the viscosity reduction gained by means of the use of light hydrocarbon solvents is the most important factor driving the design of this method and machine . the viscosity of the solvent - bitumen mixture is accurately calculated using lederer &# 39 ; s equation 1 ): in equation 1 ), μ is dynamic viscosity , measured in millipascal seconds , mpa - s . the dimensionless exponents for solvent and bitumen , f s and f b , sum to unity and are calculated using equation 2 ) in equation 2 ), α is an empirical constant defined in equation 3 ) by shu . c vb and c vs are the volume fractions of bitumen and solvent in the mixture which sum to unity . in equation 3 ), ρ is the specific gravity of bitumen , b and solvent , s . δρ is the specific gravity of bitumen less that of solvent . the dynamic viscosities of bitumen and solvent are used in the natural logarithm term in the denominator . the dynamic viscosities of 1 : 1 solvent - bitumen mixtures for the various light solvents , listed in table 4 below , were calculated using equations 1 ), 2 ) and 3 ). the input densities and viscosities are also listed . the viscosity of bitumen was fixed as 75 , 762 mpa - s ( 3 ) and the density as 998 kg / m 3 ( 4 ) at a temperature of 35 ° c ., according to fig2 . a 1 : 1 solvent - bitumen ratio was chosen because it provides a substantial viscosity reduction while maintaining modest recovery costs . the mixture density is calculated by using equation 4 : in equation 4 ) x i is the mass fraction and ρ i the density of the ith component . having determined the viscosity and density of the solvent - bitumen mixture , it is now possible to use stokes &# 39 ; law is used to determine the time needed for solids to settle through the solvent - bitumen mixture . stokes law determines the falling velocity of a sphere through a viscous liquid in laminar flow . there is evidence that stokes law is very conservative in that it shows excessively slow falling velocities for fine particles . stokes &# 39 ; law has been used as the basis of this analysis because it demonstrates that the proposed method will work even under very conservative assumptions . stokes &# 39 ; law is defined in equation 5 ). here , v s is the particle falling velocity in m / s . the p variables are densities in kg / m 3 . the particle radius is r , in m . the acceleration due to gravity is g at 9 . 81 m / s 2 . the liquid viscosity , μ liquid , is in pascal seconds . it is important to recognize that there is a synergistic effect of using lighter and lighter solvents . both the density and viscosity of the mixture decrease with lighter solvents . this increases the ability of the mixture to allow finer particles to settle out in a given time . it is possible to calculate the finest particles that will settle out in a given period under gravity by re - arranging stokes &# 39 ; law . the stokes velocity , vs , is calculated by dividing the falling distance by the settling time . for the vessel , the settling distance was fixed as 2 m and the settling time , 10 min . knowing vs , it is possible to solve for r , the radius of the spherical particle , and then , multiplying by two to determine the diameter . table 5 below shows the minimum particle size , d , that could be expected to settle in the vessel for each type of paraffinic solvent and naphtha . these calculated values are based on the input densities and viscosities listed in table 4 . line b in fig1 represents the boundary between solids that will settle in the allotted time in the vessel . the actual line location shown in fig1 corresponds to propane solvent . line b would shift to the left for the other solvents listed above . clearly , propane is the most advantageous solvent because it removes most of the solids in vessel . for solids curve 3 in fig1 , propane would remove 81 % of the solids in the vessel , whereas pentane would only remove 69 %. naphtha would settle less than 50 % of the solids in this time . the amount of water required to wash the fines away is directly proportional to the amount of fines . this indicates the difficulties present when using heavier solvents described in the prior art . the operating pressure for the machine is the vapor pressure of the solvent at the desired temperature . the vessel must be capable of being sealed and re - opened each cycle . with each opening and closing there is a possibility of the seal failing to retain pressure . the vapor pressure of propane is 1 . 22 mpaa at 35 ° c ., whereas the vapor pressure of pentane is only 0 . 098 mpaa . the higher the pressure , the greater the likelihood that the sealing system may leak . this is a counterbalancing requirement to using the lightest possible solvent . the following steps describe the detailed preferred embodiment and are depicted in fig5 . the equipment numbers are shown in fig3 and the mechanical arrangement of the machine is depicted in fig6 a through 6 f . in step 200 , the container 1 , in an open state shown in fig6 a , is filled with bitumen ore . the container is tilted to such an angle that the ore will hit the side of the container as it is filled from the top , lessening any battering . a predetermined amount of ore is dumped into the vessel . the amount will allow sufficient space for the solvent to be added later . the container is rotated to a vertical position in step 210 , fig6 b . the lid 4 is rotated into the closed position using hinge system 5 . the sealing mechanism 6 locks the lid to the container and may confirm that the container is sealed by means of position sensors that indicate that the mechanism has achieved full locked position . in step 220 , the container pressure is drawn down to near vacuum pressure to remove as much air as possible from the container . this may be accomplished by drawing the air through the vapor recovery system valve 22 . the air must be separated from the solvent because oxygen causes corrosion in downstream equipment , and because of possible explosive / flammable mixtures of oxygen and solvent . the container is then pressurized with solvent in step 230 . the air is then allowed to rise above the solvent , due to its lower density , and then vented to the flare system via valve 24 . this method has the disadvantage that some solvent is lost to the flare system . in step 230 , valve 7 is opened and second mixture bitumen enriched ( gray ) solvent flows into header 10 up to valve 13 . valve 13 is then opened and the gray solvent liquid flashes to vapor as it enters the vessel . the pressure is the vapor pressure of the solvent at the temperature of the ore and the solvent as they mix together . the solvent flushes upward through the ore providing an initial mixing period during the filling phase . the amount of solvent to be added will be determined by the composition of the ore . high quality ore will require more solvent to maintain the 1 : 1 ratio that has been used as the design basis . valve 13 and valve 7 close once the correct amount of solvent has been added to the vessel . valve 14 is opened and pump 16 is turned on for a pre - determined period in step 240 to flush the ore with solvent . for high quality ore , the mixing period could be as low as five minutes . for lower grade ore , this period could be extended to ten minutes or longer . the solvent will flow down recycle pump header pipe 15 to the pump . the pump will push the solvent up through the discharge header 17 , and through the openings in the vessel . this will cause zones of high turbulence to be created at the bottom of the container where the various inlet streams impinge on the ore body . the ore will be washed quickly in this zone . smaller particles will be carried upward because the upward velocity of the solvent stream is greater than their settling velocity . larger unwashed particles will then settle between the inlet streams and be washed in turn . at the end of the period , the ore will be stratified with the largest particles at the bottom and the smaller particles at the top of the ore body in the vessel . depending on the solvent used , some fines will settle immediately while others will remain suspended in the solvent - bitumen mixture . in another embodiment , the method of this step could be accomplished by replacing the recycle pump and associated piping with a ring assembly , as part of the support system 3 . the ring ( or rings ) around the circumference of the container would permit the container to rotate on its longitudinal axis , like a cement mixer , agitating and mixing the ore . at the end of step 240 pump 16 is stopped but valve 14 remains open to allow drainage of pipe 15 in subsequent steps . in step 250 the fines flushed upwards during step 240 are allowed to settle downward towards the solids layer by gravity . the fines do not need to be allowed to settle completely . the fines layer only needs to descend to a level below the drain point such that the draining cycle , step 260 may begin without carrying them out of the vessel . the drain cycle will itself take time which will allow the fines level to descend down to the main solids layer below . in step 260 , the container is rotated to an angle away from the vertical as shown on fig6 c . the container pivot assemblies 3 are slowly powered to tilt the container . valves 18 and 20 are opened . the solvent - bitumen - fines mixture drains out to the main drain to be collected and processed by other equipment . the speed of rotation of the vessel is such as to allow the quickest possible draining of the vessel while minimizing the fines carry over . an analogy would be the process of decanting wine . at the end of this step , valves 14 , 18 and 20 are closed , the vessel is filled with solvent vapor and there is liquid solvent - bitumen mixture in the solids layer . the orientation of the vessel is as per fig6 d . in step 270 , the vessel is rotated to the upright position ( fig6 b ) and valves 8 and 13 are opened to fill the vessel with clean solvent . as in step 230 , the solvent is flushed upwards through the ore body . once the same amount of solvent as step 230 has been added , valves 8 and 13 are closed . step 280 &# 39 ; s purpose is mainly to recover the bitumen trapped in the solids body . valve 14 is opened and pump 16 is turned on for a period of time to ensure complete mixing of the solvent with the solids body . if sufficient mixing has already occurred in step 270 , this step may be omitted . at the end of this step , pump 16 is stopped and valve 14 remains open for drainage . in step 290 , valves 9 and 13 are opened to add water to the vessel to displace solvent - bitumen mixture trapped in the solids body upwards . typically this volume would be in the range of 35 - 40 % of the solids volume . at the end of this step valves 9 and 13 are closed . it is important to note that this water will be largely made up of fines water that has already been used in downstream equipment to wash fines from the solvent bitumen mixture . as such , it contributes little or nothing to the water requirements of the system as a whole . in step 300 , the vessel is rotated to drain the second solvent - bitumen mixture to the gray drain . valves 18 and 21 are opened and the pivoting mechanism 3 is powered to move the vessel . this step differs from step 260 in that the fines have already been removed so the draining may be executed more quickly . at the end of this step some water may be carried over with the solvent . this is acceptable . valves 18 , 21 and 14 are closed at the end of this step and the vessel is oriented as per fig6 d . in step 310 , the vessel contains solvent vapor and some liquid solvent in the solids body . a two stage depressuring operation is executed . valve 22 is opened to vent the solvent to the vapor recovery header . once the pressure of the vessel has equalized with the vapor recovery header , valves in the recovery system will close and a vacuum pump in that system will draw the pressure down to near vacuum to withdraw all solvent from the vessel . during this step it may be necessary to rotate the vessel via pivot system 3 to shift the solids body to allow vapors to escape . at the end of step 310 , valve 22 is closed and the vessel is oriented as per fig6 d . in step 320 , valve 28 is opened to allow air to re - enter the vessel . in step 330 , the vessel is rotated to the vertical . when the vessel pressure has reached atmospheric it is unsealed using mechanism 6 . valve 28 is closed and the lid is opened using hinge system 5 . the vessel will now be oriented as per fig6 e . in step 350 , the container is rotated to the dump position , using pivots 3 , as shown in fig6 f . the bitumen depleted sand in the container is dumped out by gravity to a collection system below . the water system may be used to flush out the recycle system and encourage sand to fall out of the vessel . this may be done by opening valves 9 and 13 for a period . additionally , special purpose cleaning piping may be added to use this water system to spay various parts of the vessel and sealing surfaces . further , cleaning equipment outside the machine itself may be required . as in step 290 the water to be used will come from the fines wash effluent . in step 360 , the container is rotated back to the filling position , as shown in fig6 a , using pivots 3 . the batch cleaning machine is comprised of the following parts , as illustrated in fig3 . the pressure container 1 is designed in the first embodiment as a pressure vessel capable of containing the ore and solvent at the solvent vapor pressure at the operating temperature . in another embodiment , the vessel could be a flexible tube with openings at the top and bottom to allow the oil sand ore to be dumped in and then be opened to dump the cleaned sand out at the end of the cycle . the container supports 2 connect the machine to the supporting structure . the container pivot assemblies 3 allow the container to rotate for filling , cleaning , draining and dumping . the pivot assemblies may be hydraulic , gear driven or even cable driven . the assemblies will have position sensors to allow the control system to automatically orient the container . in another embodiment , the pivot assembly would include a circumferential ring which would permit the vessel to be rotated on its longitudinal axis . this feature would replace the recycle pump system 16 . the container lid 4 forms part of the pressure containing part of the machine along with the container 1 . the container hinge mechanism 5 rotates the lid upward to permit filling and dumping , and downward for sealing . the mechanism may be hydraulic or electric gear driven and is equipped with position sensors to permit the control system to automatically orient the lid . the container sealing system 6 may be a ring ( as shown ) like that seen on sealing jars holding the lid onto the pressure container . the ring may be a segmented screw which would mate with threads on the pressure container and seal with a 1 / 16 th turn . in other embodiments , the sealing system is a series of hydraulically operated clamps . another embodiment has a series of bolts on the pressure container which mate with nuts in the lid ( or the reverse ). the nuts or bolts may be power driven to close and seal the container . the sealing system may be hydraulic , pneumatic or electric gear driven . the system has position sensors to indicate that the lid and container have mated . in another embodiment , the sealing system for the flexible vessel is comprised of two plates which press together to seal a flexible tube 1 . the sealing system has dual seal rings in yet another embodiment . the dual seal rings would allow the inter seal ring annulus to be pressurized to a pressure intermediate between atmospheric and the operating pressure . failure of the outer or inner seal ring would instantly be noted by a change of pressure in the annulus . this feature provides positive indication that the container is sealed properly and prevents undetected leakage of solvent . the air removal in step 220 permits indication of loss of containment before solvent is added to the vessel . the automated gray solvent inlet valve 7 opens to add second mixture bitumen enriched solvent from the gray solvent system to the vessel . the automated clean solvent inlet valve 8 opens to add clean solvent to the vessel from the solvent recovery system . the water inlet valve 9 opens to add water to the vessel from fines wash effluent system . all fluids entering the pressure container flow through the inlet header 10 which is fixed to the machine support structure . the header must be free draining into the vessel so that solvents are not trapped there in between cycles . as depicted in fig3 , the header is a solid pipe material ; however in some embodiments the pipe is made of completely or partially flexible hose . pipe joints 11 are 90 ° elbow pairs which have a seal which permits one elbow to rotate with respect to the other elbow . one side of the joint is fixed to the machine support structure . this joint permits the pipe on the rotating side to move with the pressure container . these joints may also be flexible hoses pipe joints 12 are 90 ° elbow pairs which have a seal which permits one elbow to rotate with respect to the other elbow . both sides of the joint are connected to pipe which is free to move with the pressure container 1 . these joints may also be flexible hoses . pressure container inlet valve 13 is an automated valve that opens to permit the main inlet flows to the pressure container . valve 13 also serves to seal the pressure container to leaks in any of the upstream valves ( 7 , 8 or 9 ). recycle pump inlet header valve 14 allows solvent to drain from the top of the pressure container to the inlet of the recycle pump . recycle piping 15 allows solvent to flow to the recycle pump , and is also the inlet point for liquids to the vessel . the recycle pump 16 circulates the solvent upward through the material comprising bitumen to speed the solution of the bitumen in the solvent . this pump is designed as a slurry pump to be able to pass stones of moderate size . the recycle pump discharge header 17 is comprised of a series of pipes connected to the discharge side of the recycle pump . the pipes carry the recycle solvent to a number of inlet ports on the bottom of the container 1 . these pipes are especially fabricated to have long radius bends and smooth transitions to discourage any solids that may pass through the pump from getting stuck in the header . the automated container drain valve 18 opens during the draining and depressuring phases of the cleaning cycle to allow liquids and then solvent vapors to be removed from the vessel . the outlet drain header 19 is used to remove all fluids from the vessel . it is comprised of a linkage of pipes which move with the vessel as it rotates . during the settling and draining steps 260 and 300 the header is free draining to the clean solvent and gray solvent systems . the automated main drain valve 20 opens to allow the first stage bitumen enriched solvent mixture to be sent to the next stage of separation . the automated gray drain valve 21 opens to allow the second stage bitumen enriched solvent mixture to be sent to the gray drain system . the automated vapor recovery valve 22 opens to allow solvent vapors to flow to the vapor recovery system . the vent header 23 is required to connect the vessel to the flare system so that vapors can be safely routed away from the vessel in the case of an emergency . the vent header is comprised of a linkage of pipes which move with the vessel as it rotates . in some embodiments , the vent header may also contain a separate pipe and valve to permit vented air with a small component of solvent vapor to be sent to some of the various heaters associated with the overall plant to be used as fuel . the depressuring valve 24 is an automated valve which opens to depressure the vessel in the case of an emergency . in other embodiments , it may also be used to permit air trapped in the vessel when it is sealed to be vented to the flare system . pressure safety valves 25 , 26 and 27 are required by safety code to protect the container 1 , inlet header 10 and outlet header 19 from overpressure . air vent valve 28 is an automated valve that opens at the end of the cleaning cycle , when all the solvents have been removed to allow atmospheric air into the vessel prior to unsealing the lid 4 . as used herein , spatial or directional terms , such as “ left ,” “ right ,” “ front ,” “ back ,” and the like , relate to the subject matter as it is shown in the drawing figures however , it is to be understood that the subject matter described herein may assume various alternative orientations and , accordingly , such terms are not to be considered as limiting . furthermore , as used herein ( i . e ., in the claims and the specification ), articles such as “ the ,” “ a ,” and “ an ” can connote the singular or plural . also , as used herein , the word “ or ” when used without a preceding “ either ” ( or other similar language indicating that “ or ” is unequivocally meant to be exclusive — e . g ., only one of x or y , etc .) shall be interpreted to be inclusive ( e . g ., “ x or y ” means one or both x or y ). likewise , as used herein , the term “ and / or ” shall also be interpreted to be inclusive ( e . g ., “ x and / or y ” means one or both x or y ). in situations where “ and / or ” or “ or ” are used as a conjunction for a group of three or more items , the group should be interpreted to include one item alone , all of the items together , or any combination or number of the items . moreover , terms used in the specification and claims such as have , having , include , and including should be construed to be synonymous with the terms comprise and comprising .