the detection of cpn10 in serum or other biological fluids using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against recombinant or synthetic cpn10or against modifications or fragments thereof alone or in combination with each other or with cpn60 ( in the presence of atp or other nucleotide triphosphates ) for the purpose of : the use of recombinant cpn10 as a growth factor or immunosuppressant in the treatment of : ( a ) purification of human epf from human blood platelets ( fig1 a , 1b , 1c , 1d ) platelet concentrates ( from the blood bank ), up to 7 days clinically outdated , were washed with tyrodes buffer , following the techniques described in methods in enzymology , 1989 , 169 7 - 11 , snap frozen in liquid n 2 and stored at - 70 ° c . immediately prior to purification , approximately 100 washed platelet units were thawed in a boiling water bath , then held at 75 - 85 ° c for 15 min with continuous , gentle stirring . after cooling on ice , cellular debris was removed by centrifugation ( 8000 g , 20 min , 4 ° c .) and the pellet extracted twice by homogenisation in 0 . 05 m - acetic acid / 0 . 1 m - nacl / 0 . 1 mg / ml sodium azide ph 3 . 0 followed by centrifugation ( 8 000 g , 15 min 4 ° c .). the three supernatants were pooled giving a total extract volume of 500 - 600ml . this extract from 100 platelet units was adjusted to ph 3 . 0 with conc . hcl and stirred gently , overnight , 4 ° c ., with 250ml sp - sephadex , crosslinked dextran beads c - 25 ( pharmacia - lkb ), previously swollen and equilibrated with 0 . 05 m - acetic acid / 0 . 1 m - naclph 3 . 0 . the gel was then packed into a column washed with 20 vol of the same buffer and eluted with 5 vol 0 . 5 m - sodium phosphate buffer / 0 . 05 m - naclph 7 . 5 . the gel was then discarded . the sp - sephadex , crosslinked dextran beads ; eluate was adjusted to ph 6 . 3 - 6 . 4 with conc . hcl and applied to a column of heparin - sepharose , crosslinked agarose beads cl - 6b ( 2 . 5 × 7 . 5 cm ; pharmacia - lkb ) previously equilibrated with 0 . 05 m - sodium phosphate buffer 0 . 05 m - nacl ph 6 . 3 . the column was then washed with 5 vol of the same buffer and eluted with 5 vol 0 . 05 m - tris - hcl / 5 mm - cacl 2 / 0 . 2 m - nacl ph 7 . 5 , applied in the reverse direction to that used for sample application . solid ( nh 4 ), 2 so 4 was added to the heparin - sepharose , crosslinked agarose beads eluate to a final concentration of 2 m and , after passage through an 0 . 45 μm filter , the sample was pumped through a dedicated solvent line onto a tsk phenyl 5pw column ( 7 . 5 × 75 mm , pharmacia - lkb ), previously equilibrated with 0 . 1 m - tris - hcl ph 7 . 0 / 5mm cacl 2 / 2 m -( nh 4 ) 2 so 4 . the column was washed with 10 vol of the same buffer and eluted with a 50 min linear gradient from this buffer to 0 . 1 m - tris - hcl ph 7 . 015 mm - cacl 2 / 10 % acetonitrile . ( fig1 a ) active hic - h . p . l . c . fractions were pooled , then fractionated on a c 3 column ( ultrapore rpsc . beckman instruments ) using a solvent system consisting of a , 0 . 04 m tris / hcl ph 7 . 0 / 5 mm - cacl 2 and b , 0 . 04 m - tris / hcl ph 7 . 0 / 5 mm - cacl 2 / 80 % ( v / v ) acetonitrile . the column was equilibrated with solvent a prior to sample application , after which it was washed with 5 vol solvent a and eluted with a 30 min linear gradient from this solvent to 75 % solvent b . ( fig1 b ) active fractions from rp - h . p . l . c .- 1 of several 100 unit platelet preparations were pooled , edta and dtt added to a final concentration of 20mm and 1mm respectively and the mixture allowed to stand for 0 . 5 - 1 h , 4 ° c . following dilution with 2 vol solvent a , it was applied to a c 3 column , dedicated to this and subsequent steps , and fractionated as described for rp - h . p . l . c .- 1 , but omitting cacl 2 . ( fig1 c ) active fractions from rp - h . p . l . c .- 2 were pooled , trifluoroacetic acid ( tfa ) added to a final concentration of 0 . 1 % and , following dilution with 2 vol 0 . 1 % tfa , the mixture was applied to the c 3 column , which had been equilibrated previously with 0 . 1 % tfa . the column was then eluted with a 30 min linear gradient from this solvent to 60 % ( v / v ) acetonitrile / 0 . 1 % tfa , followed by a 3 min linear gradient to 90 % ( v / v ) acetonitrile / 0 . 1 % tfa . active fractions were pooled . ( fig1 d ) one unit represents platelets from a single blood donation which is approximately 500 ml . the &# 34 ; active fractions &# 34 ; were fractions active in the rosette inhibition test . epf has been purified from various sources as discussed in cavanagh & amp ; morton , 1994 , eur . j . biochem . 222 551 - 560 ; quinn et al ., 1994 , hepatology 20 no 5 1294 - 1302 . in all instances , biological activity followed the same pattern throughout the complex purification scheme described above for human platelets . furthermore the final active fraction from all sources was bound specifically by an immobilised monoclonal anti - epf and could be recovered virtually quantitatively ( see fig1 e ). a . the biochemical and immunological similarity observed with all these materials provides strong evidence that the bioassay is detecting a single substance or closely related family of substances acting in diverse biological situations . b . the active agents purified from all of these materials are from several to many orders of magnitude more potent than virtually all of the substances previously reported to be epf . this confirms our surmise , based on detailed analysis of the epf bioassay as discussed above , that activity associated with most putative epf preparations must reflect the presence of a very minor contaminant . c . the only source materials providing sufficient epf to study at the protein ( as opposed to activity ) level were platelets and regenerating liver , yielding , respectively , an average of 15 μg per 100 units ( equivalent to ˜ 50 liter blood ) and 5 μg per 40 g tissue ( liver remnant from 6 rats ). it is immediately apparent that far more epf is present within the cell than appears in the extracellular space ; nevertheless , accumulated knowledge of the biology of epf ( reviewed recently in the abovementioned morton et al . 1992 reference ) indicates that this extracellular appearance is not fortuitous . human platelet - derived epf , being most abundant , has been studied in some detail . on sds - page , it ran as a single band of mr approx , 8 . 500 , coincident with biological activity ( see fig2 a ); epf from regenerating rat liver exhibited identical behaviour . mass spectometry of the platelet material provided an accurate and precise determination of molecular mass 10 843 . 5 ± 2 da , along with definitive evidence of the high degree of homogeneity of the preparation ( see fig2 b ). following attempts at edman degradation , which indicated that the molecule is n - blocked , proteolytic cleavage of approx . 4 nmol epf was undertaken . resultant peptide fragments were separated by reversed - phase hplc and subjected to sequencing by edman degradation . three areas of sequence containing 12 ( fragment 1 ), 27 ( fragment 2 ) and 33 ( fragment 3 ) residues were found to correspond with residues 7 to 18 - 27 - 53 and 69 - 101 ( the c - terminus ) in rat mitochondrial cpn10 . in fragment 2 , residue 52 was different ( s in cpn10 , g in rat cpn10 , this change alone could account for human cpn10 being 30 da larger than rat cpn10 ). all other residues were identical , consistent with the highly conserved nature of chaperonins ( see fig2 c ). since confirming sequence identity between epf and cpn10 several studies of functional relationship have been performed , using rat mitochondrial cpn10 e . coli cpn10 ( known as groes ) and e . coli cpn60 ( groel ). first it has been demonstrated that cpn10 can act as epf . rat cpn10 was tested in the epf bioassay and found to be positive over the range of dilutions expected ; this activity could be neutralised by monoclonal antibodies to epf ( see table 1 ). interestingly , e . coli cpn10 , which is ˜ 40 % homologous with rat cpn10 , exhibited no activity in the bioassay ( see table 1 ): this is consistent with the observation that e . coli conditioned medium is not active in the epf bioassay , while medium conditioned by all mammalian cell lines tested , as well as by yeast cells is active . cpn60 was inactive in the bioassay and had no effect upon the activity of epf . it was then shown that epf can act as cpn10 . epf was mixed with cpn60 , in the presence or absence of atp , and the mixture fractionated on a tsk g3000sw gel permeation column : resultant fractions were analysed by sds - page . cpn60 is a decatetramer and elutes in the excluded volume of this column ( exclusion limit 300 000 ). in the presence of atp , but not in its absence , epf also appears in this fraction , demonstrating formation of a stable complex with cpn60 . this fraction was active in the epf bioassay but the equivalent fraction from the experiment without atp ( where epf did not associate with cpn60 ) was not ( see fig3 a ). thus epf and cpn10 activity reside in the same molecule . these investigations provide unequivocal evidence that platelet - derived epf is a structural and functional homologue of cpn10the relationship between cpn10 and activity in the rosette inhibition test was then examined ( fig3 b ). in the presence , but not in the absence of atp , immobilised cpn60 could remove all activity from the archetypal source material , pregnancy serum and activity could be recovered by removing atp from the immobilised complex . as with the experiment described in fig3 a , this requirement for atp demonstrates the specificity of the interaction between cpn60 and the active moiety ; cpn10 is thus the molecular entity initiating response in the epf bioassay . identification of epf as a cpn10 has been a major step forward in research on this subject and helps to explain many of the findings that have been made to date . criticism has been raised against claims that epf production occurs in such a wide variety of biological situations e . g . pre - and post - implantation pregnancy , primary and tumour cell proliferation and platelet activation . in its role as a hsp ( heat stress protein ) following the advent of the present invention , these are all conditions in which the rapid onset of epf production would now be expected . functions of hsp &# 39 ; s that are vital to the survival of cells are intracellular as shown in the linquist et al . reference above . in contrast , the activity of epf described to date is extracellular ; for example , it appears in serum of mice within 4 to 6 hours after mating as discussed in morton et al ., 1987 , current topics in development biology , vol 23 73 - 92 and 4 to 8 hours after partial hepatectomy in rats as shown in the quinn phd thesis ( 1991 ), available from the biological sciences library , university of queensland australia , catalogued under both author and title . we have shown that epf can act in an autocrine mode as discussed in the quinn et al ., 1990 reference referred to above or exocrine mode as discussed in the rolfe et al . 1988 referred to above ; these are not roles previously described for hsp &# 39 ; s . it will also be appreciated that since the structure of epf is now known , it can be produced in commercial quantities by any suitable technique of recombinant dna technology . production for commercial use may be obtained by inserting a mammalian cpn10 gene , preferably a human cdna cpn10 gene , into a suitable vector such as plasmids from the pgex system , and pet system expressing the encoded mammalian cpn10 and purifying the recombinant cpn10 . ______________________________________abbreviations______________________________________angis australian national genomic information servicebp base pairbsa bovine serum albumincdna complementary dnacpn 10 chaperonin 10dna deoxyribonucleic acide . coli escherichia coligsh glutathione ( reduced form ) gst glutathione - s - transferaselb luria - bertani brothm molarorf open reading framepcr polymerase chain reactionrepf recombinant early pregnancy factorrsp reverse sequencing primersds sodium dodecyl sulphatesds - page sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresistris tris ( hydroxymethyl ) aminomethaneusp universal sequencing primer______________________________________ polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) was used to initially amplify part of the orf ( 274 bp ) of the human cpn10 cdna from a melanoma cell line a2058 cdna lambda library ( stratagene ). a degenerate cpn10 amplimer ( p1 ) was designed from the amino acid sequence vlddkdyfl ( seq id no : 1 ) corresponding to amino acid residues 83 - 91 of human cpn10 . the primer p1 has the sequence 5 &# 39 ; arraartartcyttrtcrtc 3 &# 39 ; ( seq id no : 2 ) where r is a or g and y is c or t . the reverse sequencing primer ( rsp ) was used for pcr amplification ( the non - specific primer ) as well as for sequencing dna constructs and has the sequence 5 &# 39 ; caggaaacagctatgac 3 &# 39 ; ( seq id no : 3 ). the universal sequencing printer has the sequence 5 &# 39 ; gtaaaacgacggccagt 3 &# 39 ; ( seq id no : 4 ). pcr amplification of the phage library was achieved using a non - specific upstream amplimer ( rsp ) and p1 , each at 0 . 5 μm final concentration , 1 . 5 mm mgcl 2 ( pharmacia biotech ), 1 × polymerase buffer ( boehringer mannheim ) and 5 units of thermus aquaticus dna polymerase ( boehringer mannheim ) in a final volume of 50 μl . for 30 cycles , the parameters were : denaturation at 94 ° c . for 1 min . annealing at 40 ° c . for 30 sec and extension at 72 ° c for 3 min . a final extension at 72 ° c . for 7 min was followed by a soak cycle at 4 ° c . for 10 min . an aliquot of 1 μl was reamplified under the same conditions to increase the cop ) number . two cpn10 specific amplimers encompassing the open reading frame were designed . the upstream primer p2 , 5 &# 39 ;- gcgcggatccatggcaggacaagcgtttag - 3 &# 39 ; ( seq id no : 5 ) was designed from the sequence of the initial pcr fragment . the downstream primer p3 , 5 &# 39 ; atatgaattcagtctacgtactttcc - 3 &# 39 ; ( seq id no : 6 ) was designed from sequence obtained from the expressed sequence tag database via angis ( accession no . hum00tb037 ). a 319 bp fragment was amplified from the phage library using the same reaction and cycling conditions as above except the annealing temperature was 50 ° c . all restriction enzyme digests of pcr products and vectors were performed according to sambrook et al . ( sambrook et al ., 1989 , molecular cloning : a laboratory manual . 2nd ed . cold spring harbor press , cold spring harbor , n . y .) using restriction enzymes and their buffers obtained from boehringer mannheim . the initial pcr fragment was digested with eco r1 and ligated ( sambrook et al ., 1989 , molecular cloning : a laboratory manual . 2nd ed . cold spring harbor press , cold spring harbor , n . y .) into the eco ri and sina i sites of pbluescript ks (+) ( stratagene ) creating the plasmid prmi ( fig4 : partial cpn10 insert 274 bp ). the 319 bp product was digested with bam hi and eco ri and initially cloned into the expression plasmid pgex - 2t ( pharmacia biotech ) creating the plasmid prm2 ( fig5 ). to confirm its identity , the bum hi - eco r1 fragment was subcloned into pbluescript ( sk +) ( prm3 ; fig6 ) and sequenced . dna was analysed on 0 . 8 - 1 . 0 % ( w / v ) agarose gels containing ethidium bromide and after electrophoresis was viewed under uv illumination . competent e . coil dh5α cells ( 100 μl ) were transformed with the plasmids by the heat pulse method ( sambrook et al ., 1989 , molecular cloning : a laboratory manual . 2nd ed . cold spring harbor press , cold spring harbor , n . y ). the mixture of cells and dna ( 10 - 100 ng ) was placed on ice for 30 min and heat pulsed for exactly 2 min at 42 ° c . and placed back on ice for 2 min . the cells were allowed to recover at 37 ° c . with shaking for 1 hr after the addition of 0 . 9 ml of lb . a 100 μl aliquot was plated onto lb agar plates supplemented with ampicillin at a final concentration of 100 μg / ml . after incubation overnight at 37 ° c . random colonies were selected for further investigation . restriction fragments of the pcr products were cloned into pbluescript and sequenced in both orientations by the dideoxy chain - termination method using the t7 polymerase kit according to the manufacturer &# 39 ; s instructions ( pharmacia biotech ). approximately 2 μg of plasmid dna was denatured , ethanol precipitated and annealed to either the usp , rsp or p3 . the sequencing reactions were electrophoresed on a 8 % acrylamide / 46 /% urea gel . after fixing and drying , x - ray film was exposed to the gel overnight and developed . clones transformed with prm2 were screened for expression of the glutathione - s - transferase fusion protein on a small culture scale ( 2 ml ) according to methods described by smith et al . ( smith et al ., 1988 , gene 67 ( 1 ) 31 - 40 ). an overnight culture was diluted , induced to express the fusion protein by the addition of iptg to 0 . mm and grown at 37 ° c . for several hours . the cells were pelleted , lysed in pbs / 0 . 1 % triton x - 100 and the lysate mixed with 50 % glutathione - agarose beads ( sigma chemical company ). the recombinant fusion protein was eluted from the affinity beads by boiling in sds loading buffer . an aliquot of the sample was run on a 10 % sds - page gel . the gel was fixed and then stained with coomassie blue . after confirming the expression of the fusion protein the purification of rcpn10 from the gst moiety was undertaken on a larger scale . cells were grown and induced as above , the cell pellet resuspended in pbs , sonicated ( output level 4 , 50 % duty cycle , 2 × 30 sec ) and the cell lysate stored at - 30 ° c . lysate from 10 liter cell culture was thawed and rcpn10 isolated by similar techniques to those used by gearing et al . ( gearing et al ., 1989 , biotechnology 7 1157 - 1161 ) for isolation of rlif . briefly , triton x - 100 , a non - ionic surfactant ; was added to a final concentration of 0 . 1 % and cellular debris removed by centrifugation ( 15 min , 15000 rpm , 4 ° c .). ten ml glutathione - sepharose , cross linked agarose beads 4 gel ( pharmacia - lkb biotechnlogy ) was added to the supernatant and the slurry mixed for 2 hr , 4 ° c . the gel was pelleted , washed × 5 with 50 ml pbs / 0 . 1 % triton x - 100 once with 50 ml 0 . 05 m tris - hcl ph 8 . 0 / 0 . 15 m nacl and once with 0 . 05m tris - hcl ph 8 . 0 / 0 . 15 m nacl / 2 . 5 mm cacl 2 . the gel was resuspended in 4 ml of 0 . 05 m tris - hcl ph 8 . 0 / 0 . 15 m nacl / 2 . 5 mm cacl 2 buffer , 1000 units thrombin ( sigma t6884 ) added and the slurry was mixed in a shaking waterbath for 1 hr , 37 ° c . the gel was pelleted , the supernatant retained , and the gel was then washed with 3 × 4 ml 0 . 05 m tris - hcl ph 8 . 0 / 0 . 15 m nacl . these washes and the first supernatant , which contain the rcpn10 , were pooled , yielding 4 - 5 mg recombinant protein . additional rcpn10 , which was non - specifically bound to the gel , was recovered as follows . four ml 0 . 05 m tris - hcl ph 8 . 0 / 2 m nacl was added and the slurry mixed for 2 hr , 4 ° c . after pelleting , the gel was washed with 3 × 2 ml of this 0 . 05 m tris - hcl ph 8 . 0 / 2 m nacl buffer , the washes pooled with the first supernatant , yielding a further approximately 1 mg rcpn10 . protein concentrations were estimated by the method of lowry et al . ( lowry et al ., 1951 , j . biol . chem . 193 265 - 275 ); proteins were analysed by sds - page using 15 % tris - tricine gels ( schagger et al ., 1987 , anal . biochem . 166 368 - 379 ). the recombinant cpn10 has two additional amino acids at the n terminus . the n terminus of the recombinant protein is gly - ser - methionine - ala whereas the n - terminus of native protein is ac - ala . the amino acid sequence of the recombinant cpn10 is as follows : gsmagqafrkflplfdrvlversaaetvtkggimlpeksqgkvlqatvva vgsgskgkggeiqpvsvkvgdkvllpeyggtkvvlddkdyflfrdgdilgkyvd ( seq id no : 9 ) a bacterial fusion protein , gst / cpn10 , was expressed and isolated with glutathione - sepharose , as described for preparation of cpn10 . the fusion protein was eluted from the gel by application of 50 mm reduced glutathione in tris - buffered saline . eluted fractions were analysed by sds - page and those containing the most fusion protein were pooled . protein concentration was determined by the method of lowry et al ., 1951 , j . biol . chem . 193 265 - 275 . antibodies against the fusion protein were raised in rabbits using an immunisation schedule consisting of 4 × weekly injections followed by at least 4 × monthly boosts . approximately 10 pg protein , emulsified in freund &# 39 ; s complete adjuvant for the first injection and in incomplete adjuvant thereafter , was used for each injection . rabbit serum was screened for anti - cpn10 antibodies by elisa using plates coated initially with cpn10 ( 5 μg / ml ) and a streptavidin - biotin detection system ( amersham ). the antibody ( ab ) titres against cpn10 and against the whole fusion protein ( in this case gst / cpn10 , 5 μg / ml , was bound to the plate ) in serum of rabbit # 42 are shown in fig7 . titration of a serum sample against cpn10 , taken from this rabbit after the 4th booster dose , is illustrated in fig8 . this antibody was then used in a competitive binding assay for detection of cpn10 , performed as follows . anti - serum , diluted 1 : 32000 and 1 : 64000 ( final dilution : diluent 50 mm sodium phosphate buffer , ph 7 . 4 , containing 0 . 2 % w / v zelatin ) % was incubated , separately ( overnight , 4 ° c .) with various concentrations of cpn10 . these mixtures were then tested by elisa as described above , in plates coated with 5 μg / ml cpn10 , as illustrated in fig9 . absorbance values for each antibody / cpn10 mixture are compared with values obtained for the same antibody dilution incubated without cpn10 . the degree of inhibition of binding of antibody to the plate is proportional to the amount of cpn10 in the original antibody - cpn10 mixture ; from this , a standard curve can be constructed , as shown in fig1 . while rabbit # 42 is not sensitive enough to detect the very low concentration of cpn10 present in serum , we have established techniques which can : ( 1 ) produce an anti - cpn10 antibody which displays normal hyperimmunisation properties : thus with known techniques for enhancement of the immune response , an antibody with greater avidity could be produced , and with improved antibodies , application of known methods for enhancement of the detection system and pretreatment of serum to both concentrate and partially purify cpn10 ( e . g . by application to ci 18 sep - pak cartridge [ waters ] and elution with 80 % acetonitrile in tris - buffered saline , or to immobilised cpn60 in the presence of atp and elution with edta ), this technique , alone or in combination with other immunoassay techniques , could be developed for detection of cpn10 in serum . the rosette inhibition test is non - quantitative and cannot be used to determine the cpn10 concentration in serum with accuracy . the assay may be used semi - quantitatively by comparing the limiting dose of samples , i . e . the highest dilution of sample giving a position response in the bioassay . caution must be exercised with this approach since other substances in complex biological fluids , themselves inactive in the bioassay , can influence the response of active materials . we have determined that the bioassay can detect as little as 5 - 50 μm / ml pure cpn10 ( cavanagh et a / l ., 1994 , eur . j . biochem . 202 551 - 560 ). based on the observed limiting dose of serum from pregnant women ( known inhibitory substances having been removed from early pregnancy serum ) and tumour - bearing animals and individuals as well as from rats 24 hr post - partial hepatectomy , the cpn10 concentration of serum is likely to be in the range 0 . 1 - 100 pg / ml . the effect of recombinant cpn10 on the survival of allogenic skin grafts in rats skin grafts were exchanged between inbred lewis and da rats (˜ 100 g ) using the following protocol . abdominal full thickness skin was sutured onto a similar sized defect created on the lateral thoracic region using standard techniques . a group of six rats were grafted in one session , with each rat receiving one autograft and one allograft . two lewis and 2 da rats received daily × 2 injections of recombinant cpn10 and one lewis and one da received buffer , injected around the site of the grafts . different groups received different doses of cpn10 . injections were continued for 14 days . the grafts were covered with vaseline gauze , melolin dressing , plastic wrap and co - flex elastic bandage . after 7 days , the grafts were examined daily for signs of necrosis . the day of rejection was taken as that on which 50 % of the transplanted skin had undergone necrotic degradation . life span of cpn10 activity in serum following injection of recombinant cpn10 into mice various doses of recombinant cpn10 ( see fig1 ) were injected i . p . into balb / c mice (˜ 20 g ) and the mice bled at various times after administration , commencing at 15 minutes ( zero time ). serum was tested for cpn10 activity in the rosette inhibition test ( see morton et al ., 1987 , current topics in developmental biology 23 73 - 92 ) with spleen cells from c57bl / 6 mice . mice receiving platelet cpn10 were tested in parallel . the half life of cpn10 activity in serum was determined . there was a significant prolongation of graft survival time following injection of recombinant cpn10 ( p & lt ; 0 . 001 , student &# 39 ; s t test ). the results showed a bell - shaped dose response curve , with the most effective doses being in the range of 2 to 20 μg cpn10 × 2 / rat / day . the experiments in mice suggest that this recombinant cpn10 has a shorter than expected half life in serum , when compared with platelet cpn10 ; the half life of 1 μg and 15 μg recombinant cpn10 in serum of mice was only 3 hours and 7 hours respectively , compared with platelet cpn10 ( 5 μg ), which had a half life of 4 days . however , these results have shown that cpn10 can significantly prolong the viability of allogenic skin grafts in rats . ( see table 2 ). ( b ) treatment of mammals including humans with cpn10 to promote wound healing growth factors are likely to be involved in the healing process , as their initial release from platelets is of fundamental importance in wound repair ( falange , 1993 , j . dermatol . surg . oncol . 19 716 - 720 ). platelets have been shown to be a rich source of cpn10 ( cpn10 ; cavanagh et al ., 1994 , eur . j . biochem 222 551 - 560 ) and therefore may be one of the growth factors intimately involved in wound healing . studies have been carried out to determine the effect of topically - applied recombinant cpn10 ( rcpn10 ) on the healing of full - thickness skin defects created in mice . outbred , male quackenbush mice ( aged 8 weeks ) were anaesthetized with nembutal , shaved , skin sterilized with 70 % v / v ethyl alcohol and a full thickness defect ( 8 mm diameter ) created in the lateral thoracic region . one μg rcpn10 in 5 μl tris - buffered 0 . 9 % w / v sodium chloride ( saline ) ph 7 . 4 , tris - buffered saline alone ( 5 μl ) or saline alone ( 5 μl ) was applied directly to the wound , which was then covered with vaseline gauze , melolin non - adherent dressing and held in place with co - flex elastic bandage . twice daily , the mice were lightly anaesthetized with halothane ( fluothane , ici ), the dressings removed , 5 μl of the appropriate solution applied and the wound redressed . at various intervals , i . e . 24 hr , 48 hr , 3 d , 4 d , 5 d , 6 d and 7 d , groups of mice were euthanased with halothane , the would and surrounding tissue removed and the area of the wound measured . following treatment with rcpn10 , there was a significant accceleration of wound contraction , when compared with wounds treated with buffer or saline ( fig1 ). in the wounds treated with cpn10 , wound contraction commenced within the first 24 hrs , whereas the control wounds , contraction commenced after 2 days ( fig1 ). from 3 days , there was no significant difference in wound size . cpn10 applied topically to full thickness wounds in mice , accelerates contraction and healing , with the process appearing to commence directly after wounding . wound contraction in the control mice did not become evident until at least 48 hrs later . normally , wound healing takes place in three phases . phase 1 , the inflammatory phase ( 0 - 48 hrs ), begins immediately after injury and is the time during which activated platelets secrete growth factors into the defect , facilitating fibroblast activation and increasing the activity of cells , e . g . macrophages , involved in the subsequent stages of wound healing . phase 2 , the proliferative phase ( 2 - 6 days ), begins as the first fibroblasts appear and epidermal cells multiply and migrate to the wound site . phase 3 is the maturation phase . wound contraction does not normally commence in phase 1 , also known as the lag phase . during this phase , the shape and size of the excised wound is influenced by elastic forces in the neighbouring skin . these forces increase the initial size of the defect and give it a different shape corresponding to the tension lines present in the skin . as we have shown in the groups of mice treated with buffer or saline , the wounds were enlarged during the first 48 hrs . in contrast , the wounds in mice treated with rcpn10 contracted during this time suggesting that administration of rcpn10 directly to the wound accelerated migration of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen to the wound area . this finding will have enormous significance in the treatment of wounds including bums , as accelerated would contraction will greatly decrease fluid loss and risk of infection . the effect of cpn10 on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats , an animal model of autoimmune disease experimental allergic encephalomyelitis ( eae ) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the nervous system , induced by inoculation of animals with central nervous system myelin basic protein ( mbp ) in adjuvant , and widely studied as an animal model of multiple sclerosis ( raine , 1984 , laboratory investigation 50 608 - 635 ). the clinical features of eae in the rat , a commonly studied species , are dramatic overnight weight loss from day 10 after inoculation , followed by tail weakness and paralysis , hindlimb weakness and sometimes paralysis . forelimb weakness and paralysis sometimes occur ( pender . 1986 , journal of neurological sciences 75 317 - 328 ). experiments were undertaken to determine if administration of rcpn10 to rats following inoculation , would influence progress of the disease . eae was induced in inbred female lewis rats ( aged ˜ 10 weeks ) following inoculation with mbp in freund &# 39 ; s adjuvant into one footpad . three groups of rats were included in the study . all were inoculated on day 0 . group 1 ( n = 4 ) received no treatment and animals were not handled during the incubation period of the disease ( day 0 to day 8 ). group 2 ( control group ; n = 5 ) received tris - buffered saline ( 0 . 1 ml ) i . p .× 2 daily from day 0 to day 20 . group 3 ( test group ; n = 5 ) received 15 ug rcpn10 in tris - buffered saline ( 0 . 1 ml ) i . p .× 2 daily from day 0 to day 20 . from day 8 , all rats were weighed and examined daily for 30 days . 1 = weakness of distal part of the tail only , the distal tail failing to curl round the examiner &# 39 ; s finger ; 2 = weakness of the whole tail but the proximal tail still being able to be erected vertically against gravity : 3 = severe dragging of both hindlimbs , often with both hindlimbs displaced to one side of the body ; ( iii ) the forelimbs were assessed in a similar way to the hindlimbs . total score was the sum of the scores in ( i ). ( ii ) and ( iii ). the time of onset of weight loss and period of maximum weight loss in the groups receiving no treatment or receiving injections of buffer alone ( control group ) did not differ significantly ( table 3 ). however , initial weight loss was delayed in the group receiving cpn10 ( test group ), compared with the group receiving no treatment , as also was the period of maximum weight loss ( table 3 ; p & lt ; 0 . 001 χ 2 distribution ). there was no significant difference between the means of maximum weight loss in the three groups ( table 3 ). administration of i . p . injections 2 × daily to the rats with the necessary handling involved did not affect the time of onset or the severity of the disease but did prolong the course of the disease for several days ( day 17 to day 18 as shown in fig1 ). however , one marked difference between these two groups was the recurrence of severe disease in the control group at day 22 , persisting until day 30 . in the group receiving no treatment , mild disease only recurred in 3 rats on days 27 and 28 . as with early weight loss , weakness and paralysis of the tail and limbs were delayed in the test group , receiving rcpn10 , compared with the control group ( fig1 : day 12 , p & lt ; 0 . 01 : day 13 , p & lt ; 0 . 05 , heteroscedastic t test ). in the test group over the period from 14 to 16 days , only one rat developed severe disease , similar to that developed by the control rats . the remaining 4 rats only developed mild disease during this period ( fig1 , p & lt ; 0 . 95 , heteroscedastic t test ). severe disease did not recur in the test group , during the examination period ; one rat developed mild disease at day 22 and the remaining rats from day 27 to day 30 . treatment itself , i . e . administering fluid i . p .× 2 daily to rats , did not effect the onset or severity of the disease but did marginally extend its time course . furthermore , severe disease did recur during the observation period in the rats receiving daily injections of tris - buffered saline but not in the rats receiving no treatment . the most interesting observation made in the this study , was that treatment of the rats with cpn10 did significantly delay the onset and modify the clinical features of the disease in 4 out of 5 rats . it also prevented the recurrence of severe disease during the time these animals were under observation . a further aspect of the invention is the treatment of fertility and / or miscarriages with the administration of cpn10 . this is of importance where the problem arises from the lack of cpn10 . experimental support below demonstrates the requirement for cpn10 during embryo development . to create the situation of reduced cpn10 concentration , anti - cpn10 antibodies were developed and used . there is no animal model system available . it follows therefore from the experimental support that administration of cpn10 to increase the concentration of cpn10 during pregnancy will overcome the aforementioned problems of infertility and miscarriage . peptides were synthesized to correspond with an n - terminal fragment ( n - peptide i . e . ac - agqafrkflplc ) and an internal fragment ( i - peptide i . e . eksqgkvlqatc seq id no : 8 ) of cpn10 . peptides were conjugated to ovalbumin by the hetero - bifunctional reagent spdp , following manufacturer &# 39 ; s instructions ( pharmacia - lkb biotechnolkog , uppsala , sweden ). adult outbred new zealand rabbits were immunised with one of the conjugates in 4 × weekly injections followed by several monthly boosts . for injection , the antigen was dialysed into 0 . 9 % saline ( mr 12 - 15000 cut off dialysis tubing , visking , union carbide , il , usa ) and emulsified with an equal volume of freund &# 39 ; s adjuvant ( complete for the first injection , incomplete thereafter ). immunisations were via the s . c . route . antisera were tested in an elisa against the relevant antigens ( viz . i - peptide or n - peptide ; ovalbumin ) ( 5 mg / ml ). bound igg was detected by the biotin - streptavidin system ( amersham ) with o - phenylene diamine as substrate . absorbance %% as read at 492 nm . igg was precipitated from anti - serum by 45 % ammonium sulphate and the concentration determined by lowry and gel electrophoresis . the igg preparations were tested in an elisa ( table 4 ) against the immunising peptide , conjugated to bovine serum albumin . the preparations were also tested for their ability to neutralise activity of mouse pregnancy serum in the rosette inhibition test . various concentrations of antibody were incubated with an equal volume of serum , then the mixtures tested for activity in the rosette inhibition test . the lowest concentration of antibody that could completely neutralise activity was determined ( see cavanagh et al ., 1994 , eur . j . biochem . 222 551 - 560 ). ten pg of anti - n - peptide ab neutralised the activity of 1 ml pregnancy serum while 4 ng anti - i - peptide ab was needed for complete neutralisation . mature outbred male and female quackenbush mice were caged in pairs at 7 . 30 a . m . and separated at 8 . 30 a . m . female mice with vaginal plugs were injected with anti - n - peptide / ovalbumin , anti - i - peptide / ovalbumin or anti - ovalbumin lgg preparations at 9 . 00 a . m . and 5 . 00 p . m . on days 1 ( day of mating ) and 2 of pregnancy . the dose of specific igg injected in the 2 dose regimen was estimated as approximately 1 mg / mouse / day . on day 7 , mice were euthanased with co 2 , uteri examined for implanted embryos and the number of corpora lutea ( cl ) counted . in each group , the number of embryos / cl in the mice treated with the test igg was compared with the number receiving the same dose of control igg ( χ 2 test ). the results , shown in table 5 clearly demonstrate that neutralisation of cpn10 in pregnancy serum can adversely affect embryonic viability in the early stages of pregnancy . the ability of antibodies to neutralise activity in the rosette inhibition test is an in vitro monitor of their ability in vivo to adversely affect pregnancy . in another aspect of the invention , further work has now elucidated two regions of the molecule with biological activity , corresponding with residues 1 - 11 and 34 - 44 in rat and human cpn10 . a peptide having the amino acid sequence ac - agqafrkflpl ( seq id no : 10 ) as well as a peptide having the sequence eksqgkvlqat ( seq id no : 11 ) have been found to be active in the rosette inhibition assay . antibodies raised against both of these peptides are active as antagonists of cpn10 as described in detail in international application pct / au94 / 00742 ( wo95 / 15339 ). both these peptides are prepared synthetically . the invention therefore includes within its scope amino acid sequences : - ( iii ) eksqgkvlqat ( seq id no : 11 ) which may function as active centres of the cpn 10 molecule . the invention also includes within its scope molecules ( i ), ( ii ) and ( iii ) having one or more end sequences a 1 and a 2 ie . wherein a 1 and a 2 are amino acid sequences which may be added to one or each end of molecules ( i ) through ( xii ) and wherein ac is acetyl . in the above molecules ( i ) through ( xii ), it will be appreciated such molecules also include within their scope a single amino acid addition , deletion or substitution . in regard to the use of cpn10 in regard to treatment of autoimmune disease , relevant diseases that may be treated by administration of cpn10 include insulin dependent diabetes mellitus , rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosis , sjogren &# 39 ; s syndrome , graves disease and multiple sclerosis . this is evident from the relevant supporting data in regard to the eae rat model provided herein . in relation to the use of cpn10 in relation to treatment of organ transplants , skin grafts , the relevant supporting data given herein refers to the rat skin graft model described herein . in relation to the use of cpn10 in relation to infertility treatment or prevention of miscarriage , the relevant supporting data refer to the effect of cpn10 antibody on embryonic development and implantation in mice . in relation to the use of cpn10 in relation to wound healing and tissue repair or regeneration of tissue , this means that cpn10 can be used in treatment of burns , surgery , trauma , skin ulcers including bed sore and diabetic ulcers , infectious diseases involving tissue and organ damage ( e . g . hepatitis ), metabolic disease involving tissues and organ damage ( e . g . liver cirrhosis ) and degenerative disease involving tissue or organ damage . the support for these conclusions is given in the mouse wound model referred to herein and the liver regeneration data after partial hepactectomy in rats discussed in quinn et al ., 1994 , hepatology 20 no 5 1294 - 1302 . the data referred to herein also provides clear support for the use of cpn10 in treatment of inflammatory conditions including inflammatory bowel disease and infectious disease . such data as described herein includes references drawn from the immunosuppressive effect of cpn10 in the rat eae and skin graft models . this is also supported by rolfe et al ., 1983 , clin . exp . immunol . 51 45 - 52 and nature 278 no . 5705 649 - 651 showing that epf can reduce delayed type hypersensitivity in mice . the use of cpn10 in treatment of allergic disease including allergic rhinitis , asthma , atopic dermatitis , acute urticaria and drug hypersensitivity is also fully supported by the immunosuppressive effect of cpn10 in the rat eae and skin graft models . this conclusion can also be drawn from rolfe et al ., 1983 , clin . exp . immunol . 51 45 - 52 and noonan et al ., 1979 , nature 278 no . 5705 649 - 651 showing effect of epf in reducing delayed type hypersensitivity in mice . the use of cpn10 in relation to diagnosis of tumours and / or monitoring patients after surgical removal of tumours is supported by the reference quinn et al ., 1992 , cancer immunol . immunother . 34 265 - 271 . in regard to dosages that may be employed concerning administration of cpn10 , a convenient dosage would be of the order of 1 - 1000 μg / kg of body weight and more preferably 50 - 200 μg / kg of body weight . table 1______________________________________ limiting dose ( log reciprocal ) sample untreated + 5 / 341______________________________________human platelet epf 13 & lt ; 2 ( 50 μg / ml ) rat liver cpn 10 ( 50 13 & lt ; 2μg / ml ) e . coli cpn 10 ( groes ) na nt ( 50 μg / ml ) ______________________________________ table 2______________________________________treatment skin graft survival timerepf / cpn 10 ( dose lewis → da da → lewisx 2 / rat / day ) days ± sd ( n ) days ± sd ( n ) ______________________________________buffer alone 8 . 7 ± 0 . 75 ( 7 ) 9 . 1 ± 0 . 83 ( 8 ) . sup . 1 μg -- 9 . 0 ± 1 . 0 ( 3 ) ( ns ) 5 μg 14 . 0 ± 1 . 6 ( 4 )* 14 . 5 ( 2 ) 20 μg 15 . 2 ± 0 . 92 ( 4 )* 12 . 5 ( 2 ) 70 μg 10 . 0 ( 2 ) 11 . 0 ( 2 ) ______________________________________ table 3______________________________________ max . max . onset period weight of of loss weight weight (% wt . treatment loss loss atgroup n ( day ) ( day ) p &# 39 ; d 10 ) p * ______________________________________no 4 11 14 - 16 15 . 4treatmentbuffer 5 11 15 - 17 ns 13 . 9 ns ( control ) cpn 10 5 12 - 14 17 - 19 p & lt ; 13 . 9 ns ( test ) 0 . 001______________________________________ table 4______________________________________ titre ( reciprocal serum dilutionantibodies ( mg / ml ) n - peptide ( 5 μg / ml ) i - peptide ( 5 μg / ml ) ______________________________________anti - n - peptide 128000 & lt ; 1000 * anti - i - peptide & lt ; 1000 * 32000anti - ovalbumin & lt ; 1000 * & lt ; 1000 * ______________________________________ table 5______________________________________antibody no . of corpora ( total dose animals lutea / mouse2 in ( mean ± embryo / mousemg / mouse ) group sem ) ( mean ± sem ) p * ______________________________________anti - n - 6 19 . 1 ± 1 . 2 10 . 6 ± 3 . 8 & lt ; peptide - 0 . 05ovalbuminanti - i - 6 20 . 8 ± 0 . 8 17 . 1 ± 1 . 1 & lt ; peptide - 0 . 02ovalbuminanti - 5 17 . 8 ± 1 . 0 16 . 8 ± 0 . 5 nsovalbumin______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ # sequence listing - ( 1 ) general information :- ( iii ) number of sequences : 25 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 1 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 9 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 1 :- val leu asp asp lys asp tyr phe leu1 5 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 2 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# pairs ( a ) length : 20 base ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 2 :# 20 crtc - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 3 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# pairs ( a ) length : 17 base ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 3 :# 17 c - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 4 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# pairs ( a ) length : 17 base ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 4 :# 17 t - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 5 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# pairs ( a ) length : 30 base ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 5 :# 30 ggac aagcgtttag - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 6 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# pairs ( a ) length : 26 base ( b ) type : nucleic acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 6 :# 26 cgta ctttcc - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 7 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 104 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 7 :- gly ser met ala gly gln ala phe arg lys ph - # e leu pro leu phe asp # 15 - arg val leu val glu arg ser ala ala glu th - # r val thr lys gly gly # 30 - ile met leu pro glu lys ser gln gly lys va - # l leu gln ala thr val # 45 - val ala val gly ser gly ser lys gly lys gl - # y gly glu ile gln pro # 60 - val ser val lys val gly asp lys val leu le - # u pro glu tyr gly gly # 80 - thr lys val val leu asp asp lys asp tyr ph - # e leu phe arg asp gly # 95 - asp ile leu gly lys tyr val asp 100 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 8 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 13 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 8 :- xaa ala gly gln ala phe arg lys phe leu pr - # o leu cys # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 9 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 12 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 9 :- glu lys ser gln gly lys val leu gln ala th - # r cys # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 10 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 12 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 10 :- xaa ala gly gln ala phe arg lys phe leu pr - # o leu # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 11 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 11 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 11 :- glu lys ser gln gly lys val leu gln ala th - # r # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 12 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 11 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 12 :- ala gly gln ala phe arg lys phe leu pro le - # u # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 13 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 13 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 13 :- xaa ala gly gln ala phe arg lys phe leu pr - # o leu xaa # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 14 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 12 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 14 :- ala gly gln ala phe arg lys phe leu pro le - # u xaa # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 15 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 12 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 15 :- xaa ala gly gln ala phe arg lys phe leu pr - # o leu # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 16 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 14 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 16 :- xaa xaa ala gly gln ala phe arg lys phe le - # u pro leu xaa # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 17 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 13 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 17 :- xaa ala gly gln ala phe arg lys phe leu pr - # o leu xaa # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 18 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 13 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 18 :- xaa xaa ala gly gln ala phe arg lys phe le - # u pro leu # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 19 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 13 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 19 :- xaa glu lys ser gln gly lys val leu gln al - # a thr xaa # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 20 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 12 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 20 :- glu lys ser gln gly lys val leu gln ala th - # r xaa # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 21 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 12 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 21 :- xaa glu lys ser gln gly lys val leu gln al - # a thr # 10 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 22 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 43 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 22 :- lys val leu xaa ala thr val val ala val gl - # y ser gly ser lys glu # 15 - tyr gly gly thr lys val val xaa xaa xaa xa - # a asp xaa phe leu phe # 30 - arg asp gly asp ile leu gly lys tyr val as - # p # 40 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 23 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 28 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 23 :- lys ser gln gly lys val leu gln ala thr va - # l val ala val gly xaa # 15 - gly xaa lys val leu leu pro glu tyr gly gl - # y thr # 25 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 24 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 47 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 24 :- lys phe leu pro leu phe asp arg val leu va - # l glu lys gly gly ile # 15 - met leu pro glu lys xaa gln gly lys val va - # l leu asp asp lys asp # 30 - tyr phe leu phe arg asp gly asp ile leu gl - # y lys tyr val asp # 45 - ( 2 ) information for seq id no : 25 :- ( i ) sequence characteristics :# acids ( a ) length : 102 amino ( b ) type : amino acid ( c ) strandedness : single ( d ) topology : linear - ( ix ) feature : ( a ) name / key : modified - sit - # e ( b ) location : 1 #/ product = &# 34 ; other &# 34 ; r information :#&# 34 ; the xaa at position 1 is acetyl .&# 34 ;- ( xi ) sequence description : seq id no : 25 :- xaa ala gln ala gly phe arg lys phe leu pr - # o leu phe asp arg val # 15 - leu val glu arg ser ala ala glu thr val th - # r lys gly gly ile met # 30 - pro leu glu lys ser gln gly lys val leu gl - # n ala thr val val ala # 45 - val gly ser gly gly lys gly lys gly gly gl - # u ile gln pro val xaa # 60 - xaa lys xaa gly xaa xaa val leu leu pro gl - # u tyr gly gly thr lys # 80 - val val leu asp asp lys asp tyr phe leu ph - # e arg asp gly asp ile # 95 - leu gly lys tyr val asp 100__________________________________________________________________________