referring now to fig3 , a snowmobile incorporating an embodiment of the present invention is designated generally by reference numeral 110 . although certain aspects of the present invention are applicable in other types of vehicles , the present invention has particular utility in connection with snowmobiles . the snowmobile 110 includes a forward portion 112 and a rearward portion 114 which are defined consistently with a forward travel direction of the vehicle . the snowmobile 110 includes a frame ( also known as a chassis ) 116 which normally includes a rear tunnel 118 , an engine cradle 120 and a front suspension attachment assembly 122 . an engine 124 , which is schematically illustrated in fig3 , is carried by the engine cradle portion 120 of the frame 116 . a ski and steering assembly ( not indicated ) is provided , in which two skis ( of which only one is shown ) 126 are positioned at the forward portion 112 of the snowmobile 110 and are attached to the front suspension attachment assembly portion 122 of the frame 116 through a front suspension assembly 128 . each front suspension assembly 128 includes a ski leg 130 , supporting arms 132 and ball joints ( not shown ) for operatively joining its ski legs 130 , supporting arms 132 and a steering column 134 . the steering column 134 at its upper portion is attached to a steering device such as a handlebar 136 which is positioned forward of a rider to rotate the ski legs 130 and thus the skis 126 ( on each side of the vehicle ), in order to steer the vehicle . an endless drive track 138 is positioned at the rear portion 114 of the snowmobile 110 and is disposed under tunnel 118 , being connected operatively to the engine 124 through a belt transmission system 140 that is schematically illustrated by broken lines in fig3 . thus , the endless drive track 138 is driven to run about a rear suspension assembly 142 for propulsion of the snowmobile 110 . the rear suspension assembly 142 includes a pair of slide rails 144 in sliding contact with the endless drive track 138 . the rear suspension assembly 142 also includes one or more shock absorbers 146 which may further include a coil spring ( not shown ) surrounding the individual shock absorbers 146 . front and rear suspension arms 148 and 150 are provided to attach the slide rails 144 to the frame 116 . one or more idler wheels 152 are also provided in the rear suspension assembly 142 . at the front portion 112 of the snowmobile 110 , fairings 154 enclose the engine 124 and the belt transmission system 140 , thereby providing an external shell that not only protects the engine 124 and the belt transmission system 140 , but can also be decorated to make the snowmobile 110 more aesthetically pleasing . typically , the fairings 154 include a hood ( not indicated ) and one or more side panels which can be opened to allow access to the engine 124 and the belt transmission system 140 when this is required , for example , for inspection or maintenance of the engine 124 and / or the belt transmission system 140 . in the particular snowmobile 110 shown in fig3 , the side panels can be opened along a vertical axis to swing away from the snowmobile 110 . a windshield 156 may be connected to the fairings 154 near the front portion 112 of the snowmobile 110 or directly to the handlebar 136 . the windshield 156 acts as a wind screen to lessen the force of the air on the rider while the snowmobile 110 is moving . the engine 124 is an of internal combustion engine that is supported on the frame 116 and is located at the engine cradle portion 120 . the internal construction of the engine 124 may be of any known type , however the engine 124 drives an engine output shaft 129 that rotates about a horizontally / laterally disposed axis that extends generally transversely to a longitudinal centerline 161 extending in a front to rear direction of the snowmobile 110 . the engine output shaft 129 drives the belt transmission system 140 for transmitting torque to the endless drive track 138 for propulsion of the snowmobile 110 . a straddle seat 158 is positioned atop the frame 116 and extends from the rear portion 114 of the snowmobile 110 to the fairings 154 . a rear portion of the seat 158 may include a storage compartment or can be used to accommodate a passenger seat ( not indicated ). two footrests ( one shown ) 160 are positioned on opposite sides of the snowmobile 110 below the seat 158 to accommodate the driver &# 39 ; s feet . snowmobile 110 has skis 126 having skags of the present invention . fig4 and 5 show the skag 162 . skag 162 has a rod 163 having a longitudinal axis 164 which is parallel to the forward direction of travel of the skag 162 when the skag 162 is properly installed on a complimentary ski ( not shown in those figures ), indicated by the arrow 166 , of the skag 162 . the front 168 and the rear 170 of the rod 163 are typically bent upward so that the ends 169 , 171 do not hook into the ground when the skag 162 is in use . a flat middle 169 of the skag 162 , from which the studs 174 , 176 extend , is between the front 168 and the rear 170 . the rod 163 is made steel , and has a square cross - section . carbides 172 are fixed to the bottom of the rod 163 to further enhance the steering capabilities of the skag 162 . ( although it is preferable to place carbides on the bottom of the rod , by no means is the present invention limited to a skag having carbides .) a front stud 174 and a rear stud 176 extend upwardly from the rod 163 at angles φ and γ respectively which open away from the front 168 of the skag 162 and are each 65 °. the studs 174 and 176 are circular in cross - section ; the exterior surfaces thereof are threaded with threads 178 and receive a nut 190 . each of the studs 174 , 176 has a stud axis 180 . ( in the description of this embodiment the studs themselves have been gave different reference numbers ( to separately identify them ) but their various portions and features of have not ( simply for ease of reference ). this was not intended to limit the invention .) each stud 174 , 176 has a free portion 182 and a contact portion 184 . the free portion 182 is adapted to receive a nut 190 ( or other threaded fastening device ) ( shown in later figures to co - operate with the stud 174 , 176 and fasten the skag 162 to a snowmobile ski . the contact portion 184 is fixed to the rod 163 by welding . the contact portion 184 of the front stud 174 is fixed to the middle 169 of the rod 163 at a first distance from the front 168 of the rod 163 . the contact portion 184 of rear stud 176 is fixed to the middle 169 of the rod 163 at a second distance from the rear 170 of the rod 163 . the second distance is greater than the first distance . the contact portion 184 is chamfered at an angle similar to angles φ and γ for the front stud 174 or rear stud 176 respectively to create an elliptical contact perimeter 186 between the respective stud 174 , 176 and the rod 163 . fig6 and 7 show a side view of a ski 126 equipped with the skag 162 of the present invention . the skag 162 is placed on a bottom surface 194 of a keel 192 of the ski 126 such that studs 174 , 176 protrude through holes 188 in the keel 192 , best seen in fig7 . nuts 190 are threaded to the front and rear studs 174 , 176 to sandwich the ski 126 between the skag 162 ; the nuts 190 thus secure the skag 162 to the ski 126 . as would be recognized by a person skilled in the art , the forces applied to the ski 126 by the ski leg 130 during forward movement of the snowmobile and the forces applied to the skag 162 from the contact with the ground 50 are always in the opposite direction due to the friction between the skag 162 and the ground 50 that it contacts . in the forward operation of the snowmobile , the skag 162 is constantly being “ pushed ” towards the rear of the ski 126 , and thus the studs 174 , 176 and the welds between the studs 174 , 176 and the rod 163 must resist bending and shear in securing the skag 162 to the ski 126 . having the studs 174 , 176 angled and fixed with the rod offers several advantages of dealing with these stresses created as described hereinabove . as can also be seen in fig7 , the nut contact surface 196 of ski 126 is angled with respect to the longitudinal axis 164 by angles β and δ for the front stud 174 and the rear stud 176 respectively , which , in this case , is equal to 90 °- φ and 90 °- γ respectively . it would be appreciated that in order to have the nut 190 , or the head of a bolt ( not shown ), evenly contact surface 196 , it is desirable to have such a relationship between φ and β and between γ and δ . in this embodiment , having the studs 174 , 176 angled rearwardly with respect to the rod 163 , also provides more access to the nuts 190 behind a ski leg 130 . because the ski leg 130 is constructed to be angled toward the rear , having the studs angled rearward provides better access to the rear nuts with certain tools than if the studs were not angled . the angled studs also prevent a user from installing the skags on the bottom of a ski in the reverse orientation as , the studs would not pass through the angled holes in the bottom of the ski . fig8 , 9 and 10 show top and bottom plan views and a cross - sectional view respectively of a ski 526 equipped with two skags 562 , 602 of the present invention . ( skis may have single or multiple skags .) ski 526 has skag 562 attached at a first side 598 of the ski 526 and a second skag 602 attached between the first side 598 and a second side 600 , down the center , of the ski 526 . best seen in fig1 , the second side 600 of the ski 526 includes a lip 604 extending downward therefrom . a handle 606 is attached at the front portion 608 of the ski 526 to provide a grip for lifting ski 526 when needed . also seen in fig1 , skags 562 and 602 include carbides 610 fixed to the bottom thereof to further enhance the turning capabilities of the ski as described above . fig1 and 12 show a second embodiment of the present invention . skag 262 includes a rod 263 having two angled ends 268 , 270 . the two ends 268 , 270 are threaded with threads 278 to form studs 274 and 276 . as with studs 174 , 176 , the ends 268 , 270 forming the studs 274 and 276 are angled in a direction opposite to that of the forward travel direction 266 of the skag 262 . the studs 274 , 276 define a thread axis 280 which is angled with the longitudinal axis 264 of the skag 262 at the preferred angles φ and γ for studs 274 and 276 respectively . although similar to skag 162 , skag 262 no longer requires that the studs be welded to the rod but rather the ends 270 , 268 of the rod have been simply bent and threaded to form the studs 274 , 276 . direct molding in this shape would have also possible . the skag 262 benefits from some of the same advantages discussed above with respect to skag 162 due to its rearward angled studs 274 , 276 . fig1 shows a third embodiment of the present invention . skag 362 includes a rod 363 having two angled ends 368 , 370 forming studs 374 , 376 . studs 374 , 376 each have a threaded bore 379 therein to receive a complimentary threaded nut 391 . each stud 374 , 376 has a stud axis 380 which is co - axial with a longitudinal axis of the bore 391 . ( an embodiment where they are not co - axial is also possible .) the bores 391 are physically bored into the studs 374 , 376 , however they could be otherwise formed by any number of methods known to persons skilled in the art . fig1 shows a skag of the embodiment of fig4 wherein the angle α between projection 181 of the stud axis 180 of stud 174 and the ground 50 , and the angle ω between the projection 181 of the stud axis 180 of stud 176 , are shown . both angles are 65 °. fig1 shows a fourth embodiment of the present invention . skag 462 has a curved rod 463 having no longitudinal axis . the front 468 and the rear 470 of the rod 463 are curved upward . a curved middle 469 of the skag 462 , from which the studs 474 , 476 extend , is between the front 468 and the rear 470 . the rod 463 is made steel , and has a square cross - section . as skag 462 has no longitudinal axis , the angles π and ρ are measured between the projection 481 of the stud axis 480 and the tangent 483 to the curve of the rod through ( or as close as possible to ) the centre of the rod . modifications and improvements to the above - described embodiments of the present invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art . the foregoing description is intended to be exemplary rather than limiting . the scope of the present invention is therefore intended to be limited solely by the scope of the appended claims .