the cellulosic materials can be treated with any suitable basic metal oxide , hydroxide or salt as described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 522 , 843 to kundrot , which is hereby incorporated by reference . suitable materials , according to the kundrot patent , are the oxides , hydroxides , carbonates and bicarbonates of the group i and ii metals of the periodic table and zinc . preferred are the materials in which the cation is magnesium , zinc , sodium , potassium , or calcium . particularly preferred are the relatively non - toxic oxides , carbonates and bicarbonates of magnesium and zinc and the hydroxides of sodium , potassium and calcium . representative examples include magnesium oxide , magnesium carbonate , magnesium bicarbonate , zinc carbonate , zinc bicarbonate , zinc oxide , sodium hydroxide , potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide . magnesium oxide is most preferred . the predominate particle size ( 95 - 99 %) is preferably between 0 . 01 and 1 . 0 micron . to avoid hazards due to fumes ( magnesium oxide fumes are composed of particles sized between 0 . 02 - 0 . 05 micron ), the particles used in the process are preferably near the upper end of the range , between about 0 . 2 and 1 . 0 micron . typical surface areas are between 50 and 200 m 2 / g bet , preferably about 170 - 180 m 2 / g . the particles can be formed by burning the elemental metal and collecting the smoke , attrition of the preformed oxides or calcination of the elemental salts . for example , basic magnesium carbonate can be calcined at 450 ° c .- 550 ° c . to produce a polydisperse high activity magnesium oxide with an average particle size of 0 . 4 microns and a predominant particle size between 0 . 1 and 1 . 0 micron . the smaller particles can be filtered out . the particles can be applied in the paper making process or to the finished paper by immersing the paper in a suspension of the non - aqueous inert deacidifying fluid . inert as used herein means that there is a very low interaction , and preferably no interaction , between the fluid medium and inks , dyes , bindings , cover materials and the like in the cellulose based materials . the inert fluid medium of the present invention includes a perflourinated carrier and a surfactant that will disperse the alkaline particles in the carrier . when it became apparent that cfc &# 39 ; s could no longer be used as the liquid dispersant in the deacidification process of the kundrot patent , a search for a replacement ensued . a number of possible replacements were examined and tested in the process . it is believed that samples representative of the entire range of papers used in the united states were included in the testing , such as that found in hard cover and soft cover books , encyclopedias , periodicals , newspapers , magazines , comic books and other documents . in addition , the tests were run on a variety of bindings including backrams , leathers , synthetic leathers and polymers . table i identifies several carriers tested and the results obtained for each . most were determined to be ill suited for use in the deacidification process . only the perfluoro compounds consistently performed well . table i______________________________________isopropyl chloride no damage to paper . some solubility for inks , especially blue ball point pen . very high solubility for electrostatic copies . damage to binding materials . 1 , 1 dichloro - 1 - no damage to paper . very slightfluoroethane feathering of blue ball point ink . ( sold under the name high solubility of electrostatichcfc - 141 ) copies . some damage to bindings . 2 , 2 dichloro - 1 , 1 , 1 - no damage to paper . some featheringtrifluoroethance of newsprint and blue ball point . ( sold under the name feathers electrostatic copies . hcfc - 123 ) damages bindings . hexane no damage to paper . some damage to leather bindings . some feathering of electrostatic copies . damage to inexpensive bindings . perfluoroalkanes no damage to paper , bindings , inks or electrostatic copies . perfluoromorpholine no damage to paper , bindings , inks or electrostatic copies . perfluoropolyoxyethers no damage to paper , bindings , inks or electrostatic copies . ______________________________________ based on the screening tests , the perfluoro compounds , perfluoroalkanes , perfluoromorpholine ( pf - morpholine ) and perfluoropolyoxyether ( pf - poxyether ) were determined to be the best candidates for substitutes for the cfc &# 39 ; s used in the deacidification process . perfluoroalkane is a halogenated hydrocarbon . the perfluoromorpholine and perfluoropolyoxyethers are not pure hydrocarbons , both having noncarbon constituents in their core structures . both are nonflammable . pf - poxyether is used typically as a heat transfer material in the electronics industry . as provided in the kundrot patent , a suitable carrier for a liquid suspension of particles is preferably inert and possesses a high enough vapor pressure to allow its removal from the paper following treatment . it is believed that the full flourination of the perfluoro compounds renders them inert for purposes of the deacidification process . the boiling points for the preferred substitutes range between about 25 ° c . to about 80 ° c . a surfactant is important for the proper dispersion of the alkaline particles throughout the carrier . it was soon discovered , however , that not all surfactants work adequately or at all in the deacidification process with the new carriers . tests were done to determine if any surfactant would work in the deacidification process with the perfluoro compounds as carrier and , if so , which ones . solubility , dispersion and residual odor were tested . all of the surfactants tested are commercially available compounds . the results are set forth in tables 2 - 4 . the surfactants tested are listed below by their tradenames . where the generic name could be determined , it too is provided . the chemical nature of some of the surfactants tested are tradesecrets and the manufacturers declined to identify them . table 2______________________________________solubility * surfactant pf - morpholine pf - poxyether______________________________________surfynol ct - 136 n nsurfynol ct - 141 n nsurfynol ct - 324 n nsilwet l - 77 n n ( silicone polyether copolymer ) niaproof 4 n nniaproof 08 n nzonyl fsa n s ( lithium fluoroalkyl carboxylate ) zonyl fsb n s ( ammonium fluoroalkyl phos - phate ) forafac 1033 s sforafac 1110 n nninate 411 n nmakon 4 n nkessco gms n n ( glycerol stearate ) fluorad fc - 98 s s ( potassium perfluoroalkyl sulfo - nate ) fluorad fc - 120 n n ( ammonium perfluoroalkyl sulfo - nate ) fluorad fc - 170 - c n nfluorad fc - 171 s s ( fluorinated alkyl alkokylates ) fluorad fc - 129 y s ( potassium fluoroalkyl carboxy - late ) fluorad fc - 135 n n ( fluorinated alkyl quaternaryammonium iodide ) fluorad fc - 430 n sfluorad fc - 431 n s ( fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester ) fluorad fc - 740 s s ( fluorinated alkyl polymericester ) fluorad fc - 100 n n ( fluoroalkyl sulfonate , sodiumsalt ) atsurf 1910 n narlatone g n n ( polyoxyethylene fatty glyceride ) tween 85 nhypermer lp1 s nhypermer lp4 n nhypermer lp5 n nhypermer lp6 n nhypermer lp7 n nhypermer b246 n nspan 85 n n ( sorbitan trioleate ) il - 2457 n nps - 3 n n ( polyester / polyamine copolymer ) ps - 4 n n ( polyester / polyamine copolymer ) disperby k - 182 n nbyk - w995 n nfomblin ® y y ( perfluor polyoxyetheralkanoic acid ) ______________________________________ n none ; s slight ; y & gt ; 500 ppm * refer to table 4 for manufacturers as shown in table 2 , only two surfactants tested were sufficiently soluble in the carriers of choice . the rest were either not soluble or only slightly soluble and therefore , would not be good surfactants for use in the instant deacidification process when pf - morpholine or pf - poxyether are used as the carrier . table 3______________________________________dispersion * surfactant pf - morpholine pf - poxyether______________________________________surfynol ct - 136 n nsurfynol ct - 141 n nsurfynol ct - 324 n nsilwet l - 77 n pniaproof 4 n nniaproof 08 n nzonyl fsa p nzonyl fsb p nforafac 1033 p pforafac 1110 n nninate 411 n nmakon 4 n nkessco gms n nfluorad fc - 98 p nfluorad fc - 120 n nfluorad fc - 170 - c n nfluorad fc - 171 p nfluorad fc - 129 e pfluorad fc - 135 n nfluorad fc - 430 n nfluorad fc - 431 n nfluorad fc - 740 p pfluorad fc - 100 n natsurf 1910 n narlatone g n ntween 85 n nhypermer lp1 n nhypermer lp4 n nhypermer lp5 n nhypermer lp6 n nhypermer lp7 n nhypermer b246 p nspan 85 n nil - 2457 n nps - 3 n nps - 4 n ndisperby k - 182 n nbyk - w995 n nfomblin e e______________________________________ n none ; p poor ; g good ; e excellent * the tradenames are used in table 3 for brevity . refer to table 2 for generic names , where available . as shown in table 3 , most of the surfactants tested demonstrated no ability or a poor ability to disperse the alkaline particles in the carriers of choice . the odor test was conducted by fanning the book , magazine or other cellulose based material being evaluated after treatment using one of the following surfactants in the treatment bath and recording the first impression on a scale of 0 to 5 , from no odor at all to an overpowering odor . table 4______________________________________odormanufacturer surfactant odor______________________________________air products inc . surfynol ct - 136 2allentown , pennsylvania surfynol ct - 141 1 surfynol ct - 32 2union carbide silwet l - 77 1danbury , connecticutniacet niaproof 4 4buffalo , new york niarroof 08 4e . i . dupont denemours zonyl fsa 3wilmington , delaware zonyl fsb 2atochem forafac 1033 2france forafac 1110 4stepan company ninate 411 1northfield , illinois makon 4 0 kessco gms 13m company fluorad fc - 98 0st . paul , minnesota fluorad fc - 120 5 fluorad fc - 170 - c 3 fluorad fc 171 1 fluorad fc - 129 2 fluorad fc - 135 4 fluorad fc - 430 3 fluorad fc - 431 4 fluorad fc - 740 3 fluorad fc - 100 2ici americas atsurf 1910 2wilmington , delaware arlatone g 1 tween 85 2 hypermer lp1 1 hypermer lp4 2 hypermer lp5 2 hypermer lp6 5 hypermer lp7 3 hypermer b246 3 span 85 1 il - 2457 2 ps - 3 2 ps - 4 2byk chemie disperby k - 182 3germany byk - w995 2ausimont fomblin 0morristown , new jersey______________________________________ 5 very strong , over powering odor ; 4 strong odor ; 3 moderate odor ; 2 weak odor ; 1 barely detectable odor ; 0 no detectable odor * refer to table 2 for generic names , where available the foregoing tests indicate that all the surfactants examined , only one , perfluoropolyoxyether alkanoic acid ( fomblin ®), is suitable for use with the pf - poxyether carrier , and only two are suitable for use with pf - morpholine , perfluoropolyoxyether alkanoic acid ( fomblin ®) and potassium fluoroalkyl carboxylate ( fluorad - 129 ), with the former being preferred because of the absence of any odor following treatment . in use , a bath of an inert carrier and its suitable associated surfactant is prepared by adding to the carrier an amount of the appropriate surfactant , preferably four hundred parts per million ( 0 . 0004 ). the alkaline particles are then added and dispersed throughout the carrier - surfactant medium . the amount of surfactant and alkaline material will depend in part on the length of treatment and the amount of deposition desired . the carrier is present in excess amounts , sufficient to immerse the quantity of materials being treated . generally , however , the concentration of alkaline material will be between about 0 . 01 and about 0 . 3 weight percent . a most preferred range for the basic material particles is between about 0 . 01 % and about 0 . 2 %, the preferred range for the surfactant is between about 0 . 03 wt % and about 0 . 05 wt %. the preferred alkaline particles , mgo , are generally present in a dispersion maintained at approximately 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 g / l mgo based on the volume of the carrier . the cellulose based materials are immersed into the bath , and preferably moved in a reciprocating , generally horizontal direction at a predetermined speed and over a predetermined length , as described in co - pending u . s . patent application , ser . no . 105 , 754 for method and apparatus for the deacidification of library materials . the movement is preferably continued for 12 - 15 minutes at room temperature . alternatively , the suspension can be sprayed onto the pages of a book or other document . the suspension permeates the fibers of the paper leaving alkaline particles behind when the carrier and surfactant medium are evaporated . the ph of the paper is thereby raised and an alkaline reserve of at least 300 milliequivalents reserve per kilogram of paper remains in the fiber of the paper . paper treated with the improved process of the present invention typically show a ph value ranging from 7 . 5 to 9 . 5 . the following example demonstrates that the ph of test strips of paper was raised using the improved process of the present invention . two baths were made , each consisting of a liter batch of inert carrier , 0 . 04 wt % perfluoropolyoxyether alkanoic acid as surfactant and 1 . 5 g / l magnesium oxide particles in a dispersion . the inert carrier was pf - morpholine in the first bath , and pf - poxyether in the second bath . strips of clear spring offset paper taken from a library of congress test book were tested as follows : the ph of the strips of paper prior to treatment ranged from 4 . 5 to 5 . 0 . seven strips were placed in the first bath and five strips were placed in the second bath at room temperature and ambient pressure . after two minutes in the bath , the paper strips were removed and permitted to air dry . the ph of each of the seven strips of paper treated in the first bath containing the pf - morpholine carrier was 9 . 2 . the ph of each of the five strips of paper treated in the second bath containing the pf - poxyether carrier was 9 . 1 .