat Brasil itu singgah sebelum melanjutkan rute ke Brasil."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Brazilian citizens who went to Wuhan were quarantined at a military base near Brasília.", "id": "Warga Brasil yang pergi ke Wuhan dikarantina di sebuah pangkalan militer dekat Brasília."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the same day, 215 Canadians (176 from the first plane, and 39 from a second plane chartered by the U.S. government) were evacuated from Wuhan to CFB Trenton to be quarantined for two weeks.", "id": "Pada hari yang sama, 215 orang Kanada (176 dari pesawat pertama dan 39 dari pesawat kedua yang disewa oleh pemerintah AS) dievakuasi dari Wuhan ke CFB Trenton untuk dikarantina selama dua minggu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 11 February, another plane of 185 Canadians from Wuhan landed at CFB Trenton.", "id": "Pada 11 Februari, pesawat lain yang berisi 185 orang Kanada dari Wuhan mendarat di CFB Trenton."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Australian authorities evacuated 277 citizens on 3 and 4 February to the Christmas Island Detention Centre, which had been repurposed as a quarantine facility, where they remained for 14 days.", "id": "Otoritas Australia mengevakuasi 277 warganya pada tanggal 3 dan 4 Februari ke Pusat Tahanan Pulau Natal, yang telah diubah fungsinya menjadi fasilitas karantina, tempat mereka tinggal selama 14 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A New Zealand evacuation flight arrived in Auckland on 5 February; its passengers (including some from Australia and the Pacific) were quarantined at a naval base in Whangaparoa, north of Auckland.", "id": "Sebuah penerbangan evakuasi Selandia Baru tiba di Auckland pada tanggal 5 Februari; penumpangnya (termasuk beberapa dari Australia dan Pasifik) dikarantina di pangkalan angkatan laut di Whangaparoa, di bagian utara Auckland."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 15 February, the United States announced that it would evacuate Americans aboard the cruise ship Diamond Princess.", "id": "Pada 15 Februari, Amerika Serikat mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan mengevakuasi orang Amerika yang ada di kapal pesiar Diamond Princess."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 21 February, a plane carrying 129 Canadian passengers who had been evacuated from Diamond Princess landed in Trenton, Ontario.", "id": "Pada 21 Februari, pesawat yang mengangkut 129 penumpang Kanada yang telah dievakuasi dari Diamond Princess mendarat di Trenton, Ontario."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In early March, the Indian government began evacuating its citizens from Iran.On 14 March a South African Airways aircraft chartered by the South African Government repatriated 112 South African citizens.", "id": "Pada awal Maret, pemerintah India mulai mengevakuasi warganya dari Iran. Pada 14 Maret, pesawat South African Airways yang disewa oleh Pemerintah Afrika Selatan memulangkan 112 warga negaranya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Medical screening was performed prior to departure, and four South Africans who were showing signs of coronavirus were left behind to mitigate risk.", "id": "Penapisan medis dilakukan sebelum keberangkatan dan empat orang Afrika Selatan yang menunjukkan tanda-tanda koronavirus ditinggal untuk mengurangi risiko."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Only South Africans who tested negative were repatriated.", "id": "Hanya orang Afrika Selatan yang teruji negatif yang direpatriasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Test results cleared all the South Africans, including the flight crew, pilots, hotel staff, police and soldiers involved in the humanitarian mission who, as a precautionary measure, all remained under observation and in quarantine for a 14-day period at The Ranch Resort.", "id": "Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, izin dikeluarkan bagi semua orang Afrika Selatan tersebut, mencakup awak pesawat, pilot, staf hotel, polisi, dan tentara yang terlibat dalam misi kemanusiaan; sebagai tindakan pencegahan, semua tetap diawasi dan dikarantina selama 14 hari di The Ranch Resort."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 20 March, the United States began to partially withdrawal its troops from Iraq due to the pandemic.", "id": "Pada 20 Maret, Amerika Serikat mulai menarik sebagian pasukannya dari Irak karena pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 5 February, the Chinese foreign ministry stated that 21 countries (including Belarus, Pakistan, Trinidad and Tobago, Egypt, and Iran) had sent aid to China.", "id": "Pada 5 Februari, Kementerian Luar Negeri Tiongkok menyatakan bahwa 21 negara (mencakup Belarus, Pakistan, Trinidad dan Tobago, Mesir, dan Iran) telah mengirim bantuan ke Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some Chinese students at American universities joined together to help send aid to virus-stricken parts of China, with a joint group in the greater Chicago area reportedly managing to send 50,000 N95 masks to hospitals in the Hubei province on 30 January.The humanitarian aid organization Direct Relief, in coordination with FedEx, sent 200,000 face masks along with other personal protective equipment, including gloves and gowns, by emergency airlift to the Wuhan Union Hospital by 30 January.", "id": "Beberapa mahasiswa Tionghoa di berbagai universitas Amerika bergabung untuk mengirim bantuan ke wilayah Tiongkok yang terdampak virus, bersama kelompok yang bergabung dari kawasan metropolitan Chicago; mereka dilaporkan berhasil mengirim 50.000 masker N95 ke rumah sakit di provinsi Hubei pada 30 Januari. Organisasi bantuan kemanusiaan Direct Relief, berkoordinasi dengan FedEx, mengirim 200.000 masker wajah dan alat pelindung diri lainnya, termasuk sarung tangan dan jubah, melalui pengiriman udara darurat ke Rumah Sakit Union Wuhan pada 30 Januari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 5 February, Bill and Melinda Gates announced a $100 million donation to the WHO to fund vaccine research and treatment efforts along with protecting \"at-risk populations in Africa and South Asia\".", "id": "Pada 5 Februari, Bill dan Melinda Gates mengumumkan donasi $100 juta kepada WHO untuk mendanai penelitian vaksin dan upaya penanganan, serta untuk melindungi \"populasi berisiko di Afrika dan Asia Selatan\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Interaksyon reported that the Chinese government donated 200,000 masks to the Philippines on 6 February, after Senator Richard Gordon shipped 3.16 million masks to Wuhan.", "id": "Interaksyon melaporkan bahwa pemerintah Tiongkok menyumbangkan 200.000 masker ke Filipina pada 6 Februari, setelah Senator Richard Gordon mengirim 3,16 juta masker ke Wuhan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 19 February, the Singapore Red Cross announced that it would send $2.26 million worth of aid to China.", "id": "Pada 19 Februari, Palang Merah Singapura mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan mengirim bantuan senilai $2,26 juta ke Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Japan donated one million face masks to Wuhan, Turkey dispatched medical equipment, Russia sent more than 13 tonnes of medical supplies to Wuhan, Malaysia announced a donation of 18 million medical gloves to China, Germany delivered various medical supplies including 10,000 Hazmat suits, and the United States donated 17.8 tons of medical supplies to China and promised an additional $100 million in financial support to affected countries.After cases in China seemed to stabilize, the country has been sending aid to various nations hit by the pandemic.", "id": "Jepang menyumbangkan satu juta masker wajah ke Wuhan, Turki mengirim peralatan medis, Rusia mengirim lebih dari 13 ton pasokan medis ke Wuhan, Malaysia mengumumkan sumbangan 18 juta sarung tangan medis ke Tiongkok, Jerman mengirimkan berbagai pasokan medis termasuk 10.000 baju Hazmat, dan Amerika Serikat menyumbangkan 17,8 ton pasokan medis ke Tiongkok serta menjanjikan tambahan $100 juta dalam bentuk dukungan finansial untuk negara-negara yang terdampak. Setelah kasus di Tiongkok tampak stabil, AS mengirimkan bantuan ke berbagai negara yang terkena pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In March, China, Cuba and Russia sent medical supplies and experts to help Italy deal with its coronavirus outbreak.", "id": "Pada bulan Maret, Tiongkok, Kuba, dan Rusia mengirim pasokan medis dan pakar untuk membantu Italia menangani wabah koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Businessman Jack Ma sent 1.1 million testing kits, 6 million face masks, and 60,000 protective suits to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia for distribution by the African Union.", "id": "Pengusaha Jack Ma mengirim 1,1 juta alat uji, 6 juta masker wajah, dan 60.000 pakaian pelindung ke Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, untuk didistribusikan oleh Uni Afrika."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "He later sent 5,000 testing kits, 100,000 face masks and 5 ventilators to Panama.", "id": "Kemudian, Ia mengirim 5.000 alat uji, 100.000 masker wajah, dan 5 ventilator ke Panama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ma also donated medical supplies to Canada.The Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, Georgia, and the Czech Republic expressed their concerns over Chinese-made masks and test kits.", "id": "Ma juga menyumbangkan pasokan medis ke Kanada. Belanda, Spanyol, Turki, Georgia, dan Republik Ceko menyatakan keprihatinannya tehadap kualitas masker dan alat uji buatan Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For instance, Spain withdrew 58,000 Chinese-made coronavirus testing kits with an accuracy rate of just 30%, meanwhile, the Netherlands recalled 600,000 Chinese face masks which were defective.", "id": "Misalnya, Spanyol menarik 58.000 alat uji koronavirus buatan Tiongkok dengan tingkat akurasi hanya 30%; sementara itu, Belanda menarik kembali 600.000 masker wajah buatan Tiongkok yang cacat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Belgium recalled 100,000 unusable masks, thought to be from China, but were in fact from Colombia.", "id": "Belgia juga menarik kembali 100.000 masker yang tidak dapat digunakan, yang diduga berasal dari Tiongkok, tetapi sebenarnya dari Kolombia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the other hand, Chinese aid has been well-received in parts of Latin America and Africa.On 2 April, the World Bank launched emergency support operations for developing countries.", "id": "Di sisi lain, bantuan Tiongkok diterima dengan baik di beberapa bagian Amerika Latin dan Afrika. Pada 2 April, Bank Dunia meluncurkan operasi dukungan darurat untuk negara-negara berkembang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO has commended the efforts of Chinese authorities in managing and containing the epidemic.", "id": "WHO memuji upaya pemerintah Tiongkok dalam mengelola dan membendung epidemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO noted the contrast between the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak, where Chinese authorities were accused of secrecy that impeded prevention and containment efforts, and the current crisis where the central government \"has provided regular updates to avoid panic ahead of Lunar New Year holidays\".", "id": "WHO memperhatikan perbedaan antara wabah SARS tahun 2002-2004 ketika otoritas Tiongkok dituduh menutup-nutupi sehingga menghambat upaya pencegahan dan pembendungan dan krisis saat ini dengan pemerintah pusat \"memberikan pembaruan rutin untuk menghindari kepanikan menjelang libur Tahun Baru Imlek\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 23 January, in reaction to the central authorities' decision to implement a transportation ban in Wuhan, WHO representative Gauden Galea remarked that while it was \"certainly not a recommendation the WHO has made\", it was also \"a very important indication of the commitment to contain the epidemic in the place where it is most concentrated\" and called it \"unprecedented in public health history\".On 30 January, following confirmation of human-to-human transmission outside China and the increase in the number of cases in other countries, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), the sixth PHEIC since the measure was first invoked during the 2009 swine flu pandemic.", "id": "Pada 23 Januari, sebagai reaksi terhadap keputusan pemerintah pusat yang menerapkan larangan transportasi di Wuhan, perwakilan WHO Gauden Galea mengatakan bahwa walaupun langkah itu \"jelas bukan rekomendasi WHO,\" tetapi langkah itu juga merupakan \"indikasi yang sangat penting untuk komitmen membendung epidemi di tempat wabah itu paling terkonsentrasi\" dan ia menyebutnya \"belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya dalam sejarah kesehatan masyarakat\".Pada 30 Januari, setelah konfirmasi penularan manusia ke manusia di luar Tiongkok dan peningkatan jumlah kasus di negara lain, WHO menyatakan wabah ini sebagai Kedaruratan Kesehatan Masyarakat yang Meresahkan Dunia (PHEIC), yakni PHEIC keenam sejak langkah tersebut pertama kali diberlakukan sewaktu pandemi flu babi tahun 2009."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom said that the PHEIC was due to \"the risk of global spread, especially to low- and middle-income countries without robust health systems.", "id": "Direktur Jenderal WHO Tedros Adhanom mengatakan bahwa PHEIC dinyatakan karena adanya \"risiko penyebaran global, terutama ke negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah dan menengah yang belum memiliki sistem kesehatan yang mumpuni."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In response to the implementations of travel restrictions, Tedros stated that \"there is no reason for measures that unnecessarily interfere with international travel and trade\" and that the \"WHO doesn't recommend limiting trade and movement.\"", "id": "Menanggapi penerapan pembatasan perjalanan, Tedros menyatakan bahwa \"tidak ada alasan untuk memberlakukan langkah-langkah yang mengganggu perjalanan dan perdagangan internasional secara tidak perlu\" serta \"WHO tidak merekomendasikan pembatasan perdagangan dan pergerakan.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 5 February, the WHO appealed to the global community for a $675 million contribution to fund strategic preparedness in low-income countries, citing the urgency to support those countries which \"do not have the systems in place to detect people who have contracted the virus, even if it were to emerge\".", "id": "Pada 5 Februari, WHO mengimbau masyarakat global untuk memberi kontribusi senilai $675 juta yang akan digunakan untuk mendanai kesiapan strategis di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah, sambil menyebutkan urgensi untuk mendukung negara-negara yang \"tidak memiliki sistem untuk mendeteksi orang-orang yang tertular virus jika wabah merebak.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Tedros further made statements declaring that \"we are only as strong as our weakest link\" and urged the international community to \"invest today or pay more later\".On 11 February, the WHO in a press conference established COVID-19 as the name of the disease.", "id": "Lebih lanjut, Tedros membuat pernyataan bahwa \"batas kekuatan kita ada pada mata rantai terlemah\" dan mendesak masyarakat internasional untuk \"berinvestasi hari ini atau membayar lebih mahal di kemudian hari.\"Dalam konferensi pers tanggal 11 Februari, WHO menetapkan COVID-19 sebagai nama penyakit untuk virus ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the same day, Tedros stated that UN Secretary-General António Guterres had agreed to provide the \"power of the entire UN system in the response\".", "id": "Pada hari yang sama, Tedros menyatakan bahwa Sekretaris Jenderal PBB António Guterres telah setuju untuk memberikan \"tanggapan berupa pengerahan seluruh kekuatan sistem PBB\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A UN Crisis Management Team was activated as a result, allowing coordination of the entire United Nations response, which the WHO states will allow them to \"focus on the health response while the other agencies can bring their expertise to bear on the wider social, economic and developmental implications of the outbreak\".", "id": "Kemudian, PBB mengaktifkan Tim Manajemen Krisis untuk memungkinkan koordinasi seluruh respons PBB, yang menurut WHO akan memungkinkan mereka untuk \"berfokus pada respons kesehatan, sementara lembaga-lembaga lain dapat menggunakan keahlian mereka untuk menanggung dampak wabah dalam bidang sosial, ekonomi, dan perkembangan yang lebih luas.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 14 February, a WHO-led Joint Mission Team with China was activated to provide international and WHO experts on the ground in China to assist in the domestic management and evaluate \"the severity and the transmissibility of the disease\" by hosting workshops and meetings with key national-level institutions and to conduct field visits to assess the \"impact of response activities at provincial and county levels, including urban and rural settings\".On 25 February, the WHO declared that \"the world should do more to prepare for a possible coronavirus pandemic,\" stating that while it was still too early to call it a pandemic, countries should nonetheless be \"in a phase of preparedness\".", "id": "Pada 14 Februari, sebuah Tim Misi Gabungan bersama Tiongkok yang dipimpin oleh WHO diaktifkan; tim ini bertujuan untuk menyediakan tenaga ahli internasional dan WHO di Tiongkok dalam rangka membantu manajemen domestik serta mengevaluasi \"tingkat keparahan dan penularan penyakit\" dengan mengadakan lokakarya dan pertemuan bersama lembaga tingkat nasional terkait dan untuk melakukan kunjungan lapangan untuk menilai \"dampak kegiatan penanggulangan di tingkat provinsi dan kabupaten, yang mencakup tatanan perkotaan dan pedesaan.\"Pada 25 Februari, WHO menyatakan bahwa \"dunia harus berbuat lebih banyak untuk mempersiapkan diri menghadapi kemungkinan pandemi koronavirus\" dan mengatakan bahwa, walaupun masih terlalu dini untuk menyebutnya pandemi, negara-negara tetap harus berada \"dalam fase siap\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In response to a developing outbreak in Iran, the WHO sent a Joint Mission Team there to assess the situation.On 28 February, WHO officials said that the coronavirus threat assessment at the global level would be raised from \"high\" to \"very high\", its highest level of alert and risk assessment.", "id": "Menanggapi wabah yang berkembang di Iran, WHO mengirim Tim Misi Gabungan ke sana untuk menilai situasi. Pada 28 Februari, para pejabat WHO mengatakan bahwa penilaian ancaman koronavirus di tingkat global akan dinaikkan dari \"tinggi\" menjadi \"sangat tinggi\", ini adalah tingkat kewaspadaan dan penilaian risiko tertinggi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mike Ryan, executive director of the WHO's health emergencies program, warned in a statement that \"This is a reality check for every government on the planet: Wake up.", "id": "Dalam sebuah pernyataan, Mike Ryan, direktur eksekutif program kedaruratan kesehatan WHO, memperingatkan bahwa, \"Ini saatnya setiap pemerintah di planet ini menghadapi kenyataan: Terjagalah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This virus may be on its way and you need to be ready,\" urging that the right response measures could help the world avoid \"the worst of it\".", "id": "Virus ini mungkin akan datang ke tempat Anda dan Anda harus siap,\" dan mendesak bahwa langkah penanggulangan yang tepat dapat membantu dunia menghindari \"yang terburuk\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ryan further stated that the current data did not warrant public health officials to declare a global pandemic, saying that such a declaration would mean \"we're essentially accepting that every human on the planet will be exposed to that virus.\"", "id": "Lebih lanjut, Ryan menyatakan bahwa data saat ini tidak memungkinkan pejabat kesehatan masyarakat untuk menyatakan pandemi global, serta mengatakan bahwa deklarasi seperti itu berarti \"pada dasarnya kita menerima bahwa setiap manusia di planet ini akan terpapar virus itu.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 11 March, the WHO declared the coronavirus outbreak a pandemic.", "id": "Pada 11 Maret, WHO menyatakan wabah koronavirus sebagai pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Director-General said that the WHO was \"deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity, and by the alarming levels of inaction\".The WHO has faced significant criticism for what is seen as inadequate handling of the pandemic, including the late declaration of a public health emergency and the classification of the virus as a pandemic.", "id": "Direktur Jenderal WHO mengatakan bahwa WHO \"sangat prihatin akan tingkat penyebaran dan keparahan yang mengkhawatirkan, serta tingkat kelambanan bertindak yang mengkhawatirkan.\"WHO menerima kritik pedas karena dinilai tidak adekuat dalam menangani pandemi, yang mencakup keterlambatan dalam mendeklarasikan darurat kesehatan masyarakat dan mengklasifikasikan virus sebagai pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The backlash included a petition for the WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom to tender his resignation, signed by 733,000 people as of 6 April.", "id": "Salah satu reaksi keras mencakup petisi yang ditandatangani oleh 733.000 orang per 6 April, yang ditujukan kepada Direktur Jenderal WHO Tedros Adhanom agar mengajukan pengunduran dirinya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 26 March 2020, dozens of UN human rights experts emphasized respecting the rights of every individual during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "id": "Pada 26 Maret 2020, puluhan pakar HAM PBB menekankan untuk menghormati hak setiap individu selama pandemi COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The expert group stated that everyone is entitled to life-saving interventions and the government holds this responsibility.", "id": "Kelompok ahli tersebut menyatakan bahwa setiap orang berhak atas intervensi penyelamatan jiwa dan pemerintah memikul tanggung jawab untuk hal ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The group stressed that the lack of resources or health insurance should never serve as a justification for discrimination against a specific group.", "id": "Kelompok ini menekankan bahwa kurangnya sumber daya atau asuransi kesehatan tidak boleh digunakan sebagai pembenaran untuk mendiskriminasi kelompok tertentu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The experts underscored that every individual has the right to health, including people with disabilities, belonging to minority groups, older people, internally displaced people, the homeless, those living in extremely poor conditions, people in detention, as well as refugees and other unspecified groups in need of government support.", "id": "Para ahli menggarisbawahi bahwa setiap individu memiliki hak atas kesehatan, termasuk orang cacat, kelompok minoritas, lansia, pelarian internal, tunawisma, orang yang hidup dalam kondisi sangat miskin, orang di penjara, pengungsi, dan kelompok lain yang membutuhkan dukungan pemerintah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "International governmental organizations are addressing the economic and social impacts of the COVID-19 crisis.", "id": "Organisasi pemerintah internasional berusaha untuk menangani dampak sosial dan ekonomi krisis COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has launched a platform to provide timely and comprehensive information on policy responses in countries around the world, as well as viewpoints and advice.", "id": "Organisasi Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan telah meluncurkan program untuk memberikan informasi yang tepat waktu dan komprehensif tentang respons kebijakan di negara-negara di seluruh dunia, beserta sudut pandang dan saran."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "From policies to strengthen health systems and the world economy to addressing the effects of lockdown and restrictions on travel, the digital hub includes a Country Policy Tracker, and aims to help countries learn from each other and to facilitate a co-ordinated global response to the coronavirus challenge.", "id": "Mulai dari kebijakan untuk memperkuat sistem kesehatan dan ekonomi dunia hingga mengatasi dampak karantina wilayah dan pembatasan perjalanan, pusat digital mencakup Pelacak Kebijakan Negara, dan bertujuan untuk membantu negara-negara belajar satu sama lain dan untuk memfasilitasi tanggapan global yang terkoordinasi dalam menghadapi tantangan koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Chinese government has been criticized by the United States, UK Minister for the Cabinet Office Michael Gove, and Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro's son Eduardo Bolsonaro for its handling of the pandemic, which began in the Chinese province of Hubei.", "id": "Pemerintah Tiongkok menerima kritik dari Amerika Serikat, Menteri Kantor Kabinet Inggris Raya Michael Gove, dan putra Presiden Brasil Jair Bolsonaro, Eduardo Bolsonaro, atas penanganan pandemi yang berawal di provinsi Hubei, Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A number of provincial-level administrators of the Communist Party of China (CPC) were dismissed over their handling of the quarantine efforts in Central China, a sign of discontent with the political establishment's response to the outbreak in those regions.", "id": "Sejumlah administrator tingkat provinsi Partai Komunis Tiongkok (CPC) diberhentikan berkaitan penanganan upaya karantina di Tiongkok Tengah, yang merupakan tanda ketidakpuasan terhadap respons lembaga politik dalam menangani wabah di wilayah tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some commentators believe that this move was intended to protect Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping from the public's anger over the coronavirus outbreak.", "id": "Beberapa komentator meyakini bahwa langkah ini dimaksudkan untuk melindungi sekretaris jenderal Partai Komunis Tiongkok Xi Jinping dari kemarahan publik terkait wabah koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some Chinese officials, e.g. Zhao Lijian rejected an earlier acknowledgement of the coronavirus outbreak starting in Wuhan, in favour of conspiracy theories about the COVID-19 originating from the U.S. or Italy.", "id": "Beberapa pejabat Tiongkok, seperti Zhao Lijian, menolak pengakuan sebelumnya tentang wabah koronavirus berawal di Wuhan, dan mendukung teori konspirasi tentang COVID-19 berasal dari AS atau Italia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The U.S. administration of Donald Trump has referred to the coronavirus as \"Chinese virus\" or \"Wuhan virus\" saying that China's \"censorship supercharged a virus that has now turned into a global pandemic\", which has in turn been criticized by some critics as racism and \"distract[ing] from his administration's failure to contain the disease\".", "id": "Pemerintah AS Donald Trump menyebut koronavirus sebagai \"virus Tiongkok\" atau \"virus Wuhan\" dan mengatakan bahwa \"tindakan Tiongkok yang menutup-nutupi memberi kekuatan pada virus yang kini berubah menjadi pandemi global.\" Perkataan ini akhirnya dikritik oleh sejumlah kritikus sebagai rasisme dan \"mengalihkan perhatian dari kegagalan pemerintahannya dalam menangani virus korona.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Daily Beast obtained a U.S. government cable outlining a communications stratagem with apparent origins in the National Security Council, with the strategy being quoted as \"Everything is about China.", "id": "The Daily Beast mendapatkan pesan pemerintah AS yang menguraikan strategi komunikasi dan jelas berasal di Dewan Keamanan Nasional, dengan strategi dikutip sebagai \"Semua tentang Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We're being told to try and get this messaging out in any way possible, including press conferences and television appearances.\"Outlets such as Politico, Foreign Policy, and Bloomberg have claimed that China's efforts to send aid to virus-stricken countries is part of a propaganda push for global influence.", "id": "Kami diberitahu untuk mencoba dan menyampaikan pesan ini dengan cara apa pun yang mungkin, mencakup konferensi pers dan tampil di televisi.\"Media seperti Politico, Foreign Policy, dan Bloomberg mengklaim bahwa upaya Tiongkok untuk mengirim bantuan ke negara-negara yang terdampak virus adalah bagian dari dorongan propaganda untuk memengaruhi dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell warned that there is \"a geo-political component including a struggle for influence through spinning and the 'politics of generosity'\".", "id": "Kepala kebijakan luar negeri Uni Eropa Josep Borrell memperingatkan bahwa ada \"komponen geo-politik, yang mencakup pertempuran untuk mendapatkan pengaruh melalui pemutarbalikan fakta dan 'politik kemurahan hati'.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Borrell also said that \"China is aggressively pushing the message that, unlike the US, it is a responsible and reliable partner.\"", "id": "Borrell juga mengatakan bahwa, \"Tiongkok secara agresif mendorong pesan bahwa, tidak seperti AS, mereka adalah mitra yang bertanggung jawab dan dapat diandalkan.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "China has also called for the US to lift its sanctions off of Syria, Venezuela and Iran, while reportedly sending aid to the latter two countries.", "id": "Tiongkok juga menyerukan agar AS mencabut sanksi Suriah, Venezuela, dan Iran, serta dilaporkan mengirim bantuan kepada dua negara terakhir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Jack Ma's donation of 100,000 masks to Cuba was blocked by US sanctions on 3 April.", "id": "Sumbangan Jack Ma berupa 100.000 masker untuk Kuba diblokir oleh sanksi AS pada 3 April."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "US authorities have also been accused of diverting aid meant for other nations to their own country.", "id": "Otoritas AS juga dituduh mengalihkan bantuan yang ditujukan untuk negara lain ke negara mereka sendiri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "And there have been mask-related disputes reported between other countries, such as Germany, Austria and Switzerland; and the Czech Republic and Italy.", "id": "Ada pula sengketa terkait masker yang dilaporkan antara negara-negara lain, seperti Jerman, Austria, dan Swiss; serta Republik Ceko dan Italia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, Turkey seized hundreds of ventilators destined for Spain.", "id": "Selain itu, Turki mengambil ratusan ventilator yang ditujukan untuk Spanyol."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In early March, the Italian government criticized the European Union's lack of solidarity with coronavirus-affected Italy.", "id": "Pada awal Maret, pemerintah Italia mengkritik kurangnya solidaritas Uni Eropa terhadap Italia yang terdampak koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Maurizio Massari, Italy's ambassador to the EU, said that \"Only China responded bilaterally.", "id": "Maurizio Massari, duta besar Italia untuk Uni Eropa, mengatakan bahwa \"Hanya Tiongkok yang merespons secara bilateral."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Certainly, this is not a good sign of European solidarity.\"", "id": "Tentu saja, ini bukan pertanda solidaritas Eropa yang baik.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 22 March, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, Russian president Vladimir Putin arranged the Russian army to send military medics, special disinfection vehicles, and other medical equipment to Italy.", "id": "Pada 22 Maret, setelah menerima panggilan telepon dari Perdana Menteri Italia Giuseppe Conte, Presiden Rusia Vladimir Putin mengerahkan tentara Rusia untuk mengirim tenaga medis militer, kendaraan disinfeksi khusus, dan peralatan medis lainnya ke Italia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Italy's La Stampa newspaper cited an anonymous \"high-level political source\" that 80 percent of Russia's aid was \"useless or of little use to Italy\".", "id": "Surat kabar Italia La Stampa mengutip \"sumber politik tingkat tinggi\" anonim yang mengatakan bahwa 80 persen bantuan Rusia \"tidak berguna atau sedikit gunanya bagi Italia.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The source accused Russia of embarking on a \"geopolitical and diplomatic\" charm offensive.", "id": "Sumber itu menuduh Rusia melakukan serangan pesona \"geopolitik dan diplomatik\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The President of Lombardy, Attilio Fontana, and Italian Foreign Minister Luigi Di Maio dismissed the media reports and expressed their gratitude.", "id": "Presiden Lombardy, Attilio Fontana, dan Menteri Luar Negeri Italia Luigi Di Maio mengabaikan laporan media tersebut dan mengungkapkan rasa terima kasih mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Russia also sent a cargo plane with medical aid to the United States.", "id": "Rusia juga mengirim pesawat kargo berisi bantuan medis ke Amerika Serikat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that \"when offering assistance to US colleagues, [Putin] assumes that when US manufacturers of medical equipment and materials gain momentum, they will also be able to reciprocate if necessary.\"", "id": "Juru bicara Kremlin Dmitry Peskov mengatakan bahwa \"ketika menawarkan bantuan kepada rekan-rekan di AS, [Putin] berasumsi bahwa jika produsen peralatan dan bahan medis AS mendapatkan kesempatan, mereka juga akan dapat membalas jika diperlukan.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The planned NATO \"Defender 2020\" military exercise in Germany, Poland, and the Baltic states, the largest NATO war exercise since the end of the Cold War, will be held on a reduced scale.", "id": "Latihan militer NATO \"Defender 2020\" yang direncanakan di Jerman, Polandia, dan negara-negara Baltik, yakni latihan perang NATO terbesar sejak akhir Perang Dingin, akan diadakan pada skala lebih kecil."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament's general secretary Kate Hudson criticized the Defender 2020 exercise: \"In the current public-health crisis, it jeopardizes the lives not only of the troops from the US and the many European countries participating but the inhabitants of the countries in which they are operating.\"The Iranian government has been heavily affected by the virus, with around two dozen parliament members infected as well as fifteen other current or former political figures.", "id": "Sekretaris Jenderal Kampanye Perlucutan Senjata Nuklir Kate Hudson mengkritik latihan Defender 2020: \"Dalam krisis kesehatan publik saat ini, latihan ini bukan hanya membahayakan nyawa pasukan AS dan banyak negara Eropa yang berpartisipasi, tetapi juga penduduk negara tempat mereka beroperasi.\"Pemerintah Iran terdampak sangat berat oleh virus ini, dengan sekitar dua lusin anggota parlemen terinfeksi beserta lima belas tokoh politik saat ini atau sebelumnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Iran's President Hassan Rouhani wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, saying that his country is struggling to fight the outbreak due to lack of access to international markets as a result of the United States sanctions against Iran.The outbreak has prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including universal health care, universal child care, paid family leave, and higher levels of funding for public health.", "id": "Pada 14 Maret 2020, Presiden Iran Hassan Rouhani menulis surat terbuka kepada para pemimpin dunia untuk meminta bantuan dan mengatakan bahwa negaranya kesulitan memerangi wabah karena kurangnya akses ke pasar internasional sebagai akibat dari sanksi Amerika Serikat terhadap Iran. Wabah ini telah mendorong seruan kepada Amerika Serikat untuk mengadopsi kebijakan sosial yang umum di negara-negara kaya lainnya, mencakup perawatan kesehatan universal, perawatan anak universal, cuti keluarga berbayar, dan tingkat pendanaan yang lebih tinggi untuk kesehatan masyarakat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Political analysts anticipated it may negatively affect Donald Trump's chances of re-election in the 2020 presidential election.Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea worsened due to the pandemic.", "id": "Analis politik menduga hal itu dapat berdampak negatif pada peluang Donald Trump untuk terpilih kembali dalam pemilihan presiden 2020. Hubungan diplomatik antara Jepang dan Korea Selatan memburuk karena pandemi ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "South Korea criticized Japan's \"ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts\" after Japan announced anybody coming from South Korea will be placed in two weeks' quarantine at government-designated sites.", "id": "Korea Selatan mengkritik \"upaya karantina Jepang yang ambigu dan pasif\" setelah Jepang mengumumkan bahwa setiap orang yang datang dari Korea Selatan akan ditempatkan dalam karantina dua minggu di lokasi yang ditunjuk pemerintah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The South Korean society was initially polarized on President Moon Jae-in's response to the crisis.", "id": "Awalnya, pandangan masyarakat Korea Selatan terbagi berkaitan respons Presiden Moon Jae-in terhadap krisis ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many Koreans signed petitions either calling for the impeachment of Moon over what they claimed to be government mishandling of the outbreak, or praising his response.The pandemic has allowed countries to pass emergency legislation in response.", "id": "Banyak warga Korea menandatangani petisi, baik menyerukan pemakzulan Moon, berdasarkan klaim mereka tentang kesalahan pemerintah dalam menangani wabah, maupun memuji tanggapannya. Pandemi telah memungkinkan banyak negara untuk menanggapi dengan mengeluarkan undang-undang darurat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some commentators have expressed concerns that it could allow governments to strengthen their grip on power.", "id": "Beberapa komentator menyatakan keprihatinan bahwa hal itu dapat memungkinkan pemerintah untuk memperkuat cengkeramannya atas kekuasaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Hungary, its parliament voted to allow the prime minister, Viktor Orbán, to rule by decree indefinitely, suspend parliament as well as elections and punish those deemed to have spread false information about the virus and the government's handling of the crisis.", "id": "Di Hungaria, parlemennya memilih untuk mengizinkan Perdana Menteri, Viktor Orbán, untuk memerintah melalui dekret tanpa batas waktu, menangguhkan parlemen dan pemilihan umum, serta menghukum orang yang dianggap menyebarkan informasi palsu tentang virus dan penanganan krisis oleh pemerintah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The coronavirus outbreak has been blamed for several instances of supply shortages, stemming from globally increased usage of equipment to fight the outbreaks, panic buying, and disruption to factory and logistic operations.", "id": "Wabah koronavirus dituding atas kasus kekurangan pasokan, yang berasal dari peningkatan penggunaan peralatan secara global untuk melawan wabah, pembelian karena panik, dan gangguan operasi pabrik dan logistik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The United States Food and Drug Administration has issued warnings about shortages of drugs and medical equipment due to increased consumer demand and supplier disruption.", "id": "Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Amerika Serikat mengeluarkan peringatan tentang kekurangan obat-obatan dan peralatan medis karena meningkatnya permintaan konsumen dan gangguan pemasok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several localities also witnessed panic buying that led to shelves being cleared of grocery essentials such as food, toilet paper, and bottled water, inducing supply shortages.", "id": "Beberapa daerah juga mengalami pembelian karena panik yang mengakibatkan kekosongan kebutuhan pokok, seperti makanan, tisu toilet, dan air botolan, yang memicu kekurangan pasokan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The technology industry in particular has been warning about delays to shipments of electronic goods.", "id": "Secara khusus, industri teknologi telah memperingatkan tentang keterlambatan pengiriman barang elektronik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom, the demand for personal protection equipment has risen 100-fold.", "id": "Menurut direktur jenderal WHO Tedros Adhanom, permintaan untuk alat pelindung diri meningkat 100 kali lipat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This demand has led to the increase in prices of up to twenty times the normal price and also induced delays on the supply of medical items for four to six months.", "id": "Permintaan ini menyebabkan peningkatan harga hingga dua puluh kali lipat harga normal serta memicu penundaan pasokan barang medis selama empat hingga enam bulan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It has also caused a shortage of personal protective equipment worldwide, with the WHO warning that this will endanger health workers.", "id": "Hal ini juga menyebabkan kekurangan alat pelindung diri di seluruh dunia, dan WHO memperingatkan bahwa ini akan membahayakan tenaga kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Australia, the pandemic provided a new opportunity for daigou shoppers to sell Australian products into China.", "id": "Di Australia, pandemi memberikan peluang baru bagi pembeli daigou untuk menjual produk Australia di dalam Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The activity has created a shortage of baby formula in some supermarkets and was subsequently banned by the Australian government.Despite the high prevalence of COVID-19 cases in Northern Italy and the Wuhan region, and the ensuing high demand for food products, both areas have been spared from acute food shortages.", "id": "Kegiatan ini mengakibatkan kelangkaan susu formula di beberapa supermarket dan akhirnya dilarang oleh pemerintah Australia. Terlepas dari tingginya prevalensi kasus COVID-19 di Italia Utara dan wilayah Wuhan, serta tingginya permintaan akan produk makanan, dua area tersebut terhindar dari kekurangan bahan makanan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Measures by China and Italy against the hoarding and illicit trade of critical products have been successful, avoiding acute food shortages that were anticipated in Europe as well as in North America.", "id": "Langkah-langkah Tiongkok dan Italia dalam melawan penimbunan dan perdagangan ilegal produk penting berhasil sehingga kekurangan makanan akut yang diantisipasi akan terjadi di Eropa dan Amerika Utara dapat dihindarkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Northern Italy with its significant agricultural production has not seen a large reduction, but prices may increase according to industry representatives.", "id": "Italia Utara, dengan produksi pertaniannya yang berjumlah besar, belum mengalami penurunan berarti, tetapi harga dapat meningkat menurut perwakilan industri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Empty food shelves were only encountered temporarily, even in Wuhan city, while Chinese government officials released pork reserves to assure sufficient nourishment of the population.", "id": "Rak makanan kosong hanya dijumpai sementara, bahkan di kota Wuhan, seiring pejabat pemerintah Tiongkok melepas cadangan daging babi untuk memastikan kecukupan gizi masyarakat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Similar laws exist in Italy requiring food producers to keep reserves for such emergencies.", "id": "Undang-undang serupa juga ada di Italia, yang mewajibkan produsen makanan untuk menyimpan cadangan untuk keadaan darurat seperti ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Damage to the global economy has been felt in China: according to a media report on 16 March, the economy in China was very hard hit in the first two months of 2020 due to the measures taken by the government to curtail virus spread, and retail sales plunged 20.5%.", "id": "Kemerosotan ekonomi global telah dirasakan di Tiongkok: menurut laporan media pada 16 Maret, ekonomi di Tiongkok sangat terpukul dalam dua bulan pertama tahun 2020 akibat langkah-langkah yang diambil pemerintah untuk menahan penyebaran virus, dan penjualan ritel anjlok sebesar 20,5%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As mainland China is a major economy and manufacturing hub, the viral outbreak has been seen to pose a major destabilizing threat to the global economy.", "id": "Karena Tiongkok daratan adalah pusat ekonomi dan manufaktur besar, wabah virus dianggap menyebabkan ancaman destabilisasi besar terhadap ekonomi global."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Agathe Demarais of the Economist Intelligence Unit has forecast that markets will remain volatile until a clearer image emerges on potential outcomes.", "id": "Agathe Demarais dari Economist Intelligence Unit memperkirakan bahwa pasar akan tetap bergejolak hingga ada gambaran yang lebih jelas tentang potensi hasil akhir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In January 2020, some analysts estimated that the economic fallout of the epidemic on global growth could surpass that of the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.", "id": "Pada Januari 2020, beberapa analis memperkirakan bahwa dampak kejatuhan ekonomi akibat epidemi pada pertumbuhan global dapat melampaui wabah SARS tahun 2002-2004."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "One estimate from an expert at Washington University in St. Louis gave a $300+ billion impact on the world's supply chain that could last up to two years.", "id": "Sebuah estimasi dari ahli di Universitas Washington di St. Louis menyatakan wabah memberi dampak lebih dari $300 miliar pada rantai pasokan dunia, yang dapat bertahan hingga dua tahun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) reportedly \"scrambled\" after a steep decline in oil prices due to lower demand from China.", "id": "Organisasi Negara-Negara Pengekspor Minyak Bumi (OPEC) dilaporkan \"kucar-kacir\" setelah harga minyak bumi mengalami penurunan tajam akibat berkurangnya permintaan dari Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Global stock markets fell on 24 February due to a significant rise in the number of COVID-19 cases outside mainland China.", "id": "Pada 24 Februari, pasar saham global jatuh karena kenaikan signifikan jumlah kasus COVID-19 di luar Tiongkok daratan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 27 February, due to mounting worries about the coronavirus outbreak, various U.S. stock indexes including the NASDAQ-100, the S & P 500 Index, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted their sharpest falls since 2008, with the Dow falling 1,191 points, the largest one-day drop since the financial crisis of 2007–08.", "id": "Pada 27 Februari, karena meningkatnya kekhawatiran tentang wabah koronavirus, berbagai indeks saham AS, yang mencakup NASDAQ-100, Indeks S & P 500, dan Dow Jones Industrial Average, mencatat penurunan tertajam sejak 2008, dengan Dow jatuh 1.191 poin, penurunan satu hari terbesar sejak krisis keuangan tahun 2007–2008."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All three indexes ended the week down more than 10%.", "id": "Tiga indeks saham tersebut menutup minggu dengan penurunan lebih dari 10%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 28 February, Scope Ratings GmbH affirmed China's sovereign credit rating, but maintained a Negative Outlook.", "id": "Pada 28 Februari, Scope Ratings GmbH menegaskan peringkat kredit pemerintah Tiongkok, tetapi mempertahankan Outlook Negatif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Stocks plunged again based on coronavirus fears, the largest fall being on 16 March.", "id": "Saham anjlok lagi karena kekhawatiran akan koronavirus, penurunan terbesar terjadi pada 16 Maret."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many consider an economic recession to be likely.", "id": "Banyak orang berpikir resesi ekonomi mungkin terjadi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Economist Mohamed El-Erian praised central banks' and states' timely emergency measures.", "id": "Ekonom Mohamed El-Erian memuji langkah darurat bank sentral dan negara bagian yang tepat waktu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Central banks are reacting more quickly than they did to the 2008 financial crash.", "id": "Bank sentral bereaksi lebih cepat dibandingkan yang mereka lakukan pada saat krisis moneter tahun 2008."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Tourism is one of the worst affected sectors due to travel bans, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advice of governments against any travel all over the world.", "id": "Pariwisata adalah salah satu sektor yang terdampak paling parah karena larangan perjalanan, penutupan tempat umum termasuk tempat wisata, dan tindakan pemerintah yang membatasi perjalanan di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As a consequence, numerous airlines have cancelled flights due to lower demand, including British Airways, China Eastern Airlines, and Qantas, while British regional airline Flybe collapsed.", "id": "Sebagai akibatnya, banyak maskapai membatalkan penerbangan karena sedikitnya permintaan, termasuk British Airways, China Eastern Airlines, dan Qantas, sementara maskapai regional Inggris Flybe runtuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The impact on the cruise line industry was at a level never seen before.", "id": "Dampak pada industri jalur pelayaran berada pada tingkat yang belum pernah terlihat sebelumnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several train stations and ferry ports have also been closed.", "id": "Beberapa stasiun kereta api dan pelabuhan feri juga telah ditutup."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The epidemic coincided with the Chunyun, a major travel season associated with the Chinese New Year holiday.", "id": "Epidemi bertepatan dengan Chunyun, musim perjalanan utama yang berkaitan dengan liburan Tahun Baru Imlek."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A number of events involving large crowds were cancelled by national and regional governments, including annual New Year festivals, with private companies also independently closing their shops and tourist attractions such as Hong Kong Disneyland and Shanghai Disneyland.", "id": "Sejumlah acara yang melibatkan banyak orang dibatalkan oleh pemerintah pusat dan daerah, termasuk festival Tahun Baru Imlek tahunan, dan perusahaan swasta juga secara mandiri menutup toko dan tempat wisata, seperti Hong Kong Disneyland dan Shanghai Disneyland."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many Lunar New Year events and tourist attractions have been closed to prevent mass gatherings, including the Forbidden City in Beijing and traditional temple fairs.", "id": "Banyak acara Tahun Baru Imlek dan tempat wisata ditutup untuk mencegah pertemuan massal, mencakup Kota Terlarang di Beijing dan pameran kuil tradisional."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In 24 of China's 31 provinces, municipalities and regions, authorities extended the New Year's holiday to 10 February, instructing most workplaces not to re-open until that date.", "id": "Di 24 dari 31 provinsi, kotamadya, dan wilayah Tiongkok, pihak berwenang memperpanjang liburan Tahun Baru hingga 10 Februari dan memerintahkan sebagian besar tempat kerja untuk tidak dibuka kembali sampai tanggal tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These regions represented 80% of the country's GDP and 90% of exports.", "id": "Wilayah-wilayah ini merupakan penghasil 80% PDB negara dan 90% ekspor."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hong Kong raised its infectious disease response level to the highest and declared an emergency, closing schools until March and cancelling its New Year celebrations.The retail sector has been impacted globally, with reductions in store hours or temporary closures.", "id": "Hong Kong meningkatkan penanggulangan penyakit menular ke tingkat tertinggi dan mengumumkan keadaan darurat, menutup sekolah hingga Maret, dan membatalkan perayaan Tahun Baru. Sektor ritel terdampak secara global karena pengurangan jam kerja atau penutupan sementara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Visits to retailers in Europe and Latin America declined by 40%.", "id": "Kunjungan ke pengecer di Eropa dan Amerika Latin menurun sebesar 40%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "North America and Middle East retailers saw a 50–60% drop.", "id": "Pengecer Amerika Utara dan Timur Tengah mengalami penurunan 50–60%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This also resulted in a 33–43% drop in foot traffic to shopping centres in March compared to February.", "id": "Hal ini juga mengakibatkan penurunan 33-43% lalu lintas pejalan kaki ke pusat perbelanjaan di bulan Maret dibandingkan dengan bulan Februari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Shopping mall operators around the world imposed additional measures, such increased sanitation, installation of thermal scanners to check the temperature of shoppers, and cancellation of events.According to a United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America estimate, the pandemic-induced recession could leave between 14 and 22 million more people in extreme poverty in Latin America than would have been in that situation without the pandemic.", "id": "Operator pusat perbelanjaan di seluruh dunia memberlakukan langkah-langkah tambahan, seperti peningkatan sanitasi, pemasangan pemindai termal untuk memeriksa suhu pembeli, dan pembatalan acara. Menurut perkiraan Komisi Ekonomi PBB untuk Amerika Latin, resesi yang disebabkan pandemi dapat menyebabkan orang yang berada dalam kemiskinan ekstrem di Amerika Latin bertambah antara 14 dan 22 juta orang dibandingkan situasi tanpa pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In January and February 2020, during the height of the epidemic in Wuhan, about 5 million people in China lost their jobs.", "id": "Pada bulan Januari dan Februari 2020, selama puncak epidemi di Wuhan, sekitar 5 juta orang di Tiongkok kehilangan pekerjaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many of China's nearly 300 million rural migrant workers have been stranded at home in inland provinces or trapped in Hubei province.In March 2020, more than 10 million Americans lost their jobs and applied for government aid.", "id": "Sebagian besar dari 300 juta pekerja migran pedesaan Tiongkok terlantar di rumah di provinsi pedalaman atau terperangkap di provinsi Hubei. Pada Maret 2020, lebih dari 10 juta orang Amerika kehilangan pekerjaan dan mengajukan permohonan bantuan pemerintah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The coronavirus outbreak could cost 47 million jobs in the United States and unemployment rate may hit 32%, according to estimates by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.The lockdown in India has left tens of millions of Indian migrant workers (who are paid through daily wages) unemployed.The survey from the Angus Reid Institute found that 44% of Canadian households have experienced some type of unemployment.Nearly 900,000 workers lost their jobs in Spain since it went into lockdown in mid-March 2020.", "id": "Menurut perkiraan Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, wabah koronavirus dapat menyebabkan hilangnya 47 juta pekerjaan di Amerika Serikat dan tingkat pengangguran dapat mencapai 32%. Karantina wilayah di India menyebabkan puluhan juta pekerja migran India (yang dibayar melalui upah harian) menganggur. Survei dari Angus Reid Institute menemukan bahwa 44% rumah tangga di Kanada mengalami semacam hilang pekerjaan. Hampir 900.000 pekerja kehilangan pekerjaan di Spanyol sejak diberlakukannya karantina wilayah pada pertengahan Maret 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "During the second half of March, 4 million French workers applied for temporary unemployment benefits and 1 million British workers applied for a universal credit scheme.Almost half a million companies in Germany have sent their workers on a government-subsidized short-time working schemes known as Kurzarbeit.", "id": "Selama paruh kedua bulan Maret, sebanyak 4 juta pekerja Prancis mengajukan tunjangan pengangguran sementara dan 1 juta pekerja Inggris mengajukan skema kredit universal. Hampir setengah juta perusahaan di Jerman mengajukan skema kerja jangka pendek disubsidi pemerintah untuk pegawainya, yang disebut Kurzarbeit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The German short-time work compensation scheme has been adopted by France and Britain.", "id": "Skema kompensasi kerja jangka pendek Jerman diadopsi oleh Prancis dan Inggris."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The performing arts and cultural heritage sectors have been profoundly affected by the pandemic, impacting organizations' operations as well as individuals—both employed and independent—globally.", "id": "Di seluruh dunia, sektor seni pertunjukan dan warisan budaya terdampak sangat besar oleh pandemi, yang memengaruhi pengoperasian organisasi serta individu, baik yang dipekerjakan maupun yang mandiri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Arts and culture sector organizations attempted to uphold their (often publicly funded) mission to provide access to cultural heritage to the community, maintain the safety of their employees and the public, and support artists where possible.", "id": "Organisasi sektor seni dan budaya berusaha untuk menjunjung tinggi misi mereka (yang seringkali didanai publik) untuk memberikan akses warisan budaya kepada masyarakat, menjaga keselamatan karyawan dan masyarakat, dan mendukung seniman jika memungkinkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed.", "id": "Pada Maret 2020, di seluruh dunia dan pada tingkat yang berbeda-beda, museum, perpustakaan, tempat pertunjukan, dan lembaga budaya lainnya ditutup tanpa batas waktu, dengan pameran, acara, dan pertunjukannya dibatalkan atau ditunda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In response there were intensive efforts to provide alternative services through digital platforms.Another recent and rapidly accelerating fallout of the disease is the cancellation of religious services, major events in sports, and other social events, such as music festivals and concerts, technology conferences, and fashion shows.", "id": "Sebagai tanggapan, upaya intensif dikerahkan untuk memberikan layanan alternatif melalui platform digital. Dampak merugikan lain penyakit ini yang terbaru dan sangat cepat berkembang adalah pembatalan layanan keagamaan, acara olahraga besar, dan acara sosial lainnya, seperti festival musik dan konser, konferensi teknologi, serta peragaan busana."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The film industry has also experienced disruption.The Vatican announced that Holy Week observances in Rome, which occur during the last week of the Christian penitential season of Lent, have been cancelled.", "id": "Industri film juga mengalami gangguan. Vatikan mengumumkan bahwa perayaan Pekan Suci di Roma, yang jatuh pada minggu terakhir musim pertobatan Kristen Prapaskah, dibatalkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many dioceses have recommended older Christians to stay at home rather than attending Mass on Sundays; some churches have made church services available via radio, online live streaming or television while others are offering drive-in worship.", "id": "Banyak keuskupan menganjurkan lansia Kristen untuk tinggal di rumah dan tidak menghadiri Misa pada hari Minggu; beberapa gereja menyediakan layanan gereja melalui radio, siaran langsung daring atau televisi, sementara yang lain menawarkan ibadah drive-in atau lantatur."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "With the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rome closing its churches and chapels and St. Peter's Square emptied of Christian pilgrims, other religious bodies also cancelled services and limited public gatherings in churches, mosques, synagogues, temples and gurdwaras.", "id": "Dengan ditutupnya gereja dan kapel oleh Keuskupan Katolik Roma serta dikosongkannya Lapangan Santo Petrus dari para peziarah Kristen, badan-badan keagamaan lainnya juga membatalkan layanan dan membatasi pertemuan publik di gereja, masjid, sinagoga, kuil, dan gurdwara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Iran's Health Ministry announced the cancellation of Friday prayers in areas affected by the outbreak and shrines were later closed, while Saudi Arabia banned the entry of foreign pilgrims as well as its residents to holy sites in Mecca and Medina.", "id": "Kementerian Kesehatan Iran mengumumkan pembatalan salat Jumat di daerah yang terdampak wabah dan tempat-tempat ibadah kemudian ditutup, sementara Arab Saudi melarang masuknya peziarah asing serta penduduknya ke tempat-tempat suci di Mekah dan Madinah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The pandemic has caused the most significant disruption to the worldwide sporting calendar since the Second World War.", "id": "Pandemi ini menyebabkan gangguan paling signifikan terhadap kalender olahraga sedunia sejak Perang Dunia Kedua."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Most major sporting events have been either cancelled or postponed, including the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, 2019–20 Premier League, UEFA Euro 2020, 2019–20 NBA season, and 2019–20 NHL season.", "id": "Kebanyakan acara olahraga besar dibatalkan atau ditunda, termasuk Liga Champions UEFA 2019-2020, Liga Premier 2019-2020, UEFA Euro 2020, NBA musim 2019-2020, dan NHL musim 2019-2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The outbreak disrupted plans for the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were originally scheduled to start at the end of July; the International Olympic Committee announced on 24 March that the event will be \"rescheduled to a date beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021\".Casinos and other gaming venues worldwide have closed and live poker tournaments have been either postponed or cancelled.", "id": "Wabah ini mengacaukan rencana Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020, yang awalnya dijadwalkan akan dimulai pada akhir Juli; Komite Olimpiade Internasional mengumumkan pada 24 Maret bahwa acara tersebut akan \"dijadwal ulang hingga setelah 2020, tetapi tidak akan lebih dari musim panas 2021.\"Di seluruh dunia, kasino dan tempat permainan lainnya ditutup dan siaran langsung turnamen poker ditunda atau dibatalkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This has led many gamblers to move online, with many online gambling sites reporting significant increases in their rates of new sign-ups.The entertainment industry has also been affected, with various music groups suspending or cancelling concert tours.", "id": "Hal ini menyebabkan banyak penjudi berpindah ke judi daring, banyak situs judi daring melaporkan peningkatan pendaftaran baru yang signifikan. Industri hiburan juga telah terpengaruh, dengan berbagai grup musik menunda atau membatalkan tur konser."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many large theatres such as those on Broadway also suspended all performances.", "id": "Banyak teater besar seperti Broadway juga menunda semua pertunjukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some artists have explored ways to continue to produce and share work over the internet as an alternative to traditional live performance, such as live streaming concerts or creating web-based \"festivals\" for artists to perform, distribute, and publicize their work.", "id": "Seniman mengeksplorasi berbagai cara untuk terus menghasilkan dan berbagi karya melalui internet sebagai alternatif untuk pertunjukan langsung tradisional, seperti konser siaran langsung daring atau membuat \"festival\" berbasis web bagi para seniman untuk tampil, menyebarkan, dan mempublikasikan karya mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Online, numerous coronavirus-themed Internet memes have spread as many turn to humour and distraction amid uncertainty.", "id": "Banyak meme Internet bertema koronavirus disebarkan daring dengan banyaknya orang yang beralih ke humor dan pengalih perhatian di tengah ketidakpastian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since the outbreak of COVID-19, heightened prejudice, xenophobia, and racism have been noted toward people of Chinese and East Asian descent, and against people from hotspots in Europe, the United States and other countries.", "id": "Sejak merebaknya wabah COVID-19, teramati adanya peningkatan prasangka, xenofobia, dan rasisme terhadap orang keturunan Tionghoa dan Asia Timur, serta terhadap orang dari wilayah yang terdampak di Eropa, Amerika Serikat, dan negara-negara lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Incidents of fear, suspicion, and hostility have been observed in many countries, particularly in Europe, East Asia, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region.", "id": "Insiden ketakutan, kecurigaan, dan permusuhan teramati di banyak negara, terutama di Eropa, Asia Timur, Amerika Utara, dan wilayah Asia-Pasifik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Reports from February (when the majority of the cases had still been confined to China) have documented racist sentiments expressed in various groups worldwide of Chinese people deserving the virus or receiving what has been claimed as justified retribution.", "id": "Laporan dari bulan Februari (ketika mayoritas kasus masih terbatas di Tiongkok) mencatat sentimen rasis yang diungkapkan dalam berbagai grup di seluruh dunia bahwa orang Tionghoa pantas menerima virus atau menerima hal yang mereka klaim sebagai ganjaran yang setimpal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some countries in Africa have also seen a rise in anti-Chinese sentiment.", "id": "Beberapa negara di Afrika juga mengalami peningkatan sentimen anti-Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many residents of Wuhan and Hubei have reported discrimination based on their regional origin.", "id": "Banyak penduduk Wuhan dan Hubei melaporkan diskriminasi karena asal daerah mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There has been support for the Chinese, both on and offline, and towards those in virus-stricken areas.", "id": "Sudah ada dukungan untuk orang Tionghoa, baik daring maupun luring, dan untuk orang-orang di daerah yang terdampak virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Following the progression of the outbreak to new hotspot countries, people from Italy, the first country in Europe to experience a serious outbreak of COVID-19, could also be subjected to suspicion and xenophobia.Citizens in countries including Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Korea initially signed petitions lobbying to ban Chinese people from entering their countries in an effort to stop the disease.", "id": "Menyusul perkembangan wabah ke negara-negara hotspot baru, orang dari Italia, negara pertama di Eropa yang mengalami wabah serius COVID-19, juga bisa menjadi sasaran kecurigaan dan xenofobia. Warga di negara-negara mencakup Malaysia, Selandia Baru, Singapura, dan Korea Selatan pada awalnya menandatangani petisi untuk melarang orang Tionghoa memasuki negara mereka dalam upaya untuk menghentikan penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Japan, the hashtag #ChineseDontComeToJapan trended on Twitter.", "id": "Di Jepang, tagar #ChineseDontComeToJapan menjadi tren di Twitter."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Chinese people as well as other Asians in the United Kingdom and the United States have reported increasing levels of racist abuse, as well as assaults.", "id": "Orang Tionghoa serta orang Asia lainnya di Inggris Raya dan Amerika Serikat melaporkan peningkatan tingkat pelecehan rasis dan penyerangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "U.S. president Donald Trump has faced criticism for referring to the coronavirus as the \"Chinese Virus\", a term considered by critics to be racist and anti-Chinese.", "id": "Presiden AS Donald Trump dikritik karena menyebut koronavirus sebagai \"Virus Tiongkok\", istilah yang oleh para kritikus dianggap rasis dan anti-Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Protesters in Ukraine attacked buses carrying Ukrainian and foreign evacuees from Wuhan to Novi Sanzhary.", "id": "Para pengunjuk rasa di Ukraina menyerang bus-bus yang membawa orang Ukraina dan orang asing yang dievakuasi dari Wuhan ke Novi Sanzhary."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Students who come from Northeast India, which shares a border with China, and study in major Indian cities have reportedly experienced harassment related to the coronavirus outbreak.", "id": "Siswa yang berasal dari India Timur Laut, yang berbatasan dengan Tiongkok, dan belajar di kota-kota besar India dilaporkan mengalami pelecehan terkait wabah koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Bharatiya Janata Party's State unit president in West Bengal Dilip Ghosh stated that the Chinese had destroyed nature and \"that's why the God took revenge against them.\"", "id": "Presiden Partai Bharatiya Janata unit negara bagian di Benggala Barat Dilip Ghosh menyatakan bahwa Tiongkok telah menghancurkan alam dan \"itulah sebabnya Tuhan membalas dendam kepada mereka.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The remarks were later condemned by the Chinese consulate in Kolkata, calling it \"erroneous\".In China, xenophobia and racism agains non-Chinese residents has been inflamed by the pandemic, with foreigners described as \"foreign garbage\" and targeted for \"disposal\".", "id": "Pernyataan itu kemudian dikecam oleh konsulat Tiongkok di Kolkata, dengan menyebutnya \"keliru\".Di Tiongkok, xenofobia dan rasisme terhadap penduduk non-Tionghoa berkobar karena pandemi, dengan orang asing digambarkan sebagai \"sampah asing\" dan ditargetkan untuk \"pembuangan\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many newspapers with paywalls have removed them for some or all of their coronavirus coverage.", "id": "Banyak surat kabar yang menggunakan penyekatan berbayar telah menghapusnya untuk sebagian atau semua liputan koronavirus mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many scientific publishers made scientific papers related to the outbreak available with open access.", "id": "Banyak penerbit ilmiah membuat makalah ilmiah terkait wabah tersedia dengan akses terbuka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some scientists chose to share their results quickly on preprint servers such as bioRxiv.", "id": "Beberapa ilmuwan memilih untuk membagikan hasilnya dengan cepat di server pracetak, seperti bioRxiv."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Emerging infectious disease – Infectious disease of emerging pathogen, often novel in its outbreak range or transmission mode", "id": "Penyakit menular baru – Penyakit infeksi patogen yang baru muncul, sering kali baru dalam jangkauan wabah atau metode penularannya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Globalization and disease – Overview of globalization and disease transmission", "id": "Globalisasi dan penyakit - Tinjauan globalisasi dan penularan penyakit"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "List of epidemics and pandemics – A list of death tolls due to infectious disease", "id": "Daftar epidemi dan pandemi - Daftar korban jiwa karena penyakit menular"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses – Health risks associated with the trade in exotic wildlife", "id": "Penyelundupan satwa liar dan zoonosis - Risiko kesehatan yang terkait dengan perdagangan satwa liar eksotis"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Laboratory testing for the respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the associated SARS-CoV-2 virus includes methods that detect the presence of virus and those that detect antibodies produced in response to infection.", "id": "Pengujian laboratorium untuk penyakit pernapasan koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) dan virus SARS-CoV-2 mencakup metode yang mendeteksi keberadaan virus dan yang mendeteksi antibodi yang diproduksi sebagai respons terhadap infeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The presence of viruses in samples is confirmed by RT-PCR, which detects the coronavirus' RNA.", "id": "Keberadaan virus dalam sampel dikonfirmasi dengan RT-PCR, yang mendeteksi RNA koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This test is specific and is designed to only detect the RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "id": "Pengujian ini spesifik dan dirancang untuk mendeteksi RNA virus SARS-CoV-2 semata."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is used to confirm very recent or active infections.", "id": "Pengujian ini digunakan untuk mengonfirmasi infeksi baru atau masih aktif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Detection of antibodies (serology) can be used both for diagnosis and population surveillance.", "id": "Deteksi antibodi (serologi) dapat digunakan untuk diagnosis dan surveilans populasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Antibody tests show how many people have had the disease, including those whose symptoms were too minor to report or who were asymptomatic.", "id": "Uji antibodi menunjukkan jumlah orang yang sudah tertular, mencakup orang yang gejalanya terlalu ringan untuk dilaporkan atau yang tanpa gejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "An accurate mortality rate of the disease and the level of herd immunity in the population can be determined from the results of this test.", "id": "Angka mortalitas penyakit yang akurat dan tingkat kekebalan kelompok dalam populasi dapat ditentukan dari hasil uji ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Due to limited testing, as of March 2020 no countries had reliable data on the prevalence of the virus in their population.", "id": "Karena pengujian terbatas, hingga Maret 2020, belum ada negara yang memiliki data andal tentang prevalensi virus dalam populasinya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 23 March, no country had tested more than 3% of their population, and there are massive variations in how much testing has been done across countries.", "id": "Hingga 23 Maret, belum ada negara yang menguji lebih dari 3% populasinya, dan ada variasi besar dalam jumlah pengujian yang telah dilakukan negara-negara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This variability is also likely to be significantly affecting reported case fatality rates, which are likely to be significantly over-estimated in some countries.", "id": "Variabilitas ini mungkin juga memengaruhi secara signifikan angka fatalitas kasus yang dilaporkan, yang kemungkinan besar dihitung terlalu tinggi di beberapa negara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) the test can be done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample.", "id": "Menggunakan reaksi rantai polimerase transkripsi balik real-time (rRT-PCR), uji ini dapat dilakukan pada sampel pernapasan yang diperoleh dengan berbagai metode, termasuk usap nasofaring atau sampel sputum."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days.", "id": "Umumnya, hasil tersedia dalam beberapa jam hingga dua hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The RT-PCR test performed with throat swabs is only reliable in the first week of the disease.", "id": "Uji RT-PCR yang dilakukan pada usap tenggorokan hanya dapat diandalkan pada minggu pertama penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Later on the virus can disappear in the throat while it continues to multiply in the lungs.", "id": "Nantinya, virus bisa menghilang di tenggorokan selagi terus bereplikasi di paru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For infected people tested in the second week, alternatively sample material can then be taken from the deep airways by suction catheter or coughing up material (sputum) can be used.", "id": "Sebagai alternatif, untuk orang terinfeksi yang diuji pada minggu kedua, bahan sampel dapat diambil dari saluran napas dalam dengan menggunakan kateter isap atau bahan yang dikeluarkan melalui batuk (sputum) dapat digunakan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "One of the early PCR tests was developed at Charité in Berlin in January 2020 using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), and formed the basis of 250,000 kits for distribution by the World Health Organization (WHO).", "id": "Salah satu uji PCR awal dikembangkan di Charité, Berlin, pada Januari 2020 menggunakan reaksi rantai polimerase transkripsi balik real-time (rRT-PCR), dan membentuk setidaknya 250.000 alat uji untuk didistribusikan oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The United Kingdom had also developed a test by 23 January 2020.The South Korean company Kogenebiotech developed a clinical grade, PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit (PowerChek Coronavirus) on 28 January 2020.", "id": "Inggris Raya juga mengembangkan pengujian pada 23 Januari 2020.Perusahaan Korea Selatan Kogenebiotech mengembangkan alat pendeteksi SARS-CoV-2 berbasis PCR (PowerChek Coronavirus) yang bertaraf klisnis pada 28 Januari 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It looks for the \"E\" gene shared by all beta coronaviruses, and the RdRp gene specific to SARS-CoV-2.In China, BGI Group was one of the first companies to receive emergency use approval from China's National Medical Products Administration for a PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit.In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is distributing its 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel to public health labs through the International Reagent Resource.", "id": "Perangkat ini mencari gen \"E\" yang dimiliki semua beta koronavirus, dan gen RdRp yang spesifik untuk SARS-CoV-2.Di Tiongkok, BGI Group adalah salah satu perusahaan pertama yang menerima persetujuan penggunaan darurat dari Administrasi Produk Medis Nasional Tiongkok untuk alat pendeteksi SARS-CoV-2 berbasis PCR. Di Amerika Serikat, Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit (CDC) mendistribusikan Panel Diagnostik RT-PCR Real-Time Koronavirus Baru 2019 (2019-nCoV) ke laboratorium kesehatan masyarakat melalui International Reagent Resource."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "One of three genetic tests in older versions of the test kits caused inconclusive results due to faulty reagents, and a bottleneck of testing at the CDC in Atlanta; this resulted in an average of fewer than 100 samples a day being successfully processed throughout the whole of February 2020.", "id": "Satu dari tiga uji genetik di alat uji versi lama memberikan hasil yang tidak meyakinkan karena kesalahan reagen, dan jumlah pengujian di CDC di Atlanta terbatas; hal ini mengakibatkan rata-rata kurang dari 100 sampel per hari berhasil diproses sepanjang Februari 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Tests using two components were not determined to be reliable until 28 February 2020, and it was not until then that state and local laboratories were permitted to begin testing.", "id": "Pengujian menggunakan dua komponen dianggap tidak dapat diandalkan hingga 28 Februari 2020, dan baru setelah itu laboratorium negara bagian dan laboratorium lokal diizinkan untuk melakukan pengujian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The test was approved by the Food and Drug Administration under an Emergency Use Authorization.US commercial labs began testing in early March 2020.", "id": "Uji ini disetujui oleh Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Amerika Serikat berdasarkan Otorisasi Penggunaan Darurat. Laboratorium komersial AS mulai melakukan pengujian pada awal Maret 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 5 March 2020 LabCorp announced nationwide availability of COVID-19 testing based on RT-PCR.", "id": "Per 5 Maret 2020, LabCorp mengumumkan ketersediaan pengujian COVID-19 berbasis RT-PCR pada skala nasional."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Quest Diagnostics similarly made nationwide COVID-19 testing available as of 9 March 2020.", "id": "Begitu pula, Quest Diagnostics membuat pengujian COVID-19 tersedia secara nasional pada 9 Maret 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "No quantity limitations were announced; specimen collection and processing must be performed according to CDC requirements.", "id": "Tidak ada batasan kuantitas yang diumumkan; pengumpulan dan pemrosesan spesimen harus dilakukan sesuai dengan persyaratan CDC."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Russia, the COVID-19 test was developed and produced by the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR.", "id": "Di Rusia, uji COVID-19 dikembangkan dan diproduksi oleh Pusat Riset Negara Bagian Virologi dan Bioteknologi VECTOR."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 11 February 2020 the test was registered by the Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare.On 12 March 2020, Mayo Clinic was reported to have developed a test to detect COVID-19 infection.On 13 March 2020, Roche Diagnostics received FDA approval for a test which could be performed within 3.5 hours in high volume, thus allowing one machine to do approximately 4,128 tests in a 24-hour period.", "id": "Pada 11 Februari 2020, uji tersebut didaftarkan oleh Layanan Federal untuk Surveilans dalam Perawatan Kesehatan. Pada 12 Maret 2020, Mayo Clinic dilaporkan mengembangkan uji untuk mendeteksi infeksi COVID-19. Pada 13 Maret 2020, Roche Diagnostics menerima persetujuan FDA untuk pengujian yang dapat dilakukan dalam waktu 3,5 jam dengan volume tinggi sehingga satu mesin dapat melakukan sekitar 4.128 pengujian dalam waktu 24 jam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 19 March 2020, the FDA issued emergency use authorization (EUA) to Abbott Laboratories for a test on Abbott's m2000 system; the FDA had previously issued similar authorization to Hologic, LabCorp, and Thermo Fisher Scientific.", "id": "Pada 19 Maret 2020, FDA mengeluarkan otorisasi penggunaan darurat (EUA) kepada Abbott Laboratories untuk pengujian pada sistem m2000 Abbott; FDA sebelumnya telah mengeluarkan otorisasi yang sama kepada Hologic, LabCorp, dan Thermo Fisher Scientific."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 21 March 2020, Cepheid similarly received EUA from the FDA for a test that takes about 45 minutes.", "id": "Pada 21 Maret 2020, Cepheid juga menerima EUA dari FDA untuk pengujian yang memakan waktu sekitar 45 menit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The FDA has approved a test that uses isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology instead of PCR.", "id": "FDA telah menyetujui pengujian yang menggunakan teknologi amplifikasi asam nukleat isotermal yang bukan PCR."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since this does not require a series of alternating temperature cycles this method can deliver positive results in as little as five minutes and negative results in 13 minutes.", "id": "Karena tidak memerlukan serangkaian siklus pergantian suhu, metode ini dapat memberikan hasil positif hanya dalam waktu lima menit dan hasil negatif dalam 13 menit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are currently about 18,000 of these machines in the U.S. and Abbott expects to ramp up manufacturing to deliver 50,000 tests per day.A test which uses a monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of the novel coronavirus is being developed in Taiwan, with the hope that it can provide results in 15 to 20 minutes just like a rapid influenza test.", "id": "Saat ini ada sekitar 18.000 mesin ini di AS dan Abbott mengantisipasi untuk meningkatkan produksi hingga menghasilkan 50.000 uji per hari. Uji yang menggunakan antibodi monoklonal yang secara spesifik mengikat protein nukleokapsid (protein N) koronavirus baru sedang dikembangkan di Taiwan, dengan harapan dapat memberikan hasil dalam waktu 15 hingga 20 menit seperti uji influenza cepat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A March 2020 literature review concluded that \"chest radiographs are of little diagnostic value in early stages, whereas CT [computed tomography] findings may be present even before symptom onset.\"", "id": "Sebuah tinjauan pustaka yang diterbitkan pada Maret 2020 menyimpulkan bahwa \"foto toraks memiliki nilai diagnostik yang kecil pada tahap awal, sememtara temuan CT [tomografi terkomputasi] mungkin sudah ada sebelum awitan gejala.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Typical features on CT include bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacificities with a peripheral, asymmetric and posterior distribution.", "id": "Fitur khas pada CT termasuk opasitas ground-glass multilobar bilateral dengan distribusi perifer, asimetri, dan posterior."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Subpleural dominance, crazy paving and consolidation develop as the disease evolves.", "id": "Dominasi subpleura, crazy paving, dan konsolidasi terbentuk seiring perkembangan penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A study comparing PCR to CT in Wuhan at the point of origin of the current pandemic has suggested that CT is significantly more sensitive than PCR, though less specific, with many of its imaging features overlapping with other pneumonias and disease processes.", "id": "Di Wuhan, sebuah studi yang membandingkan PCR dengan CT di titik asal pandemi saat ini menunjukkan bahwa CT secara signifikan lebih sensitif daripada PCR, meskipun kurang spesifik, dengan banyak fitur pencitraan tumpang tindih dengan pneumonia dan proses penyakit lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 2020, the American College of Radiology recommends that \"CT should not be used to screen for or as a first-line test to diagnose COVID-19\".As of March 2020, the CDC recommends PCR for initial screening.", "id": "Pada Maret 2020, American College of Radiology merekomendasikan \"CT tidak boleh digunakan untuk penapisan atau sebagai uji lini pertama dalam mendiagnosis COVID-19.\"Pada Maret 2020, CDC merekomendasikan PCR untuk penapisan awal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Part of the immune response to infection is the production of antibodies including IgM and IgG.", "id": "Bagian dari respons imun terhadap infeksi adalah pembentukan antibodi yang mencakup IgM dan IgG."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These can be used to detect infection in individuals starting 7 days or so after the onset of symptoms, to determine immunity, and in population surveillance.Assays can be performed in central laboratories (CLT) or by point-of-care testing (PoCT).", "id": "Hal ini dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi infeksi pada individu sejak sekitar 7 hari setelah awitan gejala, untuk menentukan imunitas terhadap penyakit, dan dalam surveilans populasi. Pemeriksaan dapat dilakukan di laboratorium pusat (CLT) atau dengan pengujian point-of-care (PoCT)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The high-throughput automated systems in many clinical laboratories will be able to perform these assays but their availability will depend on the rate of production for each system.", "id": "Sistem otomatis dengan hasil tinggi di banyak laboratorium klinis akan dapat melakukan pemeriksaan ini, tetapi ketersediaannya akan tergantung pada tingkat produksi untuk setiap sistem."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For CLT a single specimen of peripheral blood is commonly used, although serial specimens can be used to follow the immune response.", "id": "Untuk CLT, umumnya digunakan satu spesimen darah perifer, meskipun serangkaian spesimen dapat digunakan untuk mengikuti respon imun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For PoCT a single specimen of blood is usually obtained by skin puncture.", "id": "Untuk PoCT, umumnya digunakan satu spesimen darah perifer yang diperoleh melalui tusukan kulit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Unlike PCR methods an extraction step is not needed before assay.On March 26, 2020, the FDA named 29 entities that provided notification to the agency as required and are now therefore able to distribute their antibody tests.", "id": "Tidak seperti metode PCR, langkah ekstraksi tidak diperlukan sebelum pemeriksaan. Pada 26 Maret 2020, FDA menyebutkan 29 lembaga yang menyediakan pemberitahuan kepada agensi sebagaimana diperlukan dan karena itu kini dapat mendistribusikan uji antibodi mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of April 7, 2020, only a single test has been approved by the FDA under an emergency use authorization.In late March 2020, Euroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Epitope Diagnostics received European approvals for their test kits, which can detect IgG and IgA antibodies against the virus in blood samples.", "id": "Pada 7 April 2020, hanya satu uji yang telah disetujui oleh FDA berdasarkan otorisasi penggunaan darurat. Pada akhir Maret 2020, Euroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnostics dan Epitope Diagnostics mendapat persetujuan Eropa untuk alat uji mereka yang dapat mendeteksi antibodi IgG dan IgA terhadap virus dalam sampel darah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The testing capacity is several hundred samples within hours and therefore much faster than the conventional PCR assay of viral RNA.", "id": "Kapasitas pengujiannya hingga beberapa ratus sampel dalam beberapa jam, jadi jauh lebih cepat daripada pemeriksaan PCR konvensional terhadap RNA virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The antibodies are usually detectable 14 days after the onset of the infection.In early April, the UK found none of the antibody test kits it purchased were sufficiently good to use.", "id": "Antibodi biasanya terdeteksi 14 hari setelah awitan infeksi. Pada awal April, Inggris Raya mendapati bahwa tidak satu pun alat uji antibodi yang dibelinya cukup bagus untuk digunakan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hong Kong has set up a scheme where suspected patients can stay home, \"emergency department will give a specimen tube to the patient\", they spit into it, send it back and get a test result a while after.The British NHS has announced that it is piloting a scheme to test suspected cases at home, which removes the risk of a patient infecting others if they come to a hospital or having to disinfect an ambulance if one is used.In drive-through testing for COVID-19 for suspected cases, a healthcare professional takes sample using appropriate precautions.", "id": "Hong Kong menyusun skema agar pasien terduga dapat tinggal di rumah, \"departemen gawat darurat akan memberikan tabung spesimen kepada pasien,\" mereka meludah ke dalamnya, mengirimnya kembali, dan mendapatkan hasil uji beberapa saat kemudian. NHS Inggris mengumumkan bahwa NHS sedang merintis skema pengujian kasus terduga di rumah sehingga menghilangkan risiko pasien menulari orang lain jika mereka datang ke rumah sakit atau harus mendisinfeksi ambulans jika digunakan. Pada pengujian lantatur untuk kasus terduga COVID-19, seorang tenaga kesehatan profesional akan mengambil sampel menggunakan tindakan pencegahan yang sesuai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Drive-through centers have helped South Korea do some of the fastest, most-extensive testing of any country.In Germany, the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians said on 2 March, that it had a capacity for about 12,000 tests per day in the ambulatory setting and 10.700 had been tested in the prior week.", "id": "Pusat pengujian lantatur telah membantu Korea Selatan melakukan pengujian tercepat dan terluas dibandingkan negara mana pun. Pada 2 Maret, National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians Jerman mengatakan bahwa Jerman memiliki kapasitas sekitar 12.000 uji per hari dalam tatanan rawat jalan dan 10.700 pengujian telah dilakukan pada minggu sebelumnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Costs are borne by the health insurance when the test is ordered by a physician.", "id": "Biaya ditanggung oleh asuransi kesehatan jika uji diminta oleh dokter."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to the president of the Robert Koch Institute, Germany has an overall capacity for 160,000 tests per week.", "id": "Menurut presiden Robert Koch Institute, Jerman memiliki kapasitas keseluruhan sebanyak 160.000 uji per minggu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 19 March drive in tests were offered in several large cities.", "id": "Pada 19 Maret, uji lantatur ditawarkan di beberapa kota besar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 26 March 2020 the total number of tests performed in Germany was unknown, because only positive results are reported.", "id": "Per 26 Maret 2020, jumlah uji yang dilakukan di Jerman tidak diketahui karena hanya hasil positif yang dilaporkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A first lab survey revealed that as of calendar week 12/2020 a total of at least 483,295 samples were tested up to and including week 12/2020 and 33,491 samples (6.9%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.In Israel, researchers at Technion and Rambam Hospital developed and tested a method for testing samples from 64 patients simultaneously, by pooling the samples and only testing further if the combined sample is found to be positive.In Wuhan a makeshift 2000-sq-meter emergency detection laboratory named \"Huo-Yan\" (Chinese: 火眼, or \"Fire Eye\" in English) was opened on 5 February 2020 by BGI, which can process over 10,000 samples a day.", "id": "Sebuah survei laboratorium pertama mengungkapkan bahwa, secara total, setidaknya 483.295 sampel telah diuji hingga dan termasuk minggu 12/2020 dan 33.491 sampel (6,9%) teruji positif untuk SARS-CoV-2.Di Israel, para peneliti di Rumah Sakit Technion dan Rambam mengembangkan dan menguji metode untuk menguji sampel dari 64 pasien secara bersamaan, dengan menggabungkan sampel dan hanya menguji lebih lanjut jika sampel gabungan ditemukan positif. Di Wuhan, laboratorium pendeteksi darurat sebesar 2.000 meter persegi bernama \"Huo-Yan\" (bahasa Mandarin: 火 眼, atau \"Mata Api\" dalam bahasa Indonesia) dibuka pada 5 Februari 2020 oleh BGI, yang dapat memproses lebih dari 10.000 sampel sehari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "With the construction overseen by BGI-founder Wang Jian and taking 5-days, modelling has show cases in Hubei would have been 47% higher and the corresponding cost of the tackling the quarantine would have doubled if this testing capacity hadn't come on line.", "id": "Dengan konstruksinya diawasi oleh pendiri BGI Wang Jian dan memakan waktu 5 hari, pemodelan menunjukkan bahwa kasus di Hubei bisa 47% lebih tinggi dan biaya terkait untuk penanganan karantina bisa dua kali lipat jika kapasitas pengujian ini tidak ada."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Wuhan Laboratory has been promptly followed by Huo-Yan labs in Shenzhen, Tianjin, Beijing, and Shanghai, in a total of 12 cities across China.", "id": "Laboratorium Wuhan segera diikuti oleh laboratorium Huo-Yan di Shenzhen, Tianjin, Beijing, dan Shanghai, di total 12 kota di seluruh Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 4 March 2020 the daily throughput totals were 50,000 tests per day.Open source, multiplexed designs released by Origami Assays have been released that can test as many as 1122 patient samples for COVID19 using only 93 assays . These balanced designs can be run in small laboratories without the need for robotic liquid handlers.", "id": "Per 4 Maret 2020, total kapasitas hariannya sebesar 50.000 uji per hari. Desain multipleks sumber terbuka yang dirilis oleh Origami Assays dapat menguji sebanyak 1.222 sampel pasien untuk COVID-19 dengan hanya menggunakan 93 pemeriksaan. Desain seimbang ini dapat dijalankan di laboratorium kecil tanpa perlu penangan cairan robotik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By March, shortages and insufficient amounts of reagent has become a bottleneck for mass testing in the EU and UK and the US.", "id": "Hingga bulan Maret, kekurangan dan jumlah reagen yang tidak mencukupi telah menjadi hambatan untuk pengujian massal di Uni Eropa, Inggris Raya, dan Amerika Serikat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This has led some authors to explore sample preparation protocols that involve heating samples at 98 °C (208 °F) for 5 minutes to release RNA genomes for further testing.On 31 March it was announced United Arab Emirates was now testing more of its population for Coronavirus per head than any other country, and was on track to scale up the level of testing to reach the bulk of the population.", "id": "Karena hal tersebut, sejumlah peneliti berusaha mengeksplorasi protokol penyiapan sampel yang melibatkan pemanasan sampel pada 98 °C (208 °F) selama 5 menit untuk melepaskan genom RNA untuk pengujian lebih lanjut. Pada 31 Maret, Uni Emirat Arab dilaporkan melakukan lebih banyak pengujian koronavirus per kapita populasi dibandingkan negara mana pun, dan siap meningkatkan skala pengujian untuk mencapai sebagian besar populasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This was through a combination of drive-through capability, and purchasing a population-scale mass-throughput laboratory from Group 42 and BGI (based on their \"Huo-Yan\" emergency detection laboratories in China).", "id": "Hal ini dicapai melalui kombinasi pengujian lantatur dan pembelian laboratorium hasil massal berskala populasi dari Grup 42 dan BGI (berdasarkan pada laboratorium deteksi darurat \"Huo-Yan\" di Tiongkok)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Constructed in 14 days, the lab is capable of conducting tens of thousands RT-PCR tests per day and is the first in the world of this scale to be operational outside of China.", "id": "Dibangun dalam 14 hari, laboratorium ini mampu melakukan puluhan ribu uji RT-PCR per hari dan merupakan laboratorium pertama yang memiliki skala ini di luar Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Different testing recipes targeting different parts of the coronavirus genetic profile were developed in China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States.", "id": "Berbagai resep pengujian yang menargetkan berbagai bagian profil genetik koronavirus dikembangkan di Tiongkok, Prancis, Jerman, Hong Kong, Jepang, dan Amerika Serikat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The World Health Organization adopted the German recipe for manufacturing kits sent to low-income countries without the resources to develop their own.", "id": "Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia mengadopsi resep Jerman untuk produksi alat uji yang dikirim ke negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah tanpa sumber daya untuk mengembangkan sendiri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The German recipe was published on 17 January 2020; the protocol developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control was not available until 28 January, delaying available tests in the U.S.China and the United States had problems with the reliability of test kits early in the outbreak, and these countries and Australia were unable to supply enough kits to satisfy demand and recommendations for testing by health experts.", "id": "Resep Jerman dipublikasikan pada 17 Januari 2020; protokol yang dikembangkan oleh Pusat Pengendalian Penyakit Amerika Serikat tidak tersedia hingga 28 Januari sehingga memperlambat pengujian yang tersedia di AS. Di awal wabah, Tiongkok dan Amerika Serikat bermasalah dengan keandalan alat uji; dua negara ini dan Australia tidak dapat menyediakan cukup alat uji untuk memenuhi permintaan dan rekomendasi pengujian pakar kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In contrast, experts say South Korea's broad availability of testing helped reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus.", "id": "Sebaliknya, pakar mengatakan bahwa ketersediaan pengujian yang luas di Korea Selatan membantu mengurangi penyebaran koronavirus baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Testing capacity, largely in private sector labs, was built up over several years by the South Korean government.", "id": "Kapasitas pengujian, sebagian besar di laboratorium sektor swasta, dibangun dalam beberapa tahun oleh pemerintah Korea Selatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 16 March, the World Health Organization called for ramping up the testing programmes as the best way to slow the advance of COVID-19 pandemic.High demand for testing due to wide spread of the virus caused backlogs of hundreds of thousands of tests at private U.S. labs, and supplies of swabs and chemical reagents became strained.", "id": "Pada 16 Maret, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia menyerukan peningkatan program pengujian sebagai cara terbaik untuk memperlambat peningkatan pandemi COVID-19. Permintaan yang tinggi untuk pengujian karena penyebaran virus yang luas menyebabkan ratusan ribu pengujian menunggu pengerjaan di laboratorium swasta AS, dan persediaan alat usap serta reagen kimia menjadi genting."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In March 2020 China reported problems with accuracy in their test kits.", "id": "Pada Maret 2020, Tiongkok melaporkan masalah akurasi pada alat uji mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the United States, the test kits developed by the CDC had \"flaws;\" the government then removed the bureaucratic barriers that had prevented private testing.Spain purchased test kits from Chinese firm Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co Ltd, but found that results were inaccurate.", "id": "Di Amerika Serikat, alat uji yang dikembangkan oleh CDC memiliki \"cacat\"; pemerintah kemudian menghapus halangan birokrasi yang mencegah pengujian oleh swasta. Spanyol membeli alat uji dari perusahaan Tiongkok Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co Ltd, tetapi mendapati bahwa hasilnya tidak akurat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The firm explained that the incorrect results may be a result of a failure to collect samples or use the kits correctly.", "id": "Perusahaan tersebut menjelaskan bahwa hasil yang tidak benar mungkin akibat kegagalan dalam mengumpulkan sampel atau menggunakan alat uji dengan benar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Spanish ministry said it will withdraw the kits that returned incorrect results, and would replace them with a different testing kit provided by Shenzhen Bioeasy.80% of test kits the Czech Republic purchased from China gave wrong results.Slovakia purchased 1.2 million test kits from China which were found to be inaccurate.", "id": "Kementrian Spanyol mengatakan bahwa mereka akan menarik peralatan yang memberi hasil tidak benar, dan menggantinya dengan alat uji lain yang disediakan oleh Shenzhen Bioeasy.80% alat uji yang dibeli Republik Ceko dari Tiongkok memberi hasil yang tidak benar. Slovakia membeli 1,2 juta alat uji dari Tiongkok yang ternyata tidak akurat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Prime Minister Matovič suggested these be dumped into the Danube.Ateş Kara of the Turkish Health Ministry said the test kits Turkey purchased from China had a \"high error rate\" and did not \"put them into use.\"The UK purchased 3.5 million test kits from China but in early April 2020 announced these were not usable.", "id": "Perdana Menteri Matovič menyarankan agar alat uji ini dibuang ke sungai Danube. Ateş Kara dari Kementrian Kesehatan Turki mengatakan alat uji yang dibeli Turki dari Tiongkok memiliki \"tingkat kesalahan tinggi\" dan mereka tidak \"menggunakannya\".Inggris Raya membeli 3,5 juta alat uji dari Tiongkok, tetapi di awal April 2020, mereka mengumumkan bahwa alat uji ini tidak dapat digunakan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Testing, followed with quarantine of those who tested positive and tracing of those with whom the SARS-CoV-2 positive people had had contact, resulted in positive outcomes.", "id": "Pengujian, yang diikuti dengan karantina orang yang teruji positif dan pelacakan orang yang kontak dengan orang yang positif SARS-CoV-2, memberi hasil akhir yang positif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Researchers working in the Italian town of Vò, the site of the first COVID-19 death in Italy, conducted two rounds of testing on the entire population of about 3,400 people, about ten days apart.", "id": "Peneliti yang bekerja di kota Vò Italia, lokasi kematian pertama akibat COVID-19 di Italia, melakukan dua putaran pengujian pada seluruh populasi yang terdiri atas 3.400 orang, dengan jarak sekitar 10 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "About half the people testing positive had no symptoms, and all discovered cases were quarantined.", "id": "Sekitar separuh dari orang yang teruji positif tidak memiliki gejala, dan semua kasus yang ditemukan dikarantina."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "With travel to the commune restricted, this eliminated new infections completely.", "id": "Dengan pembatasan perjalanan ke komunitas ini, infeksi baru ditiadakan sama sekali."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "With aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Singapore has proceeded much more slowly than in other developed countries, but without extreme restrictions like forced closure of restaurants and retail establishments.", "id": "Dengan pelacakan kontak yang agresif, pembatasan perjalanan masuk, pengujian, dan karantina, pandemi koronavirus 2020 di Singapura berkembang jauh lebih lambat dibandingkan negara-negara maju lainnya meski tanpa pembatasan ekstrem, seperti penutupan paksa restoran dan perusahaan ritel."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many events have been cancelled, and Singapore did start advising residents to stay at home on 28 March, but schools reopened on time after holiday break on 23 March.", "id": "Banyak acara dibatalkan, dan Singapura menyarankan penduduk untuk tinggal di rumah pada 28 Maret, tetapi sekolah-sekolah dibuka kembali tepat waktu setelah liburan pada 23 Maret."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several other countries have also managed the pandemic with aggressive contact tracing, inbound travel restrictions, testing, and quarantining, but with less aggressive lock-downs, such as Iceland and South Korea.", "id": "Beberapa negara lain juga menangani pandemik dengan pelacakan kontak yang agresif, pembatasan perjalanan masuk, pengujian, dan karantina, tetapi dengan karantina wilayah yang tidak terlalu agresif, seperti Islandia dan Korea Selatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A statistical study has found that countries that have tested more, relative to the number of deaths, have much lower case fatality rates, probably because these countries are better able to detect those with only mild or no symptoms.", "id": "Sebuah studi statistik menemukan bahwa negara-negara yang menguji lebih banyak, relatif terhadap jumlah kematian, memiliki angka fatalitas kasus yang jauh lebih rendah, mungkin karena negara-negara ini lebih mampu mendeteksi orang yang memiliki gejala ringan atau tanpa gejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "WHO recommends that countries that do not have testing capacity and national laboratories with limited experience on COVID-19 send their first five positives and the first ten negative COVID-19 samples to one of the 16 WHO reference laboratories for confirmatory testing.", "id": "WHO merekomendasikan agar negara-negara yang tidak memiliki kapasitas pengujian, dan laboratorium nasional dengan pengalaman COVID-19 yang terbatas, mengirim lima sampel positif COVID-19 pertama dan sepuluh sampel negatif pertama ke salah satu dari 16 laboratorium rujukan WHO untuk pengujian konfirmasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Out of the 16 reference laboratories, 7 are in Asia, 5 in Europe, 2 in Africa, 1 in North America and 1 in Australia.", "id": "Dari 16 laboratorium rujukan, 7 ada di Asia, 5 di Eropa, 2 di Afrika, 1 di Amerika Utara, dan 1 di Australia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the following chart, the column “Positive as % of tests” is influenced by the country's testing policy.", "id": "Di bagan berikut ini, kolom \"% Hasil positif pengujian\" dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan pengujian negara tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A country that only tests people admitted to hospitals will have a higher positive as % of tests than a country that tests all citizens, whether or not they are showing symptoms, other things being equal.", "id": "Negara yang hanya menguji orang yang dirawat di rumah sakit akan memiliki % hasil positif lebih tinggi dibandingkan negara yang menguji semua penduduknya, entah mereka menunjukkan gejala atau tidak, dengan faktor lain sama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hand washing (or handwashing), also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning one's hands for the purpose of removing soil, grease, microorganisms, or other unwanted substances.", "id": "Mencuci tangan,yang disebut juga dengan kebersihan tangan, adalah tindakan membersihkan tangan seseorang yang bertujuan menghilangkan kotoran, minyak, mikroorganisme, atau zat lain yang tidak diinginkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hand washing with soap consistently at certain \"critical moments\" during the day prevents the spread of many diseases, for example diarrhoea and cholera, which are transmitted through fecal–oral route.", "id": "Mencuci tangan dengan sabun secara konsisten pada \"saat kritis\" tertentu sepanjang hari mencegah penyebaran banyak penyakit, misalnya diare dan kolera, yang ditularkan melalui rute fekal-oral."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "People can also become infected with respiratory diseases such as influenza or the common cold, for example, if they do not wash their hands before touching their eyes, nose, or mouth (i.e., mucous membranes).", "id": "Orang juga bisa tertular penyakit pernapasan, seperti influenza atau selesma, jika mereka tidak mencuci tangan sebelum menyentuh mata, hidung, atau mulut (yaitu, membran mukosa)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The five critical moments during the day where washing hands with soap is important include: before and after defecation, after cleaning a child's bottom or changing nappies, before feeding a child, before eating and before and after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.", "id": "Lima saat kritis sepanjang hari yang sangat penting untuk mencuci tangan dengan sabun adalah: sebelum dan sesudah buang air besar, setelah membersihkan pantat anak atau mengganti popok, sebelum menyuapi anak, sebelum makan serta sebelum dan sesudah menyiapkan makanan atau mengolah daging, ikan, atau unggas mentah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If water and soap are not available, hands can be cleaned with ash.The World Health Organization recommends washing hands:", "id": "Jika air dan sabun tidak ada, tangan bisa dibersihkan dengan abu. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia menyarankan mencuci tangan:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Before, during, and after preparing food.", "id": "Sebelum, ketika, dan setelah menyiapkan makanan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Before and after caring for a sick person.", "id": "Sebelum dan setelah merawat orang sakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After changing the diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet.", "id": "Setelah mengganti popok atau membersihkan anak yang baru saja menggunakan toilet."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing.", "id": "Setelah membersihkan hidung, batuk, atau bersin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After touching animal, animal feed, or animal waste.", "id": "Setelah menyentuh hewan, makanan hewan, atau kotoran hewan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Medical hand hygiene refers to hygiene practices related to medical procedures.", "id": "Kebersihan tangan medis mengacu pada praktik kebersihan yang berhubungan dengan prosedur medis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hand washing before administering medicine or medical care can prevent or minimize the spread of disease.", "id": "Mencuci tangan sebelum memberikan obat atau perawatan medis dapat mencegah atau mengurangi penyebaran penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The main medical purpose of washing hands is to cleanse the hands of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause disease) and chemicals which can cause harm or diseases.", "id": "Tujuan medis utama mencuci tangan adalah membersihkan tangan dari patogen (bakteri, virus, atau mikroorganisme lain yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit) dan bahan kimia yang dapat menyebabkan bahaya atau penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is especially important for people who handle food or work in the medical field, but also an important practice for the general public.", "id": "Hal ini terutama penting bagi orang yang menangani makanan atau bekerja di bidang medis, tetapi juga merupakan praktik yang penting bagi masyarakat umum."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hand washing has many health benefits, including minimizing the spread of influenza, coronavirus, and other infectious diseases; preventing infectious causes of diarrhea; decreasing respiratory infections;", "id": "Mencuci tangan memiliki banyak manfaat kesehatan, termasuk meminimalkan penyebaran influenza, virus korona, dan penyakit menular lainnya; mencegah penyebab diare yang menular; mengurangi infeksi pernapasan;"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and reducing infant mortality rate at home birth deliveries.", "id": "serta mengurangi angka mortalitas bayi pada persalinan di rumah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A 2013 study showed that improved hand washing practices may lead to small improvements in the length growth in children under five years of age.", "id": "Studi yang dilakukan pada tahun 2013 menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan praktik mencuci tangan dapat sedikit meningkatkan pertumbuhan tinggi anak balita."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In developing countries, childhood mortality rates related to respiratory and diarrheal diseases can be reduced by introducing simple behavioral changes, such as hand washing with soap.", "id": "Di negara berkembang, angka mortalitas anak akibat penyakit pernapasan dan diare dapat dikurangi dengan memperkenalkan perubahan perilaku sederhana, seperti mencuci tangan dengan sabun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This simple action can reduce the rate of mortality from these diseases by almost 50%.", "id": "Tindakan sederhana ini dapat mengurangi angka mortalitas akibat penyakit tersebut hingga hampir 50%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Interventions that promote hand washing can reduce diarrhoea episodes by about a third, and this is comparable to providing clean water in low income areas.", "id": "Intervensi yang menggalakkan cuci tangan dapat mengurangi kasus diare hingga sekitar sepertiganya; intervensi ini dapat dilakukan dengan menyediakan air bersih di daerah berpenghasilan rendah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "48% of reductions in diarrhoea episodes can be associated with hand washing with soap.Hand washing with soap is the single most effective and inexpensive way to prevent diarrhea and acute respiratory infections (ARI), as automatic behavior performed in homes, schools, and communities worldwide.", "id": "48% pengurangan kasus diare dapat dikaitkan dengan cuci tangan dengan sabun. Mencuci tangan dengan sabun adalah satu-satunya cara yang paling efektif dan murah untuk mencegah diare dan infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA), sebagai perilaku bawah sadar yang dilakukan di rumah, sekolah, dan masyarakat di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Pneumonia, a major ARI, is the number one cause of mortality among children under five years old, taking the lives of an estimated 1.8 million children per year.", "id": "Pneumonia, yang merupakan ISPA utama, adalah penyebab nomor satu kematian anak balita; penyakit ini menyebabkan kematian sekitar 1,8 juta anak per tahun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Diarrhea and pneumonia together account for almost 3.5 million child deaths annually.", "id": "Diare dan pneumonia menyebabkan kematian hampir 3,5 juta anak setiap tahun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to UNICEF, turning hand washing with soap before eating and after using the toilet into an ingrained habit can save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention, cutting deaths from diarrhea by almost half and deaths from acute respiratory infections by one-quarter.", "id": "Menurut UNICEF, membuat cuci tangan dengan sabun sebelum makan dan setelah menggunakan toilet menjadi kebiasaan yang tertanam dapat menyelamatkan lebih banyak nyawa alih-alih vaksin atau tindakan medis apa pun, serta mengurangi kematian akibat diare hingga hampir setengahnya dan kematian akibat infeksi saluran pernapasan akut hingga seperempatnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hand washing is usually integrated together with other sanitation interventions as part of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes.", "id": "Mencuci tangan biasanya digabungkan bersama dengan tindakan sanitasi lainnya sebagai bagian dari program air, sanitasi, dan kebersihan (WASH)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hand washing also protects against impetigo which is transmitted through direct physical contact.", "id": "Mencuci tangan juga melindungi diri dari impetigo yang ditularkan melalui kontak fisik secara langsung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A small detrimental effect of hand washing is that frequent hand washing can lead to skin damage due to drying of the skin.", "id": "Efek samping kecil mencuci tangan adalah pencucian tangan yang sering dilakukan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan kulit akibat pengeringan kulit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A 2012 Danish study found that excessive hand washing can lead to an itchy, flaky skin condition known as hand eczema or hand dermatitis, which is especially common among health-care workers.", "id": "Studi yang dilakukan pada tahun 2012 di Denmark menemukan bahwa mencuci tangan secara berlebihan dapat menyebabkan kondisi kulit gatal dan bersisik, yang dikenal sebagai eksim tangan atau dermatitis tangan, yang terutama banyak terjadi di kalangan petugas kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Too frequent hand washing is also seen as one of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).", "id": "Mencuci tangan terlalu sering juga dilihat sebagai salah satu gejala gangguan obsesif-kompulsif (OCD)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are five critical times during the day where washing hands with soap is important to reduce fecal-oral transmission of disease: after using the bathroom (urination, defecation), after cleaning a child's bottom (changing nappies), before feeding a child, before eating and before/after preparing food or handling raw meat, fish, or poultry.", "id": "Ada lima saat kritis sepanjang hari ketika mencuci tangan dengan sabun adalah penting guna mengurangi penularan penyakit secara fekal-oral, yaitu: sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan toilet (buang air kecil, buang air besar), setelah membersihkan pantat anak (mengganti popok), sebelum menyuapi anak, sebelum makan dan sebelum/sesudah menyiapkan makanan atau mengolah daging, ikan, atau unggas mentah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other occasions when correct handwashing technique should be practiced in order to prevent the transmission of disease include before and after treating a cut or wound; after sneezing, coughing, or blowing your nose; after touching animal waste or handling animals; and after touching garbage.", "id": "Saat lain yang penting untuk menerapkan teknik mencuci tangan yang benar guna mencegah penularan penyakit adalah sebelum dan sesudah merawat luka; setelah bersin, batuk, atau meniup hidung; setelah menyentuh kotoran hewan atau menangani hewan; dan setelah menyentuh sampah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In many countries, there is a low rate of hand washing with soap.", "id": "Di banyak negara, tingkat mencuci tangan dengan sabun masih rendah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A study of hand washing in 54 countries in 2015 found that on average, 38.7% of households practiced hand washing with soap.A 2014 study showed that Saudi Arabia had the highest rate of 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.Several behaviour change methodologies now exist to increase uptake of the behaviour of hand washing with soap at the critical times.Group hand washing for school children at set times of the day is one option in developing countries to engrain hand washing in children's behaviors.", "id": "Sebuah studi tentang mencuci tangan di 54 negara pada tahun 2015 menemukan bahwa rata-rata 38,7% rumah tangga mempraktikkan cuci tangan dengan sabun. Sebuah studi tahun 2014 menunjukkan bahwa Arab Saudi memiliki tingkat tertinggi dengan 97 persen; Amerika Serikat hampir di tengah dengan 77 persen; dan Tiongkok pada tingkat terendah dengan 23 persen. Sekarang tersedia beberapa metodologi perubahan perilaku untuk meningkatkan adopsi kebiasaan perilaku mencuci tangan dengan sabun pada saat kritis. Mencuci tangan berkelompok untuk pelajar pada waktu yang telah ditentukan merupakan salah satu pilihan di negara-negara berkembang untuk membiasakan cuci tangan dalam perilaku anak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The \"Essential Health Care Program\" implemented by the Department of Education in the Philippines is an example of at scale action to promote children's health and education.", "id": "Program Perawatan Kesehatan Mendasar yang diterapkan Departemen Pendidikan di Filipina merupakan contoh tindakan berskala tepat untuk mendukung kesehatan dan pendidikan anak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Deworming twice a year, supplemented with washing hands daily with soap, brushing teeth daily with fluoride, is at the core of this national program.", "id": "Pemberian obat cacing dua kali setahun, ditambah dengan mencuci tangan setiap hari dengan sabun dan menyikat gigi setiap hari dengan fluorida, adalah inti dari program nasional ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It has also been successfully implemented in Indonesia.", "id": "Program ini juga berhasil diterapkan di Indonesia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Removal of microorganisms from skin is enhanced by the addition of soaps or detergents to water.", "id": "Pembersihan mikroorganisme dari kulit diperkuat dengan penambahan sabun atau deterjen ke air."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The main action of soaps and detergents is to reduce barriers to solution, and increase solubility.", "id": "Kerja utama sabun dan deterjen adalah mengurangi penghalang untuk larutan dan meningkatkan daya larut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Water alone is an inefficient skin cleanser because fats and proteins, which are components of organic soil, are not readily dissolved in water.", "id": "Air saja merupakan pembersih kulit yang tidak efisien karena lemak dan protein, yang merupakan komponen kotoran organik, tidak mudah larut dalam air."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Cleansing is, however, aided by a reasonable flow of water..", "id": "Kendati demikian, pembersihan lemak dan protein dibantu oleh aliran air yang cukup."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Solid soap, because of its reusable nature, may hold bacteria acquired from previous uses.", "id": "Sabun padat, karena sifatnya yang dapat digunakan kembali, mungkin dapat mengandung bakteri yang didapatkan dari penggunaan sebelumnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A small number of studies which have looked at the bacterial transfer from contaminated solid soap have concluded transfer is unlikely as the bacteria are rinsed off with the foam.", "id": "Sejumlah kecil studi yang meneliti pemindahan bakteri dari sabun padat terkontaminasi menyimpulkan bahwa pemindahan tidak mungkin terjadi karena bakteri terbilas dengan busa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The CDC still states \"liquid soap with hands-free controls for dispensing is preferable\".", "id": "Meski demikian, CDC tetap menyatakan \"sabun cair yang pengeluarannya dari wadah tanpa disentuh tangan lebih disukai.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Antibacterial soaps have been heavily promoted to a health-conscious public.", "id": "Sabun antibakeri digalakkan secara besar-besaran kepada masyarakat yang sadar kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To date, there is no evidence that using recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms in nature.", "id": "Sampai saat ini, belum ada bukti bahwa penggunaan antiseptik atau disinfektan yang direkomendasikan lebih baik untuk organisme yang tahan antibiotik di alam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, antibacterial soaps contain common antibacterial agents such as triclosan, which has an extensive list of resistant strains of organisms.", "id": "Namun, sabun antibakteri mengandung agen antibakeri umum seperti triklosan, yang memiliki daftar strain organisme berdaya tahan yang luas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "So, even if antibiotic resistant strains aren't selected for by antibacterial soaps, they might not be as effective as they are marketed to be.", "id": "Jadi, sekalipun strain yang tahan antibiotik tidak ditargetkan oleh sabun antibakteri, sabun ini mungkin tidak seefektif yang dipasarkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Besides the surfactant and skin-protecting agent, the sophisticated formulations may contain acids (acetic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid) as pH regulator, antimicrobially active benzoic acid and further skin conditioners (aloe vera, vitamins, menthol, plant extracts).A comprehensive analysis from the University of Oregon School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are as effective as consumer-grade anti-bacterial soaps containing triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands.", "id": "Selain surfaktan dan zat pelindung kulit, formulasi yang canggih dapat mengandung asam (asam asetat, asam askorbat, asam laktat) sebagai pengatur pH, asam benzoat sebagai antimikroba aktif, dan kondisioner kulit lebih lanjut (lidah buaya, vitamin, mentol, ekstrak tumbuhan).Sebuah analisis komprehensif dari Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Oregon menunjukkan bahwa sabun biasa sama efektifnya dengan sabun antibakteri tingkat konsumen yang mengandung triklosan dalam mencegah penyakit dan membersihkan bakteri dari tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hot water that is comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria.", "id": "Air hangat yang nyaman untuk mencuci tangan tidak cukup panas untuk membunuh bakteri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Bacteria grow much faster at body temperature (37 °C).", "id": "Bakteri tumbuh lebih cepat pada suhu tubuh (37 °C)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, warm, soapy water is more effective than cold, soapy water at removing natural oils which hold soils and bacteria.", "id": "Air hangat bersabun lebih efektif dibandingkankan dengan air dingin bersabun dalam menghilangkan minyak alami yang menahan kotoran dan bakteri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Contrary to popular belief however, scientific studies have shown that using warm water has no effect on reducing the microbial load on hands.", "id": "Namun, bertolak belakang dengan keyakinan banyak orang, studi ilmiah menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan air hangat tidak memiliki efek dalam mengurangi jumlah mikroba di tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A hand sanitizer or hand antiseptic is a non-water-based hand hygiene agent.", "id": "Penyanitasi tangan atau antiseptik tangan adalah agen kebersihan yang tidak berbasis air."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, alcohol rub non-water-based hand hygiene agents (also known as alcohol-based hand rubs, antiseptic hand rubs, or hand sanitizers) began to gain popularity.", "id": "Pada akhir tahun 1990-an dan awal abad ke-21, agen kebersihan tangan berupa penggosok alkohol yang tidak berbasis air (disebut juga penggosok tangan berbasis alkohol, penggosok tangan antiseptik, atau penyanitasi tangan) mulai dikenal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Most are based on isopropyl alcohol or ethanol formulated together with a thickening agent such as Carbomer (polymer of acrylic acid) into a gel, or a humectant such as glycerin into a liquid, or foam for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol.", "id": "Sebagian besar agen kebersihan ini berbasis isopropil alkohol atau etanol yang diformulasikan bersama dengan bahan pengental seperti Carbomer (polimer asam akrilat) menjadi gel atau bersama humektan seperti gliserin menjadi cairan atau busa agar mudah digunakan dan untuk mengurangi efek mengeringkan dari alkohol."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Adding diluted hydrogen-peroxide increases further the antimicrobial activity.Hand sanitizers containing a minimum of 60 to 95% alcohol are efficient germ killers.", "id": "Penambahan hidrogen peroksida encer meningkatkan aktivitas antimikroba lebih lanjut. Penyanitasi tangan yang mengandung setidaknya 60-95% alkohol merupakan pembunuh kuman yang efisien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Alcohol rub sanitizers kill bacteria, multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE), tuberculosis, and some viruses (including HIV, herpes, RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, influenza, and hepatitis) and fungi.", "id": "Penyanitasi alkohol gosok membunuh bakteri, bakteri yang tahan terhadap banyak obat (MRSA dan VRE), bakteri tuberkulosis, sejumlah virus (mencakup HIV, herpes, RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, influenza, dan hepatitis), dan jamur."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Alcohol rub sanitizers containing 70% alcohol kill 99.97% (3.5 log reduction, similar to 35 decibel reduction) of the bacteria on hands 30 seconds after application and 99.99% to 99.999% (4 to 5 log reduction) of the bacteria on hands 1 minute after application.Hand sanitizers are most effective against bacteria and less effective against some viruses.", "id": "Penyanitasi alkohol yang mengandung 70% alkohol membunuh 99,97% (pengurangan log 3,5, mirip dengan pengurangan 35 desibel) bakteri di tangan 30 detik setelah pemakaian dan 99,99% hingga 99,999% (pengurangan log 4 hingga 5) bakteri di tangan 1 menit setelah pemakaian. Penyanitasi tangan paling efektif terhadap bakteri dan kurang efektif terhadap beberapa virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are almost entirely ineffective against norovirus (or Norwalk) type viruses, the most common cause of contagious gastroenteritis.Enough hand antiseptic or alcohol rub must be used to thoroughly wet or cover both hands.", "id": "Penyanitasi tangan berbasis alkohol hampir seluruhnya tidak efektif terhadap virus tipe norovirus (atau Norwalk), penyebab paling umum untuk gastroenteritis menular. Antiseptik tangan atau penggosok alkohol dalam jumlah memadai harus digunakan untuk membasahi atau menutupi dua tangan secara menyeluruh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The front and back of both hands and between and the ends of all fingers are rubbed for approximately 30 seconds until the liquid, foam or gel is dry.", "id": "Bagian depan dan belakang dua tangan serta di sela-sela dan ujung semua jari digosok sekitar 30 detik hingga cairan, busa, atau gel kering."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Finger tips must be washed well too, rubbing them in both palms.The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends hand washing over hand sanitizer rubs, particularly when hands are visibly dirty.", "id": "Ujung jari juga harus dicuci dengan baik dengan menggosoknya di dua telapak tangan. Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit AS lebih menyarankan cuci tangan alih-alih penyanitasi tangan gosok, terutama ketika tangan terlihat kotor."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The increasing use of these agents is based on their ease of use and rapid killing activity against micro-organisms; however, they should not serve as a replacement for proper hand washing unless soap and water are unavailable.", "id": "Meningkatnya penggunaan agen penyanitasi karena kemudahan penggunaan dan aktivitas pembunuhan yang cepat terhadap mikroorganisme; namun, agen penyanitasi seharusnya tidak digunakan sebagai pengganti cuci tangan yang benar, kecuali sabun dan air tidak tersedia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Frequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause dry skin unless emollients and/or skin moisturizers are added to the formula.", "id": "Pengunaan penyanitasi tangan berbasis alkohol secara sering dapat menyebabkan kulit kering, kecuali jika emolien dan/atau pelembab kulit ditambahkan ke formula."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The drying effect of alcohol can be reduced or eliminated by adding glycerin and/or other emollients to the formula.", "id": "Efek mengeringkan dari alkohol dapat dikurangi atau dihilangkan dengan menambahkan gliserin dan/atau emolien lain ke formula."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In clinical trials, alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing emollients caused substantially less skin irritation and dryness than soaps or antimicrobial detergents.", "id": "Dalam uji klinis, penyanitasi tangan berbasis alkohol yang mengandung emolien menyebabkan iritasi dan kekeringan kulit jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan sabun dan deterjen antimikroba."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Allergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria syndrome or hypersensitivity to alcohol or additives present in alcohol hand rubs rarely occur.", "id": "Dermatitis kontak alergik, sindrom urtikaria kontak, atau hipersensitivitas terhadap alkohol atau zat aditif dalam penggosok tangan alkohol jarang terjadi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The lower tendency to induce irritant contact dermatitis became an attraction as compared to soap and water hand washing.", "id": "Kecenderungan lebih rendah menyebabkan dermatitis kontak yang mengganggu menjadi daya tarik produk ini dibandingkan mencuci tangan dengan air dan sabun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Despite their effectiveness, non-water agents do not cleanse the hands of organic material, but simply disinfect them.", "id": "Meskipun efektif, agen non-air tidak membersihkan tangan dari bahan organik, tetapi hanya mendisinfeksinya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is for this reason that hand sanitizers are not as effective as soap and water at preventing the spread of many pathogens, since the pathogens still remain on the hands.", "id": "Karena alasan inilah, pembersih tangan tidak seefektif sabun dan air dalam mencegah penyebaran banyak patogen sebab patogen masih ada di tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Alcohol-free hand sanitizer efficacy is heavily dependent on the ingredients and formulation, and historically has significantly under-performed alcohol and alcohol rubs.", "id": "Kemanjuran penyanitasi tangan bebas alkohol sangat tergantung pada bahan dan formulasinya, dan menurut sejarah, produk ini secara signifikan berkinerja lebih buruk dibandingkan alkohol dan penggosok alkohol."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "More recently, formulations that use benzalkonium chloride have been shown to have persistent and cumulative antimicrobial activity after application, unlike alcohol, which has been shown to decrease in efficacy after repeated use, probably due to progressive adverse skin reactions.", "id": "Baru-baru ini, formulasi yang menggunakan benzalkonium klorida terbukti memiliki aktivitas antimikroba yang terus-menerus dan kumulatif setelah pemakaian, tidak seperti alkohol, yang kemanjurannya terbukti berkurang setelah penggunaan berulang, mungkin karena reaksi efek samping yang progresif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many people in low-income communities cannot afford soap and use ash or soil instead.", "id": "Banyak orang di komunitas berpenghasilan rendah tidak mampu membeli sabun dan menggunakan abu atau tanah sebagai gantinya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ash or soil may be more effective than water alone, but may be less effective than soap.", "id": "Abu atau tanah mungkin lebih efektif dibandingkan air saja, tetapi kurang efektif dibandingkan sabun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "One concern is that if the soil or ash is contaminated with microorganisms it may increase the spread of disease rather than decrease it.", "id": "Salah satu yang dikhawatirkan adalah, jika terkontaminasi dengan mikroorganisme, tanah atau abu mungkin akan meningkatkan penyebaran penyakit alih-alih menguranginya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Like soap, ash is also a disinfecting agent because in contact with water, it forms an alkaline solution.", "id": "Seperti sabun, abu juga merupakan agen desinfektan karena, jika kontak dengan air, abu akan membentuk larutan alkalin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "WHO recommended ash or sand as alternative to soap when soap is not available.", "id": "WHO merekomendasikan abu dan pasir sebagai alternatif sabun ketika sabun tidak tersedia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Correct handwashing technique recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control for prevention of transmission of disease includes the following steps:", "id": "Teknik mencuci tangan yang benar berdasarkan rekomendasi Pusat Pengendalian Penyakit AS untuk pencegahan penularan penyakit mencakup langkah-langkah berikut:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Wet hands with warm or cold running water.", "id": "Basahi tangan dengan air hangat atau dingin yang mengalir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Running water is recommended because standing basins may be contaminated, while the temperature of the water does not seem to make a difference.", "id": "Air mengalir direkomendasikan sebab baskom yang didiamkan mungkin terkontaminasi, sedangkan suhu air tampaknya tidak berpengaruh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Lather hands by rubbing them with a generous amount of soap, including the backs of hands, between fingers, and under nails.", "id": "Busakan tangan dengan menggosoknya dengan sabun yang banyak, termasuk punggung tangan, di sela-sela jari, dan di bawah kuku."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Soap lifts germs from the skin, and studies show that people tend to wash their hands more thoroughly when soap is used rather than water alone.", "id": "Sabun mengangkat kuman dari kulit, dan studi menunjukkan bahwa orang cenderung mencuci tangan lebih saksama saat menggunakan sabun dibandingkan saat menggunakan air saja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Scrub for at least 20 seconds.", "id": "Gosok setidaknya selama 20 detik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Scrubbing creates friction, which helps remove germs from skin, and scrubbing for longer periods removes more germs.", "id": "Menggosok menciptakan gesekan, yang membantu menghilangkan kuman dari kulit, dan menggosok lebih lama menghilangkan lebih banyak kuman."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Rinse well under running water.", "id": "Bilas secara saksama di bawah air mengalir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Rinsing in a basin can recontaminate hands.", "id": "Membilas di dalam baskom bisa membuat tangan terkontaminasi kembali."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Dry with a clean towel or allow to air dry.", "id": "Keringkan dengan lap kering atau biarkan mengering di udara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Wet and moist hands are more easily recontaminated.The most commonly missed areas are the thumb, the wrist, the areas between the fingers, and under fingernails.", "id": "Tangan yang basah dan lembab lebih mudah terkontaminasi kembali. Daerah yang sering terlewat adalah jempol, pergelangan tangan, daerah di antara jari, dan di bawah kuku."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Artificial nails and chipped nail polish may harbor microorganisms.", "id": "Kuku buatan dan cat kuku yang terkelupas dapat menyimpan mikroorganisme."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Moisturizing lotion is often recommended to keep the hands from drying out; dry skin can lead to skin damage which can increase the risk for the transmission of infection.", "id": "Losion berpelembab sering direkomendasikan untuk menjaga agar tangan tidak mengering; kulit kering dapat menyebabkan kerusakan kulit yang dapat meningkatkan risiko penularan infeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Various low-cost options can be made to facilitate hand washing where tap-water and/or soap is not available e.g. pouring water from a hanging jerrycan or gourd with suitable holes and/or using ash if needed in developing countries.In situations with limited water supply (such as schools or rural areas in developing countries), there are water-conserving solutions, such as \"tippy-taps\" and other low-cost options.", "id": "Berbagai pilihan berbiaya rendah dapat dibuat untuk memfasilitasi mencuci tangan saat air keran dan/atau sabun tidak tersedia, misalnya, mengalirkan air dari jerigen atau botol yang digantung dan dilubangi dan/atau menggunakan abu, jika perlu, di negara berkembang. Dalam situasi ketika pasokan air terbatas (seperti sekolah atau daerah pedesaan di negara berkembang), ada solusi hemat air, seperti \"tippy-tap\", serta pilihan berbiaya rendah lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A tippy-tap is a simple technology using a jug suspended by a rope, and a foot-operated lever to pour a small amount of water over the hands and a bar of soap.", "id": "Keran tippy adalah teknologi sederhana yang menggunakan botol air yang digantung dengan tali, tuas yang dioperasikan oleh kaki untuk menuangkan sedikit air ke tangan, dan sebatang sabun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Effective drying of the hands is an essential part of the hand hygiene process, but there is some debate over the most effective form of drying in public washrooms.", "id": "Pengeringan tangan yang efektif adalah bagian penting dalam proses kebersihan tangan, tetapi ada perdebatan tentang bentuk pengeringan tangan paling efektif di toilet umum."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A growing volume of research suggests paper towels are much more hygienic than the electric hand dryers found in many washrooms.", "id": "Semakin banyak penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lap kertas jauh lebih bersih dibandingkan pengering tangan listrik yang ditemukan di banyak toilet."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In 2008, a study was conducted by the University of Westminster, London, and sponsored by the paper-towel industry the European Tissue Symposium, to compare the levels of hygiene offered by paper towels, warm-air hand dryers and the more modern jet-air hand dryers.", "id": "Pada tahun 2008, sebuah studi dilakukan oleh Universitas Westminster, London, dan disponsori oleh industri lap kertas European Tissue Symposium, untuk membandingkan tingkat kebersihan lap kertas, pengering tangan udara hangat, dan pengering tangan udara jet yang lebih moderen."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After washing and drying hands with the warm-air dryer, the total number of bacteria was found to increase on average on the finger pads by 194% and on the palms by 254%.", "id": "Setelah mencuci dan mengeringkan tangan dengan pengering udara hangat, jumlah total bakteri ditemukan meningkat rata-rata 194% di buku-buku jari dan 254% di telapak tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Drying with the jet-air dryer resulted in an increase on average of the total number of bacteria on the finger pads by 42% and on the palms by 15%.", "id": "Mengeringkan dengan pengering udara jet menyebabkan kenaikan jumlah total bakteri rata-rata 42% di buku-buku jari dan 15% di telapak tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After washing and drying hands with a paper towel, the total number of bacteria was reduced on average on the finger pads by up to 76% and on the palms by up to 77%.The scientists also carried out tests to establish whether there was the potential for cross contamination of other washroom users and the washroom environment as a result of each type of drying method.", "id": "Setelah mencuci dan mengeringkan tangan dengan lap kertas, jumlah total bakteri berkurang rata-rata 76% di buku-buku jari dan 77% di telapak tangan.Ilmuwan juga melakukan pengujian untuk menentukan potensi kontaminasi silang pada pengguna toilet lain dan lingkungan toilet akibat tiap-tiap jenis metode pengeringan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The jet-air dryer, which blows air out of the unit at claimed speeds of 180 m/s (650 km/h; 400 mph), was capable of blowing micro-organisms from the hands and the unit and potentially contaminating other washroom users and the washroom environment up to 2 metres away.", "id": "Pengering udara jet, yang mengembuskan udara dari unit dengan kecepatan yang diklaim 180 m/s (650 km/jam; 400 mph), mampu meniup mikroorganisme dari tangan dan unit dan berpotensi mencemari pengguna toilet lain dan lingkungan toilet hingga sejauh 2 meter."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Use of a warm-air hand dryer spread micro-organisms up to 0.25 metres from the dryer.", "id": "Penggunaan pengering tangan udara hangat menyebarkan mikroorganisme hingga 0,25 meter dari pengering."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Paper towels showed no significant spread of micro-organisms.In 2005, in a study conducted by TÜV Produkt und Umwelt, different hand drying methods were evaluated.", "id": "Lap kertas tidak menunjukkan penyebaran mikroorganisme yang signifikan. Pada tahun 2005, dalam studi yang dilakukan oleh TÜV Produkt und Umwelt, berbagai metode pengeringan tangan dievaluasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The following changes in the bacterial count after drying the hands were observed:", "id": "Setelah pengeringan tangan, perubahan jumlah bakteri berikut diamati:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many different hand dryer manufacturers exist, and hand driers have been compared against drying with paper towels.", "id": "Ada banyak manufaktur pengering tangan, dan pengering tangan telah dibandingkan dengan pengeringan dengan menggunakan lap kertas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hand washing using hand sanitizing wipes is an alternative during traveling in the absence of soap and water.", "id": "Mencuci tangan dengan menggunakan tisu penyanitasi tangan adalah alternatif selama berpergian jika tidak ada sabun dan air."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Alcohol-based hand sanitizer should contain at least 60% alcohol.", "id": "Penyanitasi tangan berbasis alkohol harus mengandung setidaknya 60% alkohol."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Medical hand-washing became mandatory long after Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis discovered its effectiveness (in 1846) in preventing disease in a hospital environment.", "id": "Pencucian tangan medis diwajibkan jauh setelah ahli fisika Hungaria Ignaz Semmelweis menemukan keefektifannya (pada tahun 1846) dalam mencegah penyakit di lingkungan rumah sakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are electronic devices that provide feedback to remind hospital staff to wash their hands when they forget.", "id": "Ada perangkat elektronik yang menyediakan umpan balik untuk mengingatkan karyawan rumah sakit untuk mencuci tangan jika mereka lupa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "One study has found decreased infection rates with their use.", "id": "Satu studi menemukan bahwa tingkat infeksi menurun dengan penggunaan perangkat tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Medical hand-washing is for a minimum of 15 seconds, using generous amounts of soap and water or gel to lather and rub each part of the hands.", "id": "Pencucian tangan medis dilakukan selama minimal 15 detik, dengan menggunakan sabun dan air dalam jumlah banyak atau gel untuk menyabuni dan menggosok setiap bagian tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hands should be rubbed together with digits interlocking.", "id": "Tangan harus digosok satu sama lain dengan jari-jari saling bertautan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If there is debris under fingernails, a bristle brush may be used to remove it.", "id": "Jika ada kotoran di bawah kuku, sikat bulu dapat digunakan untuk menghilangkannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since germs may remain in the water on the hands, it is important to rinse well and wipe dry with a clean towel.", "id": "Karena kuman dapat bertahan dalam air yang ada di tangan, tangan perlu dibilas dengan saksama dan dikeringkan dengan lap bersih."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After drying, the paper towel should be used to turn off the water (and open any exit door if necessary).", "id": "Setelah kering, lap kertas digunakan untuk mematikan keran air (dan membuka pintu keluar jika perlu)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This avoids re-contaminating the hands from those surfaces.", "id": "Tindakan ini menghindari rekontaminasi tangan dari permukaan tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The purpose of hand-washing in the health-care setting is to remove pathogenic microorganisms (\"germs\") and avoid transmitting them.", "id": "Tujuan mencuci tangan dalam tatanan perawatan kesehatan adalah untuk menghilangkan mikroorganisme patogen (\"kuman\") dan menghindari penularannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The New England Journal of Medicine reports that a lack of hand-washing remains at unacceptable levels in most medical environments, with large numbers of doctors and nurses routinely forgetting to wash their hands before touching patients, thus transmitting microorganisms.", "id": "The New England Journal of Medicine melaporkan bahwa kurangnya mencuci tangan masih pada tingkat yang tidak dapat diterima di sebagian besar lingkungan medis, dengan sejumlah besar dokter dan perawat terus lupa mencuci tangan sebelum menyentuh pasien sehingga menularkan mikroorganisme."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "One study showed that proper hand-washing and other simple procedures can decrease the rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections by 66 percent.The World Health Organization has published a sheet demonstrating standard hand-washing and hand-rubbing in health-care sectors.", "id": "Satu studi menunjukkan bahwa mencuci tangan yang benar dan prosedur sederhana lainnya dapat menurunkan tingkat infeksi aliran darah terkait kateter hingga 66 persen. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia telah menerbitkan lembaran yang menunjukkan standar cuci tangan dan gosok tangan di sektor perawatan kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The draft guidance of hand hygiene by the organization can also be found at its website for public comment.", "id": "Pedoman konsep kebersihan tangan WHO juga dapat dilihat di situs webnya untuk komentar publik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A relevant review was conducted by Whitby et al.", "id": "Tinjauan yang relevan dilakukan oleh Whitby et al."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Commercial devices can measure and validate hand hygiene, if demonstration of regulatory compliance is required.", "id": "Perangkat komersil dapat mengukur dan memvalidasi kebersihan tangan jika demonstrasi kepatuhan terhadap peraturan diperlukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The World Health Organization has \"Five Moments\" for washing hands:", "id": "Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia memiliki \"Lima Saat\" untuk mencuci tangan:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "after exposure to blood/body fluids", "id": "setelah terpapar ke darah/cairan tubuh"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "before an aseptic task, and", "id": "sebelum tugas aseptik, dan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "after patient care.The addition of antiseptic chemicals to soap (\"medicated\" or \"antimicrobial\" soaps) confers killing action to a hand-washing agent.", "id": "setelah perawatan pasien. Penambahan bahan kimia antiseptik ke sabun (sabun \"obat\" atau \"antimikroba\") berfungsi membunuh bahan cuci tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Such killing action may be desired prior to performing surgery or in settings in which antibiotic-resistant organisms are highly prevalent.To 'scrub' one's hands for a surgical operation, it is necessary to have a tap that can be turned on and off without touching it with the hands, some chlorhexidine or iodine wash, sterile towels for drying the hands after washing, and a sterile brush for scrubbing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails.", "id": "Fungsi membunuh tersebut mungkin diinginkan sebelum melakukan bedah atau dalam situasi ketika organisme yang tahan antibiotik sangat lazim. Untuk 'menggosok' tangan sebelum operasi bedah, diperlukan keran yang dapat dinyalakan dan dimatikan tanpa menyentuh, pencuci klorheksidin atau yodium, lap steril untuk mengeringkan tangan setelah mencuci, dan sikat steril untuk menggosok serta instrumen steril lainnya untuk membersihkan bawah kuku."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All jewelry should be removed.", "id": "Semua perhiasan harus dilepaskan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This procedure requires washing the hands and forearms up to the elbow, usually 2–6 minutes.", "id": "Prosedur ini mensyaratkan mencuci tangan dan lengan bawah sampai ke siku, biasanya 2–6 menit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Long scrub-times (10 minutes) are not necessary.", "id": "Waktu penggosokan yang lama (10 menit) tidak diperlukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When rinsing, water on the forearms must be prevented from running back to the hands.", "id": "Ketika membilas, air di lengan bawah harus dicegah agar tidak mengalir kembali ke tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After hand-washing is completed, the hands are dried with a sterile cloth and a surgical gown is donned.", "id": "Setelah selesai mencuci tangan, tangan dikeringkan dengan kain steril dan jubah bedah dikenakan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To reduce the spread of germs, it is better to wash the hands or use a hand antiseptic before and after tending to a sick person.", "id": "Untuk mengurangi penyebaran kuman, lebih baik mencuci tangan atau menggunakan penyanitasi tangan sebelum dan setelah menangani orang sakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For control of staphylococcal infections in hospitals, it has been found that the greatest benefit from hand-cleansing came from the first 20% of washing, and that very little additional benefit was gained when hand cleansing frequency was increased beyond 35%.", "id": "Untuk pengendalian infeksi stafilokokus di rumah sakit, ditemukan bahwa manfaat terbesar membersihkan tangan berasal dari 20% pertama pencucian, dan bahwa manfaat tambahan yang didapatkan sangat sedikit saat frekuensi pembersihan tangan ditingkatkan di atas 35%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Washing with plain soap results in more than triple the rate of bacterial infectious disease transmitted to food as compared to washing with antibacterial soap.Comparing hand-rubbing with alcohol-based solution with hand washing with antibacterial soap for a median time of 30 seconds each showed that the alcohol hand-rubbing reduced bacterial contamination 26% more than the antibacterial soap.", "id": "Mencuci dengan sabun biasa mengakibatkan lebih dari tiga kali lipat penularan penyakit infeksi ke makanan dibandingkan mencuci dengan sabun antibakteri. Pembandingan antara menggosok tangan dengan larutan berbasis alkohol dan mencuci tangan dengan sabun antibakteri dengan waktu median masing-masing 30 detik menunjukkan bahwa penggosok tangan berbasis alkohol mengurangi kontaminasi bakteri 26% lebih banyak daripada sabun antibakteri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "But soap and water is more effective than alcohol-based hand rubs for reducing H1N1 influenza A virus and Clostridium difficile spores from hands.Interventions to improve hand hygiene in healthcare settings can involve education for staff on hand washing, increasing the availability of alcohol-based hand rub, and written and verbal reminders to staff.", "id": "Namun, sabun dan air lebih efektif daripada penggosok tangan berbasis alkohol untuk mengurangi virus influenza A H1N1 dan spora Clostridium difficile dari tangan. Intervensi untuk meningkatkan kebersihan tangan di tatanan perawatan kesehatan dapat melibatkan pendidikan untuk staf tentang mencuci tangan, meningkatkan ketersediaan penggosok tangan berbasis alkohol, dan pengingat tertulis serta lisan kepada staf."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is a need for more research into which of these interventions are most effective in different healthcare settings.", "id": "Diperlukan lebih banyak penelitian untuk mengetahui intervensi yang paling efektif di berbagai tatanan perawatan kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In developing countries, hand washing with soap is recognized as a cost-effective, essential tool for achieving good health, and even good nutrition.", "id": "Di negara berkembang, mencuci tangan dengan sabun diakui sebagai cara mendasar yang hemat biaya untuk mencapai kesehatan yang baik dan bahkan nutrisi yang baik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, a lack of reliable water supply, soap or hand washing facilities in people's homes, at schools and at the workplace make it a challenge to achieve universal hand washing behaviors.", "id": "Namun, kurangnya pasokan air yang dapat diandalkan, sabun, atau fasilitas cuci tangan di rumah penduduk, sekolah, dan tempat kerja membuat sasaran untuk mencapai perilaku cuci tangan yang universal menjadi sebuah tantangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, in most of rural Africa hand washing taps close to every private or public toilet are scarce, even though cheap options exist to build hand washing stations.", "id": "Sebagai contoh, di sebagian besar daerah pedesaan di Afrika, keran cuci tangan di dekat toilet pribadi atau toilet umum jarang ada, meskipun tersedia opsi untuk membuat tempat cuci tangan yang murah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, low hand washing rates rather can also be the result of engrained habits rather than due to a lack of soap or water.", "id": "Bagaimana pun, rendahnya tingkat pencucian tangan dapat juga terjadi karena kebiasaan yang telah tertanam dan bukan karena kurangnya sabun atau air."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The promotion and advocacy of hand washing with soap can influence policy decisions, raise awareness about the benefits of hand washing and lead to long-term behavior change of the population.", "id": "Dorongan dan anjuran mencuci tangan dengan sabun dapat memengaruhi keputusan kebijakan, meningkatkan kesadaran tentang manfaat cuci tangan, dan menghasilkan perubahan perilaku populasi jangka panjang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For this to work effectively, monitoring and evaluation are necessary.", "id": "Agar berjalan efektif, pengawasan dan evaluasi diperlukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A systematic review of 70 studies found that community-based approaches are effective at increasing hand washing in LMICs, while social marketing campaigns are less effective.One example for hand washing promotion in schools is the \"Three Star Approach\" by UNICEF that encourages schools to take simple, inexpensive steps to ensure that students wash their hands with soap, among other hygienic requirements.", "id": "Tinjauan sistematik terhadap 70 studi menemukan bahwa pendekatan berbasis komunitas efektif dalam meningkatkan cuci tangan di LMIC, sementara kampanye pemasaran sosial kurang efektif. Salah satu contoh penggalakan cuci tangan di sekolah adalah \"Pendekatan Tiga Bintang\" oleh UNICEF yang mendorong sekolah untuk mengambil langkah-langkah sederhana dan murah untuk memastikan siswa mencuci tangan dengan sabun, di antara persyaratan kebersihan lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When minimum standards are achieved, schools can move from one to ultimately three stars.", "id": "Saat standar minimum tercapai, sekolah dapat bergerak dari satu bintang hingga akhirnya ke tiga bintang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Building hand washing stations can be a part of hand washing promotion campaigns that are carried out in order to reduce diseases and child mortality.", "id": "Membangun tempat cuci tangan bisa menjadi bagian dari kampanye penggalakan cuci tangan yang dilakukan guna mengurangi penyakit dan kematian anak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Global Hand washing Day is another example of an awareness-raising campaign that is trying to achieve behavior change.As a result of the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, UNICEF promoted the adoption of a handwashing emoji.", "id": "Hari Mencuci Tangan Sedunia adalah contoh lain kampanye peningkatan kesadaran yang mencoba mencapai tujuan perubahan perilaku. Akibat pandemi virus korona 2019-2020, UNICEF menggalakkan pemakaian emoji cuci tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Few studies have considered the overall cost effectiveness of hand washing in developing countries in relationship to DALYs averted.", "id": "Beberapa studi meneliti keefektifan biaya mencuci tangan secara keseluruhan di negara-negara berkembang dalam kaitannya dengan penghindaran Disability-adjusted Life Year (DALY) atau ukuran tahun yang hilang akibat sakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, one review suggests that promoting hand washing with soap is significantly more cost-effective than other water and sanitation interventions.", "id": "Satu tinjauan menunjukkan bahwa menggalakkan cuci tangan dengan sabun secara signifikan lebih hemat biaya alih-alih intervensi air dan sanitasi lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The importance of hand washing for human health – particularly for people in vulnerable circumstances like mothers who had just given birth or wounded soldiers in hospitals – was first recognized in the mid 19th century by two pioneers of hand hygiene: the Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis who worked in Vienna, Austria and Florence Nightingale, the English \"founder of modern nursing\".", "id": "Pentingnya mencuci tangan untuk kesehatan manusia, terutama bagi orang dalam keadaan rentan, seperti ibu yang baru melahirkan atau tentara yang terluka di rumah sakit, pertama kali dikenali pada pertengahan abad ke-19 oleh dua pelopor kebersihan tangan: dokter Hungaria Ignaz Semmelweis yang bekerja di Wina, Austria, dan Florence Nightingale, \"pendiri keperawatan moderen\" di Inggris."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "At that time most people still believed that infections were caused by foul odors called miasmas.", "id": "Pada saat itu, banyak orang masih percaya bahwa infeksi disebabkan oleh bau busuk yang disebut miasma atau udara buruk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the 1980s, foodborne outbreaks and healthcare-associated infections led the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to more actively promote hand hygiene as an important way to prevent the spread of infection.", "id": "Pada tahun 1980-an, wabah yang ditularkan melalui makanan dan infeksi yang berhubungan dengan perawatan kesehatan membuat Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Amerika Serikat lebih aktif mendorong kebersihan tangan sebagai cara penting untuk mencegah penyebaran infeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The outbreak of swine flu in 2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to increased awareness in many countries of the importance of washing hands with soap to protect oneself from such infectious diseases.", "id": "Wabah flu babi pada tahun 2009 dan pandemi COVID-19 pada tahun 2020 meningkatkan kesadaran di banyak negara akan pentingnya mencuci tangan dengan sabun untuk melindungi diri dari penyakit menular tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, posters with \"correct hand washing techniques\" were hung up next to hand washing sinks in public toilets and in the toilets of office buildings and airports in Germany.", "id": "Sebagai contoh, poster \"teknik mencuci tangan yang benar\" digantung di sebelah wastafel cuci tangan di toilet umum serta di toilet gedung perkantoran dan bandara di Jerman."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The phrase \"washing one's hands of\" something, means declaring one's unwillingness to take responsibility for the thing or share complicity in it.", "id": "Ungkapan \"mencuci tangan dari\" sesuatu berarti menyatakan keengganan seseorang untuk bertanggung jawab atas sesuatu atau ikut terlibat dalam sesuatu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It originates from the bible passage in Matthew where Pontius Pilate washed his hands of the decision to crucify Jesus Christ, but has become a phrase with a much wider usage in some English communities.", "id": "Ungkapan itu berasal dari pasal Alkitab di kitab Matius ketika Pontius Pilatus mencuci tangan atas keputusan untuk menyalibkan Yesus Kristus, tetapi telah menjadi ungkapan yang dipakai luas di komunitas Inggris."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Shakespeare's Macbeth, Lady Macbeth begins to compulsively wash her hands in an attempt to cleanse an imagined stain, representing her guilty conscience regarding crimes she had committed and induced her husband to commit.", "id": "Dalam karya Shakespeare, Macbeth, Lady Macbeth mulai mencuci tangannya terus menerus untuk membersihkan noda imajiner; tindakan yang menunjukkan rasa bersalahnya atas kejahatan yang dia lakukan dan karena telah membujuk suaminya agar melakukannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It has also been found that people, after having recalled or contemplated unethical acts, tend to wash hands more often than others, and tend to value hand washing equipment more.", "id": "Juga telah diketahui bahwa, setelah mengingat atau merenungkan tindakan yang tidak etis, orang cenderung lebih sering mencuci tangan dan cenderung lebih menghargai peralatan mencuci tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Furthermore, those who are allowed to wash their hands after such a contemplation are less likely to engage in other \"cleansing\" compensatory actions, such as volunteering.", "id": "Lebih lanjut, orang yang dibiarkan mencuci tangan setelah perenungan tersebut memiliki kemugkinan lebih kecil terlibat dalam tindakan kompensasi yang \"membersihkan\", seperti menjadi sukarelawan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Religions prescribe hand washing for both hygienic and symbolic purposes.Symbolic hand washing, using water but no soap to wash hands, is a part of ritual hand washing featured in many religions, including Bahá'í Faith, Hinduism, tevilah and netilat yadayim in Judaism, Lavabo in Christianity, and Wudhu in Islam.Religions also prescribe hygienic hand washing, especially after certain actions.", "id": "Agama memerintahkan pencucian tangan untuk tujuan kebersihan dan simbolis. Pencucian tangan simbolis, yang menggunakan air, tetapi tanpa sabun untuk mencuci tangan, adalah bagian ritual mencuci tangan dalam banyak agama, termasuk Kepercayaan Bahá'í, Hindu, tevilah dan netilat yadayim dalam Yahudi, Lavabo dalam Kristen, dan Wudhu dalam Islam. Agama juga memerintahkan pencucian tangan untuk kebersihan, terutama setelah tindakan tertentu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hinduism, Judaism and Islam mandate washing of hands after using the toilet.", "id": "Agama Hindu, Yahudi, dan Islam mewajibkan cuci tangan setelah menggunakan toilet."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "And, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism and Islam mandate washing of hands before and after every meal.", "id": "Selain itu, agama Hindu, Buddha, Sikh, Yahudi, dan Islam mewajibkan cuci tangan sebelum dan sesudah makan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on education", "id": "Dampak pandemi koronavirus 2019-2020 pada pendidikan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic has affected educational systems worldwide, leading to the widespread closures of schools and universities.", "id": "Di seluruh dunia, pandemi koronavirus 2019-2020 telah memengaruhi sistem pendidikan dan mengakibatkan penutupan sekolah dan universitas di mana-mana."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 8 April 2020, approximately 1.716 billion learners have been affected due to school closures in response to COVID-19.", "id": "Hingga 8 April 2020, sekitar 1,716 miliar pelajar telah terdampak akibat penutupan sekolah sebagai respons terhadap COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to UNESCO monitoring, 188 countries have implemented nationwide closures and 5 have implemented local closures, impacting about 99.4% of the world's student population.", "id": "Menurut pemantauan UNESCO, 188 negara menerapkan penutupan nasional dan 5 negara menerapkan penutupan lokal, yang berdampak pada sekitar 99,4% populasi siswa di dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 23 March 2020, Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) released a statement announcing the cancellation of Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge O Level, Cambridge International AS & A Level, Cambridge AICE Diploma, and Cambridge Pre-U examinations for the May/June 2020 series across all countries.", "id": "Pada 23 Maret 2020, Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) merilis pernyataan yang mengumumkan pembatalan ujian Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge O Level, Cambridge International AS & A Level, Cambridge AICE Diploma, dan Cambridge Pre-U untuk rangkaian Mei/Juni 2020 di seluruh negeri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "International Baccalaureate exams have also been cancelled.School closures impact not only students, teachers, and families, but have far-reaching economic and societal consequences.", "id": "Ujian International Baccalaureate juga dibatalkan. Penutupan sekolah bukan hanya berdampak pada siswa, guru, dan keluarga, tetapi juga memiliki konsekuensi ekonomi dan sosial yang luas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "School closures in response to COVID-19 have shed light on various social and economic issues, including student debt, digital learning, food insecurity, and homelessness, as well as access to childcare, health care, housing, internet, and disability services.", "id": "Penutupan sekolah sebagai respons terhadap COVID-19 telah menyoroti berbagai masalah sosial dan ekonomi, yang mencakup pinjaman mahasiswa, pembelajaran digital, kerawanan pangan, tuna wisma, dan akses ke perawatan anak, perawatan kesehatan, perumahan, internet, dan layanan disabilitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children and their families, causing interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems, and consequent economic cost to families who could not work.In response to school closures, UNESCO recommended the use of distance learning programmes and open educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit the disruption of education.", "id": "Dampaknya lebih berat bagi anak yang kurang beruntung dan keluarganya, yakni menyebabkan gangguan belajar, gizi tidak memadai, masalah pengasuhan anak, dan konsekuensi ekonomi bagi keluarga yang tidak dapat bekerja. Menanggapi penutupan sekolah, UNESCO merekomendasikan penggunaan program pembelajaran jarak jauh dan aplikasi serta platform pendidikan terbuka yang dapat digunakan sekolah dan guru untuk menjangkau pelajar dari jarak jauh dan membatasi gangguan pendidikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Efforts to stem the spread of COVID-19 through non-pharmaceutical interventions and preventive measures such as social-distancing and self-isolation have prompted the widespread closure of primary, secondary, and tertiary schooling in over 100 countries.Previous outbreaks of infectious diseases have prompted widespread school closings around the world, with varying levels of effectiveness.", "id": "Upaya untuk membendung penyebaran COVID-19 melalui intervensi nonfarmasi dan langkah pencegahan seperti pembatasan sosial dan isolasi mandiri telah mendorong penutupan sekolah dasar, menengah, dan tingkat lanjut di lebih dari 100 negara. Wabah penyakit menular sebelumnya telah mendorong penutupan sekolah di mana-mana di seluruh dunia, dengan tingkat keefektifan yang beragam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mathematical modelling has shown that transmission of an outbreak may be delayed by closing schools.", "id": "Pemodelan matematika menunjukkan bahwa penularan wabah mungkin bisa diperlambat dengan penutupan sekolah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, effectiveness depends on the contacts children maintain outside of school.", "id": "Namun, keefektifannya bergantung pada kontak yang dilakukan anak-anak di luar sekolah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "School closures may be effective when enacted promptly.", "id": "Penutupan sekolah mungkin efektif jika diberlakukan segera."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If school closures occur late relative to an outbreak, they are less effective and may not have any impact at all.", "id": "Jika terlambat, relatif terhadap wabah, penutupan sekolah kurang efektif dan mungkin tidak berdampak sama sekali."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Additionally, in some cases, the reopening of schools after a period of closure has resulted in increased infection rates.", "id": "Lebih lanjut, dalam beberapa kasus, pembukaan sekolah kembali setelah periode penutupan mengakibatkan peningkatan angka infeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As closures tend to occur concurrently with other interventions such as public gathering bans, it can be difficult to measure the specific impact of school closures.During the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in the United States, school closures and public gathering bans were associated with lower total mortality rates.", "id": "Karena penutupan cenderung dilakukan bersamaan dengan intervensi lain, seperti larangan berkumpul di tempat umum, pengukuran dampak penutupan sekolah secara spesifik sulit dilakukan. Selama pandemi influenza 1918-1919 di Amerika Serikat, penutupan sekolah dan larangan berkumpul di tempat umum dikaitkan dengan angka mortalitas total yang lebih rendah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Cities that implemented such interventions earlier had greater delays in reaching peak mortality rates.", "id": "Kota-kota yang menerapkan intervensi tersebut lebih awal mengalami perlambatan lebih besar dalam mencapai puncak angka mortalitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Schools closed for a median duration of 4 weeks according to a study of 43 US cities' response to the Spanish Flu.", "id": "Median durasi penutupan sekolah adalah 4 minggu menurut sebuah studi tentang respons 43 kota di AS terhadap Flu Spanyol."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "School closures were shown to reduce morbidity from the Asian flu by 90% during the 1957–58 outbreak, and up to 50% in controlling influenza in the US, 2004–2008.Multiple countries successfully slowed the spread of infection through school closures during the 2009 H1N1 Flu pandemic.", "id": "Penutupan sekolah terbukti menurunkan morbiditas akibat flu Asia hingga 90% selama wabah tahun 1957–1958 dan hingga 50% dalam pengendalian influenza di AS tahun 2004–2008.Beberapa negara berhasil memperlambat penyebaran infeksi melalui penutupan sekolah selama pandemi Flu H1N1 tahun 2009."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "School closures in the city of Oita, Japan, were found to have successfully decreased the number of infected students at the peak of infection; however closing schools was not found to have significantly decreased the total number of infected students.", "id": "Penutupan sekolah di kota Oita, Jepang, ditemukan berhasil menurunkan jumlah siswa yang terinfeksi pada puncak infeksi; namun, penutupan sekolah ditemukan tidak signifikan menurunkan jumlah total siswa yang terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mandatory school closures and other social distancing measures were associated with a 29% to 37% reduction in influenza transmission rates.", "id": "Penutupan sekolah wajib dan langkah pembatasan sosial lainnya dikaitkan dengan penurunan tingkat penularan influenza sebesar 29% hingga 37%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Early school closures in the United States delayed the peak of the 2009 H1N1 Flu pandemic.", "id": "Penutupan sekolah dini di Amerika Serikat memperlambat puncak pandemi Flu H1N1 tahun 2009."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Despite the overall success of closing schools, a study of school closures in Michigan found that \"district level reactive school closures were ineffective.\"During the swine flu outbreak in 2009 in the UK, in an article titled \"Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic\" published in the Lancet Infectious Diseases, a group of epidemiologists endorsed the closure of schools in order to interrupt the course of the infection, slow further spread and buy time to research and produce a vaccine.", "id": "Terlepas dari keberhasilan penutupan sekolah secara keseluruhan, sebuah studi tentang penutupan sekolah di Michigan menemukan bahwa \"penutupan sekolah yang reaktif di tingkat kabupaten tidak efektif.\"Pada wabah flu tahun 2009 di Inggris Raya, dalam sebuah artikel berjudul \"Penutupan sekolah selama pandemi influenza\" yang diterbitkan di Lancet Infectious Diseases, sekelompok ahli epidemiologi mendukung penutupan sekolah untuk memutus perjalanan infeksi, memperlambat penyebaran lebih lanjut, dan memberikan waktu untuk penelitian dan pembuatan vaksin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Having studied previous influenza pandemics including the 1918 flu pandemic, the influenza pandemic of 1957 and the 1968 flu pandemic, they reported on the economic and workforce effect school closure would have, particularly with a large percentage of doctors and nurses being women, of whom half had children under the age of 16.", "id": "Setelah mempelajari pandemi influenza sebelumnya, yang mencakup pandemi flu tahun 1918, pandemi influenza tahun 1957, dan pandemi flu tahun 1968, mereka melaporkan dampak ekonomi dan tenaga kerja yang akan terjadi akibat penutupan sekolah, terutama karena sebagian besar dokter dan perawat adalah wanita, yang setengahnya memiliki anak di bawah usia 16 tahun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They also looked at the dynamics of the spread of influenza in France during French school holidays and noted that cases of flu dropped when schools closed and re-emerged when they re-opened.", "id": "Mereka juga melihat dinamika penyebaran influenza di Prancis selama liburan sekolah Prancis dan mencatat bahwa kasus flu menurun ketika sekolah ditutup dan muncul kembali ketika sekolah dibuka kembali."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They noted that when teachers in Israel went on strike during the flu season of 1999–2000, visits to doctors and the number of respiratory infections dropped by more than a fifth and more than two fifths respectively.", "id": "Mereka mencatat bahwa ketika para guru di Israel mogok selama musim flu tahun 1999-2000, kunjungan ke dokter dan jumlah infeksi pernapasan turun masing-masing lebih dari seperlima dan lebih dari dua perlima."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For schools and childcare facilities, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends short-term closure to clean or disinfect if an infected person has been in a school building regardless of community spread.", "id": "Terlepas dari penyebaran di masyarakat, untuk sekolah dan fasilitas penitipan anak, Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit AS merekomendasikan penutupan jangka pendek untuk membersihkan atau mendisinfeksi jika orang yang terinfeksi pernah berada di gedung sekolah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When there is minimal to moderate community transmission, social distancing strategies can be implemented such as cancelling field trips, assemblies, and other large gatherings such as physical education or choir classes or meals in a cafeteria, increasing the space between desks, staggering arrival and dismissal times, limiting nonessential visitors, and using a separate health office location for children with flu-like symptoms.", "id": "Jika ada penularan di masyarakat pada tingkat minimal hingga sedang, strategi pembatasan sosial dapat diterapkan, yang mencakup: membatalkan kunjungan lapangan, pertemuan, dan perkumpulan besar lainnya, seperti pendidikan jasmani, kelas paduan suara, atau makan di kafetaria, meningkatkan jarak antara meja, waktu kedatangan dan kepulangan yang bertahap, membatasi pengunjung nonesensial, dan menggunakan lokasi kantor kesehatan yang terpisah untuk anak-anak dengan gejala mirip flu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When there is substantial transmission in the local community, in addition to social distancing strategies, extended school dismissals may be considered.", "id": "Jika ada penularan yang tinggi di masyarakat lokal, di samping strategi pembatasan sosial, memperpanjang penutupan sekolah dapat dipertimbangkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 26 January, China instituted measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak which included extending the Spring Festival holiday to contain the outbreak.", "id": "Pada 26 Januari, Tiongkok menerapkan langkah-langkah untuk membendung wabah COVID-19, yang mencakup memperpanjang liburan Festival Musim Semi untuk membendung wabah tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Universities and schools around the country closed.", "id": "Semua universitas dan sekolah di seluruh negeri juga ditutup."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 23 February, Iran's Ministry of Health announced the closure of universities, higher educational institutions and schools in several cities and provinces.", "id": "Pada 23 Februari, Kementerian Kesehatan Iran mengumumkan penutupan universitas, institusi pendidikan tinggi, dan sekolah di beberapa kota dan provinsi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 3 March, UNESCO released the first global numbers on school closures and affected students.", "id": "Pada 3 Maret, UNESCO merilis angka global pertama untuk penutupan sekolah dan siswa yang terdampak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It reported that 13 countries had enacted preventive measures including the temporary closure of schools and universities, impacting 290.5 million students around the world.", "id": "Dilaporkan bahwa 13 negara telah memberlakukan tindakan pencegahan yang mencakup penutupan sementara sekolah dan universitas, yang berdampak pada 290,5 juta siswa di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In reaction, UNESCO called on countries to support affected students and families and facilitate large-scale inclusive distance learning programmes.", "id": "Sebagai tanggapan, UNESCO meminta negara untuk mendukung siswa dan keluarga yang terdampak serta memfasilitasi program pembelajaran jarak jauh inklusif berskala besar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 4 March, the Italian government ordered the full closure of all schools and universities nationwide as Italy reached 100 deaths.", "id": "Pada 4 Maret, pemerintah Italia memerintahkan penutupan total semua sekolah dan universitas secara nasional saat Italia mencapai 100 kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In doing so, Italy became one of 22 countries on three continents which had announced or implemented school closures.", "id": "Dengan melakukannya, Italia menjadi salah satu dari 22 negara di tiga benua yang mengumumkan atau menerapkan penutupan sekolah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 5 March, the majority of learners affected by COVID-19 emergency measures were located in China, with 233 million learners affected, followed by Japan at 16.5 million and Iran at 14.5 million.", "id": "Pada 5 Maret, mayoritas pelajar yang terdampak langkah darurat COVID-19 berlokasi di Tiongkok, dengan 233 juta pelajar terdampak, diikuti oleh Jepang dengan 16,5 juta pelajar, dan Iran dengan 14,5 juta pelajar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 10 March, one in five students worldwide was \"staying away from school due to the COVID-19 crisis\" while another one in four was barred from higher education institutions.", "id": "Pada 10 Maret, satu dari lima siswa di seluruh dunia \"tidak pergi ke sekolah karena krisis COVID-19\", sementara satu dari empat siswa lainnya dilarang datang ke lembaga pendidikan yang lebih tinggi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 13 March, governments in 49 countries announced or implemented school closures, including 39 countries which closed schools nationwide and 22 countries with localised school closures.", "id": "Pada 13 Maret, pemerintahan di 49 negara mengumumkan atau menerapkan penutupan sekolah, yang mencakup 39 negara yang melakukan penutupan sekolah secara nasional dan 22 negara yang melakukan penutupan sekolah secara lokal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 16 March, this figure increased from 49 to 73 countries according to UNESCO.", "id": "Pada 16 Maret, angka ini meningkat dari 49 menjadi 73 negara menurut UNESCO."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 19 March, 50% of students worldwide were affected by school closures, corresponding to nationwide closures in 102 countries and local closures in 11 countries affecting 850 million children and youth.", "id": "Pada 19 Maret, 50% siswa di seluruh dunia terdampak oleh penutupan sekolah, terkait dengan penutupan nasional di 102 negara dan penutupan lokal di 11 negara yang memengaruhi 850 juta anak dan remaja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 20 March, over 70% of the world's learners were impacted by closures, with 124 country-wide school closures.", "id": "Pada 20 Maret, lebih dari 70% pelajar di seluruh dunia terdampak penutupan, dengan 124 penutupan sekolah di seluruh negeri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 23 March, all Nigerian school were found to have been closed down by Nigerian government, markets as well as companies were closed down and children were forbidden by parents to step out of their homes.", "id": "Pada 23 Maret, semua sekolah Nigeria diketahui telah ditutup oleh pemerintah Nigeria, pasar dan perusahaan ditutup, dan anak-anak dilarang keluar rumah oleh orang tua."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 26 March, all New Zealand schools and universities have been closed down across the country.", "id": "Pada 26 Maret, semua sekolah dan universitas Selandia Baru ditutup di seluruh negeri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The government has imposed a two-week holiday, allowing schools to transition to forms of distant teaching as soon as possible.", "id": "Pemerintah memberlakukan libur dua minggu, yang memberi kesempatan kepada sekolah untuk beralih ke bentuk pengajaran jarak jauh sesegera mungkin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Universities have closed for one week, but resumed with online teaching afterwards.", "id": "Universitas ditutup selama satu minggu, tetapi kemudian dilanjutkan kembali dengan pengajaran daring."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other school services remain open, but teaching is restricted to distant learning.", "id": "Layanan sekolah lainnya tetap buka, tetapi pengajaran terbatas pada pembelajaran jarak jauh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 27 March, nearly 90 percent of the world's student population was out of class.", "id": "Per 27 Maret, hampir 90 persen populasi siswa di seluruh dunia tidak berada di kelas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Regions with schools remaining open included Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, Sweden, and some U.S. states.", "id": "Wilayah dengan sekolah tetap buka mencakup Taiwan, Singapura, Australia, Swedia, dan beberapa negara bagian Amerika Serikat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "By 29 March, more than 1.5 billion children and other students were affected by nationwide school closures.", "id": "Per 29 Maret, lebih dari 1,5 miliar anak dan siswa terdampak oleh penutupan sekolah secara nasional."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Others were disrupted by localized closures.", "id": "Sejumlah lainnya terganggu oleh penutupan lokal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Until April 6, holidays were extended in all secondary schools of Turkmenistan.", "id": "Hingga 6 April, liburan diperpanjang di semua sekolah menengah Turkmenistan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "An order signed by the Ministry of Education as a preventative measure aims to prevent the spread of respiratory diseases in connection with the WHO coronavirus pandemic.", "id": "Perintah yang ditandatangani oleh Kementrian Pendidikan sebagai tindakan pencegahan ini bertujuan untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit pernapasan sehubungan dengan pandemi koronavirus WHO."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "10 countries have localised schools closures, UNESCO estimates 473,933,356 learners are potentially at risk (pre-primary to upper-secondary education) and 77,938,904 learners are potentially at risk in tertiary education.", "id": "10 negara melakukan penutupan sekolah lokal, UNESCO memperkirakan 473.933.356 pelajar berpotensi berisiko terdampak (pendidikan prasekolah-dasar hingga menengah atas) dan 77.938.904 pelajar berpotensi berisiko terdampak di pendidikan tersier."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Note: Figures correspond to total number of learners enrolled at pre-primary, primary, lower-secondary, and upper-secondary levels of education [ISCED levels 0 to 3], as well as at tertiary education levels [ISCED levels 5 to 8] who could be affected should localised closures become countrywide.", "id": "Catatan: Angka berdasarkan jumlah total pelajar yang terdaftar di tingkat pendidikan prasekolah-dasar, sekolah dasar, menengah pertama, dan menengah atas [tingkat ISCED 0 hingga 3], serta di tingkat pendidikan tersier [tingkat ISCED 5 hingga 8] yang mungkin terdampak apabila penutupan lokal berubah menjadi nasional."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Enrolment figures based on latest UNESCO Institute of Statistics data.", "id": "Angka pendaftaran berdasarkan data terbaru dari Institusi Statistik UNESCO."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "School closures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have shed a light on numerous issues affecting access to education, as well as broader socio-economic issues.", "id": "Penutupan sekolah sebagai respons terhadap pandemi COVID-19 menyoroti berbagai masalah yang memengaruhi akses ke pendidikan, serta masalah sosial-ekonomi yang lebih luas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 12, more than 370 million children and youth are not attending school because of temporary or indefinite country wide school closures mandated by governments in an attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19.", "id": "Pada 12 Maret, lebih dari 370 juta anak dan remaja tidak bersekolah karena penutupan sekolah sementara atau tidak terbatas yang terjadi di seluruh negeri dan diamanatkan oleh pemerintah dalam upaya untuk memperlambat penyebaran COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 29 March, nearly 90% of the world's learners were impacted by closures.Even when school closures are temporary, it carries high social and economic costs.", "id": "Per 29 Maret, hampir 90% pelajar di seluruh dunia terdampak oleh penutupan. Penutupan sekolah yang bersifat sementara sekalipun menyebabkan dampak sosial dan ekonomi yang tinggi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The disruptions they cause affect people across communities, but their impact is more severe for disadvantaged children and their families including interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems and consequent economic cost to families who cannot work.", "id": "Gangguan yang disebabkannya memengaruhi orang di semua komunitas, tetapi dampaknya paling parah bagi anak kurang beruntung dan keluarganya, yang mencakup gangguan belajar, gizi tidak memadai, masalah pengasuhan anak, dan konsekuensi ekonomi bagi keluarga yang tidak dapat bekerja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Working parents are more likely to miss work when schools close in order to take care of their children, incurring wage loss in many instances and negatively impacting productivity.", "id": "Saat sekolah ditutup, orang tua yang bekerja kemungkinan harus membolos kerja untuk menjaga anaknya sehingga, dalam banyak kasus, menyebabkan kehilangan upah dan berdampak negatif pada produktivitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Localised school closures place burdens on schools as parents and officials redirect children to schools that are open.", "id": "Penutupan sekolah lokal menempatkan beban pada sekolah karena orang tua dan pejabat mengalihkan anak ke sekolah yang buka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Women often represent a large share of health-care workers and often cannot attend work because of childcare obligations that result from school closures.", "id": "Wanita sering kali mewakili sebagian besar tenaga kesehatan dan sering kali tidak bisa masuk kerja karena kewajiban mengasuh anak akibat penutupan sekolah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This means that many medical professionals are not at the facilities where they are most needed during a health crisis.", "id": "Hal ini berarti bahwa banyak tenaga medis tidak berada di fasilitas kesehatan tempat mereka paling dibutuhkan selama krisis kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Lack of access to technology or fast, reliable internet access can prevent students in rural areas and from disadvantaged families.", "id": "Kurangnya akses ke teknologi atau akses internet yang cepat dan andal dapat menghambat siswa di daerah pedesaan dan dari keluarga kurang beruntung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Lack of access to technology or good internet connectivity is an obstacle to continued learning, especially for students from disadvantaged families.", "id": "Kurangnya akses ke teknologi atau sambungan internet yang baik merupakan hambatan untuk melanjutkan pembelajaran, terutama bagi siswa dari keluarga kurang beruntung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In response to school closures caused by COVID-19, UNESCO recommends the use of distance learning programmes and open educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit the disruption of education.To aid in slowing the transmission of COVID-19, hundreds of libraries have temporarily closed.", "id": "Menanggapi penutupan sekolah akibat COVID-19, UNESCO merekomendasikan penggunaan program pembelajaran jarak jauh dan aplikasi serta platform pendidikan terbuka yang dapat digunakan sekolah dan guru untuk menjangkau pelajar dari jarak jauh dan membatasi gangguan pendidikan. Untuk membantu memperlambat transmisi COVID -19, ratusan perpustakaan sementara ditutup."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the United States, numerous major cities announced public library closures, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and New York City, affecting 221 libraries.", "id": "Di Amerika Serikat, banyak kota besar mengumumkan penutupan perpustakaan umum, yang mencakup Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, dan Kota New York, dan berdampak pada 221 perpustakaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For students without internet at home, this increases the difficulty of keeping up with distance learning.", "id": "Untuk siswa yang tidak memiliki internet di rumah, hal ini meningkatkan kesulitan dalam mengikuti pembelajaran jarak jauh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "School closures puts a strain on parents and guardians to provide childcare and manage distance learning while children are out of school.", "id": "Penutupan sekolah memberi tekanan pada orang tua dan wali untuk menyediakan pengasuhan anak dan mengelola pembelajaran jarak jauh saat anak tidak bersekolah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the absence of alternative options, working parents often leave children alone when schools close and this can lead to risky behaviours, including increased influence of peer pressure and substance abuse.", "id": "Jika tidak ada pilihan lain, orang tua yang bekerja sering kali meninggalkan anak sendirian saat sekolah ditutup dan hal ini dapat mengakibatkan perilaku berisiko, yang mencakup meningkatnya pengaruh tekanan teman sebaya dan penyalahgunaan zat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many children worldwide rely on free or discounted meals at schools.", "id": "Banyak anak di seluruh dunia bergantung pada makanan gratis atau makanan dengan potongan harga di sekolah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When schools close, nutrition is compromised.Nutrition plays a critical role in cognitive development and academic performance for children.In Washington State, around 45% of the states 1.1 million students enrolled in traditional public and charter schools qualify for subsidised school meals.", "id": "Ketika sekolah ditutup, kecukupan gizi terganggu. Gizi berperan penting dalam perkembangan kognitif dan kinerja akademik bagi anak. Di negara bagian Washington, sekitar 45% dari 1,1 juta siswa negara bagian yang terdaftar di sekolah umum dan sekolah yang didanai pemerintah memenuhi syarat untuk mendapat makanan sekolah bersubsidi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "At least 520,000 students and their families may be affected by food insecurity as a result of school closures.School lunch programmes are the second-biggest anti-hunger initiative in the United States after food stamps.", "id": "Setidaknya 520.000 siswa dan keluarganya mungkin terdampak oleh kerawanan pangan akibat penutupan sekolah. Program makan siang sekolah adalah inisiatif antikelaparan terbesar kedua di Amerika Serikat setelah kupon makanan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Every year, nearly 30 million children rely on schools to provide free or low-cost meals including breakfast, lunch, snacks, and even dinner.In Alabama, where state-wide school closures as of 18 March have affected over 720,000 students, the state Superintendent announced that staff in schools disproportionately affected by poverty would create meal distribution networks to provide food for students who rely on school lunches.", "id": "Setiap tahun, hampir 30 juta anak bergantung pada sekolah untuk mendapatkan makanan gratis atau murah, yang mencakup sarapan, makan siang, makanan ringan, dan bahkan makan malam. Di Alabama, dengan penutupan sekolah di seluruh negara bagian per 18 Maret berdampak pada 720.000 siswa, pejabat negara bagian mengumumkan bahwa staf di sekolah yang sebagian terdampak kemiskinan akan menciptakan jaringan distribusi makanan untuk menyediakan makanan bagi siswa yang bergantung pada makan siang sekolah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "School closures negatively impact student learning outcomes.", "id": "Penutupan sekolah berdampak negatif pada hasil akhir pembelajaran siswa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Schooling provides essential learning and when schools close, children and youth are deprived opportunities for growth and development.", "id": "Sekolah menyediakan pembelajaran yang esensial dan, ketika sekolah ditutup, anak dan remaja kehilangan kesempatan untuk bertumbuh dan berkembang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The disadvantages are disproportionate for under-privileged learners who tend to have fewer educational opportunities beyond school.Student drop-out rates tend to increase as an effect of school closures due to the challenge of ensuring all students return to school once school closures ends.", "id": "Kerugiannya lebih berat bagi pelajar kurang beruntung yang cenderung memiliki lebih sedikit kesempatan edukasional di luar sekolah. Angka putus sekolah cenderung meningkat akibat penutupan sekolah karena kesulitan untuk memastikan semua siswa kembali ke sekolah setelah penutupan sekolah berakhir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is especially true of protracted closures.Schools are hubs of social activity and human interaction.", "id": "Hal ini terutama berlaku jika penutupan sekolah diperpanjang. Sekolah merupakan pusat kegiatan sosial dan interaksi manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When schools are closed, many children and youth miss out of on social contact that is essential to learning and development.When schools close parents are often asked to facilitate the learning of children at home and can struggle to perform this task.", "id": "Ketika sekolah ditutup, banyak anak dan remaja kehilangan kontak sosial yang penting untuk pembelajaran dan pengembangan. Ketika sekolah tutup, orang tua sering kali diminta untuk memfasilitasi pembelajaran anak di rumah dan dapat kesulitan untuk melakukan tugas ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is especially true for parents with limited education and resources.", "id": "Hal ini terutama terjadi pada orang tua dengan pendidikan dan sumber daya terbatas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Potential impacts of school closures and reliance on distance learning are not addressed in federal acts of legislation at this time.", "id": "Saat ini, potensi dampak penutupan sekolah dan ketergantungan pada pembelajaran jarak jauh tidak dibahas dalam undang-undang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Formal education — as opposed to informal education or non-formal education — tends to refer to schools, colleges, universities and training institutions.", "id": "Pendidikan formal, berlawanan dengan pendidikan informal atau pendidikan nonformal, cenderung merujuk ke sekolah, perguruan tinggi, universitas, dan lembaga pelatihan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A 1974 report by the World Bank defined formal education as the following:Formal education: the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded ‘education system’, running from primary school through the university and including, in addition to general academic studies, a variety of specialised programmes and institutions for full-time technical and professional training.The majority of data collected on the number of students and learners impacted by COVID-19 has been calculated based on the closure of formal education systems.", "id": "Laporan Bank Dunia pada tahun 1974 mendefinisikan pendidikan formal sebagai berikut: Pendidikan formal: 'sistem pendidikan' yang terstruktur secara hierarki dan berjenjang secara kronologi, mulai dari sekolah dasar hingga universitas dan mencakup, selain studi akademik umum, berbagai program khusus dan lembaga untuk pelatihan teknis dan profesional penuh waktu. Mayoritas data yang dikumpulkan tentang jumlah siswa dan pelajar yang terdampak COVID-19 dihitung berdasarkan penutupan sistem pendidikan formal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The UNESCO Institute for Statistics provides figures on students impacted by COVID-19 corresponding to the number of learners enrolled at pre-primary, primary, lower-secondary, and upper-secondary levels of education [ISCED levels 0 to 3], as well as at tertiary education levels [ISCED levels 5 to 8].", "id": "Institusi Statistik UNESCO menyediakan angka tentang siswa yang terdampak COVID-19 berdasarkan jumlah pelajar yang terdaftar di tingkat pendidikan prasekolah-dasar, sekolah dasar, menengah pertama, dan menengah atas [tingkat ISCED 0 hingga 3], serta di tingkat pendidikan tersier [tingkat ISCED 5 hingga 8]."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Early childhood educational programmes are usually designed for children below the age of 3 and may refer to preschools, nursery schools, kindergartens, and some day care programmes.", "id": "Program pendidikan anak usia dini biasanya dirancang untuk anak berusia di bawah 3 tahun dan dapat merujuk ke prasekolah, pendidikan anak usia dini, taman kanak-kanak, dan beberapa program penitipan anak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "While many primary and secondary schools have closed around the world due to COVID-19, measures impacting early childhood educational programmes have varied.", "id": "Sementara sebagian besar sekolah dasar dan menengah ditutup di seluruh dunia karena COVID-19, langkah yang berdampak pada program pendidikan anak usia dini beragam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In some countries and territories, preschools and day cares are considered necessary services and have not closed in tandem with broader school closure measures.In the United States, the Washington State Department of Children, Youth, and Families encouraged child care and early learning centres to stay open.", "id": "Di beberapa negara dan wilayah teritorial, prasekolah dan penitipan anak dianggap sebagai layanan esensial dan tidak ditutup bersama langkah penutupan sekolah yang lain. Di Amerika Serikat, Departemen Anak, Remaja, dan Keluarga negara bagian Washington mendorong tempat penitipan anak dan pusat pembelajaran usia dini untuk tetap buka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some school districts may offer alternative child care options, prioritising the children of first responders and healthcare workers.", "id": "Beberapa sekolah wilayah mungkin menawarkan pilihan penitipan anak alternatif yang memprioritaskan anak-anak pekerja esensial dan tenaga kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The governor of Maryland mandated that specific child care services remain open for the children of emergency personnel while Washington State and California have left it to the discretion of care providers.", "id": "Gubernur Maryland mengamanatkan agar layanan penitipan anak khusus tetap buka untuk anak-anak petugas kedaruratan, sementara negara bagian Washington dan California menyerahkannya pada kebijaksanaan penyedia perawatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "California Governor Gavin Newsom explained his state's position, saying “We need our child care facilities, our daycare centers, to operate to absorb the impact of these school closures.”", "id": "Gubernur California Gavin Newsom menjelaskan keputusan negara bagiannya, dengan mengatakan, “Kami membutuhkan fasilitas pengasuhan anak, yakni pusat penitipan anak, untuk beroperasi guna menyerap dampak penutupan sekolah ini.”"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Colorado has encouraged the development of \"tool kits\" for parents to use at home to emulate the lessons children would have received in their early learning programmes.In Japan, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe closed all schools throughout the country until April 8, however, children's daycare facilities were excluded.", "id": "Colorado mendorong pengembangan \"perangkat alat\" untuk digunakan orang tua di rumah menirukan pelajaran yang akan diterima anak dalam program pembelajaran awal mereka. Di Jepang, Perdana Menteri Shinzo Abe menutup semua sekolah di seluruh negeri hingga 8 April, tetapi, fasilitas penitipan anak tidak termasuk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In early March, five adults associated with a nursing facility for preschool children in Kobe tested positive for coronavirus.", "id": "Pada awal Maret, lima orang dewasa yang berkaitan dengan fasilitas penitipan anak prasekolah di Kobe teruji positif untuk koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After testing over one hundred children at the facility, a preschool student was found to be carrying the virus.", "id": "Setelah menguji lebih dari seratus anak di fasilitas itu, seorang siswa prasekolah ditemukan membawa virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Primary or elementary education typically consists of the first four to seven years of formal education.", "id": "Pendidikan pertama atau sekolah dasar biasanya terdiri dari empat hingga tujuh tahun pertama pendidikan formal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) canceled the examinations for its Diploma Programme and Career-related Programme candidates scheduled between 30 April and 22 May 2020, reportedly affecting more than 200,000 students worldwide.", "id": "International Baccalaureate Organisation (IBO) membatalkan ujian untuk kandidat Program Diploma dan Program Karier yang dijadwalkan antara 30 April dan 22 Mei 2020, yang dilaporkan berdampak pada lebih dari 200.000 siswa di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The IBO stated that it would award candidates their diplomas or certificates based on \"their coursework\" and \"the established assessment expertise, rigor, and quality control already built into the programme.\"", "id": "IBO menyatakan bahwa mereka akan memberikan diploma atau sertifikat kepada kandidat berdasarkan \"tugas sekolah mereka\" dan \"keahlian, kekokohan, dan pengendalian mutu sistem penilaian yang telah dipadukan ke dalam program.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Tertiary education, also known as higher education, refers to the non-compulsory educational levels that follow completion of secondary school or high school.", "id": "Pendidikan tersier, yang disebut juga pendidikan tinggi, mengacu pada tingkat pendidikan nonwajib setelah menamatkan sekolah menengah atas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training.", "id": "Pendidikan tersier yang biasa dilakukan mencakup pendidikan sarjana dan pascasarjana, serta pendidikan dan pelatihan kejuruan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Individuals who complete tertiary education generally receive certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.", "id": "Individu yang menyelesaikan pendidikan tersier biasanya menerima sertifikat, diploma, atau gelar akademik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Undergraduate education is education conducted after secondary education and prior to post-graduate education, for which the learner is typically awarded a bachelor's degree.", "id": "Pendidikan sarjana adalah pendidikan yang dilakukan setelah pendidikan menengah dan sebelum pendidikan pascasarjana; untuk pendidikan ini, pelajar biasanya dianugerahi gelar sarjana."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Students enrolled in higher education programmes at colleges, universities, and community colleges are often refereed to in countries such as United States as \"college students.\"The closure of colleges and universities has widespread implications for students, faculty, administrators, and the institutions themselves.", "id": "Siswa yang terdaftar di program pendidikan tinggi di perguruan tinggi, universitas, dan sekolah tinggi, di negara-negara seperti Amerika Serikat, sering disebut sebagai \"mahasiswa\".Penutupan perguruan tinggi dan universitas memiliki implikasi luas bagi mahasiswa, fakultas, petugas administrasi, dan institusi itu sendiri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Colleges and universities across the United States have been called upon to issue refunds to students for the cost of tuition and room and board.", "id": "Perguruan tinggi dan universitas di seluruh Amerika Serikat diminta untuk mengembalikan biaya kuliah, kamar, dan asrama kepada mahasiswa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the United States of America, Colleges and universities operate as \"mini-cities\" which generate significant revenue for cities, states, and regions.", "id": "Di Amerika Serikat, perguruan tinggi dan universitas beroperasi sebagai \"kota kecil\" yang menghasilkan pendapatan signifikan bagi kota, negara bagian, dan wilayah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, Princeton University contributed $1.58 billion USD to the New Jersey economy and students spent about $60 million in off-campus spending.", "id": "Sebagai contoh, Universitas Princeton menyumbang $1,58 miliar USD untuk ekonomi New Jersey dan mahasiswa menghabiskan sekitar $60 juta dalam pengeluaran di luar kampus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "College and university closures have a domino effect on economies with far-reaching implications.According to Linda Bilmes of the Harvard Kennedy School, \"local hotels, restaurants, cafes, shops, car rental agencies and other local businesses obtain a significant share of annual revenue from graduation week and college reunions...", "id": "Penutupan perguruan tinggi dan universitas memiliki efek domino pada ekonomi dengan implikasi yang luas. Menurut Linda Bilmes dari Harvard Kennedy School, \"Ada bagian signifikan dalam pendapatan tahunan hotel, restoran, kafe, toko, agensi penyewaan mobil lokal, dan bisnis lokal lainnya yang berasal dari minggu wisuda dan reuni kampus..."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "these communities will suffer a lot of economic damage if the colleges remain closed at that time.\"Small towns which rely on college students to support the local economy and provide labour to local businesses are especially impacted by school closures and the exodus of students from campus.", "id": "komunitas ini akan menderita kerugian ekonomi besar jika perguruan tinggi tetap ditutup pada waktu-waktu tersebut.\"Kota-kota kecil yang mengandalkan mahasiswa untuk mendukung ekonomi lokal dan menyediakan tenaga kerja untuk bisnis lokal sangat terdampak oleh penutupan sekolah dan keluarnya mahasiswa dari kampus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Ithaca, New York, Cornell University students spent at least $4 million a week in Tompkins county.", "id": "Di Ithaca, New York, mahasiswa Universitas Cornell menghabiskan setidaknya $4 juta per minggu di daerah Tompkins."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the wake of Cornell's decision to keep students home following spring break and transition to virtual instruction, the Mayor of Ithaca called for \"immediate and forceful federal action — we will see a horrific economic impact as a result of Cornell University closing.\"", "id": "Setelah keputusan Cornell untuk mahasiswa tetap di rumah setelah liburan musim semi dan beralih ke instruksi virtual, Walikota Ithaca menyerukan \"tindakan federal yang segera dan tegas, kita akan melihat dampak ekonomi yang mengerikan sebagai akibat dari penutupan Universitas Cornell.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "UNESCO is sharing 10 recommendations during this period:", "id": "UNESCO membagikan 10 rekomendasi selama masa ini:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Examine the readiness and choose the most relevant tools: Decide on the use high-technology and low-technology solutions based on the reliability of local power supplies, internet connectivity, and digital skills of teachers and students.", "id": "Periksa kesiapan dan pilih alat yang paling relevan: Tentukan penggunaan solusi berteknologi tinggi dan berteknologi rendah berdasarkan keandalan pasokan listrik lokal, sambungan internet, dan keahlian digital guru dan siswa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This could range through integrated digital learning platforms, video lessons, MOOCs, to broadcasting through radios and TVs.", "id": "Pilihan ini dapat berkisar mulai dari platform pembelajaran digital terintegrasi, pelajaran video, kursus daring terbuka massal, hingga penyiaran melalui radio dan TV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ensure inclusion of the distance learning programmes: Implement measures to ensure that students including those with disabilities or from low-income backgrounds have access to distance learning programmes, if only a limited number of them have access to digital devices.", "id": "Pastikan penyertaan program pembelajaran jarak jauh: Terapkan langkah-langkah untuk memastikan bahwa siswa, termasuk mereka yang berkebutuhan khusus atau dari latar belakang berpenghasilan rendah, memiliki akses ke program pembelajaran jarak jauh jika hanya sejumlah kecil dari mereka yang memiliki akses ke perangkat digital."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Consider temporarily decentralising such devices from computer labs to families and support them with internet connectivity.", "id": "Pertimbangkan untuk sementara mengalihkan perangkat tersebut dari laboratorium komputer kepada keluarga-keluarga serta mendukung mereka dengan sambungan internet."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Protect data privacy and data security: Assess data security when uploading data or educational resources to web spaces, as well as when sharing them with other organisations or individuals.", "id": "Lindungi privasi data dan keamanan data: Nilai keamanan data saat mengunggah data atau sumber daya pendidikan ke ruang web, serta saat membagikannya dengan organisasi atau individu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ensure that the use of applications and platforms does not violate students’ data privacy.", "id": "Pastikan bahwa penggunaan aplikasi dan platform tidak melanggar privasi data siswa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Prioritize solutions to address psychosocial challenges before teaching: Mobilize available tools to connect schools, parents, teachers, and students with each other.", "id": "Prioritaskan solusi untuk mengatasi tantangan psikososial sebelum mengajar: Mobilisasikan alat yang tersedia untuk menghubungkan sekolah, orang tua, guru, dan siswa satu sama lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Create communities to ensure regular human interactions, enable social caring measures, and address possible psychosocial challenges that students may face when they are isolated.", "id": "Ciptakan komunitas untuk memastikan interaksi manusia secara teratur, memungkinkan tindakan kepedulian sosial, dan mengatasi tantangan psikososial yang mungkin dihadapi siswa ketika mereka terisolasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Plan the study schedule of the distance learning programmes: Organise discussions with stakeholders to examine the possible duration of school closures and decide whether the distance learning programme should focus on teaching new knowledge or enhance students’ knowledge of prior lessons.", "id": "Rencanakan jadwal studi program pembelajaran jarak jauh: Adakan diskusi dengan pemangku kepentingan untuk mengetahui kemungkinan durasi penutupan sekolah dan putuskan apakah program pembelajaran jarak jauh harus berfokus pada mengajarkan pengetahuan baru atau meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa tentang pelajaran sebelumnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Plan the schedule depending on the situation of the affected zones, level of studies, needs of students needs, and availability of parents.", "id": "Rencanakan jadwal tergantung pada situasi zona yang terdampak, tingkat studi, kebutuhan siswa, dan ketersediaan orang tua."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Choose the appropriate learning methodologies based on the status of school closures and home-based quarantines.", "id": "Pilih metodologi pembelajaran yang sesuai berdasarkan status penutupan sekolah dan karantina di rumah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Avoid learning methodologies that require face-to-face communication.", "id": "Hindari metodologi pembelajaran yang membutuhkan komunikasi tatap muka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Provide support to teachers and parents on the use of digital tools: Organise brief training or orientation sessions for teachers and parents as well, if monitoring and facilitation are needed.", "id": "Berikan dukungan kepada guru dan orang tua tentang penggunaan alat digital: Susun pelatihan singkat atau sesi orientasi untuk guru serta orang tua jika pemantauan dan fasilitasi diperlukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Help teachers to prepare the basic settings such as solutions to the use of internet data if they are required to provide live streaming of lessons.", "id": "Bantu guru untuk mempersiapkan pengaturan dasar, seperti solusi untuk penggunaan data internet, jika mereka harus memberikan pelajaran live streaming."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Blend appropriate approaches and limit the number of applications and platforms: Blend tools or media that are available for most students, both for synchronous communication and lessons, and for asynchronous learning.", "id": "Kombinasikan pendekatan yang sesuai dan batasi jumlah aplikasi dan platform: Kombinasikan alat atau media yang tersedia untuk sebagian besar siswa, baik untuk komunikasi dan pelajaran pada waktu bersamaan maupun untuk pembelajaran yang tidak bersamaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Avoid overloading students and parents by asking them to download and test too many applications or platforms.", "id": "Hindari membebani siswa dan orang tua dengan meminta mereka mengunduh dan menguji terlalu banyak aplikasi atau platform."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Develop distance learning rules and monitor students’ learning process: Define the rules with parents and students on distance learning.", "id": "Kembangkan aturan pembelajaran jarak jauh dan pantau proses belajar siswa: Tetapkan aturan dengan orang tua dan siswa tentang pembelajaran jarak jauh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Design formative questions, tests, or exercises to monitor closely students’ learning process.", "id": "Rancang pertanyaan, ujian, atau latihan yang formatif guna memantau proses belajar siswa dengan cermat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Try to use tools to support submission of students’ feedback and avoid overloading parents by requesting them to scan and send students’ feedback", "id": "Usahakan menggunakan alat untuk mendukung pengiriman umpan balik siswa dan hindari membebani orang tua dengan meminta mereka untuk memindai dan mengirim umpan balik siswa"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Define the duration of distance learning units based on students’ self-regulation skills: Keep a coherent timing according to the level of the students’ self-regulation and metacognitive abilities especially for livestreaming classes.", "id": "Tentukan durasi unit pembelajaran jarak jauh berdasarkan kemampuan pengaturan diri siswa: Pertahankan waktu yang koheren sesuai dengan tingkat kemampuan pengaturan diri dan metakognitif siswa terutama untuk kelas livestreaming."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Preferably, the unit for primary school students should not be more than 20 minutes, and no longer than 40 minutes for secondary school students.", "id": "Sebaiknya, unit pembelajaran untuk siswa sekolah dasar tidak lebih dari 20 menit dan tidak lebih dari 40 menit untuk siswa sekolah menengah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Create communities and enhance connection: Create communities of teachers, parents, and school managers to address sense of loneliness or helplessness, facilitate sharing of experience and discussion on coping strategies when facing learning difficulties.", "id": "Ciptakan komunitas dan tingkatkan koneksi: Ciptakan komunitas guru, orang tua, dan manajer sekolah untuk mengatasi rasa kesepian atau ketidakberdayaan, fasilitasi berbagi pengalaman dan diskusi tentang strategi beradaptasi ketika menghadapi kesulitan belajar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "290 million students out of school due to COVID-19: UNESCO releases first global numbers and mobilizes response, UNESCO.", "id": "290 juta siswa tidak bersekolah karena COVID-19: UNESCO merilis angka global pertama dan memobilisasi respons, UNESCO."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19", "id": "Pengendalian bahaya tempat kerja untuk COVID-19"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19 are the application of occupational safety and health methodologies for hazard controls to the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "id": "Pengendalian bahaya tempat kerja untuk COVID-19 adalah penerapan metodologi keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja untuk pengendalian bahaya guna pencegahan penyakit koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The proper hazard controls in the workplace depend on the worksite and job task, based on a risk assessment of sources of exposure, disease severity in the community, and risk factors of individual workers who may be vulnerable to contracting COVID-19.", "id": "Pengendalian bahaya yang tepat di tempat kerja tergantung pada lokasi kerja dan tugas pekerjaan, yang didasarkan pada penilaian risiko sumber paparan, tingkat keparahan penyakit di masyarakat, dan faktor risiko masing-masing pekerja yang mungkin rentan tertular COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), lower exposure risk jobs have minimal occupational contact with the public and other coworkers, for which basic infection prevention measures are recommended, including hand washing, encouraging workers to stay home if they are sick, respiratory etiquette, and maintaining routine cleaning and disinfecting of the work environment.", "id": "Menurut Administrasi Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (OSHA) AS, pekerjaan berisiko paparan rendah memiliki kontak pekerjaan yang minimal dengan publik dan rekan kerja lainnya; untuk pekerjaan ini, dianjurkan langkah-langkah pencegahan infeksi dasar, yang mencakup mencuci tangan, mendorong pekerja untuk tinggal di rumah jika sakit, etika pernapasan, dan melakukan pembersihan serta disinfeksi lingkungan kerja secara rutin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Medium exposure risk jobs include those that require frequent or close contact with people who are not known or suspected with COVID-19, but may be infected due to ongoing community transmission or international travel.", "id": "Pekerjaan berisiko paparan sedang mencakup pekerjaan yang membutuhkan kontak dekat atau sering dengan orang yang tidak diketahui atau diduga menderita COVID-19, tetapi mungkin terinfeksi karena penularan di masyarakat yang sedang berlangsung atau perjalanan internasional."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This includes workers who have contact with the general public such as in schools, high-population-density work environments, and some high-volume retail settings.", "id": "Kelompok ini termasuk pekerja yang memiliki kontak dengan masyarakat umum seperti di sekolah, lingkungan kerja dengan kepadatan populasi tinggi, dan tatanan ritel volume tinggi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hazard controls for this group, in addition to basic infection prevention measures, include ventilation using high-efficiency air filters, sneeze guards, and having personal protective equipment available in case a person with COVID-19 is encountered.", "id": "Pengendalian bahaya untuk kelompok ini, selain langkah-langkah pencegahan infeksi dasar, mencakup ventilasi menggunakan saringan udara efisiensi tinggi, pelindung terhadap bersin, dan menyediakan alat pelindung diri apabila bertemu dengan penderita COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "OSHA considers healthcare and mortuary workers exposed to known or suspected person with COVID-19 to be at high exposure risk, which increases to very high exposure risk if workers perform aerosol-generating procedures on, or collect or handle specimens from, known or suspected person with COVID-19.", "id": "OSHA menganggap tenaga kesehatan dan kamar mayat yang terpapar pada orang yang diketahui atau diduga menderita COVID-19 berisiko paparan tinggi, yang meningkat menjadi berisiko paparan sangat tinggi jika pekerja melakukan prosedur penghasil aerosol pada, atau mengambil atau menangani spesimen dari, orang yang diketahui atau diduga menderita COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hazard controls appropriate for these workers include engineering controls such as negative pressure ventilation rooms, and personal protective equipment appropriate to the job task.", "id": "Pengendalian bahaya yang sesuai untuk pekerja ini mencakup pengendalian teknik, seperti ruang ventilasi bertekanan negatif, dan alat pelindung diri yang sesuai dengan tugas pekerjaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "COVID-19 outbreaks can have several effects within the workplace.", "id": "Wabah COVID-19 dapat memiliki beberapa dampak di tempat kerja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Workers may be absent from work due to becoming sick, needing to care for others, or from fear of possible exposure.", "id": "Pekerja mungkin tidak datang bekerja karena sakit, perlu merawat orang lain, atau karena takut akan kemungkinan paparan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Patterns of commerce may change, both in terms of what goods are demanded, and the means of acquiring these goods (such as shopping at off-peak hours or through delivery or drive-through services).", "id": "Pola perdagangan dapat berubah, baik dalam hal jenis barang yang diminta maupun cara memperoleh barang-barang ini (seperti berbelanja di luar jam sibuk, melalui pengiriman, atau lantatur)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Lastly, shipments of items from geographic areas severely affected by COVID-19 may be interrupted.An infectious disease preparedness and response plan can be used to guide protective actions.", "id": "Akhirnya, pengiriman barang dari wilayah geografis yang sangat terdampak COVID-19 dapat terganggu. Kesiapsiagaan dan rencana penanggulangan penyakit infeksi dapat digunakan untuk memandu tindakan perlindungan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Plans address the levels of risk associated with various worksites and job tasks, including sources of exposure, risk factors arising from home and community settings, and risk factors of individual workers such as old age or chronic medical conditions.", "id": "Rencana mempertimbangkan tingkat risiko yang terkait dengan berbagai tempat kerja dan tugas pekerjaan, mencakup sumber paparan, faktor risiko yang timbul dari tatanan rumah dan masyarakat, serta faktor risiko masing-masing pekerja, seperti usia tua atau kondisi medis kronis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They also outline controls necessary to address those risks, and contingency plans for situations that may arise as a result of outbreaks.", "id": "Rencana juga menguraikan pengendalian yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi risiko tersebut dan rencana darurat untuk situasi yang mungkin timbul sebagai akibat dari wabah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Infectious disease preparedness and response plans may be subject to national or subnational recommendations.", "id": "Kesiapsiagaan dan rencana penanggulangan penyakit menular mungkin tunduk pada rekomendasi nasional atau subnasional."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Objectives for response to an outbreak include reducing transmission among staff, protecting people who are at higher risk for adverse health complications, maintaining business operations, and minimizing adverse effects on other entities in their supply chains.", "id": "Tujuan penanggulangan wabah mencakup mengurangi penularan di antara staf, melindungi orang yang berisiko lebih tinggi untuk komplikasi kesehatan yang buruk, mempertahankan operasi bisnis, dan meminimalkan efek buruk pada entitas lain dalam rantai pasokan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The disease severity in the community where the business is located affects the responses taken.", "id": "Tingkat keparahan penyakit di komunitas tempat bisnis berada memengaruhi tindakan penanggulangan yang diambil."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The hierarchy of hazard controls is a framework widely used in occupational safety and health to group hazard controls by effectiveness.", "id": "Hirarki pengendalian bahaya adalah kerangka kerja yang banyak digunakan dalam keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja untuk mengelompokkan pengendalian bahaya berdasarkan keefektifannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Where COVID-19 hazards cannot be eliminated, the most effective controls are engineering controls, followed by administrative controls, and lastly personal protective equipment.", "id": "Apabila bahaya COVID-19 tidak dapat dihilangkan, pengendalian paling efektif adalah pengendalian teknis, diikuti pengedalian administratif, dan terakhir alat pelindung diri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Engineering controls involve isolating employees from work-related hazards without relying on worker behavior, and can be the most cost-effective solution to implement.", "id": "Pengendalian teknis meliputi mengisolasi karyawan dari bahaya terkait pekerjaan tanpa bergantung pada perilaku pekerja dan dapat menjadi solusi paling hemat biaya untuk diterapkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Administrative controls are changes in work policy or procedures that require action by the worker or employer.", "id": "Pengendalian administratif adalah perubahan dalam kebijakan atau prosedur kerja yang memerlukan tindakan pekerja atau pemberi kerja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Personal protective equipment (PPE) is considered less effective than engineering and administrative controls, but can help prevent some exposures.", "id": "Alat pelindung diri (APD) dianggap kurang efektif dibandingkan pengendalian teknik dan administratif, tetapi dapat membantu mencegah sebagian paparan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All types of PPE must be selected based upon the hazard to the worker, properly fitted as applicable (e.g., respirators), consistently and properly worn, regularly inspected, maintained, and replaced, as necessary, and properly removed, cleaned, and stored or disposed of to avoid contamination.", "id": "Semua jenis APD harus dipilih berdasarkan bahaya pada pekerja, dipasang dengan benar sebagaimana berlaku (misalnya, respirator), dikenakan secara konsisten dan benar, diperiksa, dirawat, dan diganti secara berkala, jika perlu, dan dilepas, dibersihkan, dan disimpan dengan benar atau dibuang untuk menghindari kontaminasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), lower exposure risk jobs have minimal occupational contact with the public and other coworkers.", "id": "Menurut Administrasi Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (OSHA) AS, pekerjaan berisiko paparan rendah memiliki kontak pekerjaan yang minimal dengan publik dan rekan kerja lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Basic infection prevention measures recommended for all workplaces include frequent and thorough hand washing, encouraging workers to stay home if they are sick, respiratory etiquette including covering coughs and sneezes, providing tissues and trash receptacles, preparing for telecommuting or staggered shifts if needed, discouraging workers from using others' tools and equipment, and maintaining routine cleaning and disinfecting of the work environment.", "id": "Langkah-langkah pencegahan infeksi dasar yang direkomendasikan untuk semua tempat kerja termasuk sering mencuci tangan secara saksama, mendorong pekerja untuk tinggal di rumah jika sakit, etika pernapasan mencakup menutupi batuk dan bersin, menyediakan jaringan dan wadah sampah, mempersiapkan kerja dari jarak jauh atau giliran kerja dengan waktu kedatangan/kepulangan bertahap, jika diperlukan, memberi tahu pekerja untuk tidak menggunakan alat dan perlengkapan orang lain, dan melakukan pembersihan dan disinfeksi lingkungan kerja secara rutin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Prompt identification and isolation of potentially infectious individuals is a critical step in protecting workers, customers, visitors, and others at a worksite.", "id": "Identifikasi yang cepat dan isolasi terhadap individu yang berpotensi menularkan adalah langkah penting dalam melindungi pekerja, pelanggan, pengunjung, dan orang lain di tempat kerja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that employees who have symptoms of acute respiratory illness are to stay home until they are free of fever, signs of a fever, and any other symptoms for at least 24 hours without the use of fever-reducing or other symptom-altering medicines, and that sick leave policies are flexible, permit employees to stay home to care for a sick family member, and that employees are aware of these policies.", "id": "Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit (CDC) AS merekomendasikan agar karyawan yang memiliki gejala penyakit pernapasan akut harus tinggal di rumah hingga mereka bebas dari demam, tanda-tanda demam, dan gejala lainnya selama setidaknya 24 jam tanpa menggunakan obat penurun demam atau obat pengubah gejala lainnya, dan agar kebijakan cuti sakit bersifat fleksibel sehingga memungkinkan karyawan untuk tinggal di rumah untuk merawat anggota keluarga yang sakit, dan agar karyawan mengetahui kebijakan ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to OSHA, medium exposure risk jobs include those that require frequent or close contact within six feet (1.8 m) of people who are not known or suspected COVID-19 patients, but may be infected with SARS-CoV-2 due to ongoing community transmission around the business location, or because the individual has recent international travel to a location with widespread COVID-19 transmission.", "id": "Menurut OSHA, pekerjaan berisiko paparan sedang mencakup pekerjaan yang membutuhkan kontak dekat atau sering dalam jarak enam kaki (1,8 meter) dengan orang yang tidak diketahui atau diduga menderita COVID-19, tetapi mungkin terinfeksi dengan SARS-CoV-2 karena penularan di masyarakat sekitar lokasi bisnis, atau karena seseorang baru melakukan perjalanan internasional ke lokasi dengan penularan COVID-19 yang luas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These include workers who have contact with the general public such as in schools, high-population-density work environments, and some high-volume retail settings.Engineering controls for this and higher risk groups include installing high-efficiency air filters, increasing ventilation rates, installing physical barriers such as clear plastic sneeze guards, and installing a drive-through window for customer service.Administrative controls for this and higher risk groups include encouraging sick workers to stay at home, replacing face-to-face meetings with virtual communications, establishing staggered shifts, discontinuing nonessential travel to locations with ongoing COVID-19 outbreaks, developing emergency communications plans including a forum for answering workers’ concerns, providing workers with up-to-date education and training on COVID-19 risk factors and protective behaviors, training workers who need to use protecting clothing and equipment how to use it, providing resources and a work environment that promotes personal hygiene, requiring regular hand washing, limiting customers' and the public's access to the worksite, and posting signage about hand washing and other COVID-19 protective measures.Depending on the work task, workers with at least medium exposure risk may need to wear personal protective equipment including some combination of gloves, a gown, a face shield or face mask, or goggles.", "id": "Kelompok ini termasuk pekerja yang memiliki kontak dengan masyarakat umum seperti di sekolah, lingkungan kerja dengan kepadatan populasi tinggi, dan tatanan ritel volume tinggi. Pengendalian teknik untuk kelompok ini dan kelompok berisiko tinggi mencakup memasang filter udara efisiensi tinggi, meningkatkan tingkat ventilasi, memasang penghalang fisik seperti plastik bening penjaga bersin, dan memasang jendela drive-thru atau lantatur untuk layanan pelanggan. Pengendalian administratif untuk kelompok ini dan kelompok berisiko tinggi mencakup mendorong pekerja yang sakit untuk tinggal di rumah, mengganti pertemuan tatap muka dengan komunikasi virtual, membuat giliran kerja dengan waktu kedatangan/kepulangan bertahap, menghentikan perjalanan nonesensial ke lokasi yang sedang mengalami wabah COVID-19, mengembangkan rencana komunikasi darurat mencakup forum untuk menjawab keprihatinan pekerja, memperlengkapi pekerja dengan pendidikan dan pelatihan terkini tentang faktor risiko COVID-19 dan perilaku protektif, melatih pekerja yang perlu menggunakan pakaian dan alat pelindung tentang cara menggunakannya, menyediakan sumber daya dan lingkungan kerja yang mendukung higiene pribadi dan mengharuskan mencuci tangan secara teratur, membatasi akses pelanggan dan publik ke tempat kerja, dan memasang penanda peringatan tentang mencuci tangan dan langkah perlindungan COVID-19 lainnya. Bergantung pada tugas kerja, pekerja dengan setidaknya risiko paparan sedang mungkin perlu memakai alat pelindung diri mencakup kombinasi sarung tangan, jubah, perisai wajah atau masker wajah, atau kacamata pelindung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Workers in this risk group rarely require use of respirators.", "id": "Pekerja dalam kelompok risiko ini jarang membutuhkan respirator."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If a person becomes sick on an airplane, proper controls to protect workers and other passengers include separating the sick person from others by a distance of 6 feet, designating one crew member to serve the sick person, and offering a face mask to the sick person or asking the sick person to cover their mouth and nose with tissues when coughing or sneezing.", "id": "Jika seseorang jatuh sakit di pesawat terbang, kontrol yang tepat untuk melindungi pekerja dan penumpang lain mencakup memisahkan orang yang sakit dari orang lain dengan jarak 6 kaki, menunjuk satu awak kabin untuk mengurus orang yang sakit, dan menawarkan masker wajah untuk orang yang sakit atau memintanya menutup mulut dan hidung dengan tisu ketika batuk atau bersin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Cabin crew should wear disposable medical gloves when tending to a sick traveler or touching body fluids or potentially contaminated surfaces, and possibly additional personal protective equipment if the sick traveler has fever, persistent cough, or difficulty breathing.", "id": "Awak kabin harus mengenakan sarung tangan medis sekali-pakai ketika merawat penumpang yang sakit atau menyentuh cairan tubuh atau permukaan yang berpotensi terkontaminasi dan mungkin alat pelindung diri lain jika penumpang yang sakit mengalami demam, batuk terus-menerus, atau kesulitan bernapas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Gloves and other disposable items should be disposed of in a biohazard bag, and contaminated surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected afterwards.For commercial shipping, including cruise ships and other passenger vessels, hazard controls include postponing travel when sick, and self-isolating and informing the onboard medical center immediately if one develops a fever or other symptoms while on board.", "id": "Sarung tangan dan barang sekali pakai lainnya harus dibuang dalam kantong bahaya hayati, dan permukaan yang terkontaminasi harus dibersihkan dan didisinfeksi sesudahnya. Untuk pelayaran komersial, termasuk kapal pesiar dan kapal penumpang lainnya, pengendalian bahaya mencakup menunda perjalanan jika sakit, mengisolasi diri, dan menginformasikan pusat medis di atas kapal segera jika seseorang mengalami demam atau gejala lain saat berada di atas kapal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ideally, medical follow-up should occur in the isolated person's cabin.For schools and childcare facilities, CDC recommends short-term closure to clean or disinfect if an infected person has been in a school building regardless of community spread.", "id": "Idealnya, tindak lanjut medis dilakukan di kabin orang yang diisolasi. Terlepas dari penyebaran di masyarakat, untuk sekolah dan fasilitas penitipan anak, CDC merekomendasikan penutupan jangka pendek untuk membersihkan atau mendisinfeksi jika orang yang terinfeksi pernah berada di gedung sekolah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When there is minimal to moderate community transmission, social distancing strategies can be implemented such as canceling field trips, assemblies, and other large gatherings such as physical education or choir classes or meals in a cafeteria, increasing the space between desks, staggering arrival and dismissal times, limiting nonessential visitors, and using a separate health office location for children with flu-like symptoms.", "id": "Jika ada penularan di masyarakat pada tingkat minimal hingga sedang, strategi pembatasan sosial dapat diterapkan, yang mencakup: membatalkan kunjungan lapangan, pertemuan, dan perkumpulan besar lainnya, seperti pendidikan jasmani, kelas paduan suara, atau makan di kafetaria, meningkatkan jarak antara meja, waktu kedatangan dan kepulangan yang bertahap, membatasi pengunjung nonesensial, dan menggunakan lokasi kantor kesehatan yang terpisah untuk anak-anak dengan gejala mirip flu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When there is substantial transmission in the local community, in addition to social distancing strategies, extended school dismissals may be considered.For law enforcement personnel performing daily routine activities, the immediate health risk is considered low by CDC.", "id": "Jika ada penularan yang tinggi di masyarakat lokal, di samping strategi pembatasan sosial, memperpanjang penutupan sekolah dapat dipertimbangkan. Untuk petugas penegak hukum yang melakukan kegiatan rutin harian, risiko kesehatan langsung dianggap rendah oleh CDC."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Law enforcement officials who must make contact with individuals confirmed or suspected to have COVID-19 are recommended to follow the same guidelines as emergency medical technicians, including proper personal protective equipment.", "id": "Petugas penegak hukum yang harus melakukan kontak dengan orang terkonfirmasi atau terduga COVID-19 direkomendasikan untuk mengikuti pedoman yang sama dengan teknisi medis darurat, termasuk menggunakan alat pelindung diri yang sesuai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If close contact occurs during apprehension, workers should clean and disinfect their duty belt and gear prior to reuse using a household cleaning spray or wipe, and follow standard operating procedures for the containment and disposal of used PPE and for containing and laundering clothes.", "id": "Jika kontak dekat terjadi selama penangkapan, pekerja harus membersihkan dan mendisinfeksi sabuk dan perlengkapan tugas sebelum digunakan kembali dengan menggunakan semprotan atau lap pembersih rumah tangga dan mengikuti prosedur operasi standar untuk mengendalikan dan membuang APD bekas serta untuk mengendalikan dan mencuci pakaian kotor."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "OSHA considers certain healthcare and mortuary workers to be at high or very high categories of exposure risk.", "id": "OSHA menganggap tenaga kesehatan dan kamar mayat tertentu berada pada kategori risiko paparan tinggi atau sangat tinggi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "High exposure risk jobs include healthcare delivery, support, laboratory, and medical transport workers who are exposed to known or suspected COVID-19 patients.", "id": "Pekerjaan berisiko paparan tinggi mencakup pemberian perawatan kesehatan, dukungan, laboratorium, dan tenaga transportasi medis yang terpapar dengan pasien yang diketahui atau diduga COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These become very high exposure risk if workers perform aerosol-generating procedures on, or collect or handle specimens from, known or suspected COVID-19 patients.", "id": "Pekerjaan ini menjadi berisiko paparan sangat tinggi jika pekerja melakukan prosedur penghasil aerosol pada, atau mengambil atau menangani spesimen dari, pasien yang diketahui atau diduga COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Aerosol-generating procedures include intubation, cough induction procedures, bronchoscopies, some dental procedures and exams, or invasive specimen collection.", "id": "Prosedur penghasil aerosol meliputi intubasi, prosedur induksi batuk, bronkoskopi, beberapa prosedur dan pemeriksaan gigi, atau pengambilan spesimen invasif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "High exposure risk mortuary jobs include workers involved in preparing the bodies of people who had known or suspected cases of COVID-19 at the time of their death; these become very high exposure risk if they perform an autopsy.Additional engineering controls for these risk groups include isolation rooms for patients with known or suspected COVID-19, including when aerosol-generating procedures are performed.", "id": "Pekerjaan kamar mayat berisiko paparan tinggi meliputi pekerja yang terlibat dalam mempersiapkan mayat orang yang diketahui atau diduga kasus COVID-19 pada saat kematian; pekerjaan ini menjadi berisiko paparan sangat tinggi jika pekerja melakukan otopsi. Pengendalian teknik tambahan untuk kelompok risiko ini mencakup ruang isolasi untuk pasien yang diketahui atau diduga COVID-19, mencakup ketika prosedur penghasil aerosol dilakukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Specialized negative pressure ventilation may be appropriate in some healthcare and mortuary settings.", "id": "Ventilasi tekanan negatif khusus mungkin sesuai di beberapa tatanan perawatan kesehatan dan kamar mayat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Specimens should be handled with Biosafety Level 3 precautions.", "id": "Spesimen harus ditangani dengan tindakan pencegahan Level Keselamatan Biologi 3."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that incoming patients be separated into distinct waiting areas depending on whether they are a suspected COVID-19 case.In addition to other PPE, OSHA recommends respirators for those who work within 6 feet of patients known to be, or suspected of being, infected with SARS-CoV-2, and those performing aerosol-generating procedures.", "id": "Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) merekomendasikan agar pasien yang datang dipisahkan ke dalam ruang tunggu yang berbeda berdasarkan jika mereka diduga kasus COVID-19. Selain APD lainnya, OSHA merekomendasikan respirator bagi orang yang bekerja dalam jarak 6 kaki dari pasien yang diketahui atau diduga terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2, dan orang yang melakukan prosedur penghasil aerosol."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the United States, NIOSH-approved N95 filtering facepiece respirators or better must be used in the context of a comprehensive, written respiratory protection program that includes fit-testing, training, and medical exams.", "id": "Di Amerika Serikat, respirator penutup wajah filter N95 yang disetujui NIOSH atau yang lebih baik harus digunakan dalam konteks program perlindungan pernapasan tertulis dan komprehensif yang mencakup uji kesesuaian, pelatihan, dan pemeriksaan medis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other types of respirators can provide greater protection and improve worker comfort.The WHO does not recommend coveralls, as COVID-19 is a respiratory disease rather than being transmitted through bodily fluids.", "id": "Jenis respirator lain dapat memberikan perlindungan yang lebih besar dan meningkatkan kenyamanan pekerja. WHO tidak merekomendasikan baju tertutup seluruhnya atau coverall karena COVID-19 adalah penyakit pernapasan dan bukan ditularkan melalui cairan tubuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "WHO recommends only a surgical mask for point-of-entry screening personnel.", "id": "WHO hanya merekomendasikan masker bedah untuk petugas skrining di titik masuk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For those who are collecting respiratory specimens from, caring for, or transporting COVID-19 patients without any aerosol-generating procedures, WHO recommends a surgical mask, goggles, or face shield, gown, and gloves.", "id": "Bagi orang yang mengambil spesimen pernapasan, merawat, atau mengangkut pasien COVID-19 tanpa prosedur penghasil aerosol, WHO merekomendasikan masker bedah, kacamata pelindung, atau perisai wajah, jubah, dan sarung tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If an aerosol-generating procedure is performed, the surgical mask is replaced with an N95 or FFP2 respirator.", "id": "Jika prosedur penghasil aerosol dilakukan, masker bedah diganti dengan respirator N95 atau FFP2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Given that the global supply of PPE is insufficient, WHO recommends minimizing the need for PPE through telemedicine, physical barriers such as clear windows, allowing only those involved in direct care to enter a room with a COVID-19 patient, using only the PPE necessary for the specific task, continuing use of the same respirator without removing it while caring for multiple patients with the same diagnosis, monitoring and coordinating the PPE supply chain, and discouraging the use of masks for asymptomatic individuals.", "id": "Mengingat bahwa pasokan APD tidak mencukupi di seluruh dunia, WHO merekomendasikan meminimalkan kebutuhan APD melalui layanan kedokteran jarak jauh, pembatas fisik seperti jendela tembus pandang, dengan hanya orang yang terlibat dalam perawatan langsung boleh memasuki ruangan berisi pasien COVID-19, menggunakan hanya APD yang diperlukan untuk tugas tertentu, terus menggunakan respirator yang sama tanpa melepasnya saat merawat banyak pasien dengan diagnosis sama, memantau dan mengoordinasi rantai pasokan APD, dan tidak mendorong penggunaan masker untuk orang tanpa gejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "WHEREAS on March 4, 2020, I proclaimed a State of Emergency to exist in California as a result of the threat of COVID-19;", "id": "MENGINGAT, pada tanggal 4 Maret 2020, saya mengumumkan Status Keadaan Darurat di California sebagai akibat dari ancaman COVID-19;"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and WHEREAS in a short period of time, COVID-19 has rapidly spread throughout California, necessitating updated and more stringent guidance from federal, state, and local public health officials;", "id": "dan MENGINGAT, dalam waktu singkat, COVID-19 menyebar cepat ke seluruh California sehingga diperlukan panduan yang diperbarui dan lebih ketat dari pejabat kesehatan masyarakat federal, negara bagian, dan lokal;"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "and WHEREAS for the preservation of public health and safety throughout the entire State of California, I find it necessary for all Californians to heed the State public health directives from the Department of Public Health.", "id": "dan MENGINGAT, untuk menjaga kesehatan dan keselamatan publik di seluruh Negara Bagian California, saya merasa perlu bagi semua warga California untuk memperhatikan arahan kesehatan masyarakat Negara Bagian dari Departemen Kesehatan Masyarakat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "NOW, THEREFORE, I, GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of the State of California, in accordance with the authority vested in me by the State Constitution and statutes of the State of California, and in particular, Government Code sections 8567, 8627, and 8665 do hereby issue the following Order to become effective immediately:", "id": "OLEH KARENA ITU, SAYA, GAVIN NEWSOM, Gubernur Negara Bagian California, sesuai dengan wewenang yang diberikan kepada saya oleh Konstitusi Negara dan undang-undang Negara Bagian California, dan khususnya, bagian Kode Pemerintah 8567, 8627, dan 8665 dengan ini mengeluarkan Perintah berikut untuk diberlakukan segera:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:", "id": "DENGAN INI DIPERINTAHKAN BAHWA:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "1) To preserve the public health and safety, and to ensure the healthcare delivery system is capable of serving all, and prioritizing those at the highest risk and vulnerability, all residents are directed to immediately heed the current State public health directives, which I ordered the Department of Public Health to develop for the current statewide status of COVID-19.", "id": "1) Untuk menjaga kesehatan dan keselamatan masyarakat, dan untuk memastikan sistem pemberian perawatan kesehatan mampu melayani semua, dan memprioritaskan mereka yang berisiko tinggi dan rentan, semua penduduk diperintahkan untuk segera mematuhi arahan kesehatan masyarakat Negara Bagian saat ini, yang saya perintahkan untuk dikembangkan oleh Departemen Kesehatan Masyarakat untuk status COVID-19 berskala negara bagian saat ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Those directives are consistent with the March 19, 2020, Memorandum on Identification of Essential Critical Infrastructure Workers During COVID-19 Response, found at: https://covid19.ca.gov/.", "id": "Arahan tersebut konsisten dengan Memorandum 19 Maret 2020 tentang Identifikasi Pekerja Infrastruktur Kritis Esensial Selama Penanggulangan COVID-19, yang dapat dilihat di: https://covid19.ca.gov/."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "ORDER OF THE STATE PUBLIC HEALTH OFFICER", "id": "PERINTAH PEJABAT KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT NEGARA BAGIAN"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To protect public health, I as State Public Health Officer and Director of the California Department of Public Health order all individuals living in the State of California to stay home or at their place of residence except as needed to maintain continuity of operations of the federal critical infrastructure sectors, as outlined at https://www.cisa.gov/critical-infrastructure-sectors.", "id": "Untuk melindungi kesehatan masyarakat, saya sebagai Pejabat Kesehatan Masyarakat Negara Bagian dan Direktur Departemen Kesehatan Masyarakat California memerintahkan semua orang yang tinggal di Negara Bagian California untuk tinggal di rumah atau di tempat tinggal mereka, kecuali jika diperlukan untuk menjaga kelangsungan pengoperasian sektor infrakstruktur kritis federal, sebagaimana diuraikan di https://www.cisa.gov/critical-infrastructure-sectors."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, and in consultation with the Director of the Governor's Office of Emergency Services, I may designate additional sectors as critical in order to protect the health and well-being of all Californians.", "id": "Selain itu, dan setelah berkonsultasi dengan Direktur Kantor Layanan Darurat Gubernur, saya dapat menunjuk sektor-sektor lain sebagai sektor kritis untuk melindungi kesehatan dan kesejahteraan semua warga California."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Pursuant to the authority under the Health and Safety Code 120125, 120140, 131080, 120130(c), 120135, 120145, 120175 and 120150, this order is to go into effect immediately and shall stay in effect until further notice.", "id": "Berdasarkan otoritas di bawah Kode Kesehatan dan Keselamatan 120125, 120140, 131080, 120130 (c), 120135, 120145, 120175, dan 120150, perintah ini akan berlaku segera dan akan tetap berlaku hingga pemberitahuan lebih lanjut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The federal government has identified 16 critical infrastructure sectors whose assets, systems, and networks, whether physical or virtual, are considered so vital to the United States that their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating effect on security, economic security, public health or safety, or any combination thereof.", "id": "Pemerintah federal telah mengidentifikasi 16 sektor infrastruktur kritis yang aset, sistem, dan jaringannya, baik fisik maupun virtual, dianggap sangat vital bagi Amerika Serikat sehingga kelumpuhan atau kerusakannya akan berdampak buruk pada keamanan, keamanan ekonomi, kesehatan atau keselamatan masyarakat, atau kombinasinya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "I order that Californians working in these 16 critical infrastructure sectors may continue their work because of the importance of these sectors to Californians' health and well-being.", "id": "Saya memerintahkan agar warga California yang bekerja di 16 sektor infrastruktur kritis ini dapat melanjutkan pekerjaan mereka karena pentingnya sektor-sektor ini bagi kesehatan dan kesejahteraan warga California."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This Order is being issued to protect the public health of Californians.", "id": "Perintah ini dikeluarkan untuk melindungi kesehatan masyarakat California."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The California Department of Public Health looks to establish consistency across the state in order to ensure that we mitigate the impact of COVID-19.", "id": "Departemen Kesehatan Masyarakat California berupaya membangun konsistensi di seluruh negara bagian untuk memastikan bahwa kita memitigasi dampak COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Our goal is simple, we want to bend the curve, and disrupt the spread of the virus.", "id": "Tujuan kita sederhana, kita ingin menekuk kurva dan memutus penyebaran virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The supply chain must continue, and Californians must have access to such necessities as food, prescriptions, and health care.", "id": "Rantai pasokan harus tetap terjaga dan warga California harus memiliki akses ke kebutuhan dasar seperti makanan, obat resep, dan perawatan kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When people need to leave their homes or places of residence, whether to obtain or perform the functions above, or to otherwise facilitate authorized necessary activities, they should at all times practice social distancing.", "id": "Ketika orang perlu meninggalkan rumah atau tempat tinggal mereka, baik untuk mendapatkan atau melakukan fungsi-fungsi di atas, atau untuk memfasilitasi kegiatan penting yang diijinkan, mereka harus mempraktikkan pembatasan sosial setiap saat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "2) The healthcare delivery system shall prioritize services to serving those who are the sickest and shall prioritize resources, including personal protective equipment, for the providers providing direct care to them.", "id": "2) Sistem pemberian perawatan kesehatan harus memprioritaskan layanan untuk melayani orang sakit yang paling parah dan harus memprioritaskan sumber daya, yang mencakup alat pelindung diri, untuk penyedia perawatan yang memberikan perawatan langsung kepada orang tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "3) The Office of Emergency Services is directed to take necessary steps to ensure compliance with this Order.", "id": "3) Kantor Layanan Darurat diarahkan untuk mengambil langkah-langkah yang diperlukan untuk memastikan kepatuhan terhadap Perintah ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "4) This Order shall be enforceable pursuant to California law, including, but not limited to, Government Code section 8665.", "id": "4) Perintah ini akan diberlakukan sesuai dengan hukum California, yang mencakup, tetapi tidak terbatas pada, bagian Kode Pemerintah 8665."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that as soon as hereafter possible, this Order be filed in the Office of the Secretary of State and that widespread publicity and notice be given of this Order.", "id": "LEBIH LANJUT DIPERINTAHKAN agar sesegera mungkin, Perintah ini dicatat di Kantor Sekretaris Negara Bagian dan agar publisitas dan pemberitahuan yang luas dilakukan atas Perintah ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This Order is not intended to, and does not, create any rights or benefits, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity, against the State of California, its agencies, departments, entities, officers, employees, or any other person.", "id": "Perintah ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk, dan tidak, menciptakan hak atau manfaat apa pun, substantif atau prosedural, yang dapat diberlakukan menurut aturan hukum atau asas keadilan, melawan Negara Bagian California, agensi, departemen, entitas, pejabat, karyawan, atau siapa pun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of California to be affixed this 19th day of March 2020.", "id": "DEMIKIANLAH, di sini saya membubuhkan tanda tangan dan Segel Agung Negara Bagian California untuk menetapkan perintah ini pada tanggal 19 Maret 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "FROM: Katherine Maher, Wikimedia Foundation CEO", "id": "DARI: Katherine Maher, CEO Yayasan Wikimedia"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "TO: All Wikimedia Foundation staff", "id": "KEPADA: Semua staf Yayasan Wikimedia"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SUBJECT LINE: [Covid-19] Lightening the load and preparing for the future", "id": "BARIS SUBJEK: [Covid-19] Meringankan beban dan mempersiapkan masa depan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SEND DATE/TIME: 14 March, 2020, 00:24 UTC", "id": "TANGGAL/WAKTU PENGIRIMAN: 14 Maret 2020, 00:24 UTC"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "LICENSING: CC0: No rights reserved", "id": "LISENSI: CC0: Tidak ada hak yang dilindungi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We find ourselves in remarkable circumstances this month.", "id": "Kita mendapati diri kita berada dalam situasi yang luar biasa bulan ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The COVID-19 epidemic is something that makes clear our global human interconnectedness and the responsibilities we have to one another.", "id": "Epidemi COVID-19 adalah hal yang membuat jelas keterkaitan manusia global dan tanggung jawab yang kita miliki satu sama lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We don’t have precedent for its challenges, but we do know that our best response relies on the sort of global empathy, cooperation, and community building that sits at the heart of this organization.", "id": "Kita belum pernah mengalami tantangannya, tetapi kita tahu bahwa respons terbaik kita tergantung pada bentuk empati, kerja sama, dan pembangunan komunitas global, yang merupakan jantung organisasi ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The camaraderie and care we have seen among all of our colleagues over email, calls, and chats is a remarkable validation of the incredible humans we are fortunate enough to work with.", "id": "Persahabatan dan kepedulian yang telah kami saksikan di antara semua rekan kerja melalui email, panggilan, dan obrolan adalah validasi luar biasa adanya manusia luar biasa, yang kami cukup beruntung, untuk bekerja bersama mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "I couldn’t be more grateful and proud to count you all as colleagues.", "id": "Rasa syukur dan bangga saya tidak terhingga dapat menyebut Anda sekalian sebagai rekan kerja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Last week, someone shared with me their appreciation for our work.", "id": "Minggu lalu, seseorang berbagi dengan saya penghargaan mereka untuk pekerjaan kita."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They reminded me how meaningful it is for the world to be able to turn to Wikipedia right now, and what a powerful symbol it is for this critical resource to remain online and available to all.", "id": "Mereka mengingatkan saya betapa berartinya bagi dunia saat ini untuk dapat mengakses Wikipedia dan betapa hal ini merupakan lambang kuat bagi sumber daya penting ini untuk tetap tersedia daring bagi semua orang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Your work makes this possible, whether you keep the sites stay up or our colleagues paid or our communities safe.", "id": "Pekerjaan Anda memungkinkan ini terjadi, entah Anda memastikan situs ini tetap berjalan, membantu membayar rekan kita, atau membantu menjaga keamanan komunitas kita."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The world needs the information that Wikipedia provides, now more than ever.", "id": "Dunia membutuhkan informasi yang disediakan Wikipedia, terutama saat ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is a moment in which not only what we do, but how we do it, will make a meaningful impact on the world.", "id": "Inilah momen ketika bukan hanya pekerjaan yang kita lakukan, tetapi cara kita melakukannya, akan membuat dampak yang berarti bagi dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Because of the importance of this mission and your role in it, we will be making some significant adjustments to how we work together, starting this coming week.", "id": "Karena pentingnya misi ini dan peran Anda di dalamnya, kita akan membuat beberapa penyesuaian penting terhadap cara kita bekerja bersama, yang akan dimulai minggu depan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Adjustments to our work and schedules", "id": "Penyesuaian terhadap pekerjaan dan jadwal kita"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As Robyn mentioned previously, the c-team met last night to discuss our approach and schedule for the coming days and months.", "id": "Seperti yang disebutkan Robyn sebelumnya, tim-c bertemu semalam untuk membahas pendekatan dan jadwal kita untuk beberapa hari dan bulan mendatang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In that conversation, we considered what we thought would be an appropriate response to what we’re facing and the best way to keep the organization sustainable during this time.", "id": "Dalam percakapan itu, kami mempertimbangkan hal yang kami pikir merupakan respons tepat untuk tantangan yang kita hadapi dan cara terbaik untuk menjaga kelangsungan organisasi selama masa ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Overwhelmingly we wanted to remove stress and support our mission for the long term.", "id": "Kami sangat ingin menghilangkan tekanan dan mendukung misi kita untuk jangka panjang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you need to dial back, that’s okay.", "id": "Jika Anda perlu mengurangi jadwal pekerjaan, tidak apa-apa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For all staff, contractors, and contract workers:", "id": "Untuk semua staf, kontraktor, dan pekerja kontrak:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "our daily working expectations will be about 4 hours a day, or 20 hours a week until further notice.", "id": "harapan kerja harian kita adalah sekitar 4 jam sehari, atau 20 jam seminggu, hingga pemberitahuan lebih lanjut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We’re not declaring a holiday - if you are able to work more normal hours, the mission can use you.", "id": "Kami tidak menetapkan hari libur, jika Anda bisa bekerja lebih banyak pada jam normal, misi ini memerlukan Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, the world is unpredictable right now, and whether you need to care for loved ones, get groceries, or go to the doctor, your well-being is our priority.", "id": "Namun, dunia tidak dapat diprediksi saat ini, dan entah Anda perlu merawat orang terkasih, berbelanja kebutuhan pokok, atau pergi ke dokter, kesejahteraan Anda adalah prioritas kami."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We are not tracking your time.", "id": "Kami tidak memantau waktu kerja Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you are sick, do not work.", "id": "Jika Anda sakit, jangan bekerja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This should go without saying, but we’re saying it.", "id": "Hal ini seharusnya tidak perlu dikatakan, tetapi kami mengatakannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "No sick days or PTO required - just tell your manager and help your team revise calendars and schedules to make sure key areas of work are covered.", "id": "Cuti sakit atau PTO tidak diperlukan, cukup beri tahu manajer Anda dan bantu tim Anda merevisi kalender dan jadwal untuk memastikan bidang-bidang kerja yang utama dapat diselesaikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "(If you are diagnosed positive for COVID-19, please let Bryan within T & C Ops know so T & C can help with support and make sure your situation gets appropriate attention from management).", "id": "(Jika Anda didiagnosis positif menderita COVID-19, harap beri tahu Bryan di dalam T & C Ops agar T & C dapat membantu dengan dukungan dan memastikan situasi Anda mendapat perhatian yang tepat dari manajemen)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hourly folks will be fully paid.", "id": "Rekan-rekan yang upahnya berbasis jam akan dibayar penuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We have already said, and are recommitting to honor our commitments to our contractors and hourly staff colleagues.", "id": "Kami telah mengatakannya, dan mengatakannya sekali lagi, untuk menghormati komitmen kami kepada rekan kontraktor dan staf berbasis jam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Everyone will be paid on the basis of their usual hours worked during normal circumstances.", "id": "Semua orang akan dibayar berdasarkan jam kerja mereka biasa ketika keadaan normal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This includes if you are sick and unable to work.", "id": "Hal ini termasuk jika Anda sakit dan tidak bisa bekerja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you want to work, we support you.", "id": "Jika Anda mau bekerja, kami mendukung Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many people use work as a way of channeling their stress with the world around us.", "id": "Banyak orang menggunakan pekerjaan sebagai cara menyalurkan stres terhadap dunia di sekitar kita."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "What we do can be incredibly rewarding, especially during times like this.", "id": "Pekerjaan yang kita lakukan bisa sangat memberi kepuasan, terutama di masa-masa seperti ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Again, this is about your self-care.", "id": "Sekali lagi, hal yang terutama adalah menjaga diri Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Our ask is that you communicate with your manager, so we know what to expect and can adjust accordingly.", "id": "Permintaan kami adalah Anda berkomunikasi dengan manajer Anda sehingga kami tahu hal yang harus diantisipasi dan dapat mengambil tindakan yang sesuai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some work is considered essential.", "id": "Pekerjaan tertentu dianggap esensial."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are some things that we must keep doing.", "id": "Ada beberapa pekerjaan yang harus terus berjalan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The SRE, HR Ops, Trust & Safety, and Fundraising teams (among others) do critical work that may need additional support.", "id": "SRE, Operasi SDM, Kepercayaan & Keamanan, serta tim Penggalangan Dana, antara lain, melakukan pekerjaan penting yang mungkin memerlukan dukungan tambahan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We’ll begin a process with all departments to assess current objectives and shift our focus to supporting what’s essential for our mission.", "id": "Kita akan memulai proses dengan semua departemen untuk menilai tujuan saat ini dan mengalihkan fokus kita untuk mendukung hal yang esensial untuk misi kita."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There’s plenty to do for all of us, we just will all focus on the most essential projects.", "id": "Ada banyak yang harus dilakukan bagi kita semua, kita hanya akan berfokus penuh pada proyek yang paling esensial."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Slowing now won’t hurt later.", "id": "Memperlambat saat ini tidak akan apa-apa untuk masa depan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We do not plan to go “double-time to catch up” once the pandemic has passed.", "id": "Kita tidak berencana untuk \"kerja lembur mengejar ketinggalan\" setelah pandemi ini berlalu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "You will not be expected to work extra hours to meet deadlines which are now unrealistic.", "id": "Anda tidak akan diharapkan bekerja lembur untuk memenuhi tenggat waktu yang tidak realistis saat ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We accept that circumstances have changed, and will work to set new targets and timelines where appropriate.", "id": "Kami menyadari bahwa situasi berubah dan akan berupaya untuk menetapkan target dan garis waktu baru jika perlu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "What happens with the APP (Annual Planning)?", "id": "Bagaimana dengan APP (Perencanaan Tahunan)?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To adjust to our new reality and daily working hour expectations, we intend to adjust the timeline for the delivery of our 2020-2021 Annual Plan.", "id": "Untuk menyesuaikan dengan kenyataan baru dan ekspektasi jam kerja harian, kami bermaksud untuk menyesuaikan garis waktu untuk pelaksanaan Rencana Tahunan 2020-2021."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Our intention is to propose an extension of our 2019-2020 plan that allows more time for budgeting to allow employees to prioritize critical work, self-care, and care for loved ones while accommodating those who need or wish to work a reduced schedule over the next few weeks.", "id": "Maksud kami adalah untuk mengusulkan perpanjangan rencana 2019-2020 yang memungkinkan lebih banyak waktu untuk membuat anggaran sehingga karyawan dapat memprioritaskan pekerjaan yang penting, perawatan diri, dan perawatan orang terkasih sambil mengakomodasi mereka yang perlu atau ingin bekerja dengan jadwal lebih sedikit selama beberapa minggu ke depan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This timeline extension greatly reduces current planning workloads and pressure across the whole organization.", "id": "Perpanjangan garis waktu ini sangat mengurangi beban kerja dan tekanan perencanaan saat ini di seluruh organisasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We will introduce our proposal to the Board next week and will update delegates and teams on the next steps as soon as we have confirmation.", "id": "Kami akan menyampaikan proposal kami kepada Dewan minggu depan dan akan memperbarui delegasi dan tim pada langkah selanjutnya segera setelah kami mendapat konfirmasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thank you to the APP team for your leadership in this.", "id": "Terima kasih tim APP untuk kepemimpinan Anda dalam hal ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Office status, exposure, and cleaning", "id": "Status, paparan, dan pembersihan kantor"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Last week, we learned that one of our SF-based colleagues may have been exposed to the COVID-19 virus.", "id": "Minggu lalu, kami diberi tahu bahwa salah satu rekan kita yang berbasis di SF mungkin telah terpapar virus COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, out of an abundance of caution, we employed an antiviral cleaning crew to disinfect all surfaces in the San Francisco office.", "id": "Namun, karena sangat khawatir, kami mempekerjakan kru pembersih antivirus untuk mendisinfeksi semua permukaan di kantor San Francisco."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They utilized a hospital-grade anti-viral solution to disinfect every surface, as well as the lobby and elevator banks accessing our floor.", "id": "Mereka menggunakan cairan antivirus bertaraf rumah sakit untuk mendisinfeksi setiap permukaan, lobi, dan semua lift yang mengakses lantai kita."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The building is employing its own duty-of-care protocol utilizing products that support the safety of their tenants.", "id": "Pihak gedung menerapkan protokol pemastian keselamatannya sendiri dengan menggunakan produk yang mendukung keselamatan penyewanya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We feel comfortable that the office will be well-prepared for when we decide to return.", "id": "Kami merasa senang bahwa kantor akan siap dipakai ketika kita memutuskan untuk kembali."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Our DC office is located in a WeWork, which has shared its COVID-19 protocol with us and all DC-based staff members.", "id": "Kantor DC kita terletak di WeWork, yang telah membagikan protokol COVID-19 kepada kita dan semua anggota staf yang berbasis di DC."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of last week, our DC office moved to a fully remote setup in line with the guidance shared with San Francisco.", "id": "Mulai minggu lalu, kantor DC kita telah pindah ke tatanan kerja jarak jauh penuh, sejalan dengan panduan yang dibagikan dengan San Francisco."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As some of our NYC-based colleagues know, we have also been in discussion about leasing a location in Brooklyn.", "id": "Seperti diketahui oleh beberapa rekan kita yang berbasis di NYC, kami juga sedang mendiskusikan tentang menyewa lokasi di Brooklyn."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These discussions are continuing but may be delayed.", "id": "Diskusi ini masih berlanjut, tetapi mungkin akan tertunda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some of our colleagues are working remotely for the first time.", "id": "Beberapa rekan kita bekerja dari jarak jauh untuk pertama kalinya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Our long-time remote colleagues know that it can be an adjustment, and wanted to offer you some advice:", "id": "Rekan kita yang sudah lama bekerja jarak jauh menyadari bahwa hal itu mungkin perlu penyesuaian dan mereka ingin memberi saran kepada Anda:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Limit the length of meetings to at most one or two hour increments.", "id": "Batasi durasi rapat paling lama satu atau dua jam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If longer sessions are required, consider how they can be broken up over the course of several days.", "id": "Jika sesi yang lebih lama diperlukan, pertimbangkan cara membaginya menjadi beberapa hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Clearly define the meeting, have an agenda, and send reading materials in advance.", "id": "Definisikan rapat dengan jelas, buat agenda, dan kirim bahan bacaan sebelumnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Make video the default, with tools like Google Docs and Zoom to facilitate live collaboration and connection.", "id": "Jadikan video sebagai default, dengan alat seperti Google Docs dan Zoom untuk memfasilitasi kolaborasi dan koneksi langsung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Have a lead to facilitate every meeting, someone to monitor the chat for questions and track the speaker list, and someone to help take notes (or do collaborative note-taking).", "id": "Tunjuk pemimpin untuk memfasilitasi setiap rapat, seseorang untuk memantau obrolan untuk pertanyaan dan mencatat daftar pembicara, dan seseorang untuk membantu membuat catatan rapat (atau lakukan pembuatan catatan kolaboratif)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Send an email to tech support if you need a comfortable headset.", "id": "Kirim email ke dukungan teknis jika Anda membutuhkan headset yang nyaman."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Use your wellness reimbursement for snacks.", "id": "Gunakan kompensasi kesejahteraan Anda untuk membeli makanan kecil."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Join the #remoties channel in Slack to talk with your colleagues about distributed work", "id": "Bergabunglah dengan saluran #remoties di Slack untuk berbicara dengan rekan tentang pekerjaan yang dibagikan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The HR Operations team is looking into webinar-based ergonomics guidance to support the increase in distributed work across the Foundation.", "id": "Tim Operasi SDM sedang mencari pedoman ergonomi berbasis webinar untuk mendukung peningkatan pekerjaan yang didistribusikan di seluruh Yayasan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This past week we asked all community grant recipients to cancel Wikimedia-funded public events, such as editathons, until the WHO declares the pandemic to be over.", "id": "Minggu belakangan ini kami meminta semua penerima dana hibah komunitas untuk membatalkan acara publik yang didanai Wikimedia, seperti Edit-a-thon, hingga WHO menyatakan pandemi telah berakhir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We let them know that we understood that our request for cancellations and other restrictions could make it impossible to complete their agreed-upon grant activities and that no one would be penalized for having to delay or modify those goals.", "id": "Kami memberi tahu mereka bahwa kami memahami permintaan kami untuk pembatalan dan pembatasan lainnya dapat membuat mereka tidak mungkin menyelesaikan kegiatan hibah yang disetujui dan bahwa tidak ada yang akan diberi pinalti karena harus menunda atau memodifikasi sasaran tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This coming week we will follow up with additional guidance on Wikimania and other regional and thematic community conferences.", "id": "Minggu mendatang ini kami akan menindaklanjuti dengan panduan tambahan tentang Wikimania dan konferensi komunitas regional dan tematik lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The general sentiment from around the global community seems to be both sadness at the disruption but relief at the clarity and ability to focus on their own communities, Wikimedia and otherwise.", "id": "Secara umum, sentimen dari seluruh komunitas global tampaknya berupa kesedihan akibat gangguan ini, tetapi sekaligus lega atas kejelasan dan kemampuan untuk berfokus pada komunitasnya sendiri, baik Wikimedia maupun yang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Going forward, the CRT is working to set up a page on Meta-Wiki to provide a space for the community to monitor the impact and follow our communications with them.", "id": "Ke depan, CRT sedang berupaya untuk menyiapkan halaman di Meta-Wiki untuk menyediakan ruang bagi komunitas untuk memantau dampak dan mengikuti komunikasi kami dengan mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Staying in touch around COVID-19 related issues", "id": "Tetap terhubung selama situasi COVID-19"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We’ll be sending an invitation to your calendars for next Thursday, 14:00 UTC/07:00 PT for a special staff meeting.", "id": "Kami akan mengirimkan undangan ke kalender Anda untuk Kamis mendatang, pukul 14:00 UTC/07:00 PT untuk rapat staf khusus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We’ll use this time to share additional updates, answer your questions and spend some time connecting with each other.", "id": "Kami akan menggunakan waktu ini untuk membagikan pembaruan tambahan, menjawab pertanyaan Anda, dan meluangkan waktu untuk saling terhubung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We’re in this together and here to help however we can.", "id": "Kita sama-sama berada dalam situasi ini dan kami ingin membantu sebisa kami."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the meantime, you can continue to find the information from this email, and all other essential COVID-19 related information, on Office Wiki.", "id": "Sementara itu, Anda dapat terus mendapatkan informasi dari email ini dan semua informasi esensial terkait COVID-19 lainnya di Office Wiki."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The CRT will keep these pages updated and all the information in one place.", "id": "CRT akan terus memperbarui halaman ini dan memastikan semua informasi ada di satu tempat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We are also working to maintain regular communications with staff who reside in countries that are currently significantly affected.", "id": "Kami juga berupaya menjaga komunikasi rutin dengan staf yang tinggal di negara-negara yang saat ini terdampak secara signifikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you have any questions about travel, events, a major workstream, or coverage challenge, or anything else you may need help with, please don’t hesitate to notify and work with the CRT.", "id": "Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan tentang perjalanan, acara, alur kerja utama, atau kesulitan mengenai liputan, atau hal lain yang mungkin memerlukan bantuan, jangan ragu untuk memberi tahu dan bekerja sama dengan CRT."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We’re here to help provide support and liaise as needed.", "id": "Kami ada di sini untuk membantu memberikan dukungan dan menjadi penghubung sesuai kebutuhan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you have a confidential or sensitive matter, please email Bryan Judan - Director of HR International Global Operations.", "id": "Jika Anda memiliki masalah rahasia atau sensitif, silakan kirimkan email kepada Bryan Judan, Direktur Operasi Global SDM Internasional."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "None of these changes should be seen as an abandonment of our work and obligations.", "id": "Jangan ada satu pun perubahan ini dilihat sebagai pengabaian pekerjaan dan kewajiban kita."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Rather, they are a recognition that at this moment, our work and obligations will likely need to adapt in a way we have not in the past.", "id": "Sebaliknya, perubahan ini merupakan pengakuan bahwa, saat ini, pekerjaan dan kewajiban kita mungkin perlu diadaptasi dalam cara yang belum pernah kita lakukan sebelumnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These are the steps we believe are necessary to support this one another so that we can continue to work, provide our movement with the support they need, and the world with the service they rely on.", "id": "Perubahan ini adalah langkah-langkah yang kami yakini penting untuk saling mendukung dalam situasi ini sehingga kita dapat terus bekerja, menyediakan dukungan yang diperlukan gerakan kita, dan memberi dunia layanan yang mereka andalkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Our planned work will be there waiting for us when the time comes.", "id": "Pekerjaan yang kita rencanakan sebelumnya akan ada di sana menanti kita ketika waktunya tiba."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For now, it is time to support one another and create space for the important work that will be coming in the weeks and potentially months ahead.", "id": "Untuk sekarang, inilah waktunya untuk saling mendukung dan menciptakan ruang untuk pekerjaan penting yang akan datang dalam beberapa minggu dan mungkin beberapa bulan ke depan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "We need all of you to make that happen, and so we need you all to take care of yourself and your families so that you can be at your best when the need arises.", "id": "Kami membutuhkan Anda semua untuk mewujudkannya, untuk itu, kami ingin Anda mengurus diri Anda dan keluarga Anda supaya Anda dapat bekerja sebaik-baiknya saat dibutuhkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Now, please -- wash your hands and don’t touch your face!", "id": "Akhirnya, mohon cuci tangan Anda dan jangan sentuh wajah Anda!"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Katherine, the CRT (Amanda K, Amy V, Bryan J, Doreen D, Gregory V, Jaime V, Joel L, Lynette L, Ryan M, and Tony S), and the rest of the Leadership Team (Grant I, Heather W, Jaime V, Janeen U, Lisa S, Robyn A, Ryan M, and Toby N).", "id": "Katherine, CRT (Amanda K, Amy V, Bryan J, Doreen D, Gregory V, Jaime V, Joel L, Lynette L, Ryan M, dan Tony S), dan anggota Tim Kepemimpinan lainnya (Grant I, Heather W, Jaime V, Janeen U, Lisa S, Robyn A, Ryan M, dan Toby N)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the cause of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), a contagious respiratory disease that was first identified in December 2019, in Wuhan, Hubei, China.", "id": "Virus SARS-CoV-2 adalah penyebab COVID-19 (penyakit coronavirus 2019), penyakit pernapasan menular yang pertama kali diidentifikasi pada Desember 2019, di Wuhan, Hubei, Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The disease is a type of coronavirus, the same family that includes SARS, MERS, and some varieties of the common cold.", "id": "Penyakit ini adalah jenis koronavirus, berada dalam keluarga yang sama dengan SARS, MERS, dan beberapa varietas pilek."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020.", "id": "Pada 11 Maret 2020, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menyatakan COVID-19 sebagai pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "While much about COVID-19 is still unknown, preliminary data suggests that it is more virulent and contagious than the seasonal flu, and less virulent but more contagious than SARS and MERS.", "id": "Walaupun banyak hal tentang COVID-19 masih belum diketahui, data awal menunjukkan bahwa COVID-19 lebih virulen dan menular daripada flu musiman, dan tidak sevirulen, tetapi lebih menular daripada SARS dan MERS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Older people and those with underlying conditions are the most at risk of serious complications including death.", "id": "Lansia dan orang dengan kondisi mendasari memiliki risiko paling tinggi untuk komplikasi serius yang mencakup kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Due to the spread of the disease, you are advised not to travel unless necessary, to avoid being infected, quarantined, or stranded by changing restrictions and cancelled flights.", "id": "Karena penyebaran penyakit, Anda disarankan untuk tidak bepergian, kecuali sangat penting, untuk menghindari tertular, dikarantina, atau terdampar akibat perubahan pembatasan dan penerbangan yang dibatalkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Avoid crowded places whenever possible.", "id": "Sedapat mungkin, hindari tempat-tempat yang ramai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is not just to protect you, but also those you come in contact with.", "id": "Tindakan ini bukan hanya untuk melindungi Anda, tetapi juga untuk melindungi orang yang kontak dengan Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As it happens, you probably aren't missing much by staying home, as many attractions around the world are closing their doors to avoid spreading the disease.", "id": "Sebenarnya, Anda mungkin tidak melewatkan banyak hal dengan tinggal di rumah sebab banyak tempat wisata di seluruh dunia ditutup untuk menghindari penyebaran penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you do need to travel, take precautions as you would for other infections: wash your hands frequently, avoid touching your face, cough and sneeze into your elbow or a tissue, and avoid contact with sick people.", "id": "Jika Anda memang perlu bepergian, lakukan tindakan pencegahan seperti yang Anda lakukan untuk infeksi lain: cuci tangan sesering mungkin, hindari menyentuh wajah Anda, batuk dan bersin ke dalam siku atau tisu, dan hindari kontak dengan orang yang sakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Before traveling, read up on the extensive and fast-changing array of travel restrictions that have been imposed around the world.", "id": "Sebelum bepergian, baca serangkaian pembatasan perjalanan yang sangat luas dan berubah dengan cepat yang telah diberlakukan di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After travel, monitor your health and consider self-isolation for two weeks to avoid transmitting the disease to others.", "id": "Setelah bepergian, pantau kesehatan Anda dan pertimbangkan untuk melakukan isolasi mandiri selama dua minggu untuk mencegah menularkan penyakit kepada orang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Transportation from long-distance passenger flights to local buses has been curtailed or completely shut down in many countries due to low demand or government orders.", "id": "Transportasi dari pesawat penumpang jarak jauh ke bus lokal telah dibatasi atau ditutup sepenuhnya di banyak negara karena rendahnya permintaan atau karena perintah pemerintah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many international and regional borders are closed.", "id": "Banyak perbatasan internasional dan regional ditutup."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you are away from home, and especially if you are in another country, consider returning home as soon as possible; this may get even more difficult as restrictions continue to change.", "id": "Jika Anda jauh dari rumah, dan terutama jika Anda berada di negara lain, pertimbangkan untuk pulang sesegera mungkin; hal ini mungkin akan semakin sulit seiring pembatasan terus berubah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In some cases it may simply not be possible, even if you're healthy and meet the legal requirements for entry.", "id": "Dalam beberapa kasus, Anda mungkin tidak bisa pulang sekalipun Anda sehat dan memenuhi persyaratan hukum untuk masuk negara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you can't find a way back to your country, contact your nearest embassy or consulate for assistance.", "id": "Jika Anda tidak dapat pulang ke negara Anda, hubungi kedutaan terdekat atau konsulat untuk mendapatkan bantuan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They may be able to organize an evacuation, identify non-regularly scheduled flights, or give you an emergency loan to pay for transport.", "id": "Mereka mungkin dapat mengatur evakuasi, menemukan penerbangan dengan jadwal khusus, atau memberi Anda pinjaman darurat untuk membayar transportasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In case they can't, make preparations in case you need to stay where you are for an extended period.", "id": "Jika mereka tidak bisa membantu, lakukan persiapan kalau-kalau Anda perlu tinggal lebih lama di tempat Anda sekarang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you do find a way back home, be prepared that it may be expensive, inconvenient, and have unusual restrictions (such as no checked baggage).", "id": "Jika Anda akhirnya menemukan cara untuk pulang, bersiaplah bahwa perjalanan itu mungkin mahal, tidak nyaman, dan memiliki pembatasan yang tidak lazim (misalnya tidak boleh membawa bagasi check-in)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of early April 2020, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 is approaching one million.", "id": "Hingga awal April 2020, angka kasus terkonfirmasi COVID-19 mendekati satu juta."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Though the disease started in mainland China, it has spread around the world and China has fewer confirmed cases and deaths than several other countries.", "id": "Meskipun berawal di Tiongkok daratan, penyakit ini telah menyebar ke seluruh dunia dan Tiongkok memiliki lebih sedikit kasus terkonfirmasi dan kematian dibandingkan beberapa negara lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Europe is the new epicenter of the pandemic.", "id": "Eropa merupakan episenter pandemi yang baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All but a handful of countries have reported at least one case, with the highest numbers of reported cases in the United States, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, mainland China, Iran, and the United Kingdom.", "id": "Semua negara, kecuali beberapa negara, telah melaporkan setidaknya satu kasus, dengan jumlah kasus tertinggi dilaporkan di Amerika Serikat, Spanyol, Italia, Jerman, Prancis, Tiongkok daratan, Iran, dan Inggris Raya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Local transmission is established in many countries in all major inhabited regions of the world except some Pacific island nations.", "id": "Transmisi lokal terjadi di banyak negara di semua wilayah berpenghuni padat di dunia, kecuali beberapa negara kepulauan Pasifik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "(See updates from the WHO.)", "id": "(Lihat pembaruan dari WHO.)"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The full extent of the spread is uncertain, due in part to limited testing.", "id": "Luasnya penyebaran tidak diketahui dengan pasti, sebagian karena terbatasnya pengujian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many countries are experiencing a severe shortage of test kits, and the authorities have not been able to test everybody who is at high risk, so the real number of cases is probably much higher than the official one.", "id": "Banyak negara mengalami kekurangan alat uji yang parah dan otoritas belum dapat menguji semua orang yang berisiko tinggi sehingga jumlah kasus sebenarnya mungkin jauh lebih tinggi daripada jumlah yang diumumkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Countries also differ in their testing and reporting practices, so comparisons of the number of reported cases do not tell the full story of how the epidemic has progressed in different areas.", "id": "Negara-negara juga berbeda dalam praktik pengujian dan pelaporannya sehingga perbandingan jumlah kasus yang dilaporkan tidak menggambarkan secara lengkap perkembangan epidemi di berbagai daerah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and through objects.", "id": "Virus ini ditularkan melalui percikan atau droplet pernapasan dan melalui benda-benda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The coronavirus is a relatively large virus, meaning it is not truly airborne: it will settle down in respiratory droplets.", "id": "Koronavirus adalah virus yang relatif besar, yang berarti virus ini sebenarnya tidak bisa ditularkan melalui udara: virus akan menetap dalam droplet pernapasan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Staying two metres (six feet) away from other people is usually enough to prevent transmission through this route.", "id": "Menjaga jarak dua meter (enam kaki) dari orang lain biasanya cukup untuk mencegah penularan melalui rute ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Transmission from objects can happen, for example, if someone sneezes, touches a doorknob, and then other people touch the doorknob and then touch their faces.", "id": "Penularan dari objek dapat terjadi, misalnya, jika seseorang bersin, menyentuh gagang pintu, kemudian orang lain menyentuh gagang pintu itu lalu menyentuh wajahnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The SARS-CoV-2 virus may last on cardboard for up to 24 hours and on plastic for up to 3 days.", "id": "Virus SARS-CoV-2 dapat bertahan di kardus hingga 24 jam dan di plastik hingga 3 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Transmission via the fecal–oral route may also be possible.", "id": "Penularan melalui rute fekal-oral juga dapat terjadi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Evidence suggests that COVID-19 is contagious even without symptoms, though to what extent is still being investigated.", "id": "Bukti menunjukkan bahwa COVID-19 dapat menular bahkan tanpa gejala meskipun masih diselidiki tingkat penularannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Common symptoms include a fever, dry cough, and fatigue.", "id": "Gejala yang umum meliputi demam, batuk kering, dan kelelahan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other less common symptoms include shortness of breath, a sore throat, headache, muscle pain, or sputum production.", "id": "Gejala lainnya yang kurang umum meliputi sesak napas, sakit tenggorokan, sakit kepala, nyeri otot, atau produksi sputum."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some patients have very mild symptoms, similar to a cold.", "id": "Beberapa pasien memiliki gejala yang sangat ringan, mirip dengan pilek."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Serious complications include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multi-organ failure leading to disability or death.", "id": "Komplikasi serius mencakup pneumonia, sindrom gawat napas akut, dan gagal organ majemuk yang mengakibatkan disabilitas atau kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "About 80% of infections result in mild symptoms, while the remaining may result in hospitalization.", "id": "Sekitar 80% infeksi mengakibatkan gejala ringan, sedangkan sisanya dapat mengakibatkan rawat inap."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Case fatality rate is estimated at 1-3% of infected individuals, most of whom are elderly with underlying health conditions.", "id": "Angka fatalitas kasus diperkirakan sebesar 1-3% dari orang yang terinfeksi, yang sebagian besar adalah lansia dengan kondisi kesehatan mendasari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The fatality rate is much higher for those over 70 but significantly lower for those under 40.", "id": "Angka fatalitas jauh lebih tinggi bagi orang yang berusia di atas 70, tetapi secara signifikan lebih rendah untuk orang yang berusia di bawah 40."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Those most at risk of COVID-19 infection and serious complications are the elderly and those with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer.", "id": "Orang yang paling berisiko untuk infeksi COVID-19 dan komplikasi serius adalah lansia dan orang dengan sistem imun lemah atau kondisi kesehatan mendasari, seperti penyakit kardiovaskular, diabetes, hipertensi, penyakit pernapasan kronis, dan kanker."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Not many cases are reported in children and most of these are mild or moderate, though a significant fraction do get pneumonia.", "id": "Tidak banyak kasus dilaporkan pada anak dan sebagian besar kasus ringan atau sedang, meskipun ada bagian siginifikan yang mengalami pneumonia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Occupationally, health care workers have higher risk compared to others with clusters of disease among workers and in health care settings.", "id": "Dari segi pekerjaan, tenaga kesehatan memiliki risiko lebih tinggi dibandingkan pekerja bidang lain, dengan klaster penyakit di antara petugas kesehatan dan di tatanan perawatan kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The time between being exposed to the virus and the emergence of symptoms (incubation period) is typically between 2 and 14 days, though there has been one reported case in China where symptoms appeared 27 days after exposure.", "id": "Waktu antara terpapar virus dan munculnya gejala (masa inkubasi) biasanya antara 2 dan 14 hari, meskipun ada satu kasus dilaporkan di Tiongkok dengan gejala muncul 27 hari setelah paparan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of February 2020, the period of infectiousness is unknown, but is likely most significant when people are symptomatic.", "id": "Hingga Februari 2020, periode penularan belum diketahui, tetapi kemungkinan paling signifikan ketika orang bergejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is evidence of transmission from people who don't have symptoms, although to what extent is still being investigated.", "id": "Ada bukti penularan dari orang yang tidak bergejala, meskipun masih diselidiki tingkat penularannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is unclear whether it is possible to be reinfected with the virus after recovering from it the first time around.", "id": "Masih belum jelas tentang kemungkinan orang dapat terinfeksi kembali oleh virus setelah sembuh dari infeksi pertama kali."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Long-term effects for people who have recovered remain unclear, but there is evidence of reduced lung capacity in some recovered patients.", "id": "Dampak jangka panjang bagi orang yang sudah sembuh masih belum jelas, tetapi ada bukti penurunan kapasitas paru pada beberapa pasien yang sudah sembuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Testing for the virus usually consists of a swab inserted through the nose or a throat swab which is analysed in a laboratory for the virus.", "id": "Pengujian untuk virus biasanya berupa usapan yang dimasukkan melalui hidung atau tenggorokan lalu dianalisis di laboratorium untuk menguji virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The current \"gold standard\" test involves extracting the genetic material from the sample and analysing it for known genetic markers of the virus.", "id": "Uji \"standar emas\" saat ini melibatkan ekstraksi bahan genetik dari sampel dan menganalisisnya untuk melihat penanda genetik virus yang diketahui."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is no established test assessing for the virus or antibodies in the blood, although tests are being developed.", "id": "Belum ada pengujian mapan untuk memeriksa virus atau antibodi dalam darah, meskipun pengujian semacam itu sedang dikembangkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is no test to establish immunity to the virus.", "id": "Belum ada pengujian untuk mengetahui imunitas terhadap virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many governments around the world have advised their citizens not to travel unnecessarily amid the pandemic.", "id": "Banyak pemerintah di seluruh dunia telah mengimbau warganya untuk tidak melakukan perjalanan yang tidak perlu di tengah pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Lots of airlines and package holidays are making it easy for you by waiving cancellation and change fees.", "id": "Banyak maskapai dan paket liburan memudahkan Anda dengan mengabaikan biaya pembatalan dan pengubahan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Particularly avoid cruise ship travel.", "id": "Terutama, hindari perjalanan dengan kapal pesiar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Older travelers and those with underlying health conditions are most at risk and should avoid travel that puts them at risk, such as long plane flights, visits to crowded places, and especially cruises, even outside of severely affected areas.", "id": "Lansia dan orang dengan kondisi mendasari berisiko paling tinggi dan harus menghindari perjalanan yang membahayakan mereka, seperti penerbangan pesawat yang panjang, kunjungan ke tempat-tempat ramai, dan terutama kapal pesiar, walaupun ke daerah yang tidak terdampak parah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In affected areas, most experts recommend a practice known as social distancing.", "id": "Di daerah yang terdampak, sebagian besar ahli merekomendasikan praktik yang dikenal sebagai pembatasan sosial."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This means minimising contact with others by keeping a distance of six feet or two meters from them and avoiding gathering together in groups.", "id": "Pembatasan ini berarti meminimalkan kontak dengan orang lain dengan menjaga jarak enam kaki atau dua meter dari orang lain dan menghindari berkumpul dalam kelompok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some areas permit small groups; others prohibit all group gatherings.", "id": "Beberapa daerah mengizinkan kelompok kecil, daerah yang lain melarang semua pertemuan kelompok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Measures you are encouraged to take include working from home whenever possible, avoiding crowds and avoiding leaving your home unless absolutely necessary.", "id": "Langkah-langkah yang dianjurkan untuk Anda ambil mencakup bekerja dari rumah jika memungkinkan, menghindari keramaian, dan menghindari meninggalkan rumah, kecuali jika benar-benar diperlukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you must go out, try to stay at least 2 meters (6 feet) away from other people.", "id": "Jika Anda harus keluar, cobalah untuk menjaga jarak setidaknya 2 meter (6 kaki) dari orang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In many places these measures are required.", "id": "Di banyak tempat, langkah-langkah ini diwajibkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Follow hygiene practices like for flu prevention.", "id": "Ikuti praktik kebersihan seperti untuk pencegahan flu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Frequently wash your hands with soap and warm water, and then dry your hands on a clean towel.", "id": "Sering-seringlah mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air hangat, lalu keringkan tangan dengan lap bersih."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As coronaviruses are enveloped viruses, washing your hands with soap kills the virus by disrupting the mostly fat-based viral envelope.", "id": "Karena koronavirus adalah virus beramplop, mencuci tangan dengan sabun membunuh virus dengan merusak amplop virus yang sebagian besar berbasis lemak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Effective hand washing requires rubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds.", "id": "Mencuci tangan yang efektif memerlukan penggosokan tangan setidaknya selama 20 detik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Drying your washed hands physically removes some germs from your skin (so don't skip that step, and don't share towels).", "id": "Mengeringkan tangan yang telah dicuci secara fisik menghilangkan sebagian kuman dari kulit Anda (jadi jangan lewati langkah ini, dan jangan berbagi lap)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If soap and water are not available, then use a > 60% alcohol-based hand sanitizer.", "id": "Jika air dan sabun tidak tersedia, gunakan penyanitasi tangan berbasis alkohol > 60%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Alcohol is a quick germ-killer, but it's not quite instant, so this still requires the same 20 seconds of rubbing your hands together, making sure that every single scrap of skin gets wet, and then you have to wait about another minute, for the alcohol to completely dry.", "id": "Alkohol adalah pembunuh kuman yang cepat, tetapi tidak instan, jadi proses ini tetap membutuhkan waktu 20 detik untuk saling menggosok tangan, memastikan bahwa semua bagian kulit terbasahi, lalu Anda harus menunggu sekitar satu menit lagi hingga alkohol benar-benar kering."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with your hands.", "id": "Hindari menyentuh mata, hidung, dan mulut Anda dengan tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Most people touch their faces every few minutes, all day long.", "id": "Kebanyakan orang menyentuh wajah mereka setiap beberapa menit, sepanjang hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Try to do this less, and try to wash your hands before touching your face.", "id": "Cobalah untuk lebih jarang melakukan hal ini, dan cobalah untuk mencuci tangan sebelum menyentuh wajah Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Also, try to avoid touching surfaces you don't have to touch in the first place, at least with your bare hands.", "id": "Selain itu, cobalah untuk menghindari menyentuh permukaan yang sebenarnya tidak perlu Anda sentuh, setidaknya tidak perlu dengan tangan kosong."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Cough and sneeze into your elbow or a tissue, and then immediately throw away the tissue and wash your hands.", "id": "Batuk dan bersin ke dalam siku atau tisu, lalu segera buang tisu itu dan cuci tangan Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Don't stand or sit near people who might be sick.", "id": "Jangan berdiri atau duduk di dekat orang yang mungkin sakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Stay at least one meter – and ideally two meters (six feet) – away.", "id": "Jagalah jarak setidaknya satu meter, idealnya dua meter (enam kaki)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As a quick way to eyeball this distance, imagine that you and the other person both reached your hands towards each other.", "id": "Sebagai cara cepat untuk melihat jarak ini, bayangkan bahwa Anda dan orang itu sama-sama mengulurkan tangan ke arah satu sama lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Could you touch the other person's hand without taking a step towards that person?", "id": "Bisakah Anda menyentuh tangan orang itu tanpa maju selangkah ke arah orang itu?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If the answer is yes, then you're too close.", "id": "Jika jawabannya iya, posisi Anda terlalu dekat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Clean objects and surfaces that a lot of people touch, such as doorknobs, phones, and television remotes with regular household cleaner.", "id": "Bersihkan benda dan permukaan yang disentuh banyak orang, seperti gagang pintu, telepon, dan remote televisi dengan pembersih rumah tangga biasa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Disinfect the surfaces with a suitable disinfectant, such as diluted household bleach.", "id": "Disinfeksi permukaan dengan disinfektan yang sesuai, seperti cairan pemutih rumah tangga yang diencerkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Stay home when you are sick, and avoid contact with other people until your symptoms are gone.", "id": "Tetaplah di rumah jika Anda sakit, dan hindari kontak dengan orang lain sampai gejala Anda hilang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Do not share personal items that come into contact with saliva, such as toothbrushes, eating utensils, drinks, water bottles, and towels.", "id": "Jangan berbagi barang-barang pribadi yang bersentuhan dengan air liur, seperti sikat gigi, peralatan makan, minuman, botol air minum, dan handuk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The practice of serving yourself from a common plate with your own chopsticks, common in China, should be avoided.", "id": "Praktik penyajian dari piring bersama dengan sumpit masing-masing, seperti yang lazim di Tiongkok, harus dihindari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Greet people without touching them.", "id": "Sapa orang lain tanpa menyentuh mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Avoid hugs, kisses, handshakes, fist bumps, and any other contact.", "id": "Hindari pelukan, ciuman, jabat tangan, memberi salam dengan kepalan tangan, dan kontak lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If it's impossible to avoid contact, then wash your hands both before and after.", "id": "Jika kontak tidak mungkin dihindari, cuci kedua tangan Anda sebelum dan sesudahnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It won't protect you from the coronavirus, but it will partially protect you from the flu, which remains a greater risk than COVID-19 in many areas.", "id": "Tindakan ini tidak akan melindungi Anda dari koronavirus, tetapi setidaknya akan melindungi Anda dari flu, yang tetap merupakan risiko lebih besar daripada COVID-19 di banyak daerah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This also saves you from unnecessary worry if you get the flu and think it might be the coronavirus.", "id": "Tindakan ini juga mengurangi kekhawatiran yang tidak perlu jika Anda mengalami flu dan menduga Anda mungkin tertular koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you are elderly or otherwise in a high-risk group and can be vaccinated for pneumonia, get that vaccination.", "id": "Jika Anda termasuk lansia atau kelompok berisiko tinggi lainnya dan bisa mendapatkan divaksinasi untuk pneumonia, dapatkan vaksinasi itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It won't protect you from viral pneumonia from COVID-19, but some COVID-19 patients have died of bacterial pneumonia that attacked their weakened lungs, so a pneumonia vaccination could save your life.", "id": "Vaksinasi itu tidak akan melindungi Anda dari pneumonia akibat virus COVID-19, tetapi beberapa pasien COVID-19 meninggal akibat pneumonia bakterial yang menyerang paru-paru mereka yang melemah, jadi vaksinasi pneumonia dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Wearing masks is recommended for those who are suspected of carrying of disease and those who are in close contact with those infected.", "id": "Mengenakan masker dianjurkan bagi orang yang diduga membawa penyakit dan orang yang kontak dekat dengan orang yang terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For those who are asymptomatic, the WHO does not recommend masks, though some national governments do.", "id": "Bagi orang yang tidak menunjukkan gejala, WHO tidak merekomendasikan penggunaan masker, meskipun beberapa pemerintah nasional menganjurkannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Wearing a mask of some kind is required in some countries and cities in an effort to reduce community transmission.", "id": "Mengenakan sejenis masker diwajibkan di beberapa negara dan kota dalam upaya mengurangi penularan di masyarakat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are worldwide shortages of surgical masks.", "id": "Di seluruh dunia, terjadi kelangkaan masker bedah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you do wear a mask, make sure to use it correctly.", "id": "Jika memakai masker, pastikan Anda memakainya dengan benar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The mask should cover your nose and mouth and fit without gaps.", "id": "Masker harus menutupi hidung dan mulut Anda dan harus pas tanpa ada celah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Wash your hands before putting on the mask and avoid touching the mask while wearing it.", "id": "Cuci tangan Anda sebelum mengenakan masker dan hindari menyentuh masker saat mengenakannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you do touch it, wash your hands immediately afterwards.", "id": "Jika Anda menyentuhnya, segera cuci tangan Anda sesudahnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When the mask becomes damp, discard and replace it.", "id": "Saat masker menjadi lembap, buang dan ganti masker."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Remove it from the back, throw it away, and then wash your hands.", "id": "Lepaskan masker dari belakang, buang, lalu cuci tangan Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Remember that masks are not a substitute for good hygiene: continue to wash your hands frequently.", "id": "Ingatlah bahwa masker bukan pengganti higiene yang baik: tetaplah mencuci tangan sesering mungkin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Don't stock up on masks if you don't need them.", "id": "Jangan menimbun masker jika Anda tidak memerlukannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mask shortages mean that healthcare workers are having trouble getting a hold of masks, which puts everyone at risk.", "id": "Kelangkaan masker berarti bahwa tenaga kesehatan akan kesulitan mendapatkan masker, yang membuat semua orang menjadi berisiko."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "That includes N95 respirators, which are not recommended for the general public – these are specialist equipment which must be fitted to be optimally effective.", "id": "Ini mencakup respirator N95, yang tidak direkomendasikan untuk masyarakat umum, barang ini adalah perlengkapan untuk spesialis yang harus dipaskan agar optimal keefektifannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Leave them for healthcare workers.", "id": "Biarkan perlengkapan tersebut hanya untuk tenaga kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Avoid crowded areas, especially enclosed areas without much air circulation, such as conferences, performances, shopping malls, public transportation, and religious services.", "id": "Hindari daerah yang ramai, terutama daerah tertutup tanpa banyak sirkulasi udara, seperti konferensi, pertunjukan, pusat perbelanjaan, angkutan umum, dan layanan keagamaan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Events which involve a large scale gathering of people, from religious pilgrimages to music concerts, are being canceled worldwide, in an effort to contain the spread of the virus.", "id": "Acara yang melibatkan pertemuan banyak orang, mulai dari ziarah keagamaan hingga konser musik, dibatalkan di seluruh dunia, dalam upaya untuk membendung penyebaran virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Tourist attractions, businesses, and transportation may be closed, especially in affected countries.", "id": "Tempat wisata, bisnis, dan transportasi kemungkinan ditutup, terutama di negara-negara yang terdampak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some canceled events, especially performances, sporting events, and classes, are being moved online, which means you can experience them without traveling.", "id": "Beberapa acara yang dibatalkan, terutama pertunjukan, acara olahraga, dan kelas, dipindahkan menjadi daring, yang berarti Anda dapat menikmatinya tanpa bepergian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "At petrol/gas stations, use gloves or wipe down the handle with a disinfectant wipe if you can.", "id": "Di pompa bensin, sebisa mungkin, gunakan sarung tangan atau lap gagang pengisi bensin dengan tisu disinfektan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After filling up, clean your hands with hand sanitizer.", "id": "Setelah mengisi bensin, bersihkan tangan Anda dengan penyanitasi tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The U.S. and Canadian governments recommend avoiding travel by cruise ship.", "id": "Pemerintah AS dan Kanada merekomendasikan untuk menghindari perjalanan menggunakan kapal pesiar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Infections spread easily on board, and medical care is limited.", "id": "Infeksi mudah menyebar di atas kapal dan perawatan medis terbatas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Amid a cruise ship outbreak, quarantines and docking are challenging partly due to the large number of people aboard.", "id": "Di tengah wabah kapal pesiar, karantina dan penyandaran kapal menjadi sulit dilakukan, sebagian karena banyaknya orang di atas kapal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Even cruise ships without confirmed cases have been denied permission to dock due to virus fears, and in the high-profile case of the Diamond Princess in Japan, hundreds of people were infected on the ship.", "id": "Bahkan kapal pesiar tanpa kasus terkonfirmasi tidak diberi izin untuk berlabuh karena ketakutan akan virus, dan dalam hal Diamond Princess dengan profil kasus yang tinggi di Jepang, ratusan orang terinfeksi di kapal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you believe you may be infected, call a hospital or local emergency medical services instead of going in person to avoid infecting others.", "id": "Jika Anda yakin telah terinfeksi, hubungi rumah sakit atau layanan medis darurat setempat dan jangan datang sendiri untuk menghindari menulari orang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mention your symptoms and travel history.", "id": "Sebutkan gejala dan riwayat perjalanan Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Wear a medical mask and follow the instructions of authorities and doctors.", "id": "Kenakan masker medis dan ikuti instruksi pihak berwenang dan dokter."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "See also: Flight and health", "id": "Lihat juga: Penerbangan dan kesehatan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On a plane, follow the same hygiene practices as anywhere else: wash hands frequently, or use alcohol-based hand sanitizer if it's not convenient to leave your seat, and avoid touching your face.", "id": "Di pesawat, ikuti praktik kebersihan yang sama seperti di tempat lain: sering mencuci tangan, atau gunakan penyanitasi tangan berbasis alkohol jika Anda tidak ingin meninggalkan kursi Anda, dan hindari menyentuh wajah Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Researchers have found that passengers in window seats have less risk of contact with sick people.", "id": "Peneliti menemukan bahwa penumpang yang duduk di kursi dekat jendela memiliki risiko lebih kecil untuk kontak dengan orang sakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Try to book a window seat, and avoid moving around the cabin during the flight.", "id": "Cobalah memesan tempat duduk dekat jendela, dan hindari bergerak di seputar kabin selama penerbangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After washing your hands and before sitting down, use disinfectant wipes to wipe down the area around your seat.", "id": "Setelah mencuci tangan dan sebelum duduk, gunakan tisu disinfektan untuk membersihkan area di sekitar kursi Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Wipe hard surfaces, and if your seat is leather you can wipe that too.", "id": "Seka permukaan yang keras, dan jika tempat duduk Anda berbahan kulit, Anda bisa menyekanya juga."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Don't wipe a cloth seat, as the moisture can make transmission easier.", "id": "Jangan menyeka dudukan kain karena lembap dapat mempermudah penularan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When using disinfectant wipes, follow the instructions on the packaging.", "id": "Saat menggunakan tisu disinfektan, ikuti petunjuk pada kemasan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "And remember, viruses enter through your mouth, nose, and eyes – wiping down the area doesn't hurt, but it's not a substitute for proper hygiene.", "id": "Ingat, virus masuk melalui mulut, hidung, dan mata Anda, menyeka daerah-daerah tersebut boleh saja, tetapi tindakan itu bukan pengganti tindakan higiene yang sesuai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Wash your hands and avoid touching your face.", "id": "Cuci tangan Anda dan hindari menyentuh wajah Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "And use a tissue to touch the touch screen or other controls.", "id": "Dan gunakan tisu untuk menyentuh layar sentuh atau pengendali lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When using the lavatory, use paper towels to turn off the faucet and open the door, then throw them away.", "id": "Saat menggunakan toilet, gunakan lap kertas untuk mematikan keran dan membuka pintu, lalu buang lap kertas itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Airlines in affected areas are taking steps to reduce transmission and keep passengers safe.", "id": "Maskapai di daerah yang terdampak mengambil langkah-langkah untuk mengurangi penularan dan menjaga keselamatan penumpang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For instance, these may include cleaning facilities more frequently, allowing flight attendants to wear masks, and serving prepackaged instead of freshly heated meals.", "id": "Misalnya, langkah-langkah ini mungkin mencakup membersihkan fasilitas lebih sering, mengijinkan pramugari untuk memakai masker, serta menyajikan makanan kemasan dan bukan makanan yang baru dipanaskan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If a group of passengers is connecting from an area with a severe outbreak, the flight attendants may be able to seat them away from the rest of the passengers (and if you were recently in a high-risk area, consider telling the flight attendants for this reason).", "id": "Jika sekelompok penumpang berasal dari daerah yang terdampak parah, pramugari mungkin dapat mendudukkan mereka jauh dari penumpang lainnya (karena alasan ini, jika Anda baru-baru ini berada di daerah berisiko tinggi, pertimbangkanlah untuk memberi tahu pramugari)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "You may be prohibited from changing seats on the flight.", "id": "Anda mungkin dilarang mengganti tempat duduk di penerbangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is so that, if someone on the flight turns out to be infected, the authorities can track down the people who were sitting near them for testing or quarantine.", "id": "Tujuannya, jika seseorang dalam penerbangan ternyata terinfeksi, pihak berwenang dapat melacak orang-orang yang duduk di dekatnya untuk pengujian atau karantina."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "COVID-19 is treated by relieving symptoms and preventing complications.", "id": "COVID-19 dirawat dengan meringankan gejala dan mencegah komplikasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is no vaccine or specific treatment for the novel coronavirus.", "id": "Belum ada vaksin atau terapi spesifik untuk koronavirus baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Research into a vaccine or specific antiviral drug is underway.", "id": "Penelitian untuk membuat vaksin atau obat antivirus spesifik sedang dilakukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are a variety of trials using HIV medications and other novel antiviral medications for treatment of COVID-19.", "id": "Ada berbagai uji coba menggunakan obat HIV dan obat antivirus baru lainnya untuk pengobatan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mild symptoms may be relieved by taking paracetamol (acetaminophen).", "id": "Gejala ringan dapat dihilangkan dengan meminum parasetamol (asetaminofen)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you are infected with COVID-19, countries will isolate you until several consecutive tests for COVID-19 are negative.", "id": "Jika Anda terinfeksi COVID-19, di beberapa negara, Anda akan diisolasi hingga hasil beberapa uji COVID-19 berturut-turut negatif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you have been in close contact with someone infected with COVID-19, many countries will quarantine you for 14 days since the last exposure and monitor you for signs and symptoms.", "id": "Jika Anda kontak dekat dengan seseorang yang terinfeksi COVID-19, banyak negara akan mengarantina Anda selama 14 hari sejak paparan terakhir dan memantau Anda untuk melihat adanya tanda dan gejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some countries will also test you even if you don't have symptoms.", "id": "Beberapa negara juga akan menguji Anda sekalipun Anda tidak bergejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In many countries, the healthcare system has been stretched to the point of not being able to handle the sheer number of patients, and there is a chance you may be refused treatment due to the lack of available medical staff, supplies or equipment.", "id": "Di banyak negara, sistem perawatan kesehatan sudah kewalahan sampai tidak mampu menangani jumlah pasien yang sangat banyak, dan ada kemungkinan Anda tidak bisa mendapat perawatan karena kurangnya ketersediaan staf medis, persediaan, atau peralatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many countries have shut down or severely limited flights, ships, and border crossings, especially to and from affected areas.", "id": "Banyak negara telah menghentikan atau sangat membatasi penerbangan, kapal, dan perlintasan di perbatasan, terutama ke dan dari daerah yang terdampak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Even more countries have imposed restrictions on arriving travelers, either barring entry (maybe with an exception for local citizens and permanent residents) or requiring you to be quarantined, typically for 14 days.", "id": "Lebih banyak lagi negara yang telah memberlakukan pembatasan pada kedatangan orang, baik melarang masuk (mungkin dengan pengecualian untuk warga setempat dan pemegang izin tinggal permanen) maupun mengharuskan karantina, biasanya selama 14 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Even if a mandatory quarantine is not imposed, you may be asked to \"self-quarantine\" by staying at home and not interacting with other people.", "id": "Meskipun karantina wajib tidak diberlakukan, Anda mungkin diminta untuk \"karantina mandiri\" dengan tinggal di rumah dan tidak berinteraksi dengan orang lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The most severe restrictions are on travellers who have recently been to affected areas, but increasingly many countries are applying them to incoming travellers overall.", "id": "Pembatasan paling berat adalah pada orang yang baru-baru ini pergi ke daerah yang terdampak, tetapi semakin banyak negara menerapkannya untuk semua orang yang akan masuk ke dalam negara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some countries have even prohibited all or almost all foreigners from entry or limited the ability of local citizens and residents to leave.", "id": "Beberapa negara bahkan melarang semua atau hampir semua orang asing untuk masuk atau membatasi warga dan penduduk lokal untuk keluar negara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "What are the affected areas?", "id": "Daerah mana saja yang terdampak?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Well, this is a fast-changing situation, and each country/region/organization has its own list of what areas are subject to restrictions.", "id": "Nah, situasi ini berubah cepat, dan setiap negara/wilayah/organisasi memiliki daftar sendiri tentang daerah yang dibatasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The city of Wuhan is on every list and the rest of mainland China is on most.", "id": "Kota Wuhan ada di semua daftar dan daerah Tiongkok daratan lainnya ada di sebagain besar daftar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other areas that are often included: France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iran, Italy, Japan, Macau, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Schengen Area as a whole, and sometimes various others.", "id": "Daerah lain yang sering dimasukkan daftar: Prancis, Jerman, Hong Kong, Iran, Italia, Jepang, Makau, Singapura, Korea Selatan, Spanyol, Taiwan, Inggris Raya, Amerika Serikat, Wilayah Schengen secara keseluruhan, dan kadang-kadang berbagai negara lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some countries have imposed restrictions based on citizenship or residency from severely affected areas.", "id": "Beberapa negara memberlakukan pembatasan berdasarkan kewarganegaraan atau tempat tinggal dari daerah yang terdampak parah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A detailed list of entry restrictions is maintained by the IATA.", "id": "Daftar terperinci tentang pembatasan masuk dikelola oleh IATA."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It doesn't cover all the restrictions, but it's still useful.", "id": "Daftar ini tidak mencakup semua pembatasan, tetapi tetap berguna."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Keep up to date—the outbreak and the travel restrictions are changing rapidly.", "id": "Tetap ikuti perkembangan terkini, wabah dan pembatasan perjalanan berubah dengan cepat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For travel in the near future, consider making refundable reservations in case the changing situation forces you to change your plans.", "id": "Untuk perjalanan dalam waktu dekat, pertimbangkan untuk memesan tiket yang dapat dikembalikan jika perubahan situasi memaksa Anda untuk mengubah rencana."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Avoid buying tickets with a connection in an affected area – even changing planes can make you subject to restrictions.", "id": "Hindari membeli tiket yang transit di daerah terdampak sebab pergantian pesawat pun dapat membuat Anda harus tunduk pada pembatasan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Flights may get canceled with little notice, either due to the disease's spread and ever-changing entry restrictions, or simply because fewer people are flying and airlines are having trouble filling seats.", "id": "Penerbangan dapat dibatalkan dengan sedikit pemberitahuan, baik karena penyebaran penyakit dan pembatasan masuk yang selalu berubah maupun hanya karena penumpang terlalu sedikit dan maskapai kesulitan mengisi kursi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "You might also be delayed for hours upon arrival waiting for temperature checks and related procedures and paperwork, or even get quarantined for two weeks.", "id": "Anda juga mungkin mengalami penundaan berjam-jam setelah tiba untuk menunggu pemeriksaan suhu dan prosedur terkait serta pemeriksaan dokumen, atau bahkan dikarantina selama dua minggu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Be prepared for the possibility of disruption to your travel plans, especially if traveling internationally.", "id": "Bersiaplah untuk kemungkinan gangguan terhadap rencana perjalanan Anda, terutama jika bepergian internasional."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Even if you're nowhere near affected areas there's a risk that you'll have to stay at the destination longer than planned if you've shared a building or vessel with an infected person.", "id": "Walaupun Anda jauh dari daerah terdampak, ada risiko Anda harus tinggal di daerah tujuan lebih lama daripada yang direncanakan jika Anda berada dalam bangunan atau kendaraan yang sama dengan orang terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For example, in late February an Italian doctor on vacation in Costa Adeje (Canary Islands) was diagnosed with COVID-19, and as a result all the guests in the hotel he stayed at were quarantined.", "id": "Misalnya, pada akhir Februari, seorang dokter Italia yang sedang berlibur di Costa Adeje (Kepulauan Canary) didiagnosis menderita COVID-19, dan akibatnya, semua tamu di hotel tempat ia menginap dikarantina."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Lockdowns and other internal restrictions", "id": "Karantina wilayah dan pembatasan internal lainnya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some countries and regions, especially severely affected ones, are implementing emergency lockdowns and restrictions on people's movements and activities, even for those who haven't recently been abroad.", "id": "Beberapa negara dan wilayah, terutama yang terdampak parah, menerapkan karantina wilayah darurat dan pembatasan pada pergerakan dan kegiatan masyarakat, bahkan bagi mereka yang tidak bepergian ke luar negeri baru-baru ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These include the temporary reintroduction of some border controls, restrictions on travel within the country, closing or limiting service at restaurants and other establishments, banning large public events, and in the most severe cases prohibiting people from leaving the house except for essential reasons.", "id": "Pembatasan ini mencakup penerapan kembali kontrol perbatasan untuk sementara waktu, pembatasan perjalanan di dalam negeri, menutup atau membatasi layanan di restoran dan tempat usaha lain, melarang acara publik besar, dan dalam pembatasan paling berat, melarang orang meninggalkan rumah, kecuali untuk alasan esensial."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Beyond government restrictions, individual establishments are shutting their doors and cancelling events to try to reduce the spread of the virus.", "id": "Di luar batasan pemerintah, tempat-tempat usaha tutup dan membatalkan acara untuk mencoba mengurangi penyebaran virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In China, there are extensive restrictions on transportation and activity, which vary widely by province, city, and even by district or village.", "id": "Di Tiongkok, ada pembatasan ekstensif pada transportasi dan aktivitas, yang sangat beragam menurut provinsi, kota, dan bahkan menurut kabupaten atau desa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many governments recommend against traveling to China at this time.", "id": "Banyak pemerintah mengimbau untuk tidak bepergian ke Tiongkok masa-masa ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you have no choice, do your research and get up-to-date information about the local situation wherever you are going.", "id": "Jika Anda tidak memiliki pilihan, lakukan riset dan dapatkan informasi terkini tentang situasi setempat yang Anda tuju, di mana pun itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "People who have traveled to Hubei face particularly severe restrictions.", "id": "Orang yang baru bepergian ke Hubei, khususnya, menghadapi pembatasan yang sangat berat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Examples of restrictions that you may encounter in some parts of China (this is not an exhaustive list):", "id": "Contoh pembatasan yang mungkin Anda jumpai di beberapa bagian Tiongkok (ini bukan daftar lengkap):"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "14-day quarantine, self-quarantine, or COVID-19 test upon arrival from other parts of China or from other countries, at your expense", "id": "karantina 14 hari, karantina mandiri, atau pengujian COVID-19 setelah tiba dari daerah lain di Tiongkok atau dari negara lain, dengan biaya Anda sendiri"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "questions about your travel and medical history (lying can get you years in prison)", "id": "pertanyaan tentang perjalanan dan riwayat kesehatan Anda (berbohong bisa membuat Anda dipenjara bertahun-tahun)"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "mandatory registration using an online or paper form", "id": "pendaftaran wajib menggunakan formulir daring atau kertas"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "requirement to wear a face mask in public", "id": "keharusan mengenakan masker di tempat umum"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "people who have been outside of China within 14 days not allowed into public places like malls", "id": "orang yang berada di luar Tiongkok dalam 14 hari tidak diijinkan ke tempat umum, seperti mal"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "shops only accept mobile payments, not cash", "id": "toko hanya menerima pembayaran seluler, tidak menerima tunai"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "restaurants, transportation and other establishments refusing service to non-Chinese citizens", "id": "restoran, transportasi, dan tempat usaha lain menolak melayani orang yang bukan warga Tiongkok"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "many forms of transportation reduced or shut down", "id": "banyak bentuk transportasi dikurangi atau ditutup"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "mandatory real-name registration for public transit cards", "id": "pendaftaran nama asli diwajibkan untuk kartu transit publik"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "access in and out of a town, village, or city completely blocked", "id": "akses keluar masuk kota, desa, atau kota besar ditutup sepenuhnya"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "non-resident visitors prohibited from entering apartment complexes", "id": "pengunjung yang bukan penghuni dilarang memasuki kompleks apartemen"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "only allowed to go outside once every two days to get supplies", "id": "hanya diizinkan sekali dalam dua hari keluar rumah untuk mendapatkan kebutuhan pokok"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "businesses, activities, and attractions closed", "id": "bisnis, aktivitas, dan objek wisata ditutup"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "businesses need local government permission to re-open", "id": "bisnis membutuhkan izin pemerintah daerah untuk dibuka kembali"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "restaurants (if they are even open) require a minimum distance between customers", "id": "restoran (jika pun masih buka) mewajibkan jarak minimum antarpelanggan"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "selling substandard face masks has a maximum sentence of life imprisonment", "id": "menjual masker wajah dengan kualitas di bawah standar dapat dihukum penjara seumur hidup"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of mid-March 2020, Europe is the epicenter of the epidemic, and many European countries have closed their borders to international travel - only border commuters and freight are allowed to cross.", "id": "Mulai Maret 2020, Eropa adalah pusat epidemi dan banyak negara Eropa menutup perbatasannya untuk perjalanan internasional, hanya pekerja lintas perbatasan dan angkutan barang yang boleh melintas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Also businesses other than food stores and pharmacies are closed, and public transport has been reduced or stopped.", "id": "Selain itu, bisnis selain toko sembako dan apotek ditutup, serta transportasi umum dikurangi atau dihentikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the worst affected countries including Italy, Spain and France, lockdowns like in China in January, have been implemented.", "id": "Di negara-negara yang terdampak paling buruk, mencakup Italia, Spanyol, dan Prancis, diberlakukan karantina wilayah seperti karantina di Tiongkok pada bulan Januari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As well the EU has closed its outer borders.", "id": "Uni Eropa juga telah menutup perbatasan luarnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "COVID-19 is prevalent also in North America.", "id": "COVID-19 juga prevalen di Amerika Utara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The borders between Canada, the U.S., and Mexico are closed to non-essential travel, and in many areas bans on big gatherings are in effect (this means places like restaurants are closed, and events are canceled).", "id": "Perbatasan antara Kanada, AS, dan Meksiko ditutup untuk perjalanan nonesensial, dan di banyak daerah, diberlakukan larangan pertemuan banyak orang (hal ini berarti tempat-tempat seperti restoran ditutup dan acara-acara dibatalkan)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Numerous state, county, and municipal jurisdictions have issued stay-at-home orders that require all nonessential businesses to close.", "id": "Banyak yurisdiksi negara bagian, kabupaten, dan kota telah mengeluarkan perintah tetap di rumah yang mengharuskan semua bisnis nonesensial untuk tutup."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "With lots of flights canceled, warnings issued, and restrictions imposed, flying in the time of coronavirus can be a challenge.", "id": "Dengan banyaknya penerbangan dibatalkan, peringatan dikeluarkan, dan pembatasan diberlakukan, bepergian dengan pesawat terbang di masa koronavirus bisa sulit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some routes are not possible.", "id": "Sebagian rute penerbangan tidak memungkinkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Others will require more inconvenient connections than usual—multiple stops and long waits between flights.", "id": "Rute yang lain akan membutuhkan transit yang lebih tidak nyaman dibanding biasanya, dengan banyak perhentian dan waktu tunggu yang panjang antara penerbangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In some cases that means more expensive tickets.", "id": "Dalam beberapa kasus, hal ini berarti harga tiket yang lebih mahal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On the other hand, the good news is that many flights are cheaper than usual due to decreased demand, and there's a decent chance you'll get an empty seat next to you.", "id": "Di sisi lain, kabar baiknya, banyak penerbangan lebih murah daripada biasanya karena penurunan permintaan dan ada kemungkinan besar Anda akan mendapatkan kursi kosong di sebelah Anda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Build in extra time for your connections, especially if transferring from an international flight to a domestic flight and especially if your itinerary involves a country that's seriously affected.", "id": "Antisipasi waktu ektra untuk transit, terutama jika Anda beralih dari penerbangan internasional ke penerbangan domestik dan terutama jika rencana perjalanan Anda melibatkan negara yang terdampak serius."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Screenings, temperature checks, extra paperwork, and the associated waiting around can add minutes or hours before you're allowed to continue on your journey.", "id": "Waktu yang terkait dengan skrining, pemeriksaan suhu, dokumen tambahan, dan waktu tunggu bisa bermenit-menit atau berjam-jam sebelum Anda diizinkan melanjutkan perjalanan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "You may find it harder than usual to buy a ticket to or from a destination subject to warnings and restrictions.", "id": "Anda mungkin akan mendapati bahwa membeli tiket ke atau dari tempat tujuan dengan peringatan dan pembatasan menjadi lebih sulit daripada biasanya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is a real concern if you're trying to get out of an affected area.", "id": "Masalah ini lebih sulit jika Anda mencoba keluar dari wilayah yang terdampak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For instance, most aggregators are not selling tickets from China to the United States (presumably to avoid falling afoul of restrictions and being on the hook for a passenger's flight out).", "id": "Sebagai contoh, sebagian besar agregator tiket tidak menjual tiket dari Tiongkok ke Amerika Serikat (mungkin untuk menghindari melanggar aturan pembatasan dan terjebak dalam masalah akibat penerbangan penumpang)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To buy a ticket for an itinerary like this, you may have to contact the airline or use a lesser-known aggregator.", "id": "Untuk membeli tiket untuk rencana perjalanan seperti ini, Anda mungkin perlu menghubungi maskapai atau menggunakan agregator yang kurang dikenal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Another possibility is to buy two separate tickets (for instance, a ticket from China to Cambodia and a second ticket from Cambodia to the U.S.), but be careful you won't get quarantined or lose your luggage in between.", "id": "Kemungkinan lain adalah membeli dua tiket terpisah (misalnya, tiket dari Tiongkok ke Kamboja dan tiket kedua dari Kamboja ke AS), tetapi berhati-hatilah agar Anda tidak dikarantina atau kehilangan barang bawaan di antara dua penerbangan itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Connecting flights can be a problem.", "id": "Penerbangan bersambung bisa menjadi masalah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The risk of getting stuck in the connection city is higher than usual right now, due to delays for screening and testing as well as extensive cancellations.", "id": "Saat ini, risiko untuk terjebak di kota transit lebih tinggi daripada biasanya, karena penundaan untuk skrining dan pengujian, dan karena banyaknya pembatalan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Connecting in an affected area may lead to entry restrictions later on, and if you've been in an affected area recently some countries won't even let you change planes.", "id": "Transit di daerah yang terdampak mungkin mengakibatkan pembatasan masuk nantinya, dan jika Anda baru dari daerah terdampak, beberapa negara bahkan tidak akan mengizinkan Anda untuk berganti pesawat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On certain itineraries there is a risk of getting quarantined somewhere along the way.", "id": "Rencana perjalanan tertentu memiliki risiko karantina di salah satu tempat dalam perjalanan tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "So book a direct flight if you can, and if not, think carefully about where to connect.", "id": "Jadi, pesanlah penerbangan langsung jika memungkinkan, dan jika tidak, pikirkan baik-baik tempat yang dipilih untuk transit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In uncertain times, plans can change.", "id": "Di masa-masa yang tidak menentu ini, rencana dapat berubah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many embassies and consulates have evacuated nonessential staff, and some have shut down operations completely.", "id": "Banyak kedutaan dan konsulat telah mengevakuasi staf nonesensial dan sebagian menutup operasi sepenuhnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Emergency assistance should still be available, though it's possible you may have to contact a further-away consulate if your local one has shut down.", "id": "Bantuan darurat mestinya masih tersedia, tetapi Anda mungkin harus menghubungi konsulat yang lebih jauh jika konsulat terdekat telah ditutup."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you have been stranded due to the pandemic, your nearest consulate may be able to help you find a flight home, arrange an emergency loan so you can buy a ticket, or provide an emergency passport.", "id": "Jika Anda terdampar karena pandemi, konsulat terdekat mungkin dapat membantu mencarikan penerbangan pulang, mengatur pinjaman darurat sehingga Anda dapat membeli tiket, atau memberikan paspor darurat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "At the very least they can keep you informed about the local situation and notify you about recently introduced travel requirements and restrictions.", "id": "Paling tidak, mereka dapat memberi Anda informasi tentang situasi setempat dan memberi tahu Anda tentang persyaratan dan pembatasan perjalanan yang baru diberlakukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ordinary consular services such as visa and passport processing may be suspended or restricted to urgent need, depending on the location and the consulate.", "id": "Layanan konsuler biasa, seperti pemrosesan visa dan paspor, mungkin ditangguhkan atau dibatasi untuk kebutuhan mendesak, tergantung lokasi dan konsulatnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although some people call the disease \"Wuhan pneumonia\" (武汉(漢)肺炎/武肺), \"Wuhan disease\", or \"Chinese virus\", the use of these terms is considered racist in China and by many people of Chinese origin.", "id": "Meskipun beberapa orang menyebut penyakit ini sebagai \"pneumonia Wuhan\" (武汉(漢)肺炎/武肺), \"penyakit Wuhan\", atau \"virus Tiongkok\", penggunaan istilah ini dianggap rasis di Tiongkok dan oleh banyak orang yang berasal dari Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is still common to refer the disease as \"Wuhan pneumonia\" or \"Chinese virus\" in places like Hong Kong and Taiwan.", "id": "Penyakit ini masih lazim disebut \"pneumonia Wuhan\" atau \"virus Tiongkok\" di tempat-tempat seperti Hong Kong dan Taiwan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To be safe, use location-neutral terms when referring to the disease, such as \"COVID-19\", \"novel coronavirus\", or just \"the virus\" or \"the pandemic\".", "id": "Agar aman, gunakan istilah yang tidak terikat lokasi ketika merujuk pada penyakit ini, seperti \"COVID-19\", \"koronavirus baru\", atau \"virus\" atau \"pandemi\" saja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Particularly in developing countries where law enforcement are poorly trained, enforcement of curfew, lockdown or stay-at-home orders are often brutal, often using forces not proportionate against crowds.", "id": "Khususnya di negara-negara berkembang dengan penegakan hukum tidak terlatih dengan baik, penegakan jam malam, karantina wilayah, atau perintah tetap rumah sering kali tidak beradab dan sering kali menggunakan angkatan bersenjata yang tidak sebanding dengan jumlah kerumunan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Comply with these orders, and avoid crowds in public.", "id": "Karena itu, patuhi perintah ini dan hindari kerumunan di tempat umum."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As a result of the coronavirus pandemic, xenophobia has risen in many countries, primarily but not exclusively targeting people perceived to be Chinese.", "id": "Sebagai akibat dari pandemi koronavirus, xenofobia meningkat di banyak negara terutama, tetapi tidak secara eksklusif, menargetkan orang yang dianggap orang Tionghoa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There has been a worldwide spike in racist incidents targeting people of East Asian origin, including in major cities such as New York, London and San Francisco.", "id": "Lonjakan insiden rasis yang menargetkan orang yang berasal dari Asia Timur terjadi di seluruh dunia, mencakup di kota-kota besar, seperti New York, London, dan San Francisco."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Hong Kong, Sinophobia, which was already high to begin with, has intensified as a result of the pandemic, with the result that many shops and restaurants are now denying service to mainland Chinese customers and banning Mandarin speakers from their premises (with the exception of Taiwanese).", "id": "Di Hong Kong, Sinofobia, yang sudah tinggi sejak awal, meningkat akibat pandemi sehingga banyak toko dan restoran kini menolak memberi layanan kepada pelanggan orang Tiongkok daratan dan melarang penutur bahasa Mandarin di tempat mereka (dengan pengecualian orang Taiwan)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Levels of xenophobia have also risen in East Asia, with some restaurants and other businesses in Japan and China refusing service to foreign customers.", "id": "Tingkat xenofobia juga meningkat di Asia Timur, dengan beberapa restoran dan bisnis lain di Jepang dan Tiongkok menolak memberi layanan kepada pelanggan asing."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In China, there have been incidents of foreigners being refused rooms by hotel staff, and foreign residents, particularly black people, being kicked out of their apartments on short notice by their landlords.", "id": "Di Tiongkok, terjadi insiden orang asing tidak diberi kamar oleh staf hotel dan warga asing, terutama orang kulit hitam, diusir dari apartemen dengan pemberitahuan singkat oleh pemilik apartemen."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Sources for further information on the coronavirus outbreak include:", "id": "Sumber-sumber untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang wabah koronavirus antara lain:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The US government Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "id": "Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit pemerintah AS"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (daily updates)", "id": "Pusat Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Eropa (pembaruan setiap hari)"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "United Kingdom government, - Foreign and Commonwealth Office advice for Travellers", "id": "Pemerintah Inggris Raya - Saran untuk Wisatawan dari Dinas Asing dan Persemakmuran"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "An online map and dashboard from the John Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering with live updates", "id": "Peta dan dasbor daring dari Pusat Sains dan Teknik Sistem Universitas John Hopkins dengan pembaruan langsung"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Partial lists of entry restrictions from IATA and The New York Times", "id": "Daftar parsial tentang pembatasan masuk dari IATA dan The New York Times"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A variety of misinformation and conspiracy theories about the virus are being promoted online and even by some government officials, so be careful which sources you check for information.", "id": "Berbagai informasi yang salah dan teori konspirasi tentang virus sedang digaungkan daring dan bahkan oleh beberapa pejabat pemerintah, jadi berhati-hatilah dengan sumber yang Anda buka untuk mendapatkan informasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ensure that all information and advice you receive has been backed by reputable doctors and scientists.", "id": "Pastikan bahwa semua informasi dan saran yang Anda terima telah didukung oleh dokter dan ilmuwan yang bereputasi baik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In a crisis, it's natural to want to keep following the latest updates, but it may be better for your mental health to moderate the amount of news that you look at, and stick to reliable news sources.", "id": "Dalam situasi krisis, wajar jika Anda ingin terus mengikuti pembaruan terkini, tetapi mungkin lebih baik, demi kesehatan mental Anda, untuk membatasi jumlah berita yang Anda lihat dan tetap berpatokan pada sumber-sumber berita yang dapat dipercaya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If you normally watch the news twice per day then stick to this schedule and do something else, rather than having the 24-hour news on continuously.", "id": "Jika Anda biasanya menonton berita dua kali sehari, tetaplah mengikuti jadwal ini dan lakukan sesuatu yang lain daripada terus menerus menonton berita 24 jam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "b'Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme attached to the outer surface (cell membranes) of cells in the lungs, arteries, heart, kidney, and intestines.", "id": "b'Enzim pengubah angiotensin 2 (ACE2) adalah enzim yang melekat pada permukaan luar sel (membran sel) di paru, arteri, jantung, ginjal, dan usus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "ACE2 counters the activity of the related angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by reducing the amount of angiotensin-II and increasing Ang(1-7) making it a promising drug target for treating cardiovascular diseases.ACE2 also serves as the entry point into cells for some coronaviruses.", "id": "ACE2 memiliki aktivitas yang berlawanan dengan enzim pengonversi angiotensin (ACE), dengan mengurangi jumlah angiotensin-II dan meningkatkan Angiotensin (1-7), sehingga membuatnya menjadi target obat yang menjanjikan untuk mengobati penyakit kardiovaskular. ACE2 juga berfungsi sebagai titik masuk ke dalam sel untuk beberapa koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The human version of the enzyme is often referred to as hACE2.", "id": "ACE2 versi manusia sering disebut sebagai hACE2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a zinc containing metalloenzyme located on the surface of endothelial and other cells.", "id": "Enzim pengoversi angiotensin 2 adalah metaloenzim mengandung seng yang terletak di permukaan sel endotel dan sel lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "ACE2 protein contains an N-terminal peptidase M2 domain and a C-terminal collectrin renal amino acid transporter domain.", "id": "Protein ACE2 memiliki domain M2 peptidase terminal-N dan domain transporter asam amino renal collectrin terminal-C."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "ACE2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein, with its enzymatically active domain exposed on the surface of cells in lungs and other tissues.", "id": "ACE2 adalah protein membran pelewat tunggal tipe I, dengan domain aktif secara enzimatik terpapar pada permukaan sel di paru dan jaringan lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The extracellular domain of ACE2 is cleaved from the transmembrane domain by another enzyme known as sheddase, and the resulting soluble protein is released into the blood stream and ultimately excreted into urine.", "id": "Domain ekstrasel ACE2 dipisahkan dari domain transmembran oleh enzim lain, yang dikenal sebagai sheddase, dan protein terlarut yang dihasilkan dilepaskan ke dalam aliran darah dan akhirnya diekskresi ke dalam urin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "ACE2 is present in most organs: ACE2 is attached to the cell membrane of mainly lung type II alveolar cells, enterocytes of the small intestine, arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in most organs.", "id": "ACE2 ada di sebagian besar organ: ACE2 melekat pada membran sel terutama sel alveolar paru tipe II, enterosit usus kecil, sel endotel arteri dan vena, dan sel otot polos arteri di sebagian besar organ."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "ACE2 mRNA expression is also found in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, and brainstem.", "id": "Ekspresi mRNA ACE2 juga ditemukan di korteks serebral, striatum, hipotalamus, dan batang otak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The primary function of ACE2 is to act as a counter balance to ACE.", "id": "Fungsi utama ACE2 adalah sebagai penyeimbang ACE."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "ACE cleaves angiotensin I hormone into the vasoconstricting angiotensin II.", "id": "ACE memecah hormon angiotensin I menjadi angiotensin II vasokonstriksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "ACE2 in turn cleaves the carboxyl-terminal amino acid phenylalanine from angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) and hydrolyses it into the vasodilator angiotensin (1-7), (H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-OH).", "id": "Akhirnya, ACE2 memotong asam amino fenilalanin terminal karboksil dari angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) dan menghidrolisisnya menjadi angiotensin (1-7) vasodilator (H-Asp-Arg -Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-OH)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "ACE2 can also cleave a number of other peptides including [des-Arg9]-bradykinin, apelin, neurotensin, dynorphin A, and ghrelin.", "id": "ACE2 juga dapat memecah sejumlah peptida lain mencakup [des-Arg9] -bradikinin, apelin, neurotensin, dinorfin A, dan ghrelin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "ACE2 also regulates the membrane trafficking of the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 and has been implicated in Hartnup's disease.", "id": "ACE2 juga mengatur lalu lintas membran transporter asam amino netral SLC6A19 dan terlibat dalam penyakit Hartnup."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As a transmembrane protein, ACE2 serves as the main entry point into cells for some coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63; SARS-CoV (the virus that causes SARS); and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19).", "id": "Sebagai protein transmembran, ACE2 berfungsi sebagai titik masuk utama ke dalam sel untuk beberapa koronavirus, yang mencakup HCoV-NL63; SARS-CoV (virus yang menyebabkan SARS); dan SARS-CoV-2 (virus yang menyebabkan COVID-19)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "More specifically, the binding of the spike S1 protein of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 to the enzymatic domain of ACE2 on the surface of cells results in endocytosis and translocation of both the virus and the enzyme into endosomes located within cells.", "id": "Lebih spesifik lagi, pengikatan protein S1 pada spike atau tonjolan SARS-CoV dan SARS-CoV2 dengan domain enzimatik ACE2 pada permukaan sel mengakibatkan endositosis dan translokasi virus dan enzim ke dalam endosom yang terletak di dalam sel."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This entry process also requires priming of the S protein by the host serine protease TMPRSS2, the inhibition of which is under current investigation as a potential therapeutic.This has led some to hypothesize that decreasing the levels of ACE2, in cells, might help in fighting the infection.", "id": "Proses masuk virus ini juga memerlukan priming protein S oleh serin protease inang TMPRSS2, yang penghambatannya sedang diselidiki saat ini sebagai terapi yang potensial. Fakta ini membuat orang berhipotesis bahwa penurunan kadar ACE2 dalam sel mungkin dapat membantu memerangi infeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, multiple professional societies and regulatory bodies have recommended continuing standard ACE inhibitor and ARB therapy.", "id": "Namun, banyak masyarakat profesional dan badan regulasi merekomendasikan melanjutkan terapi inhibitor ACE dan ARB standar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A systematic review and meta-analysis published on July 11, 2012, found that \"use of ACE inhibitors was associated with a significant 34% reduction in risk of pneumonia compared with controls.\"", "id": "Sebuah tinjauan sistematis dan metaanalisis, yang dipublikasikan pada 11 Juli 2012, menemukan bahwa \"penggunaan inhibitor ACE menyebabkan penurunan signifikan 34% dalam risiko pneumonia dibandingkan dengan kontrol.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Moreover, \"the risk of pneumonia was also reduced in patients treated with ACE inhibitors who were at higher risk of pneumonia, in particular those with stroke and heart failure.", "id": "Lebih lanjut, \"penggunaan inhibitor ACE juga menurunkan risiko pneumonia pada pasien yang memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk pneumonia, terutama pasien penderita stroke dan gagal jantung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Use of ACE inhibitors was also associated with a reduction in pneumonia related mortality, although the results were less robust than for overall risk of pneumonia.\"", "id": "Penggunaan inhibitor ACE juga dikaitkan dengan penurunan mortalitas terkait pneumonia, meskipun hasilnya kurang kuat dibandingkan dengan risiko pneumonia keseluruhan.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) is surmised to be a novel therapy for acute lung injury, and appeared to improve pulmonary hemodynamics and oxygen saturation in piglets with a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "id": "ACE2 manusia rekombinan (rhACE2) diharapkan menjadi terapi baru untuk cedera paru akut, dan tampaknya meningkatkan hemodinamik paru dan saturasi oksigen pada anak babi dengan sindrom gawat napas akut yang diinduksi oleh lipoplisakarida."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The half-life of rhACE2 in human beings is about 10 hours and the onset of action is 30 minutes in addition to the course of effect (duration) of 24 hours.", "id": "Waktu paruh rhACE2 pada manusia sekitar 10 jam dengan awitan kerja 30 menit selain panjangnya efek (durasi) 24 jam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several findings suggest that rhACE2 may be a promising drug for those with intolerance to classic renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS inhibitors) or in diseases where circulating angiotensin II is elevated.Infused rhACE2 has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "id": "Beberapa temuan menunjukkan bahwa rhACE2 mungkin merupakan obat yang menjanjikan bagi pasien dengan intoleransi terhadap inhibitor sistem renin-angiotensin (inhibitor RAS) klasik atau pada penyakit dengan angiotensin II dalam sirkulasi darah meningkat. Infus rhACE2 telah dievaluasi dalam uji klinis untuk pengobatan sindrom gawat napas akut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "b'Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1), also sometimes called SARS-like coronavirus WIV1, is a strain of Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) isolated from Chinese rufous horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus).", "id": "b'Koronavirus mirip-SARS kelelawar WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1), kadang-kadang disebut juga koronavirus mirip-SARS WIV1, adalah galur koronavirus terkait sindrom pernapasan akut berat (SARSr-CoV) yang diisolasi dari kelelawar ladam Tiongkok (Rhinolophus sinicus)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Like all coronaviruses, virions consist of single-stranded positive-sense RNA enclosed within an envelope.", "id": "Seperti semua koronavirus, virion berupa RNA sense positif untai tunggal yang dibungkus dalam amplop."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The discovery confirms that bats are the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV.", "id": "Penemuan ini mengonfirmasi bahwa kelelawar adalah reservoir alami SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phylogenetic analysis shows the possibility of direct transmission of SARS from bats to humans without the intermediary Chinese civets, as previously believed.", "id": "Analisis filogenetik menunjukkan kemungkinan transmisi langsung SARS dari kelelawar ke manusia tanpa musang Tiongkok sebagai perantara, seperti yang diyakini sebelumnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "b'COVID-19 apps are mobile software applications designed to aid contact tracing in response to the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, i.e. the process of identifying persons (\"contacts\") who may have been in contact with an infected individual.", "id": "b'Aplikasi COVID-19 adalah aplikasi perangkat lunak seluler yang dirancang untuk membantu pelacakan kontak untuk menanggulangi pandemi koronavirus 2019-2020, yakni proses mengidentifikasi orang (\"kontak\") yang mungkin telah melakukan kontak dengan orang yang terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Numerous applications were developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions.", "id": "Banyak aplikasi dikembangkan atau diusulkan, yang mendapat dukungan resmi pemerintah di beberapa wilayah dan yurisdiksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several frameworks for building contact tracing apps have been developed.", "id": "Beberapa kerangka kerja untuk membangun aplikasi pelacakan kontak telah dikembangkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.", "id": "Masalah privasi dipertanyakan, terutama berkaitan dengan sistem yang didasarkan pada pelacakan lokasi geografis pengguna aplikasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Less intrusive alternatives include the use of Bluetooth signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.", "id": "Alternatif yang tidak terlalu menyusupi privasi mencakup penggunaan sinyal Bluetooth untuk mencatat kedekatan pengguna dengan ponsel lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into their Android and iOS operating systems.", "id": "Pada 10 April 2020, Google dan Apple bersama-sama mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan mengintegrasikan fungsionalitas untuk mendukung aplikasi berbasis Bluetooth tersebut langsung ke dalam sistem operasi Android dan iOS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In China, the Chinese government, in conjunction with Alipay, has deployed an app that allows citizens to check if they have been in contact with people that have COVID-19.", "id": "Di Tiongkok, pemerintah Tiongkok, bersama dengan Alipay, telah menyebarkan aplikasi yang memungkinkan warga untuk memeriksa jika mereka telah kontak dengan penderita COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is in use across more than 200 Chinese cities.In Singapore, an app called TraceTogether is being used.", "id": "Aplikasi ini digunakan di lebih dari 200 kota Tiongkok. Di Singapura, digunakan aplikasi bernama TraceTogether."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The app was developed by local IT community, released as open source and will be handed over to the government.North Macedonia launched \"StopKorona!\", a Bluetooth-based app to trace exposure with potentially infected persons and provide a fast response to healthcare authorities.", "id": "Aplikasi ini dikembangkan oleh komunitas TI lokal, dirilis sebagai sumber terbuka dan akan diserahkan kepada pemerintah. Makedonia Utara meluncurkan \"StopKorona!\", sebuah aplikasi berbasis Bluetooth untuk melacak paparan terhadap orang yang berpotensi terinfeksi dan memberikan respons cepat kepada otoritas perawatan kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The app was developed by the Ministry of Communication and Technology and Ministry of Health.", "id": "Aplikasi ini dikembangkan oleh Kementerian Komunikasi dan Teknologi dan Kementerian Kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 14 April 2020, the app was awaiting approval by the Google Play Store and Apple App Store.", "id": "Hingga 14 April 2020, aplikasi tersebut masih menunggu persetujuan Google Play Store dan Apple App Store."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 12 April, the government stated that the contact tracing app was in an advanced stage of development, and would be available for deployment within weeks.A similar app is planned in Ireland, and in France (\"StopCovid\").", "id": "Pada 12 April, pemerintah menyatakan bahwa aplikasi pelacakan kontak sedang dalam tahap pengembangan lanjutan dan akan tersedia untuk disebarkan dalam beberapa minggu. Aplikasi serupa direncanakan di Irlandia dan di Prancis (\"StopCovid\")."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Both Australia and New Zealand are considering apps based on Singapore's TraceTogether app and BlueTrace protocol.Russia intends to introduce a geofencing app for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow, designed to ensure they do not leave home.", "id": "Australia dan Selandia Baru sedang mempertimbangkan aplikasi yang didasarkan pada aplikasi TraceTogether Singapura dan protokol BlueTrace. Rusia bermaksud memperkenalkan aplikasi geofencing untuk pasien terdiagnosis COVID-19 yang tinggal di Moskow; aplikasi ini dirancang untuk memastikan mereka tidak meninggalkan rumah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, listed a number of potential practical problems with app-based systems, including false positives and the potential lack of effectiveness if takeup of the app is limited to only a small fraction of the population.", "id": "Ross Anderson, profesor teknik keamanan di Universitas Cambridge, menyebutkan sejumlah masalah praktis yang mungkin terjadi pada sistem berbasis aplikasi, yang mencakup positif palsu dan kemungkinan kurangnya efektivitas jika data yang diambil aplikasi terbatas pada sebagian kecil populasi saja."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Addressing concerns about the spread of misleading or harmful \"coronavirus\" apps, Apple set limits on which types of organizations could add coronavirus-related apps to its App Store, limiting them to only \"official\" or otherwise reputable organizations.", "id": "Untuk mengatasi kekhawatiran tentang penyebaran aplikasi \"koronavirus\" yang menyesatkan atau berbahaya, Apple menetapkan batasan pada jenis organisasi yang dapat menambahkan aplikasi terkait koronavirus ke App Store, yakni membatasi hanya untuk organisasi \"resmi\" atau yang memiliki reputasi baik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Google and Amazon have implemented similar restrictions.", "id": "Google dan Amazon menerapkan pembatasan serupa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Privacy campaigners voiced their concern regarding the implications of mass surveillance using coronavirus apps, in particular about whether surveillance infrastructure created to deal with the coronavirus pandemic will be dismantled once the threat has passed.", "id": "Para pendukung privasi menyuarakan keprihatinan mereka mengenai implikasi surveilans massal menggunakan aplikasi koronavirus, khususnya mengenai apakah infrastruktur surveilans yang dibuat untuk menangani pandemi koronavirus akan dihentikan setelah ancaman berlalu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issued a statement calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.", "id": "Amnesty International dan lebih dari 100 organisasi lainnya mengeluarkan pernyataan yang menyerukan batasan pada surveilans semacam ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The organisations declared eight conditions on governmental projects:", "id": "Organisasi ini menyatakan delapan syarat pada proyek pemerintah:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "surveillance would have to be \"lawful, necessary and proportionate\";", "id": "surveilans harus \"sesuai hukum, perlu, dan proporsional\";"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "extensions of monitoring and surveillance would have to have sunset clauses;", "id": "perluasan pemantauan dan surveilans harus memiliki klausa matahari terbenam;"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "the use of data would have to be limited to COVID-19 purposes;", "id": "penggunaan data harus dibatasi untuk tujuan COVID-19;"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "data security and anonymity would have to be protected and shown to be protected based on evidence;", "id": "keamanan dan anonimitas data harus dilindungi dan terbukti dilindungi berdasarkan bukti;"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "digital surveillance would have to avoid exacerbating discrimination and marginalisation;", "id": "surveilans digital harus menghindari semakin parahnya diskriminasi dan marginalisasi;"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "any sharing of data with third parties would have to be defined in law;", "id": "setiap pembagian data dengan pihak ketiga harus didefinisikan dalam undang-undang;"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "there would have to be safeguards against abuse and the rights of citizens to respond to abuses;", "id": "harus ada perlindungan terhadap penyalahgunaan dan hak warga negara untuk merespons penyalahgunaan;"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "meaningful participation by all \"relevant stakeholders\" would be required, including that of public health experts and marginalised groups.The German Chaos Computer Club (CCC) and Reporters Without Borders (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF) also issued checklists.", "id": "partisipasi bermakna semua \"pemangku kepentingan yang relevan\" diperlukan, yang mencakup pakar kesehatan masyarakat dan kelompok termarginalisasi. Chaos Computer Club (CCC) Jerman dan Reporters Without Borders (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF) juga mengeluarkan daftar periksa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The proposed Google/Apple plan intends to address the problem of persistent surveillance by removing the tracing mechanism from their device operating systems once it is no longer needed.", "id": "Rencana Google/Apple yang diusulkan bermaksud untuk mengatasi masalah surveilans terus menerus dengan menghapus mekanisme pelacakan dari sistem operasi perangkat setelah tidak diperlukan lagi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some countries used network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating both the need to download an app and the ability to avoid tracking.", "id": "Beberapa negara menggunakan pelacakan lokasi berbasis jaringan, dan bukan aplikasi, sehingga menghilangkan keharusan mengunduh aplikasi dan kemampuan untuk menghindari pelacakan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Israel, network-based tracking was approved.", "id": "Di Israel, pelacakan berbasis jaringan disetujui."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Network-based solutions that have access to raw location data have significant potential privacy problems.", "id": "Solusi berbasis jaringan yang memiliki akses ke data lokasi mentah memiliki potensi masalah privasi yang signifikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, not all systems with central servers need to have access to personal location data; a number of privacy-preserving systems have been created that use central servers only for intercommunication (see section below).", "id": "Namun, tidak semua sistem dengan server pusat perlu mengakses data lokasi pribadi; sejumlah sistem yang melindungi privasi telah dibuat dan menggunakan server pusat hanya untuk antarkomunikasi (lihat bagian di bawah)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In South Korea, a non-app-based system was used to perform contact tracing.", "id": "Di Korea Selatan, sistem yang tidak berbasis aplikasi digunakan untuk melakukan pelacakan kontak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Instead of using a dedicated app, the system gathered tracking information from a variety of sources including mobile device tracking data and card transaction data, and combined these to generate notices via text messages to potentially-infected individuals.", "id": "Sebagai ganti menggunakan aplikasi khusus, sistem mengumpulkan informasi pelacakan dari berbagai sumber, mencakup data pelacakan perangkat seluler dan data transaksi kartu, dan menggabungkan informasi ini untuk menghasilkan pemberitahuan melalui pesan teks kepada orang yang berpotensi terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition to using this information to alert potential contacts, the government has also made the location information publicly available, something permitted because of far-reaching changes to information privacy laws after the MERS outbreak in that country.", "id": "Selain menggunakan informasi ini untuk memperingatkan kontak potensial, pemerintah juga membuat informasi lokasi tersebut tersedia untuk umum, hal yang diizinkan dengan adanya perubahan luas pada undang-undang privasi informasi setelah merebaknya MERS di negara itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This information is available to the public via a number of apps and websites.Countries including Germany considered using both centralized and privacy-preserving systems.", "id": "Informasi ini tersedia untuk umum melalui sejumlah aplikasi dan situs web. Negara-negara seperti Jerman mempertimbangkan untuk menggunakan sistem terpusat sekaligus sistem yang melindungi privasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 6 April 2020, the details had not yet been released.", "id": "Hingga 6 April 2020, detailnya belum dirilis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Privacy-preserving contact tracing is a well-established concept, with a substantial body of research literature dating back to at least 2013.As of 7 April 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.", "id": "Pelacakan kontak yang melindungi privasi adalah konsep yang sudah mapan, dengan sejumlah besar literatur penelitian mulai dari setidaknya tahun 2013.Pada 7 April 2020, lebih dari selusin kelompok pakar mengerjakan solusi ramah privasi, seperti menggunakan Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), untuk mencatat kedekatan pengguna dengan ponsel lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, PEPP-PT is a co-ordination effort which contains both centralised and decentralised approaches, and is not a single protocol.Decentralised protocols include Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T), Temporary Contact Numbers (TCN, fka Contact Event Numbers, CEN), Privacy Sensitive Protocols and Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) and others.", "id": "Namun, PEPP-PT adalah upaya koordinasi yang berisi pendekatan tersentralisasi dan terdesentralisasi, dan bukan protokol tunggal. Protokol terdesentralisasi mencakup Pelacakan Kedekatan yang Melindungi Privasi Terdesentralisasi (DP-PPT/DP-3T), Nomor Kontak Sementara (TCN, sebelumnya disebut Nomor Kejadian Kontak, CEN), Protokol dan Mekanisme Sensitif Privasi untuk Pelacakan Kontak Seluler (PACT), dan lain-lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In these protocols, identifiable personal data never leaves the device, and all matching happens on-device.", "id": "Dalam protokol ini, data pribadi yang dapat teridentifikasi tidak pernah meninggalkan perangkat, dan semua pencocokan terjadi di perangkat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Privacy Group at MIT Media Lab has been developing SafePaths, a platform for using privacy-preserving techniques when collecting and using location or path intersection data to track the spread of COVID-19.", "id": "Grup Privasi di MIT Media Lab mengembangkan SafePaths, platform untuk menggunakan teknik yang melindungi privasi saat mengumpulkan dan menggunakan lokasi atau data interseksi alur untuk melacak penyebaran COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is based on research from the whitepaper \"Apps Gone Rogue: Maintaining Personal Privacy in an Epidemic\" released in March 2020.Another similar effort is the SafeTrace platform by Enigma MPC, a company developing privacy technologies that was also originally founded at the MIT Media Lab.", "id": "Ini didasarkan pada penelitian dari lembar putih \"Apps Gone Rogue: Maintaining Personal Privacy in an Epidemic\" yang dirilis pada Maret 2020.Upaya lain yang serupa adalah platform SafeTrace oleh Enigma MPC, perusahaan yang mengembangkan teknologi privasi dan awalnya juga didirikan di MIT Media Lab."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "SafeTrace utilizes secure hardware technologies to allow users to share sensitive location and health data with other users and officials, without compromising the privacy of that data.", "id": "SafeTrace menggunakan teknologi perangkat keras yang aman untuk memungkinkan pengguna berbagi lokasi dan data kesehatan sensitif dengan pengguna lain dan petugas tanpa mengorbankan privasi data tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 5 April 2020, the global TCN Coalition was founded by groups that had coalesced around what was essentially the same approach and largely overlapping protocols, with the goal to reduce fragmentation, and enable global interoperability of tracing and alerting apps, a key aspect of achieving widespread adoption.", "id": "Pada 5 April 2020, Koalisi TCN global didirikan oleh kelompok-kelompok yang memiliki pendekatan yang pada dasarnya sama dan merupakan protokol yang banyak tumpang tindih, dengan tujuan untuk mengurangi fragmentasi dan memungkinkan interoperabilitas global untuk aplikasi pelacakan dan peringatan, yang merupakan aspek utama untuk mencapai penerimaan yang luas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 9 April 2020, the Singaporean government announced that it had open-sourced the BlueTrace protocol used by its official government app.", "id": "Pada 9 April 2020, pemerintah Singapura mengumumkan bahwa mereka telah membuat protokol BlueTrace yang digunakan oleh aplikasi resmi pemerintahnya menjadi sumber terbuka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple, the companies that control the Android and iOS mobile platforms, announced an initiative for contact tracing, which they claimed would preserve privacy, based on a combination of Bluetooth Low Energy technology and privacy-preserving cryptography.", "id": "Pada 10 April 2020, Google dan Apple, perusahaan yang mengendalikan platform seluler Android dan iOS, mengumumkan inisiatif untuk pelacakan kontak, yang mereka klaim akan melindungi privasi, berdasarkan kombinasi teknologi Bluetooth Low Energy dan kriptografi yang melindungi privasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They also published specifications of the core technologies used in the system.", "id": "Mereka juga memublikasikan spesifikasi teknologi inti yang digunakan dalam sistem tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to Apple and Google, the system is intended to be rolled out in three stages:", "id": "Menurut Apple dan Google, sistem ini dimaksudkan untuk diluncurkan dalam tiga tahap:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "rollout of tools to enable governments to create official privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps", "id": "peluncuran alat untuk memungkinkan pemerintah membuat aplikasi resmi pelacakan koronavirus yang melindungi privasi"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "integration of this functionality directly into iOS and AndroidGoogle and Apple plan to address the take-up and persistent surveillance problems by first distributing the system through operating system updates, and later removing it in the same way once the threat has passed.", "id": "integrasi fungsi ini secara langsung ke iOS dan Android Google dan Apple berencana untuk mengatasi masalah pengambilan data dan surveilans terus menerus dengan awalnya mendistribusikan sistem melalui pembaruan sistem operasi, lalu menghapusnya dengan cara yang sama setelah ancaman berlalu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "b'COVID-19 drug development is the research process to develop a preventative vaccine or therapeutic prescription drug that would alleviate the severity of 2019-20 coronavirus disease (COVID-19).", "id": "b'Pengembangan obat COVID-19 adalah proses penelitian untuk mengembangkan vaksin pencegahan atau obat resep terapeutik yang akan meringankan keparahan penyakit koronavirus 2019-2020 (COVID-19)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the WHO recorded 536 clinical studies to develop post-infection therapies for COVID-19 infections, with numerous established antiviral compounds for treating other infections under clinical research to be repurposed.", "id": "Platform Pendaftaran Uji Klinis Internasional WHO mencatat 536 studi klinis untuk mengembangkan terapi pascainfeksi untuk infeksi COVID-19, dengan banyak senyawa antivirus yang sudah mapan untuk mengobati infeksi lain disertakan dalam penelitian klinis untuk tujuan baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In March, the WHO initiated the \"SOLIDARITY Trial\" in 10 countries, enrolling thousands of people infected with COVID-19 to assess treatment effects of four existing antiviral compounds with the most promise of efficacy.", "id": "Pada bulan Maret, WHO memprakarsai \"SOLIDARITY Trial\" di 10 negara, yang mendaftarkan ribuan orang yang terinfeksi COVID-19 untuk mengkaji efek pengobatan empat senyawa antivirus yang sudah ada dengan kemanjuran paling menjanjikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A dynamic, systematic review was established in April 2020 to track the progress of registered clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutic drug candidates.Vaccine and drug development is a multistep process, typically requiring more than five years to assure safety and efficacy of the new compound.", "id": "Sebuah tinjauan dinamis dan sistematis dibuat pada April 2020 untuk melacak perkembangan uji klinis terdaftar untuk kandidat vaksin dan obat terapeutik COVID-19. Pengembangan vaksin dan obat merupakan proses multilangkah, yang biasanya membutuhkan waktu lebih dari lima tahun untuk memastikan keamanan dan kemanjuran senyawa baru tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Drug development is the process of bringing a new infectious disease vaccine or therapeutic drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.", "id": "Pengembangan obat adalah proses untuk membawa vaksin atau obat terapeutik penyakit infeksi baru ke pasar setelah senyawa utama diidentifikasi melalui proses penemuan obat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It includes laboratory research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the FDA, for an investigational new drug to initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug application to market the drug.", "id": "Proses ini mencakup penelitian laboratorium pada mikroorganisme dan hewan, mengajukan status regulasi, misalnya melalui FDA, untuk obat baru yang sedang diteliti untuk memulai uji klinis pada manusia, dan dapat mencakup langkah mendapatkan persetujuan regulasi dengan permohonan obat baru untuk memasarkan obat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Development of a COVID-19 vaccine or therapeutic antiviral drug begins with matching a chemical concept to the potential prophylactic mechanism of the future vaccine or antiviral activity in vivo.", "id": "Pengembangan vaksin atau obat antivirus terapeutik COVID-19 dimulai dengan mencocokkan konsep kimia dengan potensi mekanisme profilaksis vaksin yang akan dibuat atau aktivitas antivirus in vivo."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "New chemical entities (NCEs, also known as new molecular entities or NMEs) are compounds that emerge from the process of drug discovery to specify a vaccine or antiviral candidate.", "id": "Entitas kimia baru (NCE, disebut juga entitas molekul baru atau NME) adalah senyawa yang muncul dari proses penemuan obat untuk menentukan kandidat vaksin atau obat antivirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These have promising activity against a biological target related to COVID-19 disease.", "id": "Entitas ini memiliki aktivitas menjanjikan terhadap target biologis yang terkait dengan penyakit COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "At the beginning of vaccine or drug development, little is known about the safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of the NCE in humans.", "id": "Di awal pengembangan vaksin atau obat, sedikit yang diketahui tentang keamanan, toksisitas, farmakokinetik, dan metabolisme NCE pada manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is the function and obligation of drug development to assess all of these parameters prior to human clinical trials to prove safety and efficacy.", "id": "Pengembangan obat memiliki fungsi dan kewajiban untuk mengkaji semua parameter ini sebelum uji klinis manusia untuk membuktikan keamanan dan kemanjuran."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A further major objective of drug development is to recommend the dose and schedule for the first use in a human clinical trial (\"first-in-human\" [FIH] or First Human Dose [FHD], previously also known as \"first-in-man\" [FIM]).", "id": "Tujuan utama pengembangan obat lebih lanjut adalah untuk merekomendasikan dosis dan jadwal penggunaan pertama dalam uji klinis manusia (\"pertama pada manusia\" [FIH] atau Dosis Manusia Pertama [FHD], yang sebelumnya disebut juga \"pertama pada orang\"[FIM])."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, drug development must establish the physicochemical properties of the NCE: its chemical makeup, stability, and solubility.", "id": "Selain itu, pengembangan obat harus menetapkan sifat-sifat fisikokimia NCE: susunan kimia, stabilitas, dan kelarutannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Manufacturers must optimize the process they use to make the chemical so they can scale up from a medicinal chemist producing milligrams, to manufacturing on the kilogram and ton scale.", "id": "Produsen harus mengoptimalkan proses yang digunakan untuk membuat bahan kimia sehingga mereka dapat meningkatkan skala pembuatan, dari awalnya ahli kimia yang memproduksi beberapa miligram ke produsen yang memproduksi skala kilogram dan ton."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They further examine the product for suitability to package as capsules, tablets, aerosol, intramuscular injectable, subcutaneous injectable, or intravenous formulations.", "id": "Selanjutnya, mereka memeriksa kesesuaian produk untuk dikemas sebagai kapsul, tablet, aerosol, injeksi intramuskular, injeksi subkutan, atau formulasi intravena."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Together, these processes are known in preclinical and clinical development as chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC).Many aspects of drug development focus on satisfying the regulatory requirements of drug licensing authorities.", "id": "Secara bersama-sama, proses-proses ini dikenal dalam pengembangan praklinis dan klinis sebagai kimia, manufaktur, dan kontrol (CMC).Banyak aspek pengembangan obat berfokus pada pemenuhan persyaratan regulasi otoritas perizinan obat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These generally constitute tests designed to determine the major toxicities of a novel compound prior to first use in humans.", "id": "Proses ini umumnya berupa pengujian yang dirancang untuk mengetahui toksisitas utama senyawa baru sebelum penggunaan pertama pada manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Canadian government announced CA$275 million in funding for 96 research projects on medical countermeasures against COVID-19, including numerous vaccine candidates at Canadian universities, with plans to establish a \"vaccine bank\" of new vaccines for implementation if another coronavirus outbreak occurs.", "id": "Pemerintah Kanada mengumumkan CA$275 juta untuk mendanai 96 proyek penelitian tentang penanggulangan medis terhadap COVID-19, yang mencakup sejumlah kandidat vaksin, di universitas-universitas Kanada, dengan rencana untuk mendirikan \"bank vaksin\" untuk vaksin baru guna diterapkan jika wabah koronavirus lain terjadi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Clinical trial programs involve three, multiple-year stages toward product approval, and a fourth, post-approval stage for ongoing safety monitoring of the vaccine or drug therapy:", "id": "Program uji klinis melibatkan tiga tahap, yang masing-masing berlangsung beberapa tahun, untuk mendapatkan persetujuan produk, dan tahap keempat adalah tahap pascapersetujuan untuk pemantauan keamanan vaksin atau terapi obat yang sedang berlangsung:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phase I trials, usually in healthy volunteers, determine safety and dosing.", "id": "Uji coba Fase I, biasanya pada sukarelawan sehat, untuk mengetahui keamanan dan dosis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phase II trials are used to establish an initial reading of efficacy and further explore safety in small numbers of people having the disease targeted by the NCE.", "id": "Uji coba Fase II digunakan untuk mendapatkan nilai awal kemanjuran dan untuk menelusuri lebih lanjut keamanan kandidat di sejumlah kecil orang yang memiliki penyakit yang ditargetkan oleh NCE."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phase III trials are large, pivotal trials to determine safety and efficacy in sufficiently large numbers of people with the COVID-19 infection.", "id": "Uji coba Fase III adalah uji coba besar dan penting untuk mengetahui keamanan dan kemanjuran pada cukup banyak orang yang menderita infeksi COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If safety and efficacy are adequately proved, clinical testing may stop at this step and the NCE advances to the new drug application (NDA) stage to begin marketing.", "id": "Jika keamanan dan kemanjuran terbukti memadai, pengujian klinis dapat dihentikan pada langkah ini dan NCE maju ke tahap permohonan obat baru (NDA) untuk mulai dipasarkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phase IV trials are post-approval trials that may be a condition attached by the FDA, also called post-market surveillance studies.", "id": "Uji coba Fase IV adalah uji coba pascapersetujuan yang mungkin merupakan persyaratan yang ditambahkan oleh FDA, disebut juga studi surveilans pascapasar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition to the tests required to move a novel vaccine or antiviral drug into the clinic for the first time, manufacturers must ensure that any long-term or chronic toxicities are well-defined, including effects on systems not previously monitored (fertility, reproduction, immune system, among others).", "id": "Selain pengujian yang diperlukan untuk memindahkan vaksin atau obat antivirus baru ke pemakaian klinik untuk pertama kalinya, produsen harus memastikan bahwa setiap toksisitas jangka panjang atau kronis didefinisikan dengan baik, yang mencakup efek pada sistem yang sebelumnya tidak dipantau (di antaranya kesuburan, reproduksi, sistem kekebalan tubuh)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the United States, this process is called a \"new drug application\" or NDA.", "id": "Di Amerika Serikat, proses ini disebut \"permohonan obat baru\" atau NDA."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A clinical trial design in progress may be modified as an \"adaptive design\" if accumulating data in the trial provide early insights about positive or negative efficacy of the treatment.", "id": "Desain uji klinis yang sedang berjalan dapat dimodifikasi sebagai \"desain adaptif\" jika pengumpulan data dalam uji coba memberikan gambaran awal tentang kemanjuran positif atau negatif pengobatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The global Solidarity and European Discovery trials of hospitalized people with severe COVID-19 infection apply adaptive design to rapidly alter trial parameters as results from the four experimental therapeutic strategies emerge.", "id": "Uji coba Solidaritas dan Penemuan Eropa global pada orang yang dirawat inap akibat infeksi COVID-19 berat menerapkan desain adaptif untuk dengan cepat mengubah parameter uji coba saat hasil dari empat strategi terapeutik eksperimental muncul."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Adaptive designs within ongoing Phase II-III clinical trials on candidate therapeutics may shorten trial durations and use fewer subjects, possibly expediting decisions for early termination or success, and coordinating design changes for a specific trial across its international locations.", "id": "Desain adaptif dalam uji klinis Fase II-III yang sedang berlangsung pada kandidat terapi dapat memperpendek durasi uji coba dan menggunakan lebih sedikit subjek, mempercepat keputusan untuk penghentian dini atau keberhasilan, dan mengoordinasikan perubahan desain untuk uji coba spesifik di lokasi internasional."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Most novel drug candidates (NCEs) fail during drug development, either because they have unacceptable toxicity or because they simply do not prove efficacy on the targeted disease, as shown in Phase II-III clinical trials.", "id": "Sebagian besar kandidat obat baru (NCE) gagal selama pengembangan obat, baik karena memiliki toksisitas yang tidak dapat diterima maupun karena tidak membuktikan kemanjuran pada penyakit yang ditargetkan, seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam uji klinis Fase II-III."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The high failure rates associated with pharmaceutical development are referred to as an \"attrition rate\", requiring decisions during the early stages of drug development to \"kill\" projects early to avoid costly failures.", "id": "Tingkat kegagalan yang tinggi terkait pengembangan farmasi disebut sebagai \"tingkat atritasi\", yang mengharuskan keputusan diambil di tahap awal pengembangan obat untuk \"membunuh\" proyek lebih awal demi menghindari kegagalan yang mahal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "One 2010 study assessed both capitalized and out-of-pocket costs for bringing a single new drug to market as about US$1.8 billion and $870 million, respectively.", "id": "Sebuah studi di tahun 2010 mengkaji biaya modal dan biaya talangan untuk membawa obat baru ke pasar masing-masing sekitar US$1,8 miliar dan $870 juta."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A median cost estimate of 2015-16 trials for development of 10 anti-cancer drugs was $648 million.", "id": "Median perkiraan biaya uji coba tahun 2015-2016 untuk pengembangan 10 obat antikanker adalah $648 juta."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In a 2016 review of 106 drug candidates assessed through clinical trials, the total capital expenditure for a manufacturer having a drug approved through successful Phase III trials was $2.6 billion (in 2013 dollars), an amount increasing at an annual rate of 8.5%.", "id": "Dalam sebuah tinjauan tahun 2016 tentang 106 kandidat obat yang dikaji melalui uji klinis, total pengeluaran modal untuk produsen agar obatnya disetujui melalui uji coba Fase III yang berhasil sebesar $2,6 miliar (dalam dolar tahun 2013), jumlah yang meningkat pada tingkat tahunan sebesar 8,5%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Seven trials were evaluating repurposed drugs already approved to treat malaria, including four studies on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine phosphate.", "id": "Tujuh uji coba mengevaluasi obat yang telah disetujui untuk mengobati malaria, tetapi dengan tujuan baru, yang mencakup empat studi tentang hidroksiklorokuin atau klorokuin fosfat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the Chinese research, with 9 Phase III trials on remdesivir across several countries due to report by the end of April.", "id": "Obat antivirus yang diberi tujuan baru membentuk sebagian besar penelitian Tiongkok, dengan 9 uji coba Fase III pada remdesivir di beberapa negara dengan tenggat waktu pelaporan pada akhir April."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Led by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation with partners investing US$125 million and coordinating with the World Health Organization, the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator began in March, facilitating drug development researchers to rapidly identify, assess, develop, and scale up potential treatments.", "id": "Dipimpin oleh Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation dan mitra yang menginvestasikan US$125 juta dan berkoordinasi dengan Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia, COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator mulai berjalan pada bulan Maret, yang memfasilitasi para peneliti pengembangan obat untuk secara cepat mengidentifikasi, menilai, mengembangkan, dan meningkatkan skala pengobatan potensial."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition formed to coordinate and expedite results from international clinical trials on the most promising post-infection treatments.", "id": "COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition dibentuk untuk mengoordinasikan dan mempercepat hasil dari uji klinis internasional tentang perawatan pascainfeksi paling menjanjikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In early 2020, numerous established antiviral compounds for treating other infections were being repurposed or developed in new clinical research efforts to alleviate the illness of COVID-19.", "id": "Pada awal 2020, banyak senyawa antivirus, yang sudah mapan untuk mengobati infeksi lain, diberi tujuan baru atau dikembangkan dalam upaya penelitian klinis baru untuk meringankan penyakit COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For an already-approved drug (such as hydroxychloroquine for malaria), Phase III-IV trials determine in hundreds to thousands of COVID-19-infected people the possible extended use of an already-approved drug for treating COVID-19 infection.", "id": "Untuk obat yang sudah disetujui (seperti hidroksiklorokuin untuk malaria), uji coba Fase III-IV pada ratusan hingga ribuan orang yang terinfeksi COVID-19 menentukan kemungkinan penggunaan baru untuk obat yang sudah disetujui guna mengobati infeksi COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of early April 2020, 103 candidate therapeutics were in preclinical or a stage of Phase I-IV development, with trial results for 29 drug candidates expected during April.", "id": "Per awal April 2020, 103 kandidat terapeutik berada dalam praklinis atau tahap pengembangan Fase I-IV, dengan hasil uji coba untuk 29 kandidat obat diharapkan pada bulan April."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In March, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the coordinated \"Solidarity trial\" in 10 countries to rapidly assess in thousands of COVID-19 infected people the potential efficacy of existing antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents not yet evaluated specifically for COVID-19 illness.", "id": "Pada bulan Maret, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) meluncurkan \"uji solidaritas\" terkoordinasi di 10 negara untuk mengkaji dengan cepat, pada ribuan orang yang terinfeksi COVID-19, potensi kemanjuran agen antivirus dan antiinflamasi yang sudah ada, tetapi belum dievaluasi secara spesifik untuk penyakit COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Do any of the drugs reduce mortality?", "id": "Adakah obat-obatan tersebut yang menurunkan mortalitas?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Do any of the drugs reduce the time a patient is hospitalized?", "id": "Adakah obat-obatan tersebut yang menurunkan waktu rawat inap pasien?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Do the treatments affect the need for people with COVID-19-induced pneumonia to be ventilated or maintained in intensive care?", "id": "Apakah pengobatan memengaruhi kebutuhan penderita pneumonia akibat COVID-19 untuk diventilasi atau tetap berada dalam perawatan intensif?"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Could such drugs be used to minimize the illness of COVID-19 infection in healthcare staff and people at high risk of developing severe illness?Enrolling people with COVID-19 infection is simplified by using data entries, including informed consent, on a WHO website.", "id": "Dapatkah obat-obatan tersebut digunakan untuk meminimalkan penyakit infeksi COVID-19 pada staf perawatan kesehatan dan orang yang berisiko tinggi untuk mengalami sakit parah?Pendaftaran penderita infeksi COVID-19 disederhanakan dengan menggunakan entri data, yang mencakup perstujuan setelah penjelasan, di situs web WHO."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After the trial staff determines the drugs available at the hospital, the WHO website randomizes the hospitalized subject to one of the trial drugs or to the hospital standard of care for treating COVID-19.", "id": "Setelah staf uji coba mengetahui obat yang tersedia di rumah sakit, situs web WHO mengacak subjek yang dirawat inap untuk salah satu obat uji coba atau untuk standar perawatan rumah sakit untuk mengobati COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The trial physician records and submits follow-up information about the subject status and treatment, completing data input via the WHO Solidarity website.", "id": "Dokter uji coba mencatat dan mengirimkan informasi tindak lanjut tentang status dan perawatan subjek serta melengkapi input data melalui situs web Solidaritas WHO."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A global safety monitoring board of WHO physicians examine interim results to assist decisions on safety and effectiveness of the trial drugs, and alter the trial design or recommend an effective therapy.", "id": "Dewan pemantauan keamanan global yang berisi dokter-dokter WHO memeriksa hasil sementara untuk membantu pengambilan keputusan tentang keamanan dan efektivitas obat uji coba dan mengubah desain uji coba atau merekomendasikan terapi yang efektif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A similar web-based study to Solidarity, called \"Discovery\", was initiated in March across seven countries by INSERM (Paris, France).During March, funding for the Solidarity trial reached US$108 million from 203,000 individuals, organizations and governments, with 45 countries involved in financing or trial management.", "id": "Penelitian berbasis web yang mirip dengan Solidaritas, yang disebut \"Discovery\", dimulai pada bulan Maret di tujuh negara oleh INSERM (Paris, Prancis).Selama bulan Maret, pendanaan untuk uji coba Solidaritas mencapai US$108 juta dari 203.000 individu, organisasi, dan pemerintah, dengan 45 negara terlibat dalam pembiayaan atau manajemen uji coba."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Numerous candidate drugs under study as \"supportive\" treatments to relieve discomfort during illness, such as NSAIDs or bronchodilators, are not included in the table below.", "id": "Banyak kandidat obat yang sedang diteliti sebagai perawatan \"pendukung\" untuk menghilangkan ketidaknyamanan selama sakit, seperti OAINS atau bronkodilator, tidak disertakan dalam tabel di bawah ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Others in early-stage Phase II trials or numerous treatment candidates in Phase I trials, are also excluded.", "id": "Obat-obat lain dalam tahap uji coba Fase II, atau banyak kandidat pengobatan dalam uji coba Fase I, juga tidak disertakan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Drug candidates in Phase I-II trials have a low rate of success (under 12%) to pass through all trial phases to gain eventual approval.", "id": "Kandidat obat dalam uji coba Fase I-II memiliki tingkat keberhasilan yang rendah (di bawah 12%) untuk melewati semua fase uji coba untuk akhirnya mendapatkan persetujuan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hydroxychloroquine is more commonly available than chloroquine in the United States.", "id": "Di Amerika Serikat, hidroksiklorokuin lebih banyak tersedia dibandingkan klorokuin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although several countries use chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for treatment of persons hospitalized with COVID-19, as of March 2020 the drug has not been formally approved through clinical trials in the United States.", "id": "Meskipun beberapa negara menggunakan klorokuin atau hidroksiklorokuin untuk pengobatan pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat inap, hingga Maret 2020, obat ini belum disetujui secara resmi melalui uji klinis di Amerika Serikat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Chloroquine has been recommended by Chinese, South Korean and Italian health authorities for the treatment of COVID-19, although these agencies and the US CDC noted contraindications for people with heart disease or diabetes.", "id": "Klorokuin direkomendasikan oleh otoritas kesehatan Tiongkok, Korea Selatan, dan Italia untuk pengobatan COVID-19, walaupun lembaga-lembaga ini dan CDC AS mengamati kontraindikasi pada penderita penyakit jantung dan diabetes."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Both drugs have extensive interactions with prescription drugs, affecting the therapeutic dose and disease mitigation.", "id": "Dua obat tersebut memiliki interaksi yang luas dengan obat resep, yang memengaruhi dosis terapeutik dan mitigasi penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some people have allergic reactions to these drugs.On 12 April, a preliminary clinical trial conducted at a hospital in Brazil was stopped when several people given high doses of chloroquine for COVID-19 infection developed irregular heart rates, causing 11 deaths.", "id": "Beberapa orang mengalami reaksi terhadap obat ini. Pada 12 April, uji klinis pendahuluan yang dilakukan di sebuah rumah sakit di Brasil dihentikan saat beberapa orang yang diberi klorokuin dosis tinggi untuk infeksi COVID-19 mengalami denyut jantung yang tidak beraturan sehingga menyebabkan 11 kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Chinese clinical trials in Wuhan and Shenzhen claimed to show that favipiravir was \"clearly effective\".", "id": "Uji klinis Tiongkok di Wuhan dan Shenzhen mengklaim bahwa favipiravir terbukti \"jelas efektif\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Of 35 patients in Shenzhen tested negative in a median of 4 days, while the length of illness was 11 days in the 45 patients who did not receive it.", "id": "Tiga puluh lima pasien di Shenzhen teruji negatif dalam median 4 hari, sedangkan durasi penyakit adalah 11 hari pada 45 pasien yang tidak menerima obat tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In a study conducted in Wuhan on 240 patients with pneumonia half were given favipiravir and half received umifenovir.", "id": "Dalam sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan di Wuhan pada 240 pasien dengan pneumonia, setengah dari jumlah pasien diberi favipiravir dan setengahnya lagi menerima umifenovir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The term \"preclinical research\" is defined by laboratory studies in vitro and in vivo, indicating a beginning stage for development of a vaccine, antiviral or monoclonal antibody therapy, such as experiments to determine effective doses and toxicity, before a candidate compound is advanced for safety and efficacy evaluation in humans.", "id": "Istilah \"penelitian praklinis\" didefinisikan oleh studi laboratorium in vitro dan in vivo, yang menunjukkan tahap awal untuk pengembangan vaksin, terapi antivirus atau antibodi monoklonal, seperti percobaan untuk menentukan dosis efektif dan toksisitas, sebelum senyawa kandidat dimajukan untuk evaluasi keamanan dan kemanjuran pada manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some antibiotics may be repurposed as COVID-19 treatments:", "id": "Beberapa antibiotik mungkin dapat diberi tujuan baru sebagai pengobatan COVID-19:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In March 2020, the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was identified as a target for post-infection drugs.", "id": "Pada Maret 2020, protease utama virus SARS-CoV-2 diidentifikasi sebagai target untuk obat pascainfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This enzyme is essential to the host cell to reproduce the ribonucleic acid of the virus.", "id": "Enzim ini sangat penting bagi sel inang untuk mereproduksi asam ribonukleat virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To find the enzyme, scientists used the genome published by Chinese researchers in January 2020 to isolate the main protease.", "id": "Untuk menemukan enzim, ilmuwan menggunakan genom yang dipublikasikan peneliti Tiongkok pada Januari 2020 untuk mengisolasi protease utama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As a potential combination therapy, they are used together in two Phase III arms of the 2020 global Solidarity project on COVID-19.", "id": "Sebagai terapi kombinasi potensial, obat-obat ini digunakan bersama dalam dua kelompok Fase III pada proyek Solidaritas global 2020 tentang COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A preliminary study in China of combined lopinavir and ritonavir found no effect in people hospitalized for COVID-19.", "id": "Sebuah studi pendahuluan di Tiongkok tentang kombinasi lopinavir dan ritonavir menemukan bahwa kombinasi tidak memiliki efek untuk pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat inap."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "b'Drug repositioning (also known as drug repurposing, re-profiling, re-tasking or therapeutic switching) is the repurposing of an approved drug for the treatment of a different disease or medical condition than that for which it was originally developed.", "id": "b'Reposisi obat (disebut juga pemberian tujuan baru, profil baru, atau tugas baru pada obat atau peralihan terapi) adalah penggunaan obat yang telah disetujui untuk tujuan pengobatan baru, yakni untuk penyakit atau kondisi medis yang berbeda dengan tujuan awal pengembangan obat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is one line of scientific research which is currently being pursued to develop safe and effective COVID-19 treatments.", "id": "Jalur ini merupakan jalur penelitian ilmiah yang saat ini sedang dilakukan untuk mengembangkan pengobatan COVID-19 yang aman dan efektif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other research directions include the development of a COVID-19 vaccine and convalescent plasma transfusion.SARS-CoV-2 has about 66 druggable proteins, each of which has multiple ligand binding sites.", "id": "Arah penelitian lain mencakup pengembangan vaksin COVID-19 dan transfusi plasma konvalesen. SARS-CoV-2 memiliki sekitar 66 protein yang dapat menjadi target obat, masing-masing protein memiliki beberapa situs pengikatan ligan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Analyzing those binding sites provide the reasonable project of developing effective antiviral drug against COVID-19 proteins.", "id": "Analisis terhadap situs-situs pengikatan ligan tersebut dapat menjadi dasar proyek pengembangan obat antivirus yang efektif terhadap protein COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Of the most important SARS-CoV-2 target proteins are papain-like protease, RNA dependent RNA polymerase, helicase, S protein, and ADP ribophosphatase.", "id": "Beberapa protein target SARS-CoV-2 yang paling penting adalah protease mirip papain, RNA polimerase tergantung-RNA, helikase, protein S, dan ADP ribofosfatase."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hussein A A, et al studied several candidate compounds which then optimized and analyzed for their skeleton similarity with the highest similar approved drugs in order to accelerate a potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development in his preclinical study to be recommended in a clinical study design.", "id": "Hussein A A, et al meneliti beberapa senyawa kandidat yang kemudian dioptimalkan dan dianalisis kemiripan kerangkanya dengan obat yang telah disetujui dan memiliki kemipiripan tertinggi guna mempercepat pengembangan obat anti-SARS-CoV-2 poten dalam studi praklinisnya untuk direkomendasikan dalam desain studi klinis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Chloroquine is an anti-malarial medication that is also used against some auto-immune diseases.", "id": "Klorokuin adalah obat antimalaria yang juga digunakan melawan beberapa penyakit autoimun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 18 March, the WHO announced that chloroquine and the related hydroxychloroquine would be among the four drugs studied as part of the Solidarity clinical trial.", "id": "Pada 18 Maret, WHO mengumumkan bahwa klorokuin dan hidroklorokuin yang terkait adalah dua di antara empat obat yang akan diteliti sebagai bagian dari uji klinis Solidaritas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "New York governor Andrew Cuomo announced that New York State trials of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine would begin on 24 March.On 28 March, the FDA authorized the use of hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine phosphate under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA).", "id": "Gubernur New York, Andrew Cuomo, mengumumkan bahwa uji coba klorokuin dan hidroklorokuin di New York akan dimulai pada 24 Maret. Pada 28 Maret, FDA mengotorisasi penggunaan hidroksiklorokuin sulfat dan klorokuin fosfat berdasarkan Otorisasi Penggunaan Darurat (EUA)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The treatment has not been approved by the FDA's clinical trials process and is authorized under the EUA only as an experimental treatment for emergency use in patients who are hospitalized but are not able to receive treatment in a clinical trial.", "id": "Pengobatan ini belum disetujui oleh proses uji klinis FDA dan diotorisasi berdasarkan EUA hanya sebagai pengobatan eksperimental untuk penggunaan darurat pada pasien yang dirawat inap, tetapi tidak dapat menerima pengobatan dalam uji klinis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The CDC has said that \"the use, dosing, or duration of hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection\" are not yet established.", "id": "CDC mengatakan bahwa \"penggunaan, dosis, atau durasi hidroksiklorokuin untuk profilaksis atau pengobatan infeksi SARS-CoV-2\" belum ditetapkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Doctors have said they are using the drug when \"there's no other option\".", "id": "Dokter mengatakan mereka menggunakan obat itu ketika \"tidak ada pilihan lain\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A Turkish research team in Istanbul is conducting a small study on the use of chloroquine in combination with zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin D.", "id": "Sebuah tim peneliti Turki di Istanbul sedang melakukan studi kecil tentang penggunaan klorokuin yang dikombinasikan dengan seng, vitamin A, vitamin C, dan vitamin D."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Large studies are underway at Duke University and the University of Oxford.", "id": "Studi besar sedang berlangsung di Duke University dan University of Oxford."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "NYU Langone Medical School is conducting a trial on the safety and efficacy of preventative use of hydroxychloroquine.", "id": "NYU Langone Medical School sedang melakukan uji coba keamanan dan kemanjuran penggunaan preventif hidroksiklorokuin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Chinese clinical trials in Wuhan and Shenzhen claimed to show favipiravir was \"clearly effective\".", "id": "Uji klinis Tiongkok di Wuhan dan Shenzhen mengklaim bahwa favipiravir terbukti \"jelas efektif\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "35 patients in Shenzhen tested negative in a median of 4 days, while the length of illness was 11 days in the 45 patients who did not receive it.", "id": "Tiga puluh lima pasien di Shenzhen teruji negatif dalam median 4 hari, sedangkan durasi penyakit adalah 11 hari pada 45 pasien yang tidak menerima obat tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In a study conducted in Wuhan on 240 patients with pneumonia, half were given favipiravir and half received umifenovir.", "id": "Dalam sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan di Wuhan pada 240 pasien dengan pneumonia, setengah dari jumlah pasien diberi favipiravir dan setengahnya lagi menerima umifenovir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Italian Pharmaceutical Agency reminded the public that the existing evidence in support of the drug is scant and preliminary.", "id": "Badan Farmasi Italia mengingatkan publik bahwa bukti yang ada untuk mendukung obat tersebut tidak banyak dan terlalu dini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 2 April, Germany announced that it would purchase the drug from Japan for its stockpile, and use the military to deliver the drug to university hospitals, where the drug will be used to treat COVID-19 patients.", "id": "Pada tanggal 2 April, Jerman mengumumkan akan membeli obat tersebut dari Jepang untuk persediaan dan menggunakan militer untuk mengirimkan obat ke rumah sakit universitas, tempat obat akan digunakan untuk mengobati pasien COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to the South China Morning Post, Shinzo Abe has made overtures to the Trump administration about purchasing the drug.The drug may be less effective in severe cases of illness where the virus has already multiplied.", "id": "Menurut South China Morning Post, Shinzo Abe telah membuat penawaran kepada pemerintahan Trump tentang pembelian obat tersebut. Obat ini mungkin kurang efektif dalam kasus penyakit berat dengan virus yang telah bermultiplikasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It may not be safe for use by pregnant women or those trying to conceive.", "id": "Obat ini mungkin tidak aman jika digunakan oleh ibu hamil atau orang yang mencoba untuk mengandung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "One study of lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra), a combination of the antivirals lopinavir and ritonavir, concluded that \"no benefit was observed\".", "id": "Sebuah studi tentang lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra), yaitu kombinasi antivirus lopinavir dan ritonavir, menyimpulkan bahwa “tidak ada manfaat yang teramati”."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The drugs were designed to inhibit HIV from replicating by binding to the protease.", "id": "Obat ini dirancang untuk menghambat replikasi HIV dengan mengikat protease."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A team of researchers at the University of Colorado are trying to modify the drugs to find a compound that will bind with the protease of SARS-CoV-2.There are criticisms within the scientific community about directing resources to repurposing drugs specifically developed for HIV/AIDS.", "id": "Sebuah tim peneliti di University of Colorado sedang mencoba memodifikasi obat untuk menemukan senyawa yang akan berikatan dengan protease SARS-CoV-2.Ada kritik dalam masyarakat ilmiah mengenai pengarahan sumber daya untuk mereposisi obat yang dikembangkan khusus untuk HIV/AIDS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO included lopinavir/ritonavir in the international Solidarity trial.", "id": "WHO memasukkan lopinavir/ritonavir dalam uji coba Solidaritas internasional."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Remdesivir was created and developed by Gilead Sciences as a treatment for Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus infections . Gilead Sciences subsequently discovered that Remdesivir had antiviral activity in vitro against multiple filo-, pneumo-, paramyxo-, and corona- viruses .", "id": "Remdesivir dibuat dan dikembangkan oleh Gilead Sciences sebagai pengobatan untuk penyakit virus Ebola dan infeksi virus Marburg. Kemudian, Gilead Sciences menemukan bahwa Remdesivir memiliki aktivitas antivirus secara in vitro terhadap beberapa filo-, pneumo-, paramikso-, dan koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "One issue with antiviral treatment is the development of resistance through mutations that can lead to more severe disease and transmission.", "id": "Salah satu masalah dengan pengobatan antivirus adalah terjadinya resistensi melalui mutasi yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit dan transmisi yang lebih parah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some early pretrial studies suggest remdesivir may have a high genetic barrier to resistance.There are several clinical trials underway, including two conducted by Cleveland University Hospitals; one for people with moderate illness and another for those with more severe illness.", "id": "Beberapa studi prauji-coba awal menunjukkan remdesivir mungkin memiliki hambatan genetik yang tinggi terhadap resistensi. Ada beberapa uji klinis yang sedang berlangsung, mencakup dua uji klinis yang dilakukan oleh Rumah Sakit Universitas Cleveland, yakni satu untuk orang dengan penyakit sedang dan satu lagi untuk orang yang sakit parah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are three ongoing clinical trials of intravenous vitamin C for people who are hospitalized and severely ill with COVID-19; two placebo controlled (China, Canada) and one with no control (Italy).", "id": "Ada tiga uji klinis sedang berlangsung untuk vitamin C intravena untuk orang yang dirawat inap dan sakit COVID-19 parah, yakni dua plasebo terkontrol (Tiongkok, Kanada) dan satu tanpa kontrol (Italia)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "New York State began trials for the antibiotic azithromycin on 24 March 2020.", "id": "Negara Bagian New York memulai uji coba untuk antibiotik azitromisin pada 24 Maret 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Japan's National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) is planning a clinical trial for Teijin's Alvesco (ciclesonide), an inhaled corticosteroid for asthma, for the treatment of pre-symptomatic patients infected with the novel coronavirus.", "id": "Pusat Nasional Kesehatan dan Kedokteran Global (NCGM) Jepang sedang merencanakan uji coba klinis untuk Alvesco (ciclesonide) Teijin, kortikosteroid inhalasi untuk asma, untuk perawatan pasien infeksi koronavirus baru yang prasimtomatik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A form of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a Phase II trial is underway with 200 patients to be recruited from severe, hospitalized cases in Denmark, Germany, and Austria to determine the effectiveness of the treatment.", "id": "Untuk suatu bentuk enzim pengonversi angiotensin 2, uji coba Fase II sedang berlangsung dengan 200 pasien akan direkrut dari kasus parah yang dirawat inap di Denmark, Jerman, dan Austria untuk mengetahui efektivitas pengobatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Researchers from the Montreal Heart Institute in Canada are currently studying the role of colchicine in reducing inflammation and pulmonary complications in patients suffering from mild symptoms of COVID-19.", "id": "Peneliti dari Montreal Heart Institute di Kanada saat ini sedang meneliti peran kolkisin dalam mengurangi inflamasi dan komplikasi paru pada pasien yang menderita gejala COVID-19 ringan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The study, named COLCORONA, is recruiting 6000 adults aged 40 and over who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and experience mild symptoms not requiring hospitalization.", "id": "Studi tersebut, yang diberi nama COLCORONA, merekrut 6000 orang dewasa berusia 40 tahun dan lebih tua yang didiagnosis menderita COVID-19 dan mengalami gejala ringan sehingga tidak memerlukan rawat inap."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding or who do not have an effective contraceptive method are not eligible.", "id": "Wanita yang sedang hamil atau menyusui atau tidak menggunakan metode kontrasepsi yang efektif tidak memenuhi syarat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several anticoagulants are being tested in Italy.", "id": "Beberapa antikoagulan sedang diuji di Italia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Low-molecular-weight heparin is being widely used to treat patients, prompting the Italian Medicines Agency to publish guidelines on its use.", "id": "Heparin berbobot molekul rendah banyak digunakan untuk mengobati pasien sehingga mendorong Badan Obat Italia untuk menerbitkan pedoman tentang penggunaannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A multicenter study on 300 patients researching the use of enoxaparin sodium at prophylaxis and therapeutic dosages was announced in Italy on April 14.", "id": "Sebuah penelitian multipusat pada 300 pasien yang meneliti penggunaan natrium enoksaparin pada dosis profilaksis dan terapeutik diumumkan di Italia pada 14 April."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since SARS-CoV-2 is a virus, considerable scientific attention has been focused on repurposing approved anti-viral drugs that were developed for prior outbreaks such as MERS, SARS, and West Nile virus.", "id": "Karena SARS-CoV-2 adalah virus, banyak perhatian ilmiah difokuskan untuk memberi tujuan pengobatan baru pada obat antivirus yang disetujui dan dikembangkan untuk wabah sebelumnya, seperti MERS, SARS, dan virus West Nile."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ribavirin: ribavirin was recommended for COVID-19 treatment according to Chinese 7th edition guidelines", "id": "Ribavirin: ribavirin direkomendasikan untuk pengobatan COVID-19 menurut pedoman Tiongkok edisi ke-7"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Umifenovir: umifenovir was recommended for COVID-19 treatment according to Chinese 7th edition guidelines", "id": "Umifenovir: umifenovir direkomendasikan untuk pengobatan COVID-19 menurut pedoman Tiongkok edisi ke-7"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some antibiotics that have been identified as potentially repurposable as COVID-19 treatments:", "id": "Beberapa antibiotik yang diidentifikasi berpotensi sebagai obat yang dapat diberi tujuan baru untuk pengobatan COVID-19:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Tocilizumab (Anti-IL-6 receptor): Approved by China.", "id": "Tocilizumab (Anti-reseptor IL-6): Disetujui oleh Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Also trials in Italy and China. and see Tocilizumab#COVID-19.", "id": "Selain itu, uji coba juga dilakukan di Italia dan Tiongkok, lihat juga Tocilizumab#COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is unclear yet whether conditions arising during pregnancy including diabetes, cardiac failure, hypercoagulability or hypertension might represent additional risk factors for pregnant people as they do for nonpregnant people.From the limited data available, vertical transmission during the third trimester probably does not occur, or only occurs very rarely.", "id": "Masih belum jelas jika kondisi yang timbul selama kehamilan, yang mencakup diabetes, gagal jantung, hiperkoagulabilitas, atau hipertensi, dapat menimbulkan faktor risiko tambahan untuk orang hamil seperti untuk orang tidak hamil. Berdasarkan data yang terbatas, transmisi vertikal selama trimester ketiga kemungkinan tidak terjadi atau sangat jarang terjadi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is no data yet on early pregnancy.", "id": "Belum ada data tentang kehamilan tahap awal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Little evidence exists to permit any solid conclusions about the nature of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy.", "id": "Terlalu sedikit bukti yang tersedia untuk dapat membuat kesimpulan kuat tentang sifat infeksi COVID-19 pada kehamilan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A case series of 43 women from New York who tested positive for COVID-19 showed similar patterns to non-pregnant adults: 86% had mild disease, 9.3% had severe disease and 4.7% developed critical disease.", "id": "Serangkaian kasus pada 43 wanita dari New York yang teruji positif COVID-19 menunjukkan pola yang sama dengan orang dewasa yang tidak hamil: 86% mengalami penyakit ringan, 9,3% mengalami penyakit parah, dan 4,7% berkembang menjadi penyakit kritis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Fetal distress was reported in two.", "id": "Gawat janin dilaporkan pada dua kasus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "None of the women developed severe COVID-19 pneumonia or died.", "id": "Tidak satu pun dari wanita tersebut mengalami pneumonia COVID-19 parah atau meninggal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All of them had live birth pregnancies and no severe neonatal asphyxia was observed.", "id": "Semua wanita tersebut melahirkan bayi hidup dan tidak ada asfiksia neonatal parah teramati."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The samples of breast milk, amniotic fluid, cord blood and neonatal throat swab were tested for SARS-CoV-2, and all results were negative.In another study on 15 pregnant women, majority of the patients presented with fever and cough, while laboratory tests yielded lymphocytopenia in 12 patients.", "id": "Sampel ASI, cairan ketuban, darah tali pusar, dan usap tenggorokan neonatus diuji untuk memeriksa SARS-CoV-2, dan semua hasilnya negatif. Dalam penelitian lain pada 15 wanita hamil, sebagian besar pasien mengalami demam dan batuk, sementara uji laboratorium menghasilkan limfositopenia pada 12 pasien."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Computed tomography findings of these patients were consistent with previous reports of non-pregnant patients, consisting of ground-glass opacities at early stage.", "id": "Temuan tomografi terkomputasi pada pasien ini konsisten dengan laporan sebelumnya pada pasien yang tidak hamil, berupa opasitas ground-glass pada tahap awal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Follow-up images after delivery showed no progression of pneumonia.Media reports indicate that over 100 women with COVID-19 might have delivered, and in March 2020, no maternal deaths were reported.", "id": "Citra yang diambil setelah melahirkan, sebagai tindak lanjut, tidak menunjukkan perkembangan pneumonia. Laporan media menunjukkan bahwa mungkin ada lebih dari 100 wanita penderita COVID-19 yang telah melahirkan, dan pada Maret 2020, tidak ada kematian ibu dilaporkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Their guidelines thus advise that any pregnant person admitted to hospital with a COVID-19 infection should receive at least 10 days of prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin after being discharged from the hospital.", "id": "Oleh karena itu, pedoman mereka menyarankan agar setiap orang hamil yang dirawat inap dengan infeksi COVID-19 harus mendapat, setidaknya selama 10 hari, heparin berbobot molekul rendah setelah dipulangkan dari rumah sakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are no data yet concerning the implications of COVID-19 infections for labour.", "id": "Belum ada data mengenai implikasi infeksi COVID-19 untuk persalinan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "One infant girl born to a mother with COVID-19 had elevated IgM levels two hours after birth, suggesting that she had been infected in utero and supporting the possibility of vertical transmission in some cases.", "id": "Satu bayi perempuan yang lahir dari ibu penderita COVID-19 mengalami peningkatan kadar IgM dua jam setelah kelahiran, yang menunjukkan bahwa ia telah terinfeksi dalam rahim dan mendukung kemungkinan penularan vertikal dalam beberapa kasus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A small study involving 6 confirmed COVID-19 mothers showed no indication of SARS-COV-19 in their newborns' throats or serum but antibodies were present in neonatal blood sera samples, including IgM in two of the infants.", "id": "Sebuah penelitian kecil yang melibatkan 6 ibu terkonfirmasi COVID-19 menunjukkan tidak ada indikasi SARS-COV-19 di tenggorokan atau serum neonatus, tetapi antibodi ada dalam sampel serum darah neonatus, termasuk IgM pada dua bayi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is not usually passed from mother to fetus so further research is required to know whether the virus crossed the placenta or whether placentas of women in the study were damaged or abnormal.", "id": "Ini tidak lazim diteruskan dari ibu kepada janin maka penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengetahui apakah virus melintasi plasenta atau apakah plasenta wanita dalam studi ini rusak atau abnormal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Since COVID-19 shows similarities to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it is likely that their effect on pregnancy are similar.", "id": "Karena COVID-19 menunjukkan kemiripan dengan SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV, kemungkinan pengaruhnya terhadap kehamilan serupa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Four of seven had first trimester miscarriage, two of five had fetal growth restriction in the second trimester, and four of five had preterm birth.", "id": "Empat dari tujuh wanita mengalami keguguran di trimester pertama, dua dari lima mengalami hambatan pertumbuhan janin pada trimester kedua, dan empat dari lima mengalami kelahiran prematur."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "None of the newborns were infected with SARS-CoV.", "id": "Tidak ada bayi baru lahir yang terinfeksi SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A report of ten cases of MERS- CoV infection in pregnancy in Saudi Arabia showed that the clinical presentation is variable, from mild to severe infection.", "id": "Sebuah laporan tentang sepuluh kasus infeksi MERS-CoV pada kehamilan di Arab Saudi menunjukkan bahwa gambaran klinis bervariasi, mulai dari infeksi ringan hingga berat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The outcome was favorable in a majority of the cases, but the infant death rate was 27%.A recent review suggested that COVID-19 appeared to be less lethal to mothers and infants than SARS and MERS but that there may be an increased risk of preterm birth after 28 weeks' gestation.", "id": "Hasil akhirnya bagus di sebagian besar kasus, tetapi angka kematian bayi sebesar 27%.Sebuah tinjauan terbaru menunjukkan bahwa COVID-19 tampaknya tidak semematikan SARS dan MERS bagi ibu dan bayi, tetapi mungkin ada peningkatan risiko kelahiran prematur setelah kehamilan 28 minggu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States advises pregnant women to do the same things as the general public to avoid infection, such as covering cough, avoid interacting with sick people, cleaning hands with soap and water or sanitizer.", "id": "Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia dan Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Amerika Serikat menyarankan wanita hamil untuk melakukan hal yang sama seperti masyarakat umum untuk menghindari infeksi, seperti menutup ketika batuk, menghindari berinteraksi dengan orang sakit, membersihkan tangan dengan sabun dan air atau penyanitasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A survey conducted in Shanghai among pregnant women in different trimesters of pregnancy identified a strong demand for online access to health information and services.", "id": "Sebuah survei yang dilakukan di Shanghai di antara wanita hamil pada berbagai trimester kehamilan mengidentifikasi tingginya permintaan akses daring ke informasi dan layanan kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "People expecting their first baby were more willing to have online consultation and guidance than who had previously given birth.The RCOG and RCM recommend that in-person appointments be deferred by 7 days after the start of symptoms of COVID-19 or 14 days if another person in the household has symptoms.", "id": "Orang yang menantikan bayi pertamanya lebih bersedia untuk melakukan konsultasi dan bimbingan daring dibandingkan yang sudah pernah melahirkan sebelumnya. RCOG dan RCM merekomendasikan agar janji temu tatap muka ditunda 7 hari setelah awitan gejala COVID-19 atau 14 hari jika ada orang lain dalam satu rumah yang memiliki gejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Fever subsequently developed in three asymptomatic patients.", "id": "Demam kemudian muncul pada tiga pasien tanpa gejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "One patient who had tested negative subsequently became symptomatic postpartum and tested positive three days after the initial negative test.", "id": "Satu pasien yang sebelumnya teruji negatif, kemudian menjadi simptomatik pascapartum dan teruji positif tiga hari setelah uji pertama yang negatif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The doctors conducting the screening recommended that in order to reduce infection and allocate PPE, due to high numbers of patients presenting as asymptomatic, universal screening of pregnant patients should be conducted.", "id": "Dokter yang melakukan skrining merekomendasikan, dalam rangka mengurangi infeksi dan mengalokasikan APD, karena tingginya pasien tanpa gejala, skrining universal pada pasien hamil harus dilakukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They also suggest that people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should have continuous electronic fetal monitoring.", "id": "Mereka juga menyarankan agar pemantauan janin secara elektronik harus dilakukan secara kontinu pada orang terduga atau terkonfirmasi COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The use of birthing pools is not recommended for suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 due to the risk of infection via faeces.", "id": "Penggunaan kolam persalinan tidak dianjurkan untuk kasus terduga atau terkonfirmasi COVID-19 karena risiko infeksi melalui feses."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the UK, official recommendations state that precautionary separation of a mother and a healthy baby should not be undertaken lightly and that they should be kept together in the postpartum period where neonatal care is not required.Literature from China recommended separation of infected mothers from babies for 14 days.", "id": "Di Inggris Raya, rekomendasi resmi menyatakan bahwa pemisahan ibu dan bayi yang sehat sebagai tindak pencegahan jangan terlalu mudah diputuskan dan keduanya harus dibiarkan bersama-sama pada masa pascapartum jika perawatan neonatus tidak diperlukan. Literatur dari Tiongkok merekomendasikan pemisahan ibu yang terinfeksi dari bayi selama 14 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the US there is also the recommendation that newborns and mothers should be temporarily separated until transmission-based precautions are discontinued, and that where this is not possible the newborn should be kept 2 metres away from the mother.", "id": "Di AS, juga ada rekomendasi agar bayi yang baru lahir dan ibu dipisahkan sementara sampai tindakan pencegahan untuk menghindari transmisi dihentikan, dan jika hal ini tidak memungkinkan, bayi yang baru lahir harus dipisahkan sejauh 2 meter dari ibu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "b'COVID-19 surveillance involves monitoring the spread of the coronavirus disease in order to establish the patterns of disease progression.", "id": "b'Surveilans COVID-19 melibatkan pemantauan penyebaran penyakit koronavirus guna menetapkan pola perkembangan penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends active surveillance, with focus of case finding, testing and contact tracing in all transmission scenarios.", "id": "Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) merekomendasikan surveilans aktif, dengan fokus penemuan kasus, pengujian, dan pelacakan kontak di semua skenario penularan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "COVID-19 surveillance is expected to monitor epidemiological trends, rapidly detect new cases, and based on this information, provide epidemiological information to conduct risk assessment and guide disease preparedness.", "id": "Surveilans COVID-19 diharapkan memantau tren epidemiologis, mendeteksi kasus-kasus baru dengan cepat, dan berdasarkan informasi ini, menyediakan informasi epidemiologis untuk melakukan penilaian risiko dan memandu kesiapsiagaan terhadap penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Syndromic surveillance is done based on the symptoms of an individual that corresponds to COVID-19.", "id": "Surveilans sindromik dilakukan berdasarkan gejala individu yang sesuai dengan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 2020, the WHO recommends the following case definitions:", "id": "Pada Maret 2020, WHO merekomendasikan definisi kasus berikut:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Probable case : \"A suspect case for whom testing for the COVID-19 virus is inconclusive\" OR \"a suspect case for whom testing could not be performed for any reason\".", "id": "Kasus yang mungkin: \"Kasus terduga yang dilakukan pengujian virus COVID-19 dan hasilnya tidak konklusif\" ATAU \"kasus terduga yang tidak dilakukan pengujian karena suatu alasan\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Confirmed case: \"A person with laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 infection, irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms\".", "id": "Kasus terkonfirmasi: \"Seseorang yang mendapat konfirmasi laboratorium untuk infeksi COVID-19, terlepas dari tanda dan gejala klinis\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Direct physical contact with a probable or confirmed case;", "id": "Kontak fisik langsung dengan kasus yang mungkin atau terkonfirmasi;"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Direct care for a patient with probable or confirmed COVID-19 disease without using proper personal protective equipment;", "id": "Perawatan langsung untuk pasien dengan kasus yang mungkin atau terkonfirmasi COVID-19 tanpa menggunakan alat pelindung diri yang tepat;"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other situations as indicated by local risk assessments\".WHO recommends reporting of probable and confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection within 48 hours of identification.", "id": "Situasi lain seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh penilaian risiko lokal\".WHO merekomendasikan pelaporan kasus yang mungkin atau terkonfirmasi COVID-19 dalam waktu 48 jam setelah identifikasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The countries should report on a case-by-case basis as far as possible, but in case of limitation in resources, aggregate weekly reporting is also possible.", "id": "Sebisa mungkin, negara-negara harus melaporkan kasus per kasus, tetapi jika mengalami keterbatasan sumber daya, pelaporan mingguan dalam bentuk kumpulan juga dapat dilakukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some organizations have created crowdsourced apps for syndromic surveillance, where people can report their symptoms to help researchers map areas with concentration of COVID-19 symptoms.", "id": "Beberapa organisasi membuat aplikasi urun daya untuk surveilans sindromik, dengan orang dapat melaporkan gejala mereka untuk membantu peneliti memetakan area dengan konsentrasi gejala COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Virological surveillance is done by using molecular tests for COVID-19.", "id": "Surveilans virologis dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji molekuler untuk COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "WHO has published resources for laboratories on how to perform testing for COVID-19.", "id": "WHO telah memublikasikan sumber daya untuk laboratorium tentang cara melakukan pengujian COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the European Union, laboratory confirmed cases of COVID-19 are reported within 24 hours of identification.", "id": "Di Uni Eropa, kasus COVID-19 terkonfirmasi laboratorium dilaporkan dalam 24 jam setelah identifikasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "At least 24 countries have established digital surveillance of their citizens.", "id": "Setidaknya 24 negara telah membentuk surveilans digital terhadap warganya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The digital surveillance technologies include apps, location data and electronic tags.", "id": "Teknologi surveilans digital mencakup aplikasi, data lokasi, dan tag elektronik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Center For Disease Control and Prevention in USA tracks the travel information of individuals using airline passenger data.", "id": "Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit di AS melacak informasi perjalanan seseorang menggunakan data penumpang maskapai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Hong Kong, authorities are requiring a bracelet and an app for all travellers.", "id": "Di Hong Kong, otoritas mengharuskan gelang dan aplikasi untuk semua orang yang melakukan perjalanan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A GPS app is used to track the locations of individuals in South Korea to ensure against quarantine breach, sending alerts to the user and to authorities if people leave designated areas.", "id": "Di Korea Selatan, aplikasi GPS digunakan untuk melacak lokasi seseorang guna memastikan tidak ada pelanggaran karantina, dengan mengirimkan peringatan kepada pengguna dan otoritas jika orang meninggalkan area yang ditentukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Singapore, individuals have to report their locations with photographic proof.", "id": "Di Singapura, orang harus melaporkan lokasi mereka dengan bukti foto."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Thailand is using an app and SIM cards for all travelers to enforce their quarantine.", "id": "Thailand menggunakan aplikasi dan kartu SIM untuk semua orang yang melakukan perjalanan guna memastikan karantina mereka dipatuhi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Human rights organizations have criticized some of these measures, asking the governments not to use the pandemic as a cover to introduce invasive digital surveillance.", "id": "Organisasi hak asasi manusia mengkritik beberapa langkah ini dan meminta pemerintah untuk tidak menggunakan pandemi sebagai tameng untuk memberlakukan surveilans digital invasif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "b'A COVID-19 vaccine is a hypothetical vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "id": "b'Vaksin COVID-19 adalah vaksin hipotetis terhadap penyakit koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although no vaccine has completed clinical trials, there are multiple attempts in progress to develop such a vaccine.", "id": "Meskipun belum ada vaksin yang menyelesaikan uji klinis, ada banyak upaya sedang dilakukan untuk mengembangkan vaksin tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In late February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) said it did not expect a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, to become available in less than 18 months.", "id": "Pada akhir Februari 2020, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) mengatakan bahwa, menurut WHO, vaksin terhadap SARS-CoV-2, virus kausatif penyakit ini, tidak akan tersedia dalam waktu kurang dari 18 bulan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Five vaccine candidates were in Phase I safety studies in April.", "id": "Lima kandidat vaksin sedang dalam studi keamanan Fase I pada bulan April."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "COVID-19 was identified in December 2019.", "id": "COVID-19 diidentifikasi pada Desember 2019."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A major outbreak spread around the world in 2020, leading to considerable investment and research activity to develop a vaccine.", "id": "Wabah besar menyebar ke seluruh dunia pada tahun 2020, yang mengakibatkan investasi dan kegiatan penelitian yang besar untuk mengembangkan vaksin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many organizations are using published genomes to develop possible vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Banyak organisasi menggunakan genom yang dipublikasikan untuk mengembangkan vaksin yang mungkin dapat melawan SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Stated in April, imperatives of the CEPI initiative for vaccine development are speed, manufacturing capacity, deployment at scale, and global access.", "id": "Inisiatif CEPI memberikan pernyataan pada bulan April bahwa hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengembangkan vaksin adalah kecepatan, kapasitas produksi, penyebaran pada skala yang dibutuhkan, serta akses global."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In April, CEPI scientists reported that 10 different technology platforms were under research and development during early 2020 to create an effective vaccine against COVID-19.", "id": "Pada bulan April, lmuwan CEPI melaporkan bahwa 10 platform teknologi berbeda sedang dalam penelitian dan pengembangan selama awal 2020 untuk membuat vaksin yang efektif terhadap COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Major platform targets advanced into Phase I safety studies include:", "id": "Target platform utama yang maju ke studi keamanan Fase I, meliputi:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (Phase I developer and vaccine candidate: Moderna, mRNA-1273)", "id": "asam nukleat (DNA dan RNA) (pengembang Fase I dan kandidat vaksin: Moderna, mRNA-1273)"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "viral vector (Phase I developer and vaccine candidate: CanSino Biologics, adenovirus type 5 vector)", "id": "vektor virus (pengembang Fase I dan kandidat vaksin: CanSino Biologics, vektor adenovirus tipe 5)"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As reported by CEPI scientists in April, 115 total vaccine candidates are in early stages of development, with 78 confirmed as active projects (79, according to the Milken Institute), and 37 others announced, but with little public information available (presumed to be in planning or being designed).", "id": "Seperti yang dilaporkan oleh ilmuwan CEPI pada bulan April, total 115 kandidat vaksin sedang dalam tahap awal pengembangan, dengan 78 dikonfirmasi sebagai proyek aktif (79, menurut Milken Institute), dan 37 lainnya diumumkan, tetapi dengan sedikit informasi publik tersedia (dianggap sedang dalam perencanaan atau sedang dirancang)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A Phase I-II trial conducts preliminary safety and immunogenicity testing, is typically randomized, placebo-controlled, and at multiple sites, while determining more precise, effective doses.", "id": "Uji coba Fase I-II melakukan uji keamanan dan imunogenisitas awal, biasanya dilakukan secara acak, terkontrol plasebo, dan di beberapa lokasi, sambil menentukan dosis efektif yang lebih tepat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phase III trials typically involve more participants, including a control group, and test effectiveness of the vaccine to prevent the disease, while monitoring for adverse effects at the optimal dose.", "id": "Uji coba Fase III biasanya melibatkan lebih banyak peserta, termasuk kelompok kontrol, dan menguji efektivitas vaksin untuk mencegah penyakit, sambil memantau efek samping pada dosis optimal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Of 79 vaccine candidates in active development (confirmed as of early April 2020), 74 were not yet in human evaluation (still in \"preclinical\" research).", "id": "Dari 79 kandidat vaksin yang sedang aktif dikembangkan (dikonfirmasi pada awal April 2020), 74 di antaranya belum berada dalam evaluasi manusia (masih dalam penelitian \"praklinis\")."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Around 24 January 2020 in Australia, the University of Queensland announced that it is investigating the potential of a molecular clamp vaccine that would genetically modify viral proteins in order to stimulate an immune reaction.", "id": "Pada 24 Januari 2020 di Australia, Universitas Queensland mengumumkan bahwa mereka sedang menyelidiki potensi vaksin penjepit molekuler yang secara genetik akan memodifikasi protein virus untuk merangsang reaksi imun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Around 24 January 2020 in Canada, the International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac) at the University of Saskatchewan announced the commencement of work on a vaccine, aiming to start human testing in 2021.", "id": "Pada 24 Januari 2020 di Kanada, Pusat Vaksin Internasional (VIDO-InterVac) di Universitas Saskatchewan mengumumkan bahwa mereka mulai mengembangkan vaksin, dengan target pengujian pada manusia pada tahun 2021."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Vaccine development projects were announced at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention on 26 January 2020, and the University of Hong Kong on 28 January.", "id": "Proyek pengembangan vaksin diumumkan di Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Tiongkok pada 26 Januari 2020 dan Universitas Hong Kong pada 28 Januari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Around 29 January 2020, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, led by Hanneke Schuitemaker, announced that it had begun work on developing a vaccine.", "id": "Pada 29 Januari 2020, Perusahaan Farmasi Janssen, yang dipimpin oleh Hanneke Schuitemaker, mengumumkan bahwa mereka mulai mengembangkan vaksin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Janssen is co-developing an oral vaccine with its biotechnology partner, Vaxart.", "id": "Janssen bekerja sama dengan mitra bioteknologinya, Vaxart, untuk mengembangkan vaksin oral."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 18 March 2020, Emergent BioSolutions announced a manufacturing partnership with Vaxart to develop the vaccine.", "id": "Pada 18 Maret 2020, Emergent BioSolutions mengumumkan kemitraan produksi dengan Vaxart untuk mengembangkan vaksin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 8 February 2020, the laboratory OncoGen in Romania published a paper on the design of a vaccine with similar technology to the one used for cancer neoantigen vaccination therapy.", "id": "Pada 8 Februari 2020, laboratorium OncoGen di Rumania memublikasikan makalah tentang desain vaksin dengan teknologi serupa dengan teknologi yang digunakan untuk terapi vaksinasi neoantigen kanker."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 25 March the head of the research institute announced that they had finalized the synthesis of the vaccine and were beginning the tests.", "id": "Pada 25 Maret, kepala lembaga penelitian mengumumkan bahwa mereka telah menyelesaikan sintesis vaksin dan akan memulai pengujian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 27 February 2020, a Generex subsidiary company, NuGenerex Immuno-Oncology, announced they were beginning a vaccine project to create an Ii-Key peptide vaccine against COVID-19.", "id": "Pada 27 Februari 2020, anak perusahaan Generex, NuGenerex Immuno-Oncology, mengumumkan mereka memulai proyek vaksin untuk membuat vaksin peptida Ii-Key terhadap COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They wanted to produce a vaccine candidate that could be tested in humans \"within 90 days.\"", "id": "Mereka ingin memproduksi kandidat vaksin yang dapat diuji pada manusia \"dalam waktu 90 hari.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 5 March 2020, Washington University in St. Louis announced its projects to develop a vaccine.", "id": "Pada 5 Maret 2020, Universitas Washington di St. Louis mengumumkan proyeknya untuk mengembangkan vaksin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 5 March 2020, the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command at Fort Detrick and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, both in western Maryland, announced they were working on a vaccine.", "id": "Pada 5 Maret 2020, Komando Riset Medis dan Pasokan Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat di Fort Detrick dan Institut Riset Angkatan Darat Walter Reed di Silver Spring, keduanya di Maryland barat, mengumumkan bahwa mereka sedang mengembangkan vaksin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Around 10 March 2020, Emergent Biosolutions announced that it had teamed with Novavax Inc.", "id": "Pada 10 Maret 2020, Emergent Biosolutions mengumumkan bahwa mereka bekerja sama dengan Novavax Inc."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "in the development and manufacture of a vaccine.", "id": "dalam pengembangan dan pembuatan vaksin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The partners further announced plans for preclinical testing and a Phase I clinical trial by July 2020.", "id": "Lebih lanjut, kemitraan ini smengumumkan rencana pengujian praklinis dan uji klinis Fase I pada Juli 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 12 March 2020, India's Health Ministry announced they are working with 11 isolates, and that even on a fast track it would take at least around one-and-a-half to two years to develop a vaccine.", "id": "Pada 12 Maret 2020, Kementerian Kesehatan India mengumumkan mereka sedang mengerjakan 11 isolat, dan bahkan pada jalur cepat, pengembangan vaksin setidaknya memerlukan waktu sekitar satu setengah hingga dua tahun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 12 March 2020, Medicago, a biotechnology company in Quebec City, Quebec, reported development of a coronavirus-like particle under partial funding from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research.", "id": "Pada 12 Maret 2020, Medicago, sebuah perusahaan bioteknologi di Quebec City, Quebec, melaporkan pengembangan partikel mirip koronavirus dengan pendanaan parsial dari Canadian Institutes for Health Research."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The vaccine candidate is in laboratory research, with human testing planned for July or August 2020.", "id": "Kandidat vaksin ini sedang dalam penelitian laboratorium, dengan pengujian pada manusia direncanakan pada bulan Juli atau Agustus 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Earlier that week, The Guardian reported that the US President Donald Trump had offered CureVac \"'large sums of money' for exclusive access to a Covid-19 vaccine\", against which the German government protested.", "id": "Awal pekan itu, The Guardian melaporkan bahwa Presiden AS, Donald Trump, telah menawarkan \"'sejumlah besar uang' untuk akses eksklusif ke vaksin Covid-19\" kepada CureVac, yang diprotes oleh pemerintah Jerman."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 17 March 2020, American pharmaceutical company Pfizer announced a partnership with German company BioNTech to jointly develop a mRNA-based vaccine.", "id": "Pada 17 Maret 2020, perusahaan farmasi Amerika Pfizer mengumumkan kemitraan dengan perusahaan Jerman, BioNTech, untuk bersama-sama mengembangkan vaksin berbasis mRNA."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "mRNA-based vaccine candidate BNT162, currently in pre-clinical testing with clinical trials expected to begin in April 2020.", "id": "Saat ini, kandidat vaksin berbasis mRNA, BNT162, berada dalam pengujian praklinis dengan uji klinis diperkirakan akan dimulai pada April 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Italy on 17 March 2020, Takis Biotech, an Italian biotech company announced they will have pre-clinical testing results in April 2020 and their final vaccine candidate could begin human testing by fall.", "id": "Pada 17 Maret 2020 di Italia, perusahaan biotek Italia Takis Biotech mengumumkan mereka akan mendapatkan hasil pengujian praklinis pada bulan April 2020 dan kandidat vaksin yang berada di tahap akhir dapat mulai diuji pada manusia pada musim gugur."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In France on 19 March 2020, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) announced a US$4.9 million investment in a COVID-19 vaccine research consortium involving the Institut Pasteur, Themis Bioscience (Vienna, Austria), and the University of Pittsburgh, bringing CEPI's total investment in COVID-19 vaccine development to US$29 million.", "id": "Pada 19 Maret 2020 di Prancis, Koalisi Inovasi Kesiapsiagaan Epidemi (CEPI) mengumumkan investasi sebesar US$4,9 juta dalam konsorsium penelitian vaksin COVID-19 yang melibatkan Institut Pasteur, Themis Bioscience (Wina, Austria), dan Universitas Pittsburgh, dengan total investasi CEPI dalam pengembangan vaksin COVID-19 mencapai US$29 juta."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "CEPI's other investment partners for COVID-19 vaccine development are Moderna, Curevac, Inovio, Novavax, the University of Hong Kong, the University of Oxford, and the University of Queensland.", "id": "Mitra investasi CEPI lainnya untuk pengembangan vaksin COVID-19 adalah Moderna, Curevac, Inovio, Novavax, Universitas Hong Kong, Universitas Oxford, dan Universitas Queensland."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 20 March 2020, Russian health officials announced that scientists have begun animal testing of six different vaccine candidates.", "id": "Pada 20 Maret 2020, pejabat kesehatan Rusia mengumumkan bahwa ilmuwan telah memulai pengujian enam kandidat vaksin pada hewan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Imperial College London researchers announced on 20 March 2020 that they are developing a self-amplifying RNA vaccine for COVID-19.", "id": "Peneliti Imperial College London mengumumkan pada 20 Maret 2020 bahwa mereka sedang mengembangkan vaksin RNA yang dapat mengamplifikasi sendiri untuk COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The vaccine candidate was developed within 14 days of receiving the sequence from China.", "id": "Kandidat vaksin dikembangkan dalam 14 hari setelah menerima sekuens dari Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In late March, the Canadian government announced C$275 million in funding for 96 research projects on medical countermeasures against COVID-19, including numerous vaccine candidates at Canadian companies and universities, such as the Medicago and University of Saskatchewan initiatives.", "id": "Pada akhir Maret, pemerintah Kanada mengumumkan dana sebesar C$275 juta untuk 96 proyek penelitian penanggulangan medis terhadap COVID-19, yang mencakup sejumlah kandidat vaksin di perusahaan dan universitas Kanada, seperti inisiatif Medicago dan Universitas Saskatchewan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Around the same time, the Canadian government announced C$192 million specifically for developing a COVID-19 vaccine, with plans to establish a national \"vaccine bank\" of several new vaccines that could be used if another coronavirus outbreak occurs.", "id": "Di waktu yang hampir bersamaan, pemerintah Kanada mengumumkan dana sebesar C$192 juta khusus untuk mengembangkan vaksin COVID-19, dengan rencana untuk mendirikan \"bank vaksin\" nasional berisi beberapa vaksin baru yang dapat digunakan jika wabah koronavirus lain terjadi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 2 April 2020, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine reported on testing of PittCoVacc, a possible COVID-19 vaccine in mice, stating that \"MNA delivered SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit vaccines elicited potent antigen-specific antibody responses [in the mice] that were evident beginning 2 weeks after immunization.\"", "id": "Pada 2 April 2020, para peneliti di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Pittsburgh melaporkan pengujian PittCoVacc, kandidat vaksin COVID-19, pada tikus; mereka menyatakan bahwa \"MNA yang memberikan vaksin subunit S1 SARS-CoV-2 menimbulkan respons antibodi spesifik antigen yang poten [pada tikus] yang mulai terlihat 2 minggu setelah imunisasi.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Canada on 16 April 2020, the University of Waterloo School of Pharmacy announced design of a DNA-based vaccine candidate as a possible nasal spray.", "id": "Pada 16 April 2020 di Kanada, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Waterloo mengumumkan desain kandidat vaksin berbasis DNA sebagai semprotan nasal potensial."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Using bacteriophages, the DNA will be designed to replicate inside human bacteria to produce harmless virus-like particles, which may stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "id": "Dengan menggunakan bakteriofag, DNA dirancang untuk bereplikasi di dalam bakteri manusia untuk memproduksi partikel mirip-virus yang tidak berbahaya, yang dapat merangsang sistem imun untuk menghasilkan antibodi terhadap virus SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In March 2020, the US government, industry, and three universities pooled resources to access supercomputers from IBM, combined with cloud computing resources from Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google.", "id": "Pada Maret 2020, pemerintah, industri, dan tiga universitas AS mengumpulkan sumber daya untuk mengakses superkomputer dari IBM, dikombinasikan dengan sumber daya komputasi awan dari Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Amazon, Microsoft, dan Google."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some vaccines have heterologous effects, also called non-specific effects.", "id": "Beberapa vaksin memiliki efek heterolog, yang disebut juga efek nonspesifik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "That means they can have benefits beyond the disease they prevent.", "id": "Hal itu berarti bahwa vaksin-vaksin ini dapat memiliki manfaat di luar penyakit yang dicegahnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A further randomized trial in Australia is seeking to enrol 4,170 healthcare workers.", "id": "Uji coba teracak lebih lanjut di Australia berusaha mengikutkan 4.170 petugas kesehatan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is possible vaccines in development will not be safe or effective.", "id": "Ada kemungkinan vaksin dalam pengembangan tidak akan aman atau efektif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Early research to assess vaccine efficacy using COVID-19-specific animal models, such as ACE2-transgenic mice, other laboratory animals, and non-human primates, indicate a need for biosafety-level 3 containment measures for handling live viruses, and international coordination to ensure standardized safety procedures.", "id": "Penelitian awal untuk menilai kemanjuran vaksin menggunakan model hewan COVID-19 spesifik, seperti tikus ACE2-transgenik, hewan laboratorium lain, dan primata nonmanusia, menunjukkan perlunya langkah-langkah pembendungan untuk mencapai level keselamatan biologi 3 dalam menangani virus hidup, dan koordinasi internasional untuk memastikan prosedur keselamatan standar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Vaccines against SARS and MERS have been tested in non-human animal models.", "id": "Vaksin terhadap SARS dan MERS telah diuji pada model hewan nonmanusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 2020, there is no cure or protective vaccine for SARS that has been shown to be both safe and effective in humans.", "id": "Hingga 2020, belum ada obat atau vaksin pelindung untuk SARS yang terbukti aman dan efektif pada manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to research papers published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS was a priority for governments and public health agencies around the world.There is also no proven vaccine against MERS.", "id": "Menurut makalah penelitian yang dipublikasikan tahun 2005 dan 2006, identifikasi dan pengembangan vaksin dan obat baru untuk mengobati SARS adalah prioritas bagi pemerintah dan lembaga kesehatan masyarakat di seluruh dunia. Selain itu, vaksin yang terbukti untuk MERS juga belum ada."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When MERS became prevalent, it was believed that existing SARS research may provide a useful template for developing vaccines and therapeutics against a MERS-CoV infection.", "id": "Ketika MERS menjadi prevalen, penelitian SARS yang ada diyakini dapat menjadi templat yang berguna untuk mengembangkan vaksin dan terapi terhadap infeksi MERS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 2020, there was one (DNA based) MERS vaccine which completed phase I clinical trials in humans, and three others in progress, all of which are viral-vectored vaccines, two adenoviral-vectored (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac), and one MVA-vectored (MVA-MERS-S).", "id": "Pada Maret 2020, ada satu vaksin MERS (berbasis DNA) yang menyelesaikan uji klinis fase I pada manusia, dan tiga vaksin lainnya sedang dalam proses, yang semuanya adalah vaksin bervektor virus, dua bervektor adenovirus (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac), dan satu bervektor-MVA (MVA-MERS-S)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Social media posts have promoted a conspiracy theory claiming the virus behind COVID-19 was known and that a vaccine was already available.", "id": "Postingan media sosial menggaungkan teori konspirasi yang mengklaim virus di balik COVID-19 telah dikenal sebelumnya dan bahwa vaksin telah tersedia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The patents cited by various social media posts reference existing patents for genetic sequences and vaccines for other strains of coronavirus such as the SARS coronavirus.", "id": "Paten-paten yang dikutip oleh berbagai postingan media sosial merujuk paten yang ada untuk sekuens genetik dan vaksin untuk galur koronavirus lain, seperti koronavirus SARS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "b'Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds.", "id": "b'Koronavirus adalah sekumpulan virus yang berkerabat dan dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada mamalia dan burung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal.", "id": "Pada manusia, koronavirus menyebabkan infeksi saluran pernapasan mulai dari ringan hingga mematikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold (which has other possible causes, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.", "id": "Sakit ringan meliputi sebagian kasus pilek (yang memiliki kemungkinan penyebab lain, terutama rinovirus), sementara varietas yang lebih mematikan dapat menyebabkan SARS, MERS, dan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Symptoms in other species vary: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea.", "id": "Gejala pada spesies lain beragam: pada ayam, koronavirus menyebabkan penyakit saluran pernapasan atas, sedangkan pada sapi dan babi, koronavirus menyebabkan diare."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are yet to be vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections.", "id": "Belum ada vaksin atau obat antivirus untuk mencegah atau mengobati infeksi koronavirus manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria.", "id": "Koronavirus membentuk subfamili Orthocoronavirinae, dalam famili Coronaviridae, ordo Nidovirales, dan realm Riboviria."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry.", "id": "Koronavirus adalah virus beramplop dengan genom RNA untai tunggal sense positif dan nukleokapsid simetri heliks."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses.", "id": "Ukuran genom koronavirus berkisar mulai dari 26 hingga 32 kilobasa, salah satu yang terbesar di antara virus RNA."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the solar corona from which their name derives.", "id": "Koronavirus memiliki ciri tonjolan berbentuk pentungan yang mencuat dari permukaannya, yang pada mikrograf elektron membentuk gambar yang mengingatkan pada mahkota matahari; dari sinilah, nama virus ini berasal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens was shown to be caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV).", "id": "Koronavirus pertama kali ditemukan pada tahun 1930-an ketika infeksi saluran pernapasan akut pada ayam peliharaan terbukti disebabkan oleh virus bronkitis yang menular (IBV)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), were isolated.Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s.", "id": "Pada 1940-an, dua koronavirus hewan lainnya diisolasi, yakni virus hepatitis mencit (MHV) dan virus gastroenteritis menular (TGEV). Koronovirus manusia ditemukan pada tahun 1960-an."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43.", "id": "Koronavirus yang paling pertama diteliti berasal dari pasien manusia yang mengalami pilek, yang kemudian diberi nama koronavirus manusia 229E dan koronavirus manusia OC43."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They were first imaged by Scottish virologist June Almeida at St. Thomas Hospital in London.", "id": "Koronavirus ini pertama kali dicitrakan oleh ahli virus Skotlandia, June Almeida, di Rumah Sakit St. Thomas, London."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019.", "id": "Sejak itu, koronavirus manusia lainnya teridentifikasi, di antaranya SARS-CoV pada tahun 2003, HCoV NL63 pada tahun 2004, HKU1 pada tahun 2005, MERS-CoV pada tahun 2012, dan SARS-CoV-2 pada tahun 2019."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections.", "id": "Sebagian besar virus ini menyebabkan infeksi saluran pernapasan serius."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The name was first used in 1968 by an informal group of virologists in the journal Nature to designate the new family of viruses.", "id": "Nama ini pertama kali digunakan pada tahun 1968 oleh kelompok ahli virus informal di jurnal Nature untuk menyebut keluarga virus baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The name refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a crown or of a solar corona.", "id": "Namanya mengacu pada penampilan karakteristik virion (bentuk infektif virus) jika dilihat dengan mikroskop elektron, yang memiliki pinggiran berupa tonjolan permukaan yang besar dan bulat sehingga menghasilkan gambar yang mengingatkan pada mahkota atau korona matahari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This morphology is created by the viral spike peplomers, which are proteins on the surface of the virus.", "id": "Morfologi ini diciptakan oleh peplomer tonjolan virus, yang adalah protein permukaan virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronaviruses are large pleomorphic spherical particles with bulbous surface projections.", "id": "Koronavirus adalah partikel sferis pleomorfik besar dengan tonjolon permukaan bulat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The envelope of the virus in electron micrographs appears as a distinct pair of electron dense shells.The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer where the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored.", "id": "Amplop virus di mikrograf elektron kelihatan sebagai sepasang kulit padat elektron yang tampak jelas. Amplop virus terdiri dari dua-lapis lipid tempat protein struktur membran (M), amplop (E), dan tonjolan (S) tertambat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell.", "id": "Amplop dua-lapis lipid, protein membran, dan nukleokapsid melindungi virus ketika berada di luar sel inang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronaviruses contain a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome.", "id": "Koronavirus memiliki genom RNA beruntai tunggal sense positif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The genome size for coronaviruses ranges from 26.4 to 31.7 kilobases.", "id": "Ukuran genom koronavirus berkisar mulai dari 26,4 hingga 31,7 kilobasa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The genome size is one of the largest among RNA viruses.", "id": "Ukuran genomnya adalah salah satu yang terbesar di antara virus-virus RNA."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The open reading frames 1a and 1b, which occupy the first two-thirds of the genome, encode the replicase/transcriptase polyprotein.", "id": "Rangka baca terbuka 1a dan 1b, yang menempati dua pertiga bagian pertama genom, menyandi poliprotein replikase/transkriptase."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The replicase/transcriptase polyprotein self cleaves to form nonstructural proteins.The later reading frames encode the four major structural proteins: spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid.", "id": "Poliprotein replikase/transkriptase memecah dirinya sendiri membentuk protein nonstruktural. Rangka baca terbuka 1b menyandi empat protein struktural utama: tonjolan, amplop, membran, dan nukleokapsid."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Interspersed between these reading frames are the reading frames for the accessory proteins.", "id": "Di antara rangka-rangka baca ini terseling rangka baca untuk protein aksesori."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The number of accessory proteins and their function is unique depending on the specific coronavirus.", "id": "Jumlah protein aksesori dan fungsinya berbeda-beda tergantung koronavirus tertentu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Infection begins when the viral spike (S) glycoprotein attaches to its complementary host cell receptor.", "id": "Infeksi dimulai ketika glikopretein tonjolan (S) virus menempel pada reseptor sel inang yang komplementer."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After attachment, a protease of the host cell cleaves and activates the receptor-attached spike protein.", "id": "Setelah penempelan, protease sel inang memecah dan mengaktifkan protein tonjolan yang menempel pada reseptor."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Depending on the host cell protease available, cleavage and activation allows the virus to enter the host cell by endocytosis or direct fusion of the viral envelop with the host membrane.On entry into the host cell, the virus particle is uncoated, and its genome enters the cell cytoplasm.", "id": "Tergantung pada protease sel inang yang tersedia, pemecahan dan pengaktifan memungkinkan virus untuk memasuki sel inang melalui endositosis atau fusi langsung amplop virus dengan membran inang. Setelah masuk ke dalam sel inang, partikel virus terbuka dari selubungnya dan genomnya memasuki sitoplasma sel."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The host ribosome translates the initial overlapping open reading frame of the virus genome and forms a long polyprotein.", "id": "Ribosom inang mentranslasi rangka baca terbuka awal yang tumpang tindih dan membentuk poliprotein yang panjang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The polyprotein has its own proteases which cleave the polyprotein into multiple nonstructural proteins.", "id": "Poliprotein memiliki protease sendiri yang memecah poliprotein menjadi beberapa protein nonstruktural."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A number of the nonstructural proteins coalesce to form a multi-protein replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC).", "id": "Sejumlah protein nonstruktural bergabung untuk membentuk kompleks replikase-transkriptase (RTC) multiprotein."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).", "id": "Protein replikase-transkriptase utama adalah RNA polimerase tergantung-RNA (RdRp)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is directly involved in the replication and transcription of RNA from an RNA strand.", "id": "Protein ini terlibat langsung dalam replikasi dan transkripsi RNA dari untai RNA."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription process.", "id": "Protein nonstruktural lainnya dalam kompleks tersebut membantu dalam proses replikasi dan transkripsi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The exoribonuclease nonstructural protein, for instance, provides extra fidelity to replication by providing a proofreading function which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks.One of the main functions of the complex is to replicate the viral genome.", "id": "Protein nonstruktural eksoribonuklease, misalnya, memberi tambahan fidelitas pada replikasi dengan menyediakan fungsi proofreading atau pengoreksian yang tidak dimiliki RNA polimerase tergantung-RNA. Salah satu fungsi utama kompleks ini adalah untuk mereplikasi genom virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense genomic RNA.", "id": "RdRp secara langsung memediasi sintesis RNA genomik sense negatif dari RNA genomik sense positif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense genomic RNA.", "id": "Proses ini diikuti dengan replikasi RNA genomik sense positif dari RNA genomik sense negatif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The other important function of the complex is to transcribe the viral genome.", "id": "Fungsi lain kompleks ini yang penting adalah mentranskripsi genom virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules from the positive-sense genomic RNA.", "id": "RdRp secara langsung memediasi sintesis molekul RNA subgenomik sense negatif dari RNA genomik sense positif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is followed by the transcription of these negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules to their corresponding positive-sense mRNAs.", "id": "Proses ini diikuti oleh transkripsi molekul RNA subgenomik sense negatif menjadi mRNA sense positif yang sesuai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The replicated positive-sense genomic RNA becomes the genome of the progeny viruses.", "id": "RNA genomik sense positif yang direplikasi menjadi genom virus progeni."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The mRNAs are gene transcripts of the last third of the virus genome after the initial overlapping reading frame.", "id": "mRNA adalah transkrip gen yang ada di bagian sepertiga akhir genom virus setelah rangka baca terbuka awal yang tumpang tindih."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These mRNAs are translated by the host's ribosomes into the structural proteins and a number of accessory proteins.", "id": "mRNA ini ditranslasi oleh ribosom inang menjadi protein struktural dan sejumlah protein tambahan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "RNA translation occurs inside the endoplasmic reticulum.", "id": "Translasi RNA berlangsung di dalam retikulum endoplasma."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The viral structural proteins S, E, and M move along the secretory pathway into the Golgi intermediate compartment.", "id": "Protein struktural virus S, E, dan M bergerak di sepanjang jalur sekretori ke dalam kompartemen perantara Golgi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There, the M proteins direct most protein-protein interactions required for assembly of viruses following its binding to the nucleocapsid.", "id": "Di sana, protein M mengarahkan sebagian besar interaksi antarprotein yang diperlukan untuk perakitan virus setelah pengikatannya dengan nukleokapsid."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Progeny viruses are then released from the host cell by exocytosis through secretory vesicles.", "id": "Virus progeni kemudian dilepaskan dari sel inang dengan cara eksositosis melalui vesikel sekretori."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complement host cell receptor is central in determining the tissue tropism, infectivity, and species range of the virus.", "id": "Interaksi protein tonjolan koronavirus dengan reseptor sel inang yang komplementer sangat penting dalam menentukan tropisme jaringan, infektivitas, dan rentang spesies virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The SARS coronavirus, for example, infects human cells by attaching to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.", "id": "Koronavirus SARS, misalnya, menginfeksi sel manusia dengan menempel pada reseptor enzim pengubah angiotensin 2 (ACE2)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The scientific name for coronavirus is Orthocoronavirinae or Coronavirinae.", "id": "Nama ilmiah untuk koronavirus adalah Orthocoronavirinae atau Coronavirinae."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronaviruses belong to the family of Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria.", "id": "Koronavirus termasuk dalam famili Coronaviridae, ordo Nidovirales, dan realm Riboviria."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Genus Betacoronavirus; type species: Murine coronavirus", "id": "Genus Betacoronavirus; jenis spesies: Koronavirus murin"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Species: Betacoronavirus 1 (Bovine Coronavirus, Human coronavirus OC43), Human coronavirus HKU1, Murine coronavirus, Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5, Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2), Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Hedgehog coronavirus 1 (EriCoV)", "id": "Spesies: Betacoronavirus 1 (Koronavirus Sapi, Koronavirus manusia OC43), Koronavirus manusia HKU1, Koronavirus murin, Koronavirus kelelawar Pipistrellus HKU5, Koronavirus kelelawar Rousettus HKU9, Koronavirus terkait sindrom pernapasan akut berat (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2), Koronavirus kelelawar Tylonycteris HKU4, Koronavirus terkait sindrom pernapasan Timur Tengah, Koronavirus landak susu 1 (EriCoV)"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Species: Beluga whale coronavirus SW1, Infectious bronchitis virus", "id": "Spesies: Koronavirus paus beluga SW1, Virus bronkitis menular"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000 BCE, although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species.", "id": "Leluhur bersama terakhir (MRCA) semua koronavirus diperkirakan masih baru, yakni sekitar 8000 SM, meskipun beberapa model menempatkan leluhur bersama sejauh 55 juta tahun lalu atau lebih, yang menyiratkan koevolusi jangka panjang dengan spesies kelelawar dan unggas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The most recent common ancestor of the alphacoronavirus line has been placed at about 2400 BCE, the betacoronavirus line at 3300 BCE, the gammacoronavirus line at 2800 BCE, and the deltacoronavirus line at about 3000 BCE.", "id": "Leluhur bersama terakhir garis keturunan alphacoronavirus ditempatkan sekitar 2400 SM, garis keturunan betacoronavirus pada 3300 SM, garis keturunan gammacoronavirus pada 2800 SM, dan garis keturunan deltacoronavirus sekitar 3000 SM."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The large number of host bat and avian species, and their global range, has enabled extensive evolution and dissemination of coronaviruses.Many human coronavirus have their origin in bats.", "id": "Spesies kelelawar dan unggas inang dengan jumlah yang besar, serta memiliki jangkauan global, sehingga memungkinkan evolusi dan penyebaran koronavirus yang luas. Banyak koronavirus manusia berasal dari kelelawar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "More recently, alpaca coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E diverged sometime before 1960.", "id": "Yang lebih baru, koronavirus alpaka dan koronavirus manusia 229E berdivergen tidak lama sebelum 1960."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "MERS-CoV emerged in humans from bats through the intermediate host of camels.", "id": "MERS-CoV muncul pada manusia dari kelelawar melalui inang perantara unta."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "MERS-CoV, although related to several bat coronavirus species, appears to have diverged from these several centuries ago.", "id": "MERS-CoV, meskipun berkerabat dengan beberapa spesies koronavirus kelelawar, tampaknya telah berdivergen dari koronavirus kelelawar tersebut beberapa abad yang lalu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The most closely related bat coronavirus and SARS-CoV diverged in 1986.", "id": "Koronavirus kelelawar yang paling dekat berkerabat dan SARS-CoV berdivergen pada tahun 1986."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A possible path of evolution, of SARS coronavirus and keen bat coronaviruses, suggests that SARS related coronaviruses coevolved in bats for a long time.", "id": "Suatu jalur evolusi yang mungkin terjadi, pada koronavirus SARS dan koronavirus kelelawar yang berkerabat, mengisyaratkan bahwa koronavirus terkait SARS berkoevolusi dalam kelelawar dalam waktu yang lama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the 1790s, equine coronavirus diverged from the bovine coronavirus after a cross-species jump.", "id": "Pada tahun 1790-an, korovirus kuda berdivergen dari koronavirus sapi setelah lompatan lintas spesies."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Later in the 1890s, human coronavirus OC43 diverged from bovine coronavirus after another cross-species spillover event.", "id": "Kemudian, pada tahun 1890-an, koronavirus manusia OC43 berdivergen dari koronavirus sapi setelah peristiwa penyebaran lintas spesies lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is speculated that the flu pandemic of 1890 may have been caused by this spillover event, and not by the influenza virus, because of the related timing, neurological symptoms, and unknown causative agent of the pandemic.", "id": "Pandemi flu tahun 1890 dispekulasi mungkin disebabkan oleh peristiwa penyebaran ini, dan bukan oleh virus influenza, karena waktu pandemi yang sesuai, gejala neurologis, serta agen kausatif pandemi yang tidak diketahui."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Human coronavirus OC43 besides causing respiratory infections is also suspected of playing a role in neurological diseases.", "id": "Koronavirus manusia OC43 selain menyebabkan infeksi pernapasan diduga juga berperan dalam penyakit neurologis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the 1950s, the human coronavirus OC43 began to diverge into its present genotypes.", "id": "Pada tahun 1950-an, koronavirus manusia OC43 mulai berdivergen menjadi genotipenya sekarang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phylogentically, mouse hepatitis virus (Murine coronavirus), which infects the mouse's liver and the central nervous system, is related to human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus.", "id": "Secara filogenetis, virus hepatitis mencit (Koronovirus murin), yang menginfeksi hati dan sistem saraf pusat mencit, berkerabat dengan koronavirus manusia OC43 dan koronavirus sapi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Human coronavirus HKU1, like the aforementioned viruses, also has its origins in rodents.", "id": "Koronavirus manusia HKU1, seperti virus yang disebutkan di atas, juga memiliki asal muasal di roden."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronaviruses vary significantly in risk factor.", "id": "Dari segi faktor risiko, koronavirus sangat beragam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some can kill more than 30% of those infected, such as MERS-CoV, and some are relatively harmless, such as the common cold.", "id": "Beberapa koronavirus dapat membunuh lebih dari 30% orang yang terinfeksi, seperti MERS-CoV, dan beberapa relatif tidak berbahaya, seperti pilek."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronaviruses can cause colds with major symptoms, such as fever, and a sore throat from swollen adenoids.", "id": "Koronavirus dapat menyebabkan pilek dengan gejala utama, seperti demam dan sakit tenggorokan akibat pembengkakan adenoid."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronaviruses can cause pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia) and bronchitis (either direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis).", "id": "Koronavirus dapat menyebabkan pneumonia (baik pneumonia virus langsung maupun pneumonia bakteri sekunder) dan bronkitis (baik bronkitis virus langsung maupun bronkitis bakteri sekunder)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The human coronavirus discovered in 2003, SARS-CoV, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections.Six species of human coronaviruses are known, with one species subdivided into two different strains, making seven strains of human coronaviruses altogether.", "id": "Koronavirus manusia SARS-CoV yang ditemukan pada tahun 2003, dan menyebabkan sindrom pernapasan akut berat (SARS), memiliki patogenesis yang unik karena menyebabkan infeksi saluran pernapasan bagian atas dan bawah. Diketahui ada enam spesies koronavirus manusia, dengan satu spesies terbagi menjadi dua galur berbeda, sehingga ada tujuh galur koronavirus manusia secara keseluruhan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Four of these coronaviruses continually circulate in the human population and produce the generally mild symptoms of the common cold in adults and children worldwide: -OC43, -HKU1, HCoV-229E, -NL63.", "id": "Empat dari koronavirus ini terus beredar dalam populasi manusia dan menimbulkan gejala pilek yang umumnya ringan pada orang dewasa dan anak-anak di seluruh dunia: -OC43, -HKU1, HCoV-229E, -NL63."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronaviruses cause about 15% of commons colds.", "id": "Koronavirus menyebabkan sekitar 15% kasus pilek."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The majority of colds are caused by rhinoviruses.", "id": "Sebagian besar pilek disebabkan oleh rinovirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The four mild coronaviruses have a seasonal incidence occurring in the winter months in temperate climates.", "id": "Empat koronavirus ringan ini memiliki insiden musiman yang terjadi pada bulan-bulan musim dingin di daerah beriklim sedang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is no preference towards a particular season in tropical climates.", "id": "Di daerah beriklim tropis, tidak ada preferensi terhadap musim tertentu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Four human coronaviruses produce symptoms that are generally mild:", "id": "Empat koronavirus manusia ini menimbulkan gejala yang umumnya ringan:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The virus was officially named the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).", "id": "Virus ini secara resmi diberi nama koronavirus SARS (SARS-CoV)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "More than 8,000 people were infected, about ten percent of whom died.", "id": "Lebih dari 8.000 orang terinfeksi, sekitar sepuluh persen di antaranya meninggal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In September 2012, a new type of coronavirus was identified, initially called Novel Coronavirus 2012, and now officially named Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).", "id": "Pada September 2012, koronavirus jenis baru diidentifikasi, awalnya disebut Koronavirus Baru 2012, dan sekarang secara resmi diberi nama koronavirus sindrom pernapasan Timur Tengah (MERS-CoV)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The World Health Organization issued a global alert soon after.", "id": "Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia mengeluarkan peringatan global segera setelah itu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO update on 28 September 2012 said the virus did not seem to pass easily from person to person.", "id": "Pembaruan WHO pada 28 September 2012 mengatakan virus tersebut tampaknya tidak mudah menular dari orang ke orang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, on 12 May 2013, a case of human-to-human transmission in France was confirmed by the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.", "id": "Namun, pada 12 Mei 2013, satu kasus penularan manusia-ke-manusia di Prancis dikonfirmasi oleh Kementerian Sosial dan Kesehatan Prancis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In addition, cases of human-to-human transmission were reported by the Ministry of Health in Tunisia.", "id": "Selain itu, kasus penularan manusia-ke-manusia dilaporkan oleh Kementerian Kesehatan di Tunisia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Two confirmed cases involved people who seemed to have caught the disease from their late father, who became ill after a visit to Qatar and Saudi Arabia.", "id": "Dua kasus terkonfirmasi melibatkan orang-orang yang tampaknya tertular penyakit dari almarhum ayah mereka, yang sakit setelah berkunjung ke Qatar dan Arab Saudi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Despite this, it appears the virus had trouble spreading from human to human, as most individuals who are infected do not transmit the virus.", "id": "Meskipun demikian, tampaknya virus ini sulit menyebar dari manusia ke manusia karena kebanyakan orang yang terinfeksi tidak menularkan virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The final name for the virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).", "id": "Nama akhir untuk virus ini adalah koronavirus sindrom pernapasan Timur Tengah (MERS-CoV)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The only U.S. cases (both survived) were recorded in May 2014.In May 2015, an outbreak of MERS-CoV occurred in the Republic of Korea, when a man who had traveled to the Middle East, visited four hospitals in the Seoul area to treat his illness.", "id": "Hanya ada dua kasus di AS (keduanya selamat), yang dicatat pada Mei 2014.Pada Mei 2015, wabah MERS-CoV terjadi di Republik Korea ketika seorang pria, yang telah melakukan perjalanan ke Timur Tengah, mengunjungi empat rumah sakit di daerah Seoul untuk mengobati penyakitnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This caused one of the largest outbreaks of MERS-CoV outside the Middle East.", "id": "Wabah ini menyebabkan salah satu wabah MERS-CoV terbesar di luar Timur Tengah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of December 2019, 2,468 cases of MERS-CoV infection had been confirmed by laboratory tests, 851 of which were fatal, a mortality rate of approximately 34.5%.", "id": "Pada Desember 2019, 2.468 kasus infeksi MERS-CoV dikonfirmasi melalui tes laboratorium, 851 di antaranya fatal, angka mortalitas sekitar 34,5%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China.", "id": "Pada Desember 2019, wabah pneumonia dilaporkan di Wuhan, Tiongkok."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of coronavirus, which was given the interim name 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO), later renamed SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.", "id": "Pada 31 Desember 2019, wabah ini ditelusuri ke galur koronavirus baru, yang diberi nama sementara 2019-nCoV oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO), lalu diganti namanya menjadi SARS-CoV-2 oleh Komite Internasional Taksonomi Virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some researchers have suggested the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market may not be the original source of viral transmission to humans.As of 17 April 2020, there have been at least 153,822 confirmed deaths and more than 2,240,191 confirmed cases in the coronavirus pneumonia pandemic.", "id": "Beberapa peneliti menyatakan bahwa Pasar Grosir Makanan Laut Huanan mungkin bukan sumber asal penularan virus ke manusia. Hingga 17 April 2020, setidaknya ada 153.822 kematian terkonfirmasi dan lebih dari 2.240.191 kasus terkonfirmasi dalam pandemi pneumonia koronavirus ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain of Betacoronavirus from group 2B with approximately 70% genetic similarity to the SARS-CoV.", "id": "Galur Wuhan diidentifikasi sebagai galur Betacoronavirus baru dari grup 2B dengan kesamaan genetik sekitar 70% dengan SARS-CoV."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The virus has a 96% similarity to a bat coronavirus, so it is widely suspected to originate from bats as well.", "id": "Virus ini memiliki kesamaan genetik 96% dengan koronavirus kelelawar sehingga banyak yang menduga virus ini berasal dari kelelawar juga."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The pandemic has resulted in travel restrictions and nationwide lockdowns in several countries.", "id": "Pandemi ini telah mengakibatkan pembatasan perjalanan dan karantina wilayah tingkat nasional di beberapa negara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronaviruses have been recognized as causing pathological conditions in veterinary medicine since the 1930s.", "id": "Koronavirus telah diketahui sebagai penyebab kondisi patologis dalam kedokteran hewan sejak tahun 1930-an."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Except for avian infectious bronchitis, the major related diseases have mainly an intestinal location.", "id": "Kecuali bronkitis menular pada unggas, penyakit-penyakit utama yang terkait kebanyakan berlokasi di usus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds.", "id": "Koronavirus terutama menginfeksi saluran pernapasan bagian atas dan saluran gastrointestinal mamalia dan unggas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They also cause a range of diseases in farm animals and domesticated pets, some of which can be serious and are a threat to the farming industry.", "id": "Koronavirus juga menyebabkan berbagai penyakit pada hewan ternak dan peliharaan, beberapa di antaranya bisa serius dan merupakan ancaman bagi industri pertanian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In chickens, the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, targets not only the respiratory tract but also the urogenital tract.", "id": "Pada ayam, virus bronkitis menular (IBV), yang adalah koronavirus, menargetkan bukan hanya saluran pernapasan, tetapi juga saluran urogenital."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The virus can spread to different organs throughout the chicken.", "id": "Virus ini dapat menyebar ke berbagai organ di seluruh tubuh ayam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Economically significant coronaviruses of farm animals include porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, TGE) and bovine coronavirus, which both result in diarrhea in young animals.", "id": "Pada hewan ternak, koronavirus yang signifikan secara ekonomi mencakup koronavirus babi (koronavirus gastroenteritis dapat menular, TGE) dan koronavirus sapi, yang keduanya mengakibatkan diare pada hewan muda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Feline coronavirus: two forms, feline enteric coronavirus is a pathogen of minor clinical significance, but spontaneous mutation of this virus can result in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease associated with high mortality.", "id": "Koronavirus kucing: ada dua bentuk, koronavirus enterik kucing adalah patogen dengan signifikansi klinis kecil, tetapi mutasi spontan virus ini dapat mengakibatkan peritonitis menular felina (FIP), penyakit yang dikaitkan dengan mortalitas yang tinggi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Similarly, there are two types of coronavirus that infect ferrets: Ferret enteric coronavirus causes a gastrointestinal syndrome known as epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE), and a more lethal systemic version of the virus (like FIP in cats) known as ferret systemic coronavirus (FSC).", "id": "Begitu pula, ada dua jenis koronavirus yang menginfeksi ferret: koronavirus enterik ferret menyebabkan sindrom gastrointestinal yang dikenal sebagai enteritis kataral epizootik (ECE), dan versi virus sistemik yang lebih mematikan (seperti FIP pada kucing) yang dikenal sebagai koronavirus sistemik ferret (FSC)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are two types of canine coronavirus (CCoV), one that causes mild gastrointestinal disease and one that has been found to cause respiratory disease.", "id": "Ada dua jenis koronavirus anjing (CCoV), satu koronavirus menyebabkan penyakit gastrointestinal ringan dan satu lagi diketahui menyebabkan penyakit pernapasan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is a coronavirus that causes an epidemic murine illness with high mortality, especially among colonies of laboratory mice.", "id": "Virus hepatitis mencit (MHV) adalah koronavirus yang menyebabkan penyakit murin epidemik dengan mortalitas tinggi, terutama di antara koloni mencit laboratorium."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) is highly infectious coronavirus of laboratory rats, which can be transmitted between individuals by direct contact and indirectly by aerosol.", "id": "Virus sialodakrioadenitis (SDAV) adalah koronavirus yang sangat menular pada tikus laboratorium, yang dapat ditularkan di antara tikus melalui kontak langsung dan secara tidak langsung melalui aerosol."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some strains of MHV cause a progressive demyelinating encephalitis in mice which has been used as a murine model for multiple sclerosis.", "id": "Beberapa galur MHV menyebabkan ensefalitis demielinasi progresif pada mencit yang telah digunakan sebagai model murin untuk sklerosis multipel."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating the viral pathogenesis of these animal coronaviruses, especially by virologists interested in veterinary and zoonotic diseases.", "id": "Upaya penelitian yang signifikan telah difokuskan untuk menjelaskan patogenesis koronavirus hewan ini, terutama oleh ahli virus yang tertarik pada kedokteran hewan dan penyakit zoonotik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus of pigs, TGEV).", "id": "Koronavirus babi (koronavirus gastroenteritis dapat menular pada babi, TGEV)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Bovine coronavirus (BCV), responsible for severe profuse enteritis in of young calves.", "id": "Koronavirus sapi (BCV) menyebabkan enteritis profusi berat pada anak sapi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Feline coronavirus (FCoV) causes mild enteritis in cats as well as severe Feline infectious peritonitis (other variants of the same virus).", "id": "Koronavirus kucing (FCoV) menyebabkan enteritis ringan pada kucing dan juga Peritonitis menular felina berat (varian lain dari virus yang sama)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "the two types of canine coronavirus (CCoV) (one causing enteritis, the other found in respiratory diseases).", "id": "dua jenis koronavirus anjing (CCoV) (satu koronavirus menyebabkan enteritis, satu lagi ditemukan di penyakit pernapasan)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Turkey coronavirus (TCV) causes enteritis in turkeys.", "id": "Koronavirus kalkun (TCV) menyebabkan enteritis pada kalkun."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ferret enteric coronavirus causes epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets.", "id": "Koronavirus enterik ferret menyebabkan enteritis kataral epizootik pada ferret."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ferret systemic coronavirus causes FIP-like systemic syndrome in ferrets.", "id": "Koronavirus sistemik ferret menyebabkan sindrom sistemik mirip-FIP pada ferret."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Rabbit enteric coronavirus causes acute gastrointestinal disease and diarrhea in young European rabbits.", "id": "Koronavirus enterik kelinci menyebabkan penyakit gastrointestinal akut dan diare pada kelinci muda Eropa."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED or PEDV), has emerged around the world.", "id": "Virus diare epidemik babi (PED atau PEDV) merebak di seluruh dunia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "b'Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "id": "b'Penyakit koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2 (SARS-CoV-2)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "id": "Gejala umum meliputi demam, batuk, dan sesak napas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other symptoms may include fatigue, muscle pain, diarrhea, sore throat, loss of smell, and abdominal pain.", "id": "Gejala lain bisa mencakup kelelahan, nyeri otot, diare, sakit tenggorokan, kehilangan daya penciuman, dan sakit perut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days but may range from two to fourteen days.", "id": "Waktu sejak terpapar hingga awitan gejala pada umumnya sekitar lima hari, tetapi dapat berkisar mulai dari dua hingga empat belas hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to viral pneumonia and multi-organ failure.", "id": "Walaupun kebanyakan kasus mengakibatkan gejala ringan, beberapa berkembang menjadi pneumonia virus dan gagal organ majemuk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 17 April 2020, more than 2.24 million cases have been reported across 210 countries and territories, resulting in more than 153,000 deaths.", "id": "Hingga 17 April 2020, lebih dari 2,24 juta kasus telah dilaporkan di 210 negara dan wilayah teritorial, yang mengakibatkan lebih dari 153.000 kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "More than 568,000 people have recovered.The virus is primarily spread between people during close contact, often via small droplets produced by coughing, sneezing, or talking.", "id": "Lebih dari 568.000 orang telah sembuh. Virus ini terutama menyebar antarmanusia saat terjadi kontak dekat, sering kali melalui percikan atau droplet kecil yang dihasilkan melalui batuk, bersin, atau saat berbicara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "While these droplets are produced when breathing out, they usually fall to the ground or onto surfaces rather than being infectious over long distances.", "id": "Meskipun dihasilkan saat mengembuskan napas, droplet biasanya jatuh ke tanah atau ke permukaan dan bukan menular hingga jarak jauh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "People may also become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then touching their eyes, nose, or mouth.", "id": "Orang juga dapat terinfeksi dengan menyentuh permukaan yang terkontaminasi lalu menyentuh mata, hidung, atau mulutnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The virus can survive on surfaces up to 72 hours.", "id": "Di permukaan, virus ini dapat bertahan hingga 72 jam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is most contagious during the first three days after the onset of symptoms, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear and in later stages of the disease.The standard method of diagnosis is by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab.", "id": "Virus ini sangat menular selama tiga hari pertama setelah awitan gejala, meskipun penyebaran mungkin terjadi sebelum gejala muncul dan setelah tahap penyakit selanjutnya. Metode diagnosis standar adalah dengan reaksi rantai polimerase transkripsi balik real-time (rRT-PCR) pada usap nasofaring."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The use of masks is recommended for those who suspect they have the virus and their caregivers.", "id": "Penggunaan masker dianjurkan bagi orang yang diduga tertular virus dan orang yang merawatnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Recommendations for mask use by the general public vary, with some authorities recommending against their use, some recommending their use, and others requiring their use.", "id": "Rekomendasi mengenai penggunaan masker oleh masyarakat umum berbeda-beda; sebagian otoritas merekomendasikan agar tidak menggunakan masker, sebagian merekomendasikan penggunaannya, dan sebagian yang lain mengharuskan penggunaannya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "id": "Saat ini, belum ada vaksin atau pengobatan antivirus spesifik untuk COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Local transmission of the disease has been recorded in most countries across all six WHO regions.", "id": "Transmisi lokal penyakit telah dicatat di hampir semua negara di enam wilayah WHO."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Those infected with the virus may be asymptomatic or develop flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath.", "id": "Orang yang terinfeksi virus bisa tanpa gejala atau mengalami gejala seperti flu, seperti demam, batuk, kelelahan, dan sesak napas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Emergency symptoms include difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish face or lips; immediate medical attention is advised if these symptoms are present.", "id": "Gejala darurat termasuk kesulitan bernapas, nyeri atau sesak di dada yang terus-menerus, kebingungan, sulit bangun, dan wajah atau bibir kebiruan; penangangan medis segera disarankan jika gejala-gejala ini muncul."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Less commonly, upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose or sore throat may be seen.", "id": "Gejala pernapasan atas, seperti bersin, ingusan, atau sakit tenggorokan dapat dijumpai, tetapi lebih jarang terjadi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea have been observed in varying percentages.", "id": "Gejala gastrointestinal, seperti mual, muntah, dan diare, teramati dalam persentase beragam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some cases in China initially presented only with chest tightness and palpitations.", "id": "Beberapa kasus di Tiongkok awalnya hanya dengan gambaran klinis sesak dada dan palpitasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In some, the disease may progress to pneumonia, multi-organ failure, and death.", "id": "Pada beberapa orang, penyakit dapat berkembang menjadi pneumonia, gagal organ majemuk, dan kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This is called the incubation period.", "id": "Masa ini disebut masa inkubasi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The incubation period for COVID-19 is typically five to six days but may range from two to 14 days.", "id": "Masa inkubasi untuk COVID-19 biasanya lima hingga enam hari, tetapi dapat berkisar mulai dari dua hingga 14 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "97.5% of people who develop symptoms will do so within 11.5 days of infection.Reports indicate that not all who are infected develop symptoms.", "id": "97,5% orang yang bergejala akan mengalami gejala dalam 11,5 hari infeksi. Laporan menunjukkan bahwa tidak semua orang yang terinfeksi mengalami gejala."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The role of these asymptomatic carriers in transmission is not yet fully known; however, preliminary evidence suggests that they may contribute to the spread of the disease.", "id": "Peran pembawa tanpa gejala ini dalam penularan belum diketahui sepenuhnya; namun, bukti awal menunjukkan bahwa mereka mungkin berkontribusi pada penyebaran penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The proportion of infected people who do not display symptoms is currently unknown and being studied, with the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) reporting that 20% of all confirmed cases remained asymptomatic during their hospital stay.", "id": "Saat ini, proporsi orang terinfeksi yang tidak menunjukkan gejala belum diketahui dan sedang diteliti, dengan Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Korea (KCDC) melaporkan bahwa 20% dari semua kasus terkonfirmasi tetap tanpa gejala selama dirawat di rumah sakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "China's National Health Commission began including asymptomatic cases in its daily cases on 1 April; of the 166 infections on that day, 130 (78%) were asymptomatic at the time of testing.", "id": "Komisi Kesehatan Nasional Tiongkok mulai menyertakan kasus tanpa gejala dalam kasus hariannya pada 1 April; dari 166 infeksi pada hari itu, 130 kasus (78%) tidak menunjukkan gejala pada saat pengujian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Both sputum and saliva can carry large viral loads.", "id": "Sputum dan air liur dapat membawa muatan virus dalam skala besar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Loud talking releases more droplets than normal talking.", "id": "Berbicara dengan lantang melepaskan lebih banyak percikan atau droplet dibanding berbicara secara normal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A study in Singapore found that an uncovered cough can lead to droplets travelling up to 4.5 meters (15 feet).", "id": "Sebuah penelitian di Singapura menemukan bahwa batuk yang tidak ditutupi dapat menyebabkan droplet terdorong hingga sejauh 4,5 meter (15 kaki)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Though the virus is not generally airborne, the National Academy of Science has suggested that bioaerosol transmission may be possible and air collectors positioned in the hallway outside of people's rooms yielded samples positive for viral RNA.", "id": "Meskipun virus ini biasanya tidak ditularkan melalui udara, Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika Serikat menunjukkan bahwa transmisi bioaerosol mungkin terjadi dan pengumpul udara yang ditempatkan di lorong di luar kamar orang menghasilkan sampel yang positif untuk RNA virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some medical procedures such as intubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may cause respiratory secretions to be aerosolised and thus result in airborne spread.", "id": "Beberapa prosedur medis, seperti intubasi dan resusitasi jantung paru (RJP), dapat membuat sekret pernapasan berubah menjadi aerosol lalu tersebar lewat udara."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "While there are concerns it may spread via feces, this risk is believed to be low.The virus is most contagious when people are symptomatic; while spread may be possible before symptoms emerge, the risk is low.", "id": "Walaupun ada kekhawatiran bahwa virus dapat menyebar melalui feses, risiko ini diyakini rendah. Virus paling menular saat orang bergejala; walaupun penyebaran mungkin terjadi sebelum gejala muncul, risikonya rendah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) says while it is not entirely clear how easily the disease spreads, one person generally infects two to three others.The virus survives for hours to days on surfaces.", "id": "Pusat Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Eropa (ECDC) mengatakan bahwa meskipun belum jelas sepenuhnya seberapa mudah penyakit ini menyebar, satu orang umumnya menginfeksi dua hingga tiga orang lain. Virus ini dapat bertahan di permukaan selama berjam-jam hingga berhari-hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Specifically, the virus was found to be detectable for one day on cardboard, for up to three days on plastic (polypropylene) and stainless steel (AISI 304), and for up to four hours on 99% copper.", "id": "Khususnya, ditemukan bahwa virus dapat dideteksi selama satu hari pada karton/kardus, hingga tiga hari pada plastik (polipropilen) dan baja tahan karat (AISI 304), dan hingga empat jam pada tembaga 99%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This, however, varies depending on the humidity and temperature.", "id": "Namun, hal ini bervariasi tergantung pada kelembapan dan suhu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Soap and detergent are also effective if correctly used; soap products degrade the virus' fatty protective layer, deactivating it, as well as freeing them from skin and other surfaces.", "id": "Sabun dan detergen juga efektif jika digunakan dengan benar; produk sabun menguraikan lapisan lemak pelindung virus, mendeaktivasi virus, serta membebaskannya dari kulit dan permukaan lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other solutions, such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate (a surgical disinfectant), are less effective.In a Hong Kong study, saliva samples were taken a median of two days after the start of hospitalization.", "id": "Larutan lain, seperti benzalkonium klorida dan klorheksidin glukonat (disinfektan bedah), kurang efektif. Dalam sebuah penelitian di Hong Kong, sampel air liur diambil dalam median dua hari setelah rawat inap dimulai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In five of six patients, the first sample showed the highest viral load, and the sixth patient showed the highest viral load on the second day tested.", "id": "Pada lima dari enam pasien, sampel pertama menunjukkan muatan virus tertinggi, dan pasien keenam menunjukkan muatan virus tertinggi pada pengujian hari kedua."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, first isolated from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan.", "id": "Koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2 (SARS-CoV-2) adalah koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat baru, yang pertama kali diisolasi dari tiga orang dengan pneumonia yang terkait dengan klaster kasus penyakit pernapasan akut di Wuhan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus occur in related coronaviruses in nature.", "id": "Semua ciri virus SARS-CoV-2 baru ada pada koronavirus yang berkerabat di alam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Outside the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which bursts its protective bubble.SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the original SARS-CoV.", "id": "Di luar tubuh manusia, virus ini terbunuh oleh sabun rumah tangga, yang merusak gelembung pelindungnya. SARS-CoV-2 berkerabat dekat dengan SARS-CoV pertama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID-19 because the virus accesses host cells via the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is most abundant in the type II alveolar cells of the lungs.", "id": "Paru adalah organ yang paling terdampak oleh COVID-19 karena virus mengakses sel inang melalui enzim pengubah angiotensin 2 (ACE2), yang paling melimpah di sel alveolar tipe II paru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a \"spike\" (peplomer) to connect to ACE2 and enter the host cell.", "id": "Virus ini menggunakan glikoprotein permukaan khusus yang disebut \"spike atau tonjolan\" (peplomer) untuk terhubung ke ACE2 dan memasuki sel inang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Acute cardiac injury was found in 12% of infected people admitted in hospital in Wuhan, China, and is more frequent in severe disease.", "id": "Cedera jantung akut ditemukan pada 12% orang terinfeksi yang dirawat inap di Wuhan, Tiongkok, dan lebih sering pada penyakit parah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Rates of cardiovascular symptoms is high, owing to the systemic inflammatory response and immune system disorders during disease progression, but acute myocardial injury may also be related to ACE2 receptors in the heart.", "id": "Tingkat gejala kardiovaskular tinggi karena adanya respons inflamasi sistemik dan gangguan sistem imun selama perkembangan penyakit, tetapi cedera miokard akut mungkin juga terkait dengan reseptor ACE2 di jantung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the heart and are involved in heart function.", "id": "Reseptor ACE2 diekspresikan sangat tinggi di jantung dan terlibat dalam fungsi jantung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A high incidence of thrombosis (31%) and venous thromboembolism (25%) have been found in ICU patients with COVID-19 infections and may be related to poor prognosis.Autopsies of people who died of COVID-19 have found diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and lymphocyte-containing inflammatory infiltrates within the lung.", "id": "Insiden trombosis (31%) dan tromboembolisme vena (25%) yang tinggi ditemukan pada pasien infeksi COVID-19 di ICU dan mungkin terkait dengan prognosis yang buruk. Otopsi pada orang yang meninggal karena COVID-19 menemukan kerusakan alveolar difus (DAD) dan infiltrat inflamasi yang mengandung limfosit di dalam paru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although SARS-COV-2 has a tropism for ACE2-expressing epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, patients with severe COVID-19 have symptoms of systemic hyperinflammation.", "id": "Meskipun SARS-COV-2 memiliki tropisme untuk sel epitel saluran napas yang mengekspresikan ACE2, pasien COVID-19 berat memiliki gejala hiperinflamasi sistemik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In particular, pathogenic GM-CSF-secreting T-cells were shown to correlate with the recruitment of inflammatory IL-6-secreting monocytes and severe lung pathology in COVID-19 patients.", "id": "Secara khusus, sel T yang menyekresi GM-CSF patogenik terbukti berkorelasi dengan perekrutan monosit yang menyekresi IL-6 inflamatori dan patologi paru yang parah pada pasien COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Lymphocytic infiltrates have also been reported at autopsy.", "id": "Infiltrat limfositik juga pernah dilaporkan pada otopsi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.", "id": "WHO telah memublikasikan beberapa protokol pengujian untuk penyakit ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The standard method of testing is real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR).", "id": "Metode standar pengujian adalah reaksi rantai polimerase transkripsi balik real-time (rRT-PCR)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.", "id": "Pengujian ini biasanya dilakukan pada sampel pernapasan yang diperoleh melalui usap nasofaring; namun, sampel usap nasal atau sputum juga dapat digunakan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Results are generally available within a few hours to two days.", "id": "Umumnya, hasil tersedia dalam beberapa jam hingga dua hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Blood tests can be used, but these require two blood samples taken two weeks apart and the results have little immediate value.", "id": "Pengujian darah dapat digunakan, tetapi membutuhkan dua sampel darah yang diambil dengan jarak dua minggu sehingga hasilnya memiliki nilai waktu yang kecil."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Chinese scientists were able to isolate a strain of the coronavirus and publish the genetic sequence so laboratories across the world could independently develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to detect infection by the virus.", "id": "Ilmuwan Tiongkok mampu mengisolasi galur koronavirus ini dan memublikasikan sekuens genetiknya sehingga laboratorium di seluruh dunia dapat mengembangkan pengujian reaksi rantai polimerase (PCR) secara independen untuk mendeteksi infeksi oleh virus ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of 4 April 2020, antibody tests (which may detect active infections and whether a person had been infected in the past) were in development, but not yet widely used.", "id": "Pada 4 April 2020, uji antibodi (yang dapat mendeteksi infeksi aktif dan jika seseorang telah terinfeksi sebelumnya) sedang dalam pengembangan, tetapi belum banyak digunakan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Chinese experience with testing has shown the accuracy is only 60 to 70%.", "id": "Pengalaman Tiongkok dengan pengujian tersebut menunjukkan keakuratannya hanya 60 hingga 70%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The FDA in the United States approved the first point-of-care test on 21 March 2020 for use at the end of that month.Diagnostic guidelines released by Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University suggested methods for detecting infections based upon clinical features and epidemiological risk.", "id": "FDA di Amerika Serikat menyetujui pengujian point-of-care pertama pada 21 Maret 2020 untuk digunakan pada akhir bulan itu. Pedoman diagnosis yang dirilis oleh Rumah Sakit Zhongnan Universitas Wuhan menyarankan metode untuk mendeteksi infeksi berdasarkan gambaran klinis dan risiko epidemiologis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacities with a peripheral, asymmetric and posterior distribution are common in early infection.", "id": "Opasitas ground-glass multilobar bilateral dengan distribusi perifer, asimetris, dan posterior banyak ditemui di awal infeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Subpleural dominance, crazy paving (lobular septal thickening with variable alveolar filling), and consolidation may appear as the disease progresses.", "id": "Dominasi subpleural, crazy paving (penebalan septum lobular dengan pengisian alveolar bervariasi), dan konsolidasi dapat muncul seiring perkembangan penyakit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Few data are available about microscopic lesions and the pathophysiology of COVID-19.", "id": "Sedikit data tersedia tentang lesi mikroskopik dan patofisiologi COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The main pathological findings at autopsy are:", "id": "Temuan patologis utama pada otopsi adalah:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Macroscopy: pleurisy, pericarditis, lung consolidation and pulmonary oedema", "id": "Makroskopi: pleurisi, perikarditis, konsolidasi paru, dan edema pulmoner"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Four types of severity of viral pneumonia can be observed:", "id": "Empat jenis keparahan pneumonia virus dapat teramati:"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "mild pneumonia: pulmonary oedema, pneumocyte hyperplasia, large atypical pneumocytes, interstitial inflammation with lymphocytic infiltration and multinucleated giant cell formation", "id": "pneumonia ringan: edema pulmoner, hiperplasia pneumosit, pneumosit atipis besar, inflamasi interstisial dengan infiltrasi limfositik, dan pembentukan sel raksasa berinti banyak"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "severe pneumonia: diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) with diffuse alveolar exudates.", "id": "pneumonia berat: kerusakan alveolar difus (DAD) dengan eksudat alveolar difus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "DAD is the cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and severe hypoxemia.", "id": "DAD adalah penyebab sindrom gawat napas akut (ARDS) dan hipoksemia berat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "healing pneumonia: organisation of exudates in alveolar cavities and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis", "id": "pneumonia dalam tahap penyembuhan: susunan eksudat di rongga alveolar dan fibrosis interstitial pulmoner"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Blood: disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); leukoerythroblastic reaction", "id": "Darah: koagulasi intravaskular diseminata (DIC); reaksi leukoeritroblastik"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include staying at home, avoiding crowded places, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least 20 seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene and avoiding touching the eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands.", "id": "Langkah-langkah pencegahan untuk mengurangi kemungkinan infeksi mencakup tetap di rumah, menghindari tempat-tempat ramai, sering mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air setidaknya selama 20 detik, mempraktikkan higiene pernapasan yang baik, dan menghindari menyentuh mata, hidung, atau mulut dengan tangan yang tidak dicuci."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The CDC recommends covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and recommends using the inside of the elbow if no tissue is available.", "id": "CDC merekomendasikan untuk menutup mulut dan hidung dengan tisu ketika batuk atau bersin dan merekomendasikan penggunaan bagian dalam siku jika tisu tidak tersedia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Proper hand hygiene after any cough or sneeze is encouraged.", "id": "Higiene tangan yang sesuai setelah batuk atau bersin dianjurkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The CDC has recommended the use of cloth face coverings in public settings, in part to limit transmission by asymptomatic individuals.Social distancing strategies aim to reduce contact of infected persons with large groups by closing schools and workplaces, restricting travel and cancelling large public gatherings.", "id": "CDC merekomendasikan penggunaan penutup wajah dari kain di tempat umum, sebagian untuk membatasi penularan oleh orang tanpa gejala. Strategi pembatasan sosial bertujuan untuk mengurangi kontak orang yang terinfeksi dengan banyak orang, dengan cara menutup sekolah dan tempat kerja, membatasi perjalanan, dan membatalkan pertemuan berskala besar di tempat umum."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Distancing guidelines also include that people stay at least 6 feet (1.8 m) apart.", "id": "Pedoman pembatasan juga mencakup orang menjaga jarak setidaknya 6 kaki atau 1,8 meter."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is no medication known to be effective at preventing COVID-19.As a vaccine is not expected until 2021 at the earliest, a key part of managing COVID-19 is trying to decrease the epidemic peak, known as \"flattening the curve\".", "id": "Belum ada obat yang diketahui efektif mencegah COVID-19.Karena vaksin diantisipasi belum ada hingga awal 2021, bagian utama dalam menangani COVID-19 adalah mencoba untuk mengurangi puncak epidemi, yang dikenal sebagai \"meratakan kurva\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The CDC also recommends that individuals wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty, before eating and after blowing one's nose, coughing or sneezing.", "id": "CDC juga merekomendasikan agar orang sering mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air selama setidaknya 20 detik, terutama setelah dari toilet atau ketika tangan terlihat kotor, sebelum makan, serta setelah mengembus hidung, batuk, atau bersin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It further recommends using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol, but only when soap and water are not readily available.For areas where commercial hand sanitisers are not readily available, the WHO provides two formulations for local production.", "id": "Lebih lanjut CDC juga merekomendasikan menggunakan penyanitasi tangan berbasis alkohol yang mengandung setidaknya 60% alkohol, tetapi hanya ketika sabun dan air tidak tersedia. Di daerah yang penyanitasi tangan komersial tidak tersedia, WHO menyediakan dua formulasi untuk produksi lokal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In these formulations, the antimicrobial activity arises from ethanol or isopropanol.", "id": "Dalam formulasi ini, aktivitas antimikroba berasal dari etanol atau isopropanol."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Hydrogen peroxide is used to help eliminate bacterial spores in the alcohol; it is \"not an active substance for hand antisepsis\".", "id": "Hidrogen peroksida digunakan untuk membantu menghilangkan spora bakteri dalam alkohol; zat ini \"bukan zat aktif untuk antisepsis tangan\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Glycerol is added as a humectant.", "id": "Gliserol ditambahkan sebagai humektan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "People are managed with supportive care, which may include fluid therapy, oxygen support, and supporting other affected vital organs.", "id": "Orang ditangani dengan perawatan dukungan, yang dapat mencakup terapi cairan, dukungan oksigen, dan mendukung organ vital lain yang terdampak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The CDC recommends that those who suspect they carry the virus wear a simple face mask.", "id": "CDC merekomendasikan orang yang menduga mereka membawa virus agar memakai masker wajah sederhana."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure, but its benefits are still under consideration.", "id": "Oksigenasi membran ekstrakorporeum (ECMO) telah digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah kegagalan pernapasan, tetapi manfaatnya masih dipertimbangkan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle and diet have been recommended to improve immunity.", "id": "Kebersihan diri dan gaya hidup serta pola makan sehat direkomendasikan untuk meningkatkan imunitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Supportive treatments may be useful in those with mild symptoms at the early stage of infection.The WHO and Chinese National Health Commission have published recommendations for taking care of people who are hospitalised with COVID-19.", "id": "Perawatan suportif mungkin berguna pada orang yang memiliki gejala ringan di tahap awal infeksi. WHO dan Komisi Kesehatan Nasional Tiongkok telah menerbitkan rekomendasi untuk menangani penderita COVID-19 yang dirawat inap."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Intensivists and pulmonologists in the U.S. have compiled treatment recommendations from various agencies into a free resource, the IBCC.", "id": "Ahli perawatan intensif dan ahli paru di AS telah menyusun rekomendasi perawatan dari berbagai lembaga menjadi sumber daya gratis, yaitu IBCC."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of April 2020, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19.", "id": "Hingga April 2020, belum ada pengobatan spesifik untuk COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For symptoms, some medical professionals recommend paracetamol (acetaminophen) over ibuprofen for first-line use.", "id": "Untuk gejala, sebagian tenaga medis lebih merekomendasikan parasetamol (asetaminofen) dibandingkan ibuprofen untuk penggunaan lini pertama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Precautions must be taken to minimise the risk of virus transmission, especially in healthcare settings when performing procedures that can generate aerosols, such as intubation or hand ventilation.", "id": "Tindakan pencegahan harus diambil untuk meminimalkan risiko penularan virus, terutama dalam tatanan perawatan kesehatan ketika melakukan prosedur yang dapat menghasilkan aerosol, seperti intubasi atau ventilasi tangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "For healthcare professionals caring for people with COVID-19, the CDC recommends placing the person in an Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR) in addition to using standard precautions, contact precautions and airborne precautions.The CDC outlines the guidelines for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the pandemic.", "id": "Untuk tenaga kesehatan yang merawat penderita COVID-19, CDC merekomendasikan menempatkan orang tersebut di Ruang Isolasi Infeksi Tular-Udara (AIIR) selain menggunakan tindakan pencegahan standar, tindakan pencegahan kontak, dan tindakan pencegahan tular-udara. CDC menguraikan pedoman untuk penggunaan alat pelindung diri (APD) selama pandemi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The recommended gear is: PPE gown, respirator or facemask, eye protection, and medical gloves.When available, respirators (instead of facemasks) are preferred.", "id": "Peralatan yang direkomendasikan adalah: jubah APD, respirator atau masker wajah, pelindung mata, dan sarung tangan medis. Jika tersedia, respirator (bukan masker wajah) lebih baik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "N95 respirators are approved for industrial settings but the FDA has authorised the masks for use under an Emergency Use Authorisation (EUA).", "id": "Respirator N95 disetujui untuk tatanan industri, tetapi FDA telah mengotorisasi masker ini untuk digunakan berdasarkan Otorisasi Penggunaan Darurat (EUA)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "They are designed to protect from airborne particles like dust but effectiveness against a specific biological agent is not guaranteed for off-label uses.", "id": "Respirator N95 dirancang untuk melindungi dari partikel bawaan udara seperti debu, tetapi efektivitas terhadap agen biologis tertentu tidak dijamin untuk penggunaan yang tidak disebutkan di label."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "When masks are not available, the CDC recommends using face shields or, as a last resort, homemade masks.", "id": "Jika masker tidak tersedia, CDC merekomendasikan untuk menggunakan pelindung wajah atau, sebagai upaya terakhir, masker buatan sendiri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Most cases of COVID-19 are not severe enough to require mechanical ventilation or alternatives, but a percentage of cases are.", "id": "Sebagian besar kasus COVID-19 tidak terlalu berat sampai membutuhkan ventilasi mekanis atau alternatifnya, tetapi sebagian kasus memang berat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The type of respiratory support for individuals with COVID-19 related respiratory failure is being actively studied for people in hospital, with some evidence that intubation can be avoided with a high flow nasal cannula or bi-level positive airway pressure.", "id": "Jenis dukungan pernapasan untuk orang yang mengalami gagal napas terkait COVID-19 sedang aktif diteliti untuk orang yang dirawat inap, dan ada bukti bahwa intubasi dapat dihindari dengan kanula nasal aliran tinggi atau tekanan salur udara bipositif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Whether either of these two leads to the same benefit for people who are critically ill is not known.", "id": "Belum diketahui apakah salah satu dari kedua metode ini menghasilkan manfaat yang sama untuk orang yang sakit kritis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Some doctors prefer staying with invasive mechanical ventilation when available because this technique limits the spread of aerosol particles compared to a high flow nasal cannula.Severe cases are most common in older adults (those older than 60 years, and especially those older than 80 years).", "id": "Sebagian dokter lebih suka tetap menggunakan ventilasi mekanis invasif, apabila tersedia, karena teknik ini membatasi penyebaran partikel aerosol dibandingkan dengan kanula nasal aliran tinggi. Kasus berat lebih banyak terjadi pada lansia (orang yang berusia di atas 60 tahun, dan terutama orang yang berusia di atas 80 tahun)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Many developed countries do not have enough hospital beds per capita, which limits a health system's capacity to handle a sudden spike in the number of COVID-19 cases severe enough to require hospitalisation.", "id": "Banyak negara maju tidak memiliki tempat tidur rumah sakit per kapita yang memadai, yang membatasi kapasitas sistem kesehatan untuk menangani lonjakan tiba-tiba jumlah kasus COVID-19 yang cukup parah sehingga memerlukan rawat inap."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "One study in China found 5% were admitted to intensive care units, 2.3% needed mechanical support of ventilation, and 1.4% died.", "id": "Sebuah studi di Tiongkok menemukan bahwa 5% masuk unit perawatan intensif, 2,3% membutuhkan dukungan ventilasi mekanis, dan 1,4% meninggal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In China, approximately 30% of people in hospital with COVID-19 are eventually admitted to ICU.", "id": "Di Tiongkok, sekitar 30% penderita COVID-19 yang dirawat inap akhirnya masuk ICU."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mechanical ventilation becomes more complex as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) develops in COVID-19 and oxygenation becomes increasingly difficult.", "id": "Ventilasi mekanis menjadi lebih rumit seiring sindrom gawat napas akut (ARDS) terjadi pada COVID-19 dan oksigenasi menjadi semakin sulit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Ventilators capable of pressure control modes and high PEEP are needed to maximise oxygen delivery while minimising the risk of ventilator-associated lung injury and pneumothorax.", "id": "Ventilator yang mampu melakukan mode kontrol tekanan dan PEEP tinggi diperlukan untuk memaksimalkan pengiriman oksigen sekaligus meminimalkan risiko cedera paru dan pneumotoraks terkait ventilator."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "High PEEP may not be available on older ventilators.", "id": "PEEP yang tinggi mungkin tidak tersedia pada ventilator lama."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Research into potential treatments started in January 2020, and several antiviral drugs are in clinical trials.", "id": "Penelitian tentang potensi perawatan dimulai pada Januari 2020 dan beberapa obat antivirus sedang dalam uji klinis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Remdesivir appears to be the most promising.", "id": "Remdesivir tampaknya yang paling menjanjikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Although new medications may take until 2021 to develop, several of the medications being tested are already approved for other uses or are already in advanced testing.", "id": "Meskipun pengembangan obat baru mungkin butuh waktu hingga 2021, beberapa obat yang sedang diuji sudah disetujui untuk penggunaan lain atau sudah berada dalam pengujian tingkat lanjut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Antiviral medication may be tried in people with severe disease.", "id": "Obat antivirus dapat dicoba pada orang dengan penyakit parah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO recommended volunteers take part in trials of the effectiveness and safety of potential treatments.The FDA has granted temporary authorisation to convalescent plasma as an experimental treatment in cases where the person's life is seriously or immediately threatened.", "id": "Para relawan yang direkomendasikan WHO ikut serta dalam uji coba keefektifan dan keamanan pengobatan potensial. FDA telah memberikan otorisasi sementara untuk plasma konvalesen sebagai perawatan eksperimental dalam kasus nyawa seseorang sangat atau serta-merta terancam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It has not undergone the clinical studies needed to show it is safe and effective for the disease.", "id": "Plasma konvalesen belum menjalani studi klinis yang diperlukan untuk membuktikan keamanan dan keefektifannya untuk penyakit ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In February 2020, China launched a mobile app to deal with the disease outbreak.", "id": "Pada Februari 2020, Tiongkok meluncurkan aplikasi seluler untuk menangani wabah penyakit ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Users are asked to enter their name and ID number.", "id": "Pengguna diminta untuk memasukkan nama dan nomor ID mereka."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The app is able to detect 'close contact' using surveillance data and therefore a potential risk of infection.", "id": "Aplikasi ini mampu mendeteksi 'kontak dekat' menggunakan data surveilans sehingga dapat mendeteksi potensi risiko infeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Every user can also check the status of three other users.", "id": "Setiap pengguna juga dapat memeriksa status tiga pengguna lainnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "If a potential risk is detected, the app not only recommends self-quarantine, it also alerts local health officials.Big data analytics on cellphone data, facial recognition technology, mobile phone tracking and artificial intelligence are used to track infected people and people whom they contacted in South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore.", "id": "Jika potensi risiko terdeteksi, aplikasi bukan hanya merekomendasikan karantina mandiri, tetapi juga memberi tahu petugas kesehatan setempat. Analitik mahadata pada data ponsel, teknologi pengenalan wajah, pelacakan ponsel, dan kecerdasan buatan digunakan untuk melacak orang terinfeksi dan orang yang berkontak dengan mereka di Korea Selatan, Taiwan, dan Singapura."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In March 2020, the Israeli government enabled security agencies to track mobile phone data of people supposed to have coronavirus.", "id": "Pada Maret 2020, pemerintah Israel mengizinkan badan keamanan untuk melacak data ponsel orang yang diduga tertular koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The measure was taken to enforce quarantine and protect those who may come into contact with infected citizens.", "id": "Langkah itu diambil untuk memberlakukan karantina dan melindungi orang yang mungkin kontak dengan warga yang terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Also in March 2020, Deutsche Telekom shared aggregated phone location data with the German federal government agency, Robert Koch Institute, in order to research and prevent the spread of the virus.", "id": "Selain itu, pada Maret 2020, Deutsche Telekom membagikan agregat data lokasi telepon kepada badan pemerintah federal Jerman, Robert Koch Institute, dalam rangka meneliti dan mencegah penyebaran virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Russia deployed facial recognition technology to detect quarantine breakers.", "id": "Rusia menggunakan teknologi pengenalan wajah untuk mendeteksi pelanggar karantina."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Italian regional health commissioner Giulio Gallera said he has been informed by mobile phone operators that \"40% of people are continuing to move around anyway\".", "id": "Komisioner kesehatan regional Italia, Giulio Gallera, mengatakan ia diberi tahu operator ponsel bahwa \"40% warga masih terus berpindah-pindah tempat\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "German government conducted a 48 hours weekend hackathon with more than 42.000 participants.", "id": "Pemerintah Jerman melakukan hackathon akhir pekan 48 jam dengan lebih dari 42.000 peserta."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Also the president of Estonia, Kersti Kaljulaid, made a global call for creative solutions against the spread of coronavirus.", "id": "Selain itu, Presiden Estonia, Kersti Kaljulaid, membuat seruan global untuk solusi kreatif melawan penyebaran koronavirus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Individuals may experience distress from quarantine, travel restrictions, side effects of treatment or fear of the infection itself.", "id": "Orang bisa mengalami tekanan akibat karantina, pembatasan perjalanan, efek samping perawatan, atau ketakutan terhadap infeksi itu sendiri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "BBC quoted Rory O'Connor in saying, \"Increased social isolation, loneliness, health anxiety, stress and an economic downturn are a perfect storm to harm people's mental health and wellbeing.\"", "id": "BBC mengutip Rory O'Connor yang mengatakan, \"Meningkatnya isolasi sosial, kesepian, kecemasan kesehatan, stres, dan kemerosotan ekonomi adalah badai sempurna yang membahayakan kesehatan mental dan kesejahteraan masyarakat.\""}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The disease may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the common cold.", "id": "Penyakit ini dapat berlangsung ringan dengan sedikit atau tanpa gejala, yang menyerupai penyakit saluran napas atas umum lainnya, seperti pilek."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover.", "id": "Kasus ringan biasanya sembuh dalam dua minggu, sementara mereka yang menderita penyakit parah atau kritis mungkin membutuhkan tiga hingga enam minggu untuk sembuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Pregnant women may be at higher risk for severe infection with COVID-19 based on data from other similar viruses, like SARS and MERS, but data for COVID-19 is lacking.In some people, COVID-19 may affect the lungs causing pneumonia.", "id": "Wanita hamil mungkin memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk infeksi COVID-19 berat berdasarkan data dari virus yang mirip, seperti SARS dan MERS, tetapi data untuk COVID-19 masih kurang. Pada sebagian orang, COVID-19 dapat memengaruhi paru sehingga menyebabkan pneumonia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In those most severely affected, COVID-19 may rapidly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) causing respiratory failure, septic shock or multi-organ failure.", "id": "Pada orang yang paling parah terdampak, COVID-19 dapat dengan cepat berkembang menjadi sindrom gawat napas akut (ARDS) yang menyebabkan kegagalan pernapasan, syok septik, atau gagal organ majemuk."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Complications associated with COVID-19 include sepsis, abnormal clotting and damage to the heart, kidneys and liver.", "id": "Komplikasi yang terkait dengan COVID-19 termasuk sepsis, penggumpalan darah abnormal, dan kerusakan pada jantung, ginjal, dan hati."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Clotting abnormalities, specifically an increase in prothrombin time, have been described in 6% of those admitted to hospital with COVID-19, while abnormal kidney function is seen in 4% of this group.", "id": "Kelainan penggumpalan darah, khususnya peningkatan waktu protrombin, diamati pada 6% pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat inap, sementara kelainan fungsi ginjal terlihat pada 4% dari kelompok ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Approximately 20-30% of people who present with COVID-19 demonstrate elevated liver enzymes (transaminases).", "id": "Sekitar 20-30% orang dengan gambaran COVID-19 menunjukkan peningkatan enzim hati (transaminase)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to the same report, the median time between onset of symptoms and death was ten days, with five being spent hospitalised.", "id": "Menurut laporan yang sama, waktu median antara awitan gejala dan kematian adalah sepuluh hari, dengan lima hari dihabiskan dalam rawat inap."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, patients transferred to an ICU had a median time of seven days between hospitalisation and death.", "id": "Namun, pasien yang dipindahkan ke ICU memiliki waktu median tujuh hari antara rawat inap dan kematian."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In a study of early cases, the median time from exhibiting initial symptoms to death was 14 days, with a full range of six to 41 days.", "id": "Dalam sebuah studi yang meneliti kasus-kasus awal, waktu median mulai dari gejala awal hingga kematian adalah 14 hari, dengan rentang penuh enam hingga 41 hari."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In a study by the National Health Commission (NHC) of China, men had a death rate of 2.8% while women had a death rate of 1.7%.", "id": "Dalam sebuah studi oleh Komisi Kesehatan Nasional (NHC) Tiongkok, pria memiliki angka kematian 2,8%, sementara wanita memiliki angka kematian 1,7%."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Histopathological examinations of post-mortem lung samples show diffuse alveolar damage with cellular fibromyxoid exudates in both lungs.", "id": "Pemeriksaan histopatologis sampel paru postmortem menunjukkan kerusakan alveolar difus dengan eksudat fibromiksoid seluler di kedua paru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Viral cytopathic changes were observed in the pneumocytes.", "id": "Perubahan sitopatik virus teramati pada pneumosit."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The lung picture resembled acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).", "id": "Gambar paru menyerupai sindrom gawat napas akut (ARDS)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In 11.8% of the deaths reported by the National Health Commission of China, heart damage was noted by elevated levels of troponin or cardiac arrest.", "id": "Pada 11,8% kematian yang dilaporkan oleh Komisi Kesehatan Nasional Tiongkok, kerusakan jantung teramati, dengan peningkatan kadar troponin atau henti jantung."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "According to March data from the United States, 89% of those hospitalised had preexisting conditions.Availability of medical resources and the socioeconomics of a region may also affect mortality.", "id": "Menurut data bulan Maret dari Amerika Serikat, 89% orang yang dirawat inap memiliki kondisi bawaan. Ketersediaan sumber daya medis dan sosial ekonomi suatu daerah juga dapat memengaruhi mortalitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Estimates of the mortality from the condition vary because of those regional differences, but also because of methodological difficulties.", "id": "Perkiraan mortalitas dari kondisi bervariasi karena perbedaan wilayah tersebut, tetapi juga karena kesulitan metodologis."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The under-counting of mild cases can cause the mortality rate to be overestimated.", "id": "Kurangnya penghitungan kasus ringan dapat menyebabkan angka kematian dihitung terlalu tinggi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, the fact that deaths are the result of cases contracted in the past can mean the current mortality rate is underestimated.", "id": "Namun, fakta bahwa kematian adalah akibat dari kasus yang berlangsung di masa lalu dapat berarti angka mortalitas saat ini dihitung terlalu rendah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Smokers were 1.4 times more likely to have severe symptoms of COVID-19 and approximately 2.4 times more likely to require intensive care or die compared to non-smokers.Concerns have been raised about long-term sequelae of the disease.", "id": "Perokok memiliki kemungkinan 1,4 kali lebih besar mengalami gejala COVID-19 yang parah dan sekitar 2,4 kali lebih mungkin membutuhkan perawatan intensif atau meninggal dibandingkan dengan yang bukan perokok. Ada kekhawatiran tentang sequela jangka-panjang penyakit ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The Hong Kong Hospital Authority found a drop of 20% to 30% in lung capacity in some people who recovered from the disease, and lung scans suggested organ damage.", "id": "Otoritas Rumah Sakit Hong Kong menemukan penurunan kapasitas paru 20% hingga 30% pada beberapa orang yang pulih dari penyakit, dan pemindaian paru menunjukkan kerusakan organ."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This may also lead to post-intensive care syndrome following recovery.", "id": "Hal ini juga dapat menyebabkan sindrom pascaperawatan-intensif setelah sembuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of March 2020, it was unknown if past infection provides effective and long-term immunity in people who recover from the disease.", "id": "Hingga Maret 2020, belum diketahui jika infeksi sebelumnya memberikan imunitas yang efektif dan jangka panjang pada orang yang sembuh dari penyakit ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Immunity is seen as likely, based on the behaviour of other coronaviruses, but cases in which recovery from COVID-19 have been followed by positive tests for coronavirus at a later date have been reported.", "id": "Imunitas dipandang mungkin diperoleh, jika melihat perilaku koronavirus lain, tetapi telah dilaporkan adanya kasus sembuh COVID-19 yang diikuti dengan uji koronavirus yang positif beberapa hari setelahnya."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These cases are believed to be worsening of a lingering infection rather than re-infection.", "id": "Kasus ini diyakini merupakan infeksi sisa yang memburuk, dan bukan infeksi ulang."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The virus is thought to be natural and have an animal origin, through spillover infection.", "id": "Virus ini diduga alami dan berasal dari hewan, melalui infeksi yang menyebar."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The actual origin is unknown, but by December 2019 the spread of infection was almost entirely driven by human-to-human transmission.", "id": "Asal sebenarnya tidak diketahui, tetapi per Desember 2019, penyebaran infeksi hampir seluruhnya didorong oleh penularan dari manusia ke manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A study of the first 41 cases of confirmed COVID-19, published in January 2020 in The Lancet, revealed the earliest date of onset of symptoms as 1 December 2019.", "id": "Sebuah studi terhadap 41 kasus terkonfirmasi COVID-19 pertama, yang dipublikasikan pada Januari 2020 di The Lancet, mengungkapkan tanggal awitan gejala paling awal adalah 1 Desember 2019."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Official publications from the WHO reported the earliest onset of symptoms as 8 December 2019.", "id": "Publikasi resmi dari WHO melaporkan awitan gejala paling awal pada 8 Desember 2019."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Several measures are commonly used to quantify mortality.", "id": "Umumnya, beberapa pengukuran digunakan untuk menghitung mortalitas."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These numbers vary by region and over time and are influenced by the volume of testing, healthcare system quality, treatment options, time since initial outbreak and population characteristics such as age, sex and overall health.", "id": "Angka ini bervariasi berdasarkan wilayah dan seiring waktu, serta dipengaruhi oleh jumlah pengujian, kualitas sistem perawatan kesehatan, opsi penanganan, waktu sejak wabah pertama, dan karakter populasi seperti usia, jenis kelamin, dan kesehatan secara keseluruhan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In late 2019, WHO assigned the emergency ICD-10 disease codes U07.1 for deaths from lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and U07.2 for deaths from clinically or epidemiologically diagnosed COVID-19 without lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths divided by the number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval.", "id": "Di akhir 2019, WHO menetapkan kode penyakit ICD-10 darurat U07.1 untuk kematian akibat infeksi SARS-CoV-2 yang terkonfirmasi laboratorium dan U07.2 untuk kematian akibat COVID-19 yang didiagnosis secara klinis atau epidemiologis tanpa konfirmasi laboratorium untuk infeksi SARS-CoV-2. Rasio kematian terhadap kasus mencerminkan jumlah kematian dibagi jumlah kasus terdiagnosis dalam suatu interval waktu yang ditentukan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global death-to-case ratio is 6.9% (153,822/2,240,191) as of 17 April 2020.", "id": "Menurut statistik Universitas Johns Hopkins, rasio kematian terhadap kasus secara global adalah 6,9% (153.822/2.240.191) per 17 April 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The number varies by region.Other measures include the case fatality rate (CFR), which reflects the percent of diagnosed individuals who die from a disease, and the infection fatality rate (IFR), which reflects the percent of infected individuals (diagnosed and undiagnosed) who die from a disease.", "id": "Jumlahnya bervariasi berdasarkan wilayah. Pengukuran lain meliputi angka fatalitas kasus (CFR), yang mencerminkan persentase orang terdiagnosis yang meninggal akibat penyakit tertentu, dan angka fatalitas infeksi (IFR), yang mencerminkan persentase orang terinfeksi (terdiagnosis dan tidak terdiagnosis) yang meninggal akibat penyakit tertentu."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "These statistics are not time bound and follow a specific population from infection through case resolution.", "id": "Statistik ini tidak terikat waktu dan mengikuti suatu populasi tertentu mulai dari infeksi hingga resolusi kasus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "While not all infected people develop antibodies, the presence of antibodies may provide information about how many people have been infected.", "id": "Walaupun tidak semua orang yang terinfeksi membuat antibodi, keberadaan antibodi dapat memberikan informasi tentang jumlah orang yang telah terinfeksi."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the epicentre of the outbreak in Italy, Castiglione d'Adda, a small village of 4600, 80 (1.7%) are already dead.", "id": "Di episentrum wabah di Italia, Castiglione d'Adda, sebuah desa kecil yang berisi 4600 warga, 80 (1,7%) sudah meninggal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Gangelt, the disease was spread by Carnival festivals, and spread to younger people, causing a relatively lower mortality, and not all COVID-19 deaths may have been formally classified as such.", "id": "Di Gangelt, penyakit ini disebarkan melalui festival Karnaval, yang menyebar ke kalangan orang muda, menyebabkan mortalitas yang relatif lebih rendah, dan kemungkinan tidak semua kematian COVID-19 diklasifikasikan sebagai kematian COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Furthermore, the German health system has not been overwhelmed.", "id": "Lebih lanjut, sistem kesehatan Jerman belum kewalahan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the Netherlands, about 3% may have antibodies, as assessed from blood donors.", "id": "Di Belanda, sekitar 3% populasi mungkin memiliki antibodi, sebagaimana dikaji dari donor darah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "69 (0.004% of the population) have been confirmed to have died from COVID-19.", "id": "69 orang (0,004% populasi) dikonfrimasi meninggal karena COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The impact of the pandemic and its mortality rate are different for men and women.", "id": "Dampak pandemi dan tingkat mortalitasnya berbeda untuk pria dan wanita."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Mortality is higher in men in studies conducted in China and Italy.", "id": "Mortalitas lebih tinggi pada pria dalam studi yang dilakukan di Tiongkok dan Italia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The highest risk for men is in their 50s, with the gap between men and women closing only at 90.", "id": "Risiko tertinggi untuk pria adalah di usia 50-an, dengan selisih risiko antara pria dan wanita baru tidak tampak pada usia 90."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In China, the death rate was 2.8 percent for men and 1.7 percent for women.", "id": "Di Tiongkok, angka kematian untuk pria sebesar 2,8 persen dan untuk wanita sebesar 1,7 persen."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The exact reasons for this sex-difference is not known, but genetic and behavioural factors could be a reason.", "id": "Alasan pasti untuk perbedaan berdasarkan jenis kelamin ini tidak diketahui, tetapi faktor genetik dan perilaku mungkin menjadi alasan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Sex-based immunological differences, lesser prevalence of smoking in women and men developing co-morbid conditions such as hypertension at a younger age than women could have contributed to the higher mortality in men.", "id": "Perbedaan imunologis berdasarkan jenis kelamin, prevalensi merokok yang lebih rendah pada wanita, dan pria yang memiliki kondisi komorbid, seperti hipertensi, pada usia lebih muda dibandingkan wanita dapat berkontribusi pada mortalitas yang lebih tinggi pada pria."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In Europe, 57% of the infected individuals were men and 72% of those died with COVID-19 were men.", "id": "Di Eropa, 57% orang yang terinfeksi adalah pria dan 72% orang yang meninggal karena COVID-19 adalah pria."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "As of April 2020, the US government is not tracking sex-related data of COVID-19 infections.", "id": "Hingga April 2020, pemerintah AS tidak melacak data terkait jenis kelamin untuk infeksi COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Research has shown that viral illnesses like Ebola, HIV, influenza and SARS affect men and women differently.", "id": "Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyakit virus, seperti Ebola, HIV, influenza, dan SARS, memengaruhi pria dan wanita secara berbeda."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A higher percentage of health workers, particularly nurses, are women, and they have a higher chance of being exposed to the virus.", "id": "Persentase petugas kesehatan yang berjenis kelamin wanita lebih tinggi, khususnya perawat, dan mereka memiliki peluang lebih tinggi untuk terpapar virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The World Health Organization announced on 11 February 2020 that the official name of the disease would be \"COVID-19\".", "id": "Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia mengumumkan pada 11 Februari 2020 bahwa nama resmi penyakit ini adalah \"COVID-19\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus explained that CO stands for corona, VI for virus, D for disease, and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified: 31 December 2019.", "id": "Pemimpin WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus menjelaskan bahwa CO adalah singkatan untuk corona, VI untuk virus, D untuk penyakit, dan 19 untuk saat wabah pertama kali teridentifikasi: 31 Desember 2019."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The name had been chosen to avoid references to a specific geographical location (e.g. China), animal species or group of people, in line with international recommendations for naming aimed at preventing stigmatisation.The virus that causes COVID-19 is named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "id": "Nama itu dipilih untuk menghindari referensi ke lokasi geografis tertentu (misalnya Tiongkok), spesies hewan, atau sekelompok orang, sejalan dengan rekomendasi internasional untuk penamaan yang bertujuan mencegah stigmatisasi. Virus yang menyebabkan COVID-19 diberi nama koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2 (SARS-CoV-2)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The WHO additionally uses \"the COVID-19 virus\" and \"the virus responsible for COVID-19\" in public communications.", "id": "WHO juga menggunakan \"virus COVID-19\" dan \"virus yang bertanggung jawab atas COVID-19\" dalam komunikasi publik."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Both the disease and virus are commonly referred to as \"coronavirus\".", "id": "Baik penyakit maupun virus lazim disebut sebagai \"koronavirus\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "During the initial outbreak in Wuhan, China, the virus and disease were commonly referred to as \"coronavirus\" and \"Wuhan coronavirus\".", "id": "Pada awal wabah di Wuhan, Tiongkok, virus dan penyakit ini lazim disebut sebagai \"koronavirus\" dan \"koronavirus Wuhan\"."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In January 2020, WHO recommended 2019-nCov and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease as interim names for the virus and disease in accordance with 2015 guidance against using locations in disease and virus names.", "id": "Pada Januari 2020, WHO merekomendasikan 2019-nCoV dan penyakit pernapasan akut 2019-nCov sebagai nama sementara untuk virus dan penyakit sesuai dengan pedoman 2015 yang mengimbau untuk tidak menggunakan nama lokasi dalam nama penyakit dan virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 were issued on 11 February 2020.", "id": "Nama resmi COVID-19 dan SARS-CoV-2 dikeluarkan pada 11 Februari 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Due to capacity limitations in the standard supply chains, some digital manufacturers are printing healthcare material such as nasal swabs and ventilator parts.", "id": "Karena keterbatasan kapasitas dalam rantai pasokan standar, beberapa produsen digital mencetak bahan perawatan kesehatan seperti usap nasal dan komponen ventilator."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In one example, when an Italian hospital urgently required a ventilator valve, and the supplier was unable to deliver in the timescale required, a local startup reverse-engineered and printed the required 100 valves overnight.", "id": "Dalam satu contoh, ketika sebuah rumah sakit Italia sangat membutuhkan katup ventilator, dan pemasok tidak dapat memberikan dalam skala waktu yang diperlukan, sebuah perusahaan lokal merekayasa-balik dan mencetak 100 katup yang diperlukan dalam semalam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "After the initial outbreak of COVID-19, conspiracy theories, misinformation and disinformation emerged regarding the origin, scale, prevention, treatment and other aspects of the disease and rapidly spread online.", "id": "Setelah awal wabah COVID-19, teori konspirasi, informasi yang salah, dan disinformasi bermunculan mengenai asal, skala, pencegahan, pengobatan, dan aspek-aspek penyakit lainnya, yang menyebar dengan cepat daring."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Humans appear to be capable of spreading the virus to some other animals.", "id": "Manusia tampaknya mampu menyebarkan virus ke beberapa hewan lain."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The study failed to find evidence of viral replication in pigs, ducks, and chickens.", "id": "Studi gagal menemukan bukti replikasi virus pada babi, bebek, dan ayam."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "No medications or vaccine is approved to treat the disease.", "id": "Belum ada obat atau vaksin yang disetujui untuk mengobati penyakit ini."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "International research on vaccines and medicines in COVID-19 are underway by government organisations, academic groups and industry researchers.", "id": "Penelitian internasional terhadap vaksin dan obat COVID-19 sedang dilakukan oleh organisasi pemerintah, kelompok akademik, dan peneliti industri."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In March, the World Health Organization initiated the \"SOLIDARITY Trial\" to assess treatment effects of four existing antiviral compounds with the most promise of efficacy.", "id": "Pada bulan Maret, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia memprakarsai \"SOLIDARITY Trial\" untuk mengkaji efek pengobatan empat senyawa antivirus yang sudah ada dengan kemanjuran paling menjanjikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is no available vaccine, but various agencies are actively developing vaccine candidates.", "id": "Vaksin belum tersedia, tetapi berbagai lembaga sedang aktif mengembangkan kandidat vaksin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Previous work on SARS-CoV is being utilised because SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 both use the ACE2 receptor to enter human cells.", "id": "Penelitian sebelumnya terhadap SARS-CoV digunakan karena SARS-CoV dan SARS-CoV-2 sama-sama menggunakan reseptor ACE2 untuk memasuki sel manusia."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are three vaccination strategies being investigated.", "id": "Ada tiga strategi vaksinasi yang sedang diteliti."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "First, researchers aim to build a whole virus vaccine.", "id": "Pertama, peneliti bertujuan untuk membuat vaksin virus utuh."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The use of such a virus, be it inactive or dead, aims to elicit a prompt immune response of the human body to a new infection with COVID-19.", "id": "Penggunaan virus tersebut, baik virus yang tidak aktif atau mati, bertujuan untuk dengan cepat memicu respons imun tubuh manusia terhadap infeksi COVID-19 baru."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A second strategy, subunit vaccines, aims to create a vaccine that sensitises the immune system to certain subunits of the virus.", "id": "Strategi kedua, vaksin subunit, bertujuan untuk menciptakan vaksin yang membuat sistem imun sensitif terhadap subunit tertentu pada virus."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "In the case of SARS-CoV-2, such research focuses on the S-spike protein that helps the virus intrude the ACE2 enzyme receptor.", "id": "Dalam kasus SARS-CoV-2, penelitian tersebut berfokus pada protein S-spike yang membantu virus menyusupi reseptor enzim ACE2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A third strategy is that of the nucleic acid vaccines (DNA or RNA vaccines, a novel technique for creating a vaccination).", "id": "Strategi ketiga adalah vaksin asam nukleat (vaksin DNA atau RNA, teknik baru untuk membuat vaksinasi)."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Experimental vaccines from any of these strategies would have to be tested for safety and efficacy.On 16 March 2020, the first clinical trial of a vaccine started with four volunteers in Seattle.", "id": "Vaksin eksperimental yang dibuat dengan strategi-strategi ini harus diuji untuk mengetahui keamanan dan kemanjurannya. Pada 16 Maret 2020, uji klinis pertama sebuah vaksin dimulai dengan empat sukarelawan di Seattle."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The vaccine contains a harmless genetic code copied from the virus that causes the disease.Antibody dependent enhancement has been suggested as a potential challenge for vaccine development for SARS-COV-2, but this is controversial.", "id": "Vaksin mengandung kode genetik tidak berbahaya yang disalin dari virus yang menyebabkan penyakit. Peningkatan tergantung-antibodi telah disarankan sebagai tantangan potensial untuk pengembangan vaksin SARS-COV-2, tetapi metode ini masih kontroversial."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There are more than 300 active clinical trials underway as of April 2020.", "id": "Ada lebih dari 300 uji klinis aktif yang sedang berlangsung pada April 2020."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Seven trials were evaluating already approved treatments for malaria, including four studies on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine.", "id": "Tujuh uji coba mengevaluasi pengobatan yang telah disetujui untuk malaria, mencakup empat studi terhadap hidroksiklorokuin atau klorokuin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the Chinese research, with nine phase III trials on remdesivir across several countries due to report by the end of April.", "id": "Obat antivirus yang diberi tujuan baru membentuk sebagian besar penelitian Tiongkok, dengan sembilan uji coba Fase III pada remdesivir di beberapa negara dengan tenggat waktu pelaporan pada akhir April."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "A dynamic review of clinical development for COVID-19 vaccine and drug candidates was in place, as of April 2020.Several existing antiviral medications are being evaluated for treatment of COVID-19, including remdesivir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir combined with interferon beta.", "id": "Pada April 2020, tinjauan dinamis tentang pengembangan klinis untuk kandidat vaksin dan obat COVID-19 sudah ada.Beberapa obat antivirus yang ada sedang dievaluasi untuk pengobatan COVID-19, yang mencakup remdesivir, klorokuin dan hidroksiklorokuin, lopinavir/ritonavir, dan lopinavir/ritonavir dikombinasikan dengan interferon beta."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is tentative evidence for efficacy by remdesivir, as of March 2020.", "id": "Pada Maret 2020, ada bukti sementara untuk kemanjuran remdesivir."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Clinical improvement was observed in patients treated with compassionate-use remdesivir.", "id": "Peningkatan klinis teramati pada pasien yang diobati dengan remdesivir dalam pengobatan darurat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Phase III clinical trials are being conducted in the US, China and Italy.Chloroquine, previously used to treat malaria, was studied in China in February 2020, with preliminary results.", "id": "Uji klinis Fase III sedang dilakukan di AS, Tiongkok, dan Italia. Klorokuin, yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk mengobati malaria, diteliti di Tiongkok pada Februari 2020, dengan hasil awal."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, there are calls for peer review of the research.", "id": "Namun, ada seruan untuk tinjauan sejawat terhadap riset tersebut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Korean and Chinese Health Authorities recommend the use of chloroquine.", "id": "Otoritas Kesehatan Korea dan Tiongkok merekomendasikan penggunaan klorokuin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "However, the Wuhan Institute of Virology, while recommending a daily dose of one gram, notes that twice that dose is highly dangerous and could be lethal.", "id": "Namun, Institut Virologi Wuhan, meskipun merekomendasikan dosis harian satu gram, mencatat bahwa dosis dua kali lipat sangat berbahaya dan bisa mematikan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "On 28 March 2020, the FDA issued an emergency use authorisation for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine at the discretion of physicians treating people with COVID-19.The Chinese 7th edition guidelines also include interferon, ribavirin or umifenovir for use against COVID-19.", "id": "Pada 28 Maret 2020, FDA mengeluarkan otorisasi penggunaan darurat untuk hidroksiklorokuin dan klorokuin atas kebijakan dokter yang merawat penderita COVID-19.Pedoman Tiongkok edisi ke-7 juga menyertakan interferon, ribavirin, atau umifenovir untuk digunakan melawan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Preliminary data indicate that high doses of ribavirin are necessary to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.", "id": "Data awal menunjukkan bahwa dosis tinggi ribavirin diperlukan untuk menghambat SARS-CoV-2 secara in vitro."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Nitazoxanide has been recommended for further in vivo study after demonstrating low concentration inhibition of SARS-CoV-2.Studies have demonstrated that initial spike protein priming by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is essential for entry of SARS-CoV-2 via interaction with the ACE2 receptor.", "id": "Nitazoksanida telah direkomendasikan untuk studi in vivo lebih lanjut setelah menunjukkan penghambatan SARS-CoV-2 dalam konsentrasi rendah.Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa priming awal terhadap protein tonjolan oleh serin protease transmembran 2 (TMPRSS2) sangat penting untuk masuknya SARS-CoV-2 melalui interaksi dengan reseptor ACE2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The studies of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin have major limitations that have prevented the medical community from embracing these therapies without further study.Oseltamivir does not inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and has no known role in COVID-19 treatment.", "id": "Studi tentang klorokuin dan hidroksiklorokuin dengan atau tanpa azitromisin memiliki keterbatasan besar yang telah mencegah komunitas medis untuk menggunakan terapi ini tanpa penelitian lebih lanjut. Oseltamivir tidak menghambat SARS-CoV-2 secara in vitro dan tidak memiliki peran yang diketahui dalam pengobatan COVID-19."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Cytokine storm can be a complication in the later stages of severe COVID-19.", "id": "Komplikasi badai sitokin dapat terjadi pada COVID-19 berat tahap lanjut."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "There is evidence that hydroxychloroquine may have anti-cytokine storm properties.Tocilizumab has been included in treatment guidelines by China's National Health Commission after a small study was completed.", "id": "Ada bukti bahwa hidroksiklorokuin mungkin memiliki sifat antisitokin. Tocilizumab telah dimasukkan dalam pedoman pengobatan oleh Komisi Kesehatan Nasional Tiongkok setelah sebuah penelitian kecil selesai."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "It is undergoing a phase 2 non randomised test at the national level in Italy after showing positive results in people with severe disease.", "id": "Obat ini sedang menjalani uji fase 2 nonacak di tingkat nasional di Italia setelah menunjukkan hasil positif pada orang dengan penyakit parah."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Combined with a serum ferritin blood test to identify cytokine storms, it is meant to counter such developments, which are thought to be the cause of death in some affected people.", "id": "Dikombinasikan dengan uji darah feritin serum untuk mengidentifikasi badai sitokin, obat ini dimaksudkan untuk melawan badai sitokin, yang diduga merupakan penyebab kematian pada beberapa orang yang terdampak."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "The interleukin-6 receptor antagonist was approved by the FDA based on retrospective case studies for treatment of steroid refractory cytokine release syndrome induced by a different cause, CAR T cell therapy, in 2017.", "id": "Pada tahun 2017, antagonis reseptor interleukin-6 disetujui oleh FDA berdasarkan studi kasus retrospektif untuk pengobatan sindrom pelepasan sitokin refrakter steroid yang diinduksi oleh penyebab yang berbeda, yakni terapi sel CAR T."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "To date, there is no randomised, controlled evidence that tocilizumab is an efficacious treatment for CRS.", "id": "Sampai saat ini, belum ada bukti acak dan terkontrol yang menunjukkan bahwa tocilizumab adalah pengobatan yang manjur untuk CRS."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Transferring purified and concentrated antibodies produced by the immune systems of those who have recovered from COVID-19 to people who need them is being investigated as a non-vaccine method of passive immunisation.", "id": "Mentransfer antibodi yang dimurnikan dan dipekatkan yang diproduksi oleh sistem orang yang sudah sembuh dari COVID-19 kepada orang yang membutuhkannya sedang diteliti sebagai metode imunisasi pasif nonvaksin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "This strategy was tried for SARS with inconclusive results.", "id": "Strategi ini dicoba untuk SARS dengan hasil tidak konklusif."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Viral neutralisation is the anticipated mechanism of action by which passive antibody therapy can mediate defence against SARS-CoV-2.", "id": "Netralisasi virus adalah mekanisme kerja yang diharapkan untuk terapi antibodi pasif dapat memediasi pertahanan melawan SARS-CoV-2."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other mechanisms however, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and/or phagocytosis, may be possible.", "id": "Namun, mekanisme lain, seperti sitotoksisitas seluler yang bergantung pada antibodi dan/atau fagositosis, juga mungkin."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Other forms of passive antibody therapy, for example, using manufactured monoclonal antibodies, are in development.", "id": "Bentuk terapi antibodi pasif lain, misalnya, menggunakan antibodi monoklonal yang diproduksi, sedang dalam pengembangan."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Production of convalescent serum, which consists of the liquid portion of the blood from recovered patients and contains antibodies specific to this virus, could be increased for quicker deployment.", "id": "Produksi serum konvalesen, yang berupa bagian cairan dari darah pasien yang sudah sembuh dan mengandung antibodi spesifik terhadap virus ini, dapat ditingkatkan untuk penggunaan yang lebih cepat."}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Coronavirus diseases, a group of closely related syndromes", "id": "Penyakit koronavius, sekelompok sindrom yang terkait erat"}
{"data_source": "tico-19", "en": "Li Wenliang, a doctor at Central Hospital of Wuhan, who later contracted and died of COVID-19 after raising awareness of the spread of the virus.", "id": "Li Wenliang, seorang dokter di Rumah Sakit Pusat Wuhan, yang kemudian terjangkit dan meninggal karena COVID-19 setelah memunculkan kesadaran akan penyebaran virus."}