fig1 illustrates a casting assembly 1 for manufacturing a drill bit 2 ( fig6 ), according to one embodiment of the present invention . the casting assembly 1 may include a thick - walled mold 3 , one or more displacements , such as a stalk 4 and one or more nozzle displacements 5 , a funnel 7 , and a binder pot 8 . each of the mold 3 , the displacements 4 , 5 , the funnel 7 , and the binder pot 8 may be made from a refractory material , such as graphite , clay , or sand ( including sand - based mixtures , such as green sand , oil - tempered sand , core sand , and sand resin ). the mold 3 may be fabricated with a precise inner surface forming a mold chamber . the precise inner surface may have a shape that is a negative of what will become the facial features of the drill bit 2 . the mold 3 may be manufactured by machining or 3 d printing ( aka additive manufacturing ). the funnel 7 may rest atop the mold 3 and may be connected thereto , such as by a lap joint . the displacements 4 , 5 may be placed within the chamber of the mold 3 . the nozzle displacements 5 may be positioned adjacent to a bottom of the mold chamber . the stalk 4 may be positioned within the center of the mold chamber adjacent to a top of the nozzle displacements 5 . the stalk 4 may be removed after infiltration to form a bore and plenum of the drill bit 2 . the nozzle displacements 5 may be removed after infiltration to form respective nozzle ports of the drill bit 2 . the casting assembly 1 may further include a plurality of cutter displacements ( not shown ) disposed adjacent to the bottom of the mold chamber and the cutter displacements may be removed after infiltration to form pockets in blades of the drill bit 2 for receiving respective cutters 9 ( fig5 ). the casting assembly 1 may further include a plurality of stud displacements ( not shown ) disposed adjacent to the bottom of the mold chamber and the stud displacements may be removed after infiltration to form pits in the blades of the drill bit 2 for receiving respective studs 10 ( fig6 ). once the displacements 4 , 5 have been placed , a blank 6 may be placed within the casting assembly 1 . the blank 6 may be tubular and may be metallic , such as being made from steel . the blank 6 may be centrally suspended within the thick - walled mold 3 around the stalk 4 so that a bottom of the blank is adjacent to a bottom of the stalk . the blank 6 may have an upper portion 6 a , an upper - mid portion 6 b , a shoulder 6 c , a lower - mid portion 6 d , and a lower portion 6 e . the upper - mid portion 6 b may have an enlarged outer diameter relative to the upper portion 6 a . the a lower - mid portion 6 d may have a reduced outer diameter relative to the upper - mid portion 6 b . the shoulder 6 c may be conical for transitioning from the enlarged outer diameter of the upper - mid portion 6 b to the reduced outer diameter of the lower - mid portion 6 d . the lower portion 6 e may have a conical inner surface . the blank 6 may be disposed in the mold 3 in an uncoated condition . once the displacements 4 , 5 and the blank 6 have been positioned within the thick - walled mold 3 , body powder 11 , may be loaded into the thick - walled mold 3 to fill most of the mold chamber . the loading may include pouring of the body powder 11 into the mold 3 while compacting thereof , such as by vibrating the mold . the loading may continue until the body powder 11 in an outer annulus formed between the mold 3 and the blank 6 reaches an outer level 12 o and the body powder in an inner annulus formed between the blank and the stalk 4 reaches an inner level 12 n . the outer level 12 o may be adjacent to a bottom of the shoulder 6 c . the outer level 12 o may be slanted ( shown ) or straight ( not shown ). the slant of the outer level 12 o may be downward away from the blank 6 and toward the inner surface of the mold 3 . the inner level 12 n may be straight and may be above the outer level 12 o . a portion of the body powder 11 in the inner annulus may extend into a chamber of the funnel 7 . the body powder 11 may be a ceramic , a cermet , or a mixture of a ceramic and a cermet . the ceramic may be a carbide , such as tungsten carbide , and may be cast and / or macrocrystalline . the cermet may include a carbide , such as tungsten carbide , cemented by a metal or alloy , such as cobalt . the body powder 11 may also be a mixture of powders having various mesh sizes . the body powder 11 may or may not also include a nominal amount of free metal powder . once loading of the body powder 11 has finished , shoulder powder 13 may be loaded into the mold 3 onto a top of the body powder 11 to fill the remaining mold chamber . the loading may continue until the shoulder powder 13 in the outer annulus reaches an outer level 14 o and the shoulder powder in the inner annulus reaches an inner level 14 n . the outer level 14 o may be adjacent to a top of the shoulder 6 c and the inner level 14 n may be adjacent to an interface between the upper portion 6 a and the upper mid - portion 6 b . the shoulder powder 13 may be a metal or alloy , such as the metal component of the ceramic of the body powder 11 . for example , if the body powder is tungsten carbide ceramic and / or tungsten carbide - cobalt cermet , then the shoulder powder 13 would be tungsten . once loading of the shoulder powder 13 has finished , the binder pot 8 may be rested atop the funnel 7 and may be connected thereto , such as by a lap joint . the binder pot 8 may have a cavity formed therein and a sprue formed through a bottom thereof providing communication between the cavity and the funnel chamber . binder 15 may then be placed into the cavity and through the sprue of the binder pot 8 . the binder 15 may be in the form of pellets or chunks . the binder 15 may be an alloy , such as a copper based alloy . the copper based alloy may include , by weight : 35 - 65 % copper , 20 - 30 % manganese , 10 - 20 % nickel , and 5 - 15 % zinc . a quantity of the binder 15 placed may be determined based on a quantity of the powders 11 , 13 used , such as a weight of binder applied equals a binder factor times the sum of the total weight of the powders 11 , 13 and a weight of the binder . rearranging the equation , a weight of binder 15 applied equals the binder factor times the total weight of the powders divided by the difference between one and the binder factor . the binder factor may be between 40 % and 70 %. fig2 illustrates application of flux 16 to the binder 15 for use of the casting assembly 1 . once the binder 15 has been placed into the binder pot 8 , flux 16 may be applied to the binder for protection of the binder from oxidation during infiltration . the flux may be applied as a powder using a sprayer 31 , such as an airbrush ( shown ) or a spray gun ( not shown ). the flux 16 may have a working ( aka activation ) temperature range with a minimum working temperature less than a solidus temperature of the binder 15 and a maximum working temperature greater than a liquidus temperature of the binder 15 . the flux 16 may include , by weight : 25 - 92 . 5 % boric acid , 2 . 5 - 25 % potassium tetraborate , 2 . 5 - 25 % dipotassium hexafluorosilicate , and 2 . 5 - 25 % disodium tetraborate decahydrate . a quantity of the flux 16 applied may be determined based on a quantity of the powders 11 , 13 used , such as a weight of flux applied equals a flux factor times the total weight of the powders 11 , 13 . the flux factor may be between 0 . 1 % and 10 %. alternatively , the flux 16 may be manually applied , such as by sprinkling the flux powder over the binder 15 . alternatively , the flux 16 may be made into a paste by mixing flux powder with water and a nominal amount of detergent and the flux may be applied to the binder 16 using a brush . alternatively , the flux 16 may be applied to the binder 15 before placement into the binder pot 8 , such as by placing the binder into a tray containing the flux paste or powder and mixing the binder with the flux . the flux - coated binder may then be placed into the binder pot 8 . fig3 illustrates the casting assembly 1 placed in a furnace 17 for melting the binder 15 . the furnace 17 may include a housing 18 , a heating element 19 , a controller , such as programmable logic controller ( plc ) 20 , a temperature sensor 21 , and a power supply ( not shown ). the furnace 17 may be preheated to an infiltration temperature . the infiltration temperature may be between the solidus temperature and the liquidus temperature of the binder 15 , such as between 950 ° c . and 1061 ° c . or between 1000 ° c . and 1050 ° c . as used herein , the solidus and liquidus temperatures of the binder 15 refer to the respective temperatures determined using an uncontrolled atmosphere , such as an air atmosphere . alternatively , the infiltration temperature of the binder 15 may be between the solidus and a working temperature ( equal to liquidus temperature plus about 100 ° c .) of the binder 15 , such as between 950 ° c . and 1180 ° c . once the flux 16 has been applied to the binder 15 and the furnace 17 has preheated to the infiltration temperature , the casting assembly 1 , the blank 6 , the powders 11 , 13 , and the binder 15 may be inserted into the furnace 17 and kept therein for an infiltration time 32 , such as between 15 and 200 minutes . the plc 20 may maintain the temperature in the furnace 17 at the infiltration temperature for the infiltration time 32 . the atmosphere in the furnace 17 during infiltration may be uncontrolled , such as air . as the casting assembly 1 is heated by the furnace , the binder 15 may melt and flow into the powders 11 , 13 through the sprue of the binder pot 8 . the molten binder may infiltrate powders 11 , 13 to fill interparticle spaces therein . a sufficient excess amount of binder 15 may have been loaded into the binder pot 8 such that the molten binder fills a substantial portion of the funnel volume , thereby creating pressure to drive the molten binder into the powders 11 , 13 . even though the infiltration temperature may be less than the liquidus temperature of the binder 15 , protection of the binder by the flux 16 may effectively lower the liquidus temperature thereof such that the binder 15 melts as though the binder has been heated to a temperature greater than the liquidus temperature . alternatively , the binder 15 may be protected from oxidation during infiltration by placing the furnace 17 in a vessel and purging the vessel of air before infiltration . the vessel may be purged of air by creating a vacuum therein or by displacing the air therein with an inert gas , such as nitrogen . fig4 illustrates the infiltrated body 22 of the drill bit 2 . once the binder 15 has infiltrated the powders 11 , 13 , the casting assembly 1 may be controllably cooled , such as by remaining in the furnace 17 with the heating element 19 shut off . upon cooling , the binder 15 may solidify and cement the particles of the powders 11 , 13 together into a coherent integral body 22 having a face 22 f and gage section 22 g made from the binder 15 and body powder 11 and a gage chamfer 22 c made from the shoulder powder 13 and binder . the binder 15 may also bond the body 22 to the blank 6 thereby forming a bonding zone along outer surfaces of the shoulder 6 c , lower mid - portion 6 d , and lower portion 6 e . advantageously , infiltration at a temperature less than or equal to the liquidus temperature of the binder 15 discourages the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds in the bonding zone which could otherwise lead to premature failure of the drill bit 2 during a drilling operation . further , dissolution of the blank 6 by the molten binder is also discouraged . further , dissolution of the shoulder powder material by the molten binder is discouraged . further , strength of the bit body 22 is increased . further , porosity in the bit body 22 is discouraged by better wetting of the molten binder to the body powder 11 . further , power consumption by the furnace 17 during infiltration is reduced . further , productivity is increased . once cooled , the casting assembly 1 may be removed from the furnace 17 . the mold 3 , funnel 7 , and binder pot 8 may then be broken away from the body 22 . a thread may be formed in an inner surface the upper portion 6 a and a threaded tubular stud 23 screwed therein , thereby forming the shank 6 a , 23 . a chamfer may also be formed in an outer surface of the upper portion 6 a . additionally , the stud 23 may be welded ( not shown ) to the upper portion 6 a after screwing the stud therein . alternatively , the casting assembly 1 may be removed from the furnace 17 before cooling and covered with a thermal blanket for controlled cooling thereof . alternatively , the threading of the blank 6 and chamfering thereof may be performed after brazing . fig5 illustrates brazing of the cutter 9 to a blade 24 of the body 22 . once the stud 23 has been screwed into the blank 6 , a first robot arm 25 may use a capture tool 26 to grasp the cutter 9 from a tray ( not shown ) of cutters . the cutter 9 may be superhard , such as being a polycrystalline diamond compact ( pdc ) cutter . the first robot arm 25 may transport the cutter from the tray to a respective pocket ( formed by the respective cutter displacement ) in a respective blade 24 . the first robot arm 25 may also hold and spin the cutter 9 within the respective pocket during the brazing operation . once the cutter 9 has been delivered to the respective pocket , a second robot arm 27 may apply a brazing material 28 to the respective pocket using an applicator 29 . once the brazing material 28 has been applied to the pocket , the applicator 29 may be released from the second robot arm 27 and replaced with a heater ( not shown ), such as a blow torch or induction coil . the second robot arm 27 may position and hold the heater adjacent to the applied brazing material 28 while the heater is operated to melt the braze material . cooling and solidification of the brazing material 28 may attach the cutter 9 to the respective blade 24 . the brazing operation may then be repeated until all of the cutters 9 have been attached to the respective blades 24 . the brazing operation may also be repeated for attaching the studs 10 to the respective blades . alternatively , the cutters 9 and / or studs 10 may be manually brazed to the respective blades 24 . alternatively , the cutters 9 and / or studs 10 may be attached to the respective blades 24 by interference fit instead of brazing . alternatively , the studs 10 may be omitted . fig6 illustrates the completed drill bit 2 . once the cutters 9 have been attached to the respective blades 24 , a nozzle 29 may be inserted into the each nozzle port and connected to the bit body 22 . to connect the nozzle 29 , the nozzle port may be threaded or the nozzle 29 may be interference fit into the nozzle port . although only one nozzle and nozzle port are shown , the drill bit 2 may include two or more nozzles 29 and nozzle ports , such as a nozzle port formed adjacent to each fluid course of the bit body 22 . the bit body 22 may include a plurality of blades 24 formed in the face 22 f thereof and some of the blades may extend from a center of the face and some of the blades may extend from an intermediate portion of the face . the blades 24 may each extend to the gage section 22 g and may be integrally formed with respective gage pads 30 formed in the gage section . the blades 24 and gage pads 30 may have leading surfaces , trailing surfaces , and outer surfaces . the fluid courses may be formed between adjacent blades 24 and may be in communication with respective junk slots formed between adjacent gage pads 30 . the cutters 9 may be attached along outer peripheries of the leading surfaces of the blades 24 and the studs 10 may be attached along the outer surfaces of the blades . in operation ( not shown ), the drill bit 2 may be connected to a bottom of a drill string ( not shown ). the drill bit 2 may be rotated ( counterclockwise when looking at the face 22 f ), such as by rotation of the drill string from a rig and / or by a drilling motor thereof , while drilling fluid , such as mud , may be pumped down the drill string to the bore of the drill bit . the drilling fluid may continue through the bore to the plenum and be distributed to the ports . the drilling fluid may be discharged by the nozzles 29 in the ports and carry cuttings from the blades 24 , along the fluid courses and junk slots , and up an annulus formed between the drill string and the wellbore . while the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure , other and further embodiments of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof , and the scope of the invention is determined by the claims that follow .