coaxial cable 2 as shown in fig1 a has a center conductor 4 , surrounded by a dielectric insulation layer 6 , a conductive shield layer 8 , and an outer insulating layer 10 . such cables are commonly used in high performance applications , and must be terminated to a variety of coaxial cable connectors . the inventive converter described herein may be used with many types of coaxial cable connectors . examples include the shielded controlled impedance ( sci ) connector and surface mount controlled impedance ( smci ) connector available from minnesota mining and manufacturing company ( 3m ) of saint paul , minn ., usa , and the ssma connector hrmm series available from hirose electric company , ltd ., of tokyo , japan . for ease of description , the invention is described herein with respect to a single type of coaxial connector . specifically , the inventive converter is described herein with respect to a shielded controlled impedance ( sci ) connector , available from 3m ( hereinafter “ the 3m sci connector ”). those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the inventive converter may be easily adapted to a variety of other coaxial connector embodiments without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . the 3m sci connector was designed to work with coaxial cables in which the outside diameter of the coaxial shield was about 0 . 060 inches . the 3m sci connector is designed to allow the use of a 75 ohm coaxial cable with a foamed polymer insulator and a 30 awg ( american wire gauge ) stranded or solid center conductor ( available from 3m under the product number 041 , as well as a number of 50 ohm coaxial cables of several different gauges , such as those available from 3m under the product numbers 017 and 027 . if an end - user specified system design requires using the 3m sci connector with a coaxial cable having a larger center conductor than those described above ( to reduce signal loss and / or maintain impedance , for example ), the outside diameter of the coaxial cable shield would be too large to fit within the sci connector shell without modification . for example , the end - user &# 39 ; s system design may specify use of a 75 ohm coaxial cable with a 28 awg 7 stranded center conductor . this particular coaxial cable would have an outside shield diameter of 0 . 0725 inches if the primary insulation of the cable has a dielectric constant of 1 . 44 . if the dielectric constant of the primary insulation was higher , the outside diameter of the shield would be even larger ( assuming the same size wire is used in the braided shield ). to accommodate the larger outside diameters of the coaxial cable shield , part of the plastic insulative body of the sci connector must be removed from within the outer conductive shell to provide room in the connector for the cable shield . fig1 b illustrates the top end portion of the unaltered 3m sci connector 11 ( without a coaxial cable inserted ), while fig1 c provides a similar view illustrating the 3m sci connector 11 after a portion of the plastic insulating body 12 has been removed from within the conductive outer shell 14 to accommodate the larger 28 awg center conductor 4 and shield 8 of the coaxial cable 2 . fig2 illustrates a side view of the 3m sci connector 11 when a coaxial cable 2 is installed . as illustrated by fig1 c , to a limit , removing a portion of the plastic body 12 of the sci connector allows a larger coaxial cable 2 to be terminated . however , where even lower losses are required , it is desirable or necessary to use coaxial cables 2 having even larger center conductors 4 and larger outer shield 8 diameters . in such instances , simply removing a portion of the plastic body 12 will be insufficient to accommodate a larger coaxial cable 2 . the present invention allows coaxial cable connectors 11 to terminate coaxial cables 2 which otherwise are physically too big to be accommodated by the connector 11 . for example , the present invention makes it possible to terminate a 24 awg or larger gauge coaxial cable conductor 4 in a connector 11 that was designed for a 30 awg coaxial cable . in fact , the present invention allows the termination of any size coaxial cable to a connector . the only limiting factors are the physical strength of the materials forming the converter and the connector , and the dimensions of the center conductor 4 of the cable ( because the center conductor 4 of the cable 2 must be able to fit within the shell 12 of connector 11 ). in most instances , from an electrical performance standpoint , wire gauge of the center conductor 4 is not the limiting factor . that is , in most instances , to achieve the desired electrical performance , it is not necessary to use a cable 2 having a center conductor 4 which is so large that it cannot fit within the outer conductive shell 14 of the connector 11 . to attach a larger coaxial cable 2 to a connector , the inventive adapter or converter 20 provides a “ funnel ” that transitions from a first large end capable of accepting the desired coaxial cable to a second small end capable of being inserted into the body of the connector . fig3 shows a 3m sci connector 11 like that in fig2 using the inventive converter 20 described herein to terminate an oversize coaxial cable 2 . as can be seen by comparing fig2 and 3 , the diameter of the coaxial cable 2 using the converter 20 in fig3 is more than twice the diameter of the largest possible cable size which can be terminated without the converter 20 . thus , the limitation on the size of the coaxial cable 2 is not the outer diameter of the coaxial shield 8 , but rather the outer diameter of the center conductor 4 and how it relates to the impedance of the cable / connector assembly . in fig3 the transition section 22 of the converter 20 is shown to be at about a forty degree ( 40 °) angle . although any angle would conceivably work in the transition section 22 , there are several factors which lead to a preferred transition angle . first , if the angle is ninety degrees ( 90 °), the impedance transition from the coaxial cable impedance to the connector impedance would be very short . in this instance , a suitable dielectric material , such as a preformed poly tetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) or fluorinated ethylene polypropylene ( fep ) tube may be provided in the interior of the converter 20 which would match the impedance of either the coaxial cable 2 or the connector 11 . in this case , the signal would see no transition when the coaxial cable 2 and the connector 11 have matching impedances , or only a single transition if the impedances of the connector 11 and the coaxial cable 2 are different . further , as described below , it is possible to design the converter dielectric so that the transition is smooth ( slowly changing ) if so desired . fig4 - 6 illustrate various alternate converter configurations . fig4 shows a converter 40 that can be used if no impedance transition is necessary because the coaxial cable 2 and the connector ( not shown in fig4 ) have the same impedance . in this situation , the converter dielectric insulation 42 is formed so as to match the impedance of the cable 2 and connector . fig5 shows a converter 50 which provides a smooth transition between the different impedances of the cable 2 and the connector ( not shown in fig5 ). fig6 shows a converter 60 that provides a single transition between the different impedances of the cable 2 and the connector ( not shown in fig6 ). in this instance , the converter dielectric insulation 62 is formed so as to match either the impedance of the cable 2 or the impedance of the connector , with no smooth transition between the different impedances . as can be seen in fig5 the amount of dielectric material 52 in the converter 50 changes as the radius of the converter changes . the rate of change will be selected to match the desired rate of change for the impedance . although the radius change in fig5 is linear along the length of the converter , a different relationship between the quantity of dielectric insulation 52 and its position within the converter could be used . the effective dielectric constant of the converter may be adjusted by changing the amount of air 54 that is included between the converter dielectric material 52 and the coaxial cable center conductor 4 . for example , if the application requires the converter 50 to have the highest possible impedance , the thinnest converter dielectric 52 should be used with the lowest dielectric constant , such as ptfe or fep tubing . in this way , the maximum amount of air 54 ( the lowest dielectric constant material ) will surround the coaxial cable center conductor 4 , which in turn will maximize impedance in the converter 50 . when the impedance of the converter is too high , the quantity of dielectric insulation 52 is simply increased to reduce the air gap between the dielectric insulation 52 and the center conductor 4 . in the most complex form of the converter ( corresponding to fig5 ), the dielectric insulation 52 is formed to match the inside diameter of the transition portion 22 of the converter body 56 , and the inside radius of the dielectric insulation 52 selected to provide the desired impedance profile . in the simplest form ( corresponding to fig4 and 6 ), the converter dielectric 42 , 62 , respectively , is designed with clearance between the transition portion 22 of the converter wall 46 , 66 , respectively , and the dielectric &# 39 ; s outer diameter , and between the inside diameter of the dielectric and the coaxial cable center conductor 4 . the coaxial cable 2 may have a foamed or air filled dielectric insulation 6 , while the converter dielectric 42 , 52 , 62 will most conveniently be a solid material . the material for the shell 46 , 56 , 66 of the converter 40 , 50 , 60 is preferably a metal such as copper , brass or any other metal capable of being formed in the desired shape and which allows easy electrical connection to both the connector and the coaxial cable outer shield 8 . in instances where corrosion resistance is a factor , metal alloys such a nickel - silver may be used , or plated copper or brass could also be used . by using a wall tube 46 , 56 , 66 of appropriate thickness for the converter , a design can be selected which will provide reasonable impedance matching , easy assembly and low cost . the converter designs of fig4 and 6 are particularly inexpensive and easy to manufacture .