the term “ alkyl ” means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and includes , for example , methyl , ethyl , n - propyl , isopropyl , n - butyl , sec - butyl , isobutyl , tert - butyl , n - pentyl , n - hexyl , n - heptyl , n - octyl , and the like . “ alkoxy ” and “ thioalkoxy ” are o - alkyl or s - alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms as defined above for “ alkyl ”. the term “ cycloalkyl ” means a saturated hydrocarbon ring having 3 to 8 carbon atoms and includes , for example , cyclopropyl , cyclobutyl , cyclopentyl , cyclohexyl , cycloheptyl , cyclooctyl , and the like . the term “ aryl ” means an aromatic radical which is a phenyl group , a phenylalkyl group , a phenyl group substituted by 1 to 4 substituents selected from alkyl as defined above , alkoxy as defined above , thioalkoxy as defined above , halogen , trifluoromethyl , dialkylamino as defined above for alkyl , nitro , cyano , as defined above for alkyl , —( ch 2 ) n 2 - n ( alkyl ) 2 wherein n 2 is an integer of 1 to 5 and alkyl is defined above and the term “ allyl ” means a hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 8 carbon atoms , containing a double bond between carbons 2 and 3 , unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 substituents on the carbons containing the double bond selected from alkyl or aryl as defined above , and includes , for example , propenyl , 2 - butenyl , cinnamyl , and the like . the term “ arylalkyl ” means an aromatic radical attached to an alkyl radical wherein aryl and alkyl are as defined above for example , benzyl , phenylethyl , 3 - phenylpropyl , ( 4 - chlorophenyl ) methyl , and the like . “ alkali metal ” is a metal in group ia of the periodic table and includes , for example , lithium , sodium , potassium , and the like . “ alkaline - earth metal ” is a metal in group iia of the periodic table and includes , for example , calcium , barium , strontium , magnesium , and the like . the term “ heteroaryl ” means a 5 - and 6 - membered heteroaromatic radical which may optionally be fused to a benzene ring containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from n , o , and s and includes , for example , a heteroaromatic radical which is 2 - or 3 - thienyl , 2 - or 3 - furanyl , 2 - or 3 - pyrrolyl , 2 -, 3 -, or 4 - pyridinyl , 2 - pyrazinyl , 2 -, 4 -, or 5 - pyrimidinyl , 3 - or 4 - pyridazinyl , 1h - indol - 6 - yl , 1h - indol - 5 - yl , 1h - benzimidazol - 6 - yl , 1h - benzimidazol - 5 - yl , 2 -, 4 -, or 5 - thiazolyl , 3 -, 4 -, or 5 - isothiazolyl , 2 -, 4 -, or 5 - imidazolyl , 3 -, 4 -, or 5 - pyrazolyl , or 2 - or 5 - thiadiazolyl and the like optionally substituted by a substituent selected from alkyl as defined above , alkoxy as defined above , thioalkoxy as defined above , halogen , trifluoromethyl , dialkylamino as defined above for alkyl , nitro , cyano , as defined above for alkyl , —( ch 2 ) n 2 - n ( alkyl ) 2 wherein n 2 is an integer of 1 to 5 , and alkyl is as defined above , and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of the present invention include salts derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric , nitric , phosphoric , sulfuric , hydrobromic , hydriodic , hydrofluoric , phosphorous , and the like , as well as the salts derived from nontoxic organic acids , such as aliphatic mono - and dicarboxylic acids , phenyl - substituted alkanoic acids , hydroxy alkanoic acids , alkanedioic acids , aromatic acids , aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids , etc . such salts thus include sulfate , pyrosulfate , bisulfate , sulfite , bisulfite , nitrate , phosphate , monohydrogenphosphate , dihydrogenphosphate , metaphosphate , pyrophosphate , chloride , bromide , iodide , acetate , trifluoroacetate , propionate , caprylate , isobutyrate , oxalate , malonate , succinate , suberate , sebacate , fumarate , maleate , mandelate , benzoate , chlorobenzoate , methylbenzoate , dinitrobenzoate , phthalate , benzenesulfonate , toluenesulfonate , phenylacetate , citrate , lactate , maleate , tartrate , methanesulfonate , and the like . also contemplated are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like and gluconate , galacturonate ( see , for example , berge s . m . et al ., “ pharmaceutical salts ,” j . of pharma . sci ., 1977 ; 66 : 1 ). the acid addition salts of said basic compounds are prepared by contacting the free base form with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce the salt in the conventional manner . the free base form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with a base and isolating the free base in the conventional manner . the free base forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents , but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free base for purposes of the present invention . pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed with metals or amines , such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines . examples of metals used as cations are sodium , potassium , magnesium , calcium , and the like . examples of suitable amines are n , n ′- dibenzylethylenediamine , chloroprocaine , choline , diethanolamine , dicyclohexylamine , ethylenediamine , n - methylglucamine , and procaine ( see , for example , berge s . m . et al ., “ pharmaceutical salts ,” j . of pharma sci ., 1977 ; 66 : 1 ). the base addition salts of said acidic compounds are prepared by contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount of the desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner . the free acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with an acid and isolating the free acid in the conventional manner . the free acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents , but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free acid for purposes of the present invention . additionally , the compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms , including hydrated forms . in general , the solvated forms , including hydrated forms , are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention . the following list contains abbreviations and acronyms used within the schemes and text : the process of the present invention in its first aspect is a new , improved , economical , and commercially feasible method for the preparation of the compound of formula ( 13 ) the process of the present invention in its first aspect is outlined in scheme 1 . thus , a compound of formula ( 1 ) wherein r is alkyl , aryl , arylalkyl , or heteroaryl is reacted with a compound of formula ( 2 ) wherein r 1 is — xr wherein wherein r 4 is alkyl of from one to four carbon atoms , a is o , s , or n and r is as defined above in a solvent such as , for example , methyl tertiary butyl ether , and the like , to afford a compound of formula ( 3 ) whereas r 1 is as defined above . preferably , the reaction is carried out with a compound of formula ( 2 ) wherein r 1 — h is morpholine in methyl tertiary butyl ether . a compound of formula ( 3 ) is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as , for example , pt / c , pd / c in the presence of an acid such as , for example , a strong acid , for example , hydrochloric acid , hydrobromic acid , p - toluenesulfonic acid , methanesulfonic acid , sulfuric acid , and the like ( optionally the reduction is carried out with sponge ni / nh 4 oh , metal hydrides , and the like , to afford the free base of a compound of formula ( 4 )) in a solvent such as , for example , methanol , ethanol , and the like to afford a compound of formula ( 4 ) wherein y is cl , br , tso , mso , or hso 4 and r 1 is as defined above . preferably , the reaction is carried out in the presence of pt / c , hydrochloric acid and hydrogen in methanol . a compound of formula ( 4 ) is reacted with a base such as , for example , sodium methoxide and the like in a solvent such as , for example , tetrahydrofuran , toluene , methyl tertiary butyl ether , and the like , and in an alcohol such as , for example , isopropanol , ethanol , methanol , and the like , to afford the free base followed by reaction with a compound of formula ( 5 ) wherein r is as defined above in a solvent such as , for example , isopropanol , tetrahydrofuran , and the like to afford a compound of formula ( 6 ) wherein r is as defined above . optionally , the free base of a compound of formula ( 4 ) may be reacted with a compound of formula ( 5 ) to afford a compound of formula ( 6 ). preferably , the reaction is carried out with sodium methoxide in methyl tertiary butyl ether and methanol to afford the free base followed by reaction with phenylacetic in tetrahydrofuran . a compound of formula ( 6 ) is reacted with the compound of formula ( 7 ) in a solvent such as , for example , a protic , an aprotic , a polar or a non - polar solvent , for example , tetrahydrofuran and the like with removal of water with the aid of a chemical drying agent such as , for example , molecular sieves and the like or with the aid of a dean - stark water trap or using azeotropic distillation with a suitable solvent such as , for example toluene and the like to afford a compound of formula ( 8 ) wherein r 1 is as defined above . preferably , the reaction is carried out with activated 3a molecular sieves in tetrahydrofuran . a compound of formula ( 8 ) is reacted with a compound of formula ( 9 ) wherein m is sodium , lithium , potassium , zinc , magnesium , copper , calcium , or aluminum and r 1 is as defined above in a solvent such as , for example , a nonreactive aprotic solvent , for example , tetrahydrofuran , toluene , and the like in the presence of a strong base such as , for example , n - butyllithium , lithium or potassium hexamethyldisilazide , lithium diisopropylamide , and the like to afford a compound of formula ( 10 ) wherein r 1 is as defined above . preferably , the reaction is carried out with a compound of formula ( 9 ) wherein m is sodium , the base is n - butyllithium and the solvent is tetrahydrofuran . the carbonyls of a compound of formula ( 10 ) in scheme 1 are shown in the keto form . however , a compound of formula ( 10 ) can undergo “ keto - enol ” tautomerism and thus can exist in several tautomeric forms which are encompassed within the present invention . a compound of formula ( 10 ) is treated with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as , for example , a chiral non - racemic ruthenium ( ii )- diphosphine complex . for example , a ruthenium catalyst precursor such as [ dichloro -( 1 , 5 - cyclooctadiene )] ruthenium ( ii ) oligomer and chiral diphosphine ligand such as [( r )-(+)- 2 , 2 ′- bis ( diphenyl - phosphino )- 1 , 1 ′- binaphthyl ]. however , any chiral non - racemic ruthenium ( ii )/ diphosphine combination may be employed in this reduction reaction . for example , ruthenium ( ii ) catalyst precursors include [ dibromo -( 1 , 5 - cyclooctadiene )] ruthenium ( ii ) dimer , [ bis -( 2 - methallyl ) cycloocta - 1 , 5 - diene ] ruthenium ( ii ) complex and [ dichloro ( p - cymene )] ruthenium ( ii ) dimer , and the like . examples of effective chiral diphosphine ligands include 2 , 2 ′- bis ( di - p - tolyl - phosphino )- 1 , 1 ′- binaphthyl , 2 - diphenyl - phosphinomethyl - 4 - diphenylphosphino - 1 - tert - butoxy - carbonylpyrrolidine , tricyclo [ 8 . 2 . 2 . 24 , 7 ] hexadeca - 4 , 6 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 15 - hexaene - 5 , 11 - diylbis ( diphenylphosphine ) derivatives , 4 , 4 ′- bidibenzofuran - 3 , 3 ′- diylbis ( diphenylphosphine ), 6 , 6 ′- dimethoxy [ 1 , 1 ′- biphenyl ]- 2 , 2 ′- diyl ] bis - diphenylphosphine , [ 5 , 5 ′- dichloro - 6 , 6 ′- dimethoxy [ 1 , 1 ′- biphenyl ]- 2 , 2 ′- diyl ]- bis - diphenylphosphine , and 1 , 2 - bis ( 2 , 5 - dimethylphospholano ) derivatives and the like in a solvent such as , for example , methanol , ethanol , isopropanol , and the like , optionally in the presence of a co - solvent , for example , dichloromethane , tetrahydrofuran , toluene and the like in the presence of an acid such as , for example , hydrochloric acid , hydrobromic acid , dowex ® ion exchange resin , and the like to afford a compound of formula ( 11 ) or a compound of formula ( 11a ) wherein r 1 is as defined above . preferably , the reaction is carried out with dichloro ( p - cymene ) ruthenium ( ii ) dimer and [( r )-(+)- 5 , 5 ′- dichloro - 6 , 6 ′- dimethoxy [ 1 , 1 ′- biphenyl ]- 2 , 2 ′- diyl ]- bis - diphenylphosphine in methanol in the presence of hydrobromic acid . a compound of formula ( 11b ) wherein r 1a is wherein r 1a is oh , — xr wherein wherein r 4 is alkyl of from one to four carbon atoms , a is o , s , or n , and r is alkyl , aryl , arylalkyl , or heteroaryl is reacted with an acid such as , for example , p - toluenesulfonic acid , camphor - sulfonic acid , sulfuric acid , hydrogen chloride , and the like in a non - nucleophilic solvent such as , for example , toluene , acetonitrile , dichloromethane , methyl tertiary butyl ether , and the like , followed by reaction with a base , such as , for example , triethylamine , pyridine , diisopropylethylamine , and the like , and with an acylating agent , such as , for example , acetic anhydride , benzoyl chloride , benzyl chloroformate , and the like , in the presence of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine to afford the compound of formula ( 12 ). preferably , the reaction is carried out in toluene in the presence of p - toluenesulfonic acid , followed by treatment with triethylamine , acetic anhydride , and 4 - dimethylaminopyridine in toluene . a compound of formula ( 12 ) is reacted with ho — m in an alcohol of formula ( 17 ) or ( 17b ) wherein m is sodium , lithium , potassium , zinc , magnesium , copper , calcium , or aluminum , or with a compound of formula ( 16 ) or ( 16b ) wherein m is as defined above in an alcohol of formula ( 17 ) or ( 17b ) wherein aryl or allyl in a compound of formula ( 16 ) or ( 16b ) and ( 17 ) or ( 17b ) is the same , in an optional cosolvent , such as , for example , a nonnucleophilic solvent , for example , acetone , tetrahydrofuran , 1 , 2 - dimethoxyethane , and the like , followed by the addition of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst , such as , for example , pd ( oh ) 2 / c , pd / c , pd / al 2 o 3 , and the like , in the presence of an acid , such as , for example , hydrochloric acid , hydrobromic acid , sulfuric acid , and the like , to afford the compound of formula ( 13 ). preferably , the reaction is carried out with sodium hydroxide in benzyl alcohol followed by hydrogenation in the presence of pd ( oh ) 2 / c and sulfuric acid . the process of the present invention in its second aspect is outlined in scheme 2 . thus , a compound of formula ( 4 ), prepared as described in scheme 1 , is reacted with a compound of formula ( 20 ) wherein r and m are as defined above and a compound of formula ( 7 ) with removal of water with the aid of a chemical drying agent such as , for example , molecular sieves and the like or with the aid of a dean - stark water trap or using azeotropic distillation with a suitable solvent such as , for example tetrahydrofuran , toluene , and the like , to afford a compound of formula ( 8 ) wherein r 1 is as defined above . preferably , the reaction is carried out with a compound of formula ( 20 ) wherein r is phch 2 and m is sodium in the presence of activated 3a molecular seives in tetrahydrofuran . the process of the present invention in its third aspect is outlined in scheme 3 . thus , a compound of formula ( 11 ) is reacted with an acetal of formula ( 15 ) wherein r 5 and r 5a are independently the same or different and are , methyl , ethyl , or —( ch 2 ) n — wherein n is an integer of 2 to 4 , and r is as defined above in the presence of an acid such as , for example , hydrochloric acid , pyridinium p - toluenesulfonate , p - toluenesulfonic acid and the like in a solvent such as , for example , toluene , dichloromethane , methyl tertiary butyl ether , and the like , followed by the addition of an aldehyde corresponding to the previous acetal of formula ( 15 ) in the presence of a strong base such as , for example , a non - nucleophilic base , for example , potassium tertiary butoxide , potassium bis ( trimethylsilyl ) amide , 1 , 8 - diazabicyclo [ 5 . 4 . 0 ] undec - 7 - ene and the like , to afford a compound of formula ( 14 ) wherein r 1 and r are as defined above . preferably , the reaction is carried out with benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal in toluene in the presence of p - toluenesulfonic acid followed by the addition of benzaldehyde and potassium tertiary butoxide in tetrahydrofuran . a compound of formula ( 14 ) is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as , for example , palladium on carbon or platinum on carbon and the like in the presence of an acid such as , for example , hydrochloric acid and the like in a solvent such as , for example , toluene , tetrahydrofuran , methyl tertiary butyl ether , ethyl acetate , and the like , and an alcohol , such as , for example , methanol , ethanol , and the like , to afford a compound of formula ( 13 ). preferably , the reaction is carried out in toluene in the presence of platinum on carbon in the presence of methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid . optionally , a compound of formula ( 14 ) is reacted with an acid such as , for example , hydrochloric acid , pyridinium p - toluenesulfonate , p - toluenesulfonic acid , and the like , in a solvent such as , for example , toluene , dichloromethane , methyl tertiary butyl ether , and the like to afford the compound of formula ( 13 ). preferably , the reaction is carried out in methylene chloride in the presence of p - toluenesulfonic acid . alternatively , a compound of formula ( 11 ) is reacted with an acid , such as , for example , hydrochloric acid , hydrobromic acid , p - toluenesulfonic acid , and the like , in a non - nucleophilic solvent , such as , for example , toluene , acetonitrile , methyl tertiary butyl ether , tetrahydrofuran , and the like , to afford a compound of formula ( 13 ). preferably , the reaction is carried out in toluene in the presence of p - toluenesulfonic acid . the process of the present invention in its fourth aspect is outlined in scheme 4 . thus , a compound of formula ( 10 ) wherein r 1 is as defined above is reacted with one molar equivalent of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst using the methodology described above for the conversion of a compound of formula ( 10 ) to a compound of formula ( 11 ) to afford either a compound of formula ( 18 ) or formula ( 18a ) wherein r 1 is as defined above or a mixture thereof . a mixture of compounds of formula ( 18 ) and ( 18a ) may be separated using conventional methodology , such as , for example , chromatography and the like . preferably , a mixture of compounds of formula ( 18 ) and ( 18a ) is separated using hplc . a compound of formula ( 18 ) or ( 18a ) or a mixture thereof is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst as described above for preparing a compound of formula ( 11 ) to afford a compound of formula ( 11b ) wherein r 1a is as defined above . preferably , the reaction is carried out using at least one molar equivalent of hydrogen . the compound of formula ( 13 ) can be converted to atorvastatin calcium ( 19 ) using the procedures disclosed in u . s . pat . nos . 5 , 273 , 995 and 5 , 969 , 156 . the following nonlimiting examples illustrate the inventors &# 39 ; preferred methods for preparing the compounds of the invention . a nitrogen inerted reactor equipped with reflux condenser , nitrogen inlet and mechanical stirring is charged with morpholine ( 1 . 2 mol ), methyl cyanoacetate ( 1 . 0 mol ) and mtbe ( 52 ml ). the homogeneous solution is heated to ca . 55 ° c . and stirred at that temperature for 12 to 18 hours . mtbe ( 33 ml ) is added over ca . 15 minutes , and the solution is slowly cooled below 50 ° c . where nucleation becomes evident . additional mtbe ( 66 ml ) is added over a 1 - hour period . during this time , the reaction is allowed to cool to near ambient temperature . after complete mtbe addition , the reaction is cooled with stirring to ca . 0 ° c . the resulting precipitate is collected via filtration and the cake is washed with additional mtbe ( ca . 40 ml ). the solid is dried under vacuum at ca . 45 ° c . to provide 3 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 3 - oxo - propionitrile ( 139 g ). this material is used in subsequent steps without further purification . m / z ( apci ( m + 1 )) 154 . 9 ; calcd for c 7 h 10 n 2 o 2 154 . 07 . a nitrogen inerted reactor is charged with 5 % pt — c ( 43 g ; 58 % water - wet ) followed by 3 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 3 - oxo - propionitrile ( 2 . 8 mol ). a solution of meoh ( 3 . 4 l ) and 12n hcl ( 3 . 08 mol ) is added at such a rate as to maintain an internal temperature of ca . 25 ° c . the vessel and its contents are degassed via three n 2 pressure purges ( 50 psi ). the atmosphere is switched to hydrogen via three h 2 pressure purges ( 50 psi ), and the reaction is stirred vigorously at ca . 25 ° c . under a sustained pressure of hydrogen ( 50 psi ) for ca . 24 hours . the h 2 pressure is released and replaced with n 2 . the reaction is passed through filter agent , which is subsequently washed with meoh ( 500 ml ). the reaction is concentrated in vacuo to a volume of ca . 1 . 4 l , and ipa ( 2 . 2 l ) is added . the reaction mixture is cooled to 0 ° c . and filtered . the filter cake is washed with mtbe ( 500 ml ) and dried under vacuum at ca . 30c to provide 3 - amino - 1 - morpholin - 4 - yl - propan - 1 - one , hydrochloride as a white solid ( 439 g ). this material is used in subsequent steps without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso ) δ2 . 72 ( t , 2h , j = 6 . 78 ), 2 . 96 ( t , 2h , j = 6 . 77 ), 3 . 83 - 3 . 44 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 52 - 3 . 58 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 08 ( bs , 3h ). 13 c nmr ( 100 mhz , dmso ) δ168 . 4 , 65 . 9 , 45 . 1 , 41 . 45 , 35 . 1 , 29 . 6 . free base : m / z ( apci ( m + 1 )) 159 . 2 ; calcd for c 7 h 14 n 2 o 2 158 . 11 . a reactor is charged with 3 - amino - 1 - morpholin - 4 - yl - propan - 1 - one ; hydrochloride ( 765 mmol ). meoh ( 380 ml ) is added , and the mixture is stirred vigorously at room temperature for ca . 10 minutes . mtbe ( 380 ml ) is added and the resulting slurry is cooled to − 10 ° c ., where a 25 % ( w / w ) meoh solution of naome ( 765 mmol ) is added slowly via addition funnel at such a rate as to maintain an internal temperature of ca . − 10 ° c . the resulting suspension is stirred vigorously under a n 2 atmosphere as it is allowed to warm to 0 ° c . solids are removed via filtration , rinsing with additional mtbe ( 50 ml ). solvent is removed in vacuo to provide the free base as a crude oil that is taken up in mtbe ( 600 ml ). the mixture is cooled with vigorous agitation to ca . 0 ° c ., where phenylacetic acid ( 765 mmol ) is added slowly as a solution in mtbe ( 300 ml ). the reaction mixture is stirred an additional 10 minutes after complete addition , during which time the product precipitates out of solution . the solids are collected via filtration , washed with additional mtbe ( 100 ml ) and dried under vacuum at ≦ 40 ° c . to provide 3 - amino - 1 - morpholin - 4 - yl - propan - 1 - one ; compound with phenylacetic acid ( 191 g ). this material is carried on to subsequent steps without further purification , or optionally , it can be re - precipitated from mtbe . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso ) δ2 . 55 ( t , 2h , j = 6 . 78 ), 2 . 86 ( t , 2h , j = 6 . 78 ) 3 . 62 ( t , 2h ), 3 . 42 ( t , 2h ), 6 . 22 ( bs , 3h ), 7 . 25 - 7 . 12 ( m , 5h ). 13 c nmr ( 100 mhz , dmso ) δ174 . 2 , 169 . 0 , 138 . 2 , 129 . 2 , 127 . 8 , 125 . 5 , 66 . 0 , 45 . 2 , 44 . 4 , 41 . 4 , 35 . 7 , 31 . 6 . a nitrogen inerted reactor , equipped with a suitable reflux condenser and soxhlet extractor containing freshly activated 3a molecular sieves ( 4 - 8 mesh ; 97 . 2 g ), is charged with 3 - amino - 1 - morpholin - 4 - yl - propan - 1 - one , compound with phenylacetic acid ( 765 mmol ) and 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 2 - oxo - 1 - phenyl - ethyl ]- 4 - methyl - 3 - oxo - pentanoic acid phenylamide ( 450 mmol ). thf ( 360 ml ) is added , and the resulting solution is stirred vigorously as the reaction is heated at reflux temperature for ca . 24 hours , during which time the product begins to precipitate . half - saturated aqueous nahco 3 ( 100 ml ) is added , and the reaction mixture is cooled with continued stirring to ca . 0 ° c . mtbe ( 100 ml ) is added , and the solids are collected via filtration . the solid is washed with distilled water ( 100 ml ) and mtbe ( 2 × 100 ml ), collected , and dried under vacuum at ≦ 50 ° c . to afford 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 2 - isopropyl - 1 -( 3 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 3 - oxo - propyl )- 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide as a white solid ( 194 g ). this material is carried on to subsequent steps without further purification . m / z ( apci ( m − 1 )) 538 . 2 ; ( apci ( m + 1 ) 540 . 2 ; calcd for c 33 h 34 fn 3 o 3 539 . 26 . a nitrogen inerted reactor , equipped with a suitable reflux condenser and soxhlet extractor containing freshly activated 3a molecular sieves ( 4 - 8 mesh ; 36 g ), is charged with 3 - amino - 1 - morpholin - 4 - yl - propan - 1 - one hydrochloride ( 170 mmol ), phenylacetic acid sodium salt ( 170 mmol ) and 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 2 - oxo - 1 - phenyl - ethyl ]- 4 - methyl - 3 - oxo - pentanoic acid phenylamide ( 100 mmol ). thf ( 150 ml ) is added , and the resulting solution is stirred vigorously as the reaction is heated at reflux temperature for ca . 24 hours , during which time the product begins to precipitate . aqueous nahco 3 ( 100 ml ) is added slowly , and the reaction mixture is cooled with continued stirring to ca . 0 ° c . mtbe ( 100 ml ) is added , and the solids are collected via filtration . the yellow - colored solid is washed with distilled water ( 15 ml ) and mtbe ( 2 × 15 ml ), collected , and dried under vacuum at ≦ 50 ° c . to afford 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 2 - isopropyl - 1 -( 3 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 3 - oxo - propyl )- 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide as a white solid ( 42 . 1 g ). this material is carried on to subsequent steps without further purification . m / z ( apci ( m − 1 )) 538 . 2 ; ( apci ( m + 1 ) 540 . 2 ; calcd for c 33 h 34 fn 3 o 3 539 . 26 . a nitrogen inerted reactor equipped with reflux condenser , nitrogen inlet and mechanical stirring is charged with morpholine ( 1 . 2 mol ), methyl cyanoacetate ( 1 . 0 mol ), and mtbe ( 52 ml ). the homogeneous solution is heated to ca . 55 ° c . and stirred at that temperature for 12 to 18 hours . mtbe ( 33 ml ) is added over ca . 15 minutes , and the solution is slowly cooled below 50 ° c . until nucleation becomes evident . additional m t be ( 66 ml ) is added over a 1 - hour period . during this time , the reaction is allowed to cool to near ambient temperature . after complete mtbe addition , the reaction is cooled with stirring to ca . 0 ° c . the resulting precipitate is collected via filtration and the cake is washed with additional mtbe ( 40 ml ). the crude 3 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 3 - oxo - propionitrile is taken up in meoh ( 2 l ) and transferred to a nitrogen inerted pressure reactor that has been charged with 5 % pt — c ( 55 g ; 58 % water - wet ). hcl ( 12 n ; 1 . 1 mol ) is added at such a rate as to maintain an internal temperature of ca . 25 ° c . the vessel and its contents are degassed via three n 2 pressure purges ( 50 psi ). the atmosphere is switched to hydrogen via three h 2 pressure purges ( 50 psi ), and the reaction is stirred vigorously at ca . 25 ° c . under a sustained pressure of hydrogen ( 50 psi ) for ca . 24 hours . the h 2 pressure is released and replaced with n 2 . the reaction is passed through filter agent , which is subsequently washed with meoh ( 500 ml ). the reaction is concentrated to a meoh - wet solid , which is reslurried in ipa ( 100 ml ). the slurry is cooled to 0 ° c . and filtered . the filter cake is washed with cold ( 0 ° c .) ipa ( 75 ml ) and reslurried in meoh ( 500 ml ) and m t be ( 500 ml ). the slurry is cooled with agitation to − 10 ° c . where a 25 % ( w / w ) solution of naome in meoh ( 1 mol ) is added dropwise at such a rate as to maintain an internal reaction temperature of ≦− 5 ° c . the resulting suspension is filtered to afford a clear solution of free base . the solvent is removed in vacuo to provide a crude oil that is taken up in thf ( 450 ml ) and cooled to ca . 0 ° c . this solution is transferred into a nitrogen inerted reactor that contains phenylacetic acid ( 1 . 0 mol ) and 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 2 - oxo - 1 - phenyl - ethyl ]- 4 - methyl - 3 - oxo - pentanoic acid phenylamide ( 590 mmol ). the reactor is equipped with a suitable reflux condenser and soxhlet extractor containing freshly activated 3a molecular sieves ( 4 - 8 mesh ; 125 g ). the resulting solution is stirred vigorously as the reaction is refluxed under a n 2 atmosphere for ca . 24 hours , during which time the product begins to precipitate . half - saturated aqueous nahco 3 ( 130 ml ) is added slowly , and the reaction mixture is cooled with continued stirring to ca . 0 ° c . mtbe ( 130 ml ) is added , and the solids are collected via filtration . the solid is washed with distilled water ( 130 ml ) and mtbe ( 2 × 130 ml ), collected , and dried under vacuum at ≦ 50 ° c . to afford 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 2 - isopropyl - 1 -( 3 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 3 - oxo - propyl )- 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide as a white solid ( 223 g ). this material is carried on to subsequent steps without further purification . m / z ( apci ( m − 1 )) 538 . 2 ; ( apci ( m + 1 ) 540 . 2 ; calcd for c 33 h 34 fn 3 o 3 539 . 26 . a dry , nitrogen inerted reactor is charged with sodium hydride ( 300 mmol ). anhydrous thf ( 150 ml ) is added and the resulting mixture is cooled under nitrogen to ca . − 20 ° c . ethyl acetoacetate ( 307 mmol ) is added at such a rate as to maintain an internal reaction temperature of ≦− 10 ° c . the addition is followed by a thf rinse ( 30 ml ) and the resulting solution is stirred for approximately 45 minutes at ≦− 10 ° c . the temperature is allowed to cool to ca . − 18 ° c . a 10 . 0 m solution of n - buli in hexanes ( 300 mmol ) is added at such a rate as to maintain an internal reaction temperature of ≦− 4 ° c . the addition is followed by a thf rinse ( 30 ml ) and the resulting orange solution is stirred for about 90 minutes at ≦− 4 ° c . the temperature is allowed to cool to ca . − 25 ° c . to the solution of dienolate is added 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 2 - isopropyl - 1 -( 3 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 3 - oxo - propyl )- 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide ( 74 mmol ), and the resulting slurry is stirred at ca . − 23 ° c . for 20 hours . the reaction is quenched into a mixture of 18 % aqueous hcl ( 898 mmol ) and mtbe ( 20 ml ) at such a rate as to maintain an internal reaction temperature of ≦− 2 ° c . the reactor and transfer system is rinsed with thf ( 30 ml ) and transferred to the reaction mixture . the two - phase solution is allowed to warm to ca . 20 ° c . with stirring . the mixture is transferred to a separatory funnel , and the phases are allowed to separate . the organic layer is washed with water ( 33 ml ) and saturated aqueous nacl ( 33 ml ). all aqueous layers are back - extracted with mtbe ( 40 ml ). the two organic layers are combined and concentrated in vacuo to a crude oil maintaining an internal batch temperature of ≦ 60 ° c . etoh ( 24 ml ) is added to the oil and , again , the mixture is concentrated in vacuo . etoh ( 330 ml ) and water ( 33 ml ) are immediately added to the resulting oil , and the solution of product is allowed to stand at ≦ 10 ° c . for ca 14 hours . the resulting solid is collected , washed with cold 20 % aqueous etoh ( 100 ml ) and dried in vacuo to afford 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dioxo - heptanoic acid , ethyl ester ( 35 . 6 g ) as a white solid . this material is carried on to subsequent steps without further purification , or optionally , it can be re - precipitated from ipa / h 2 o . hrms m / z ( esi ( m − 1 )) 581 . 2463 ; calcd for c 35 h 35 fn 2 o 5 582 . 2530 . in a process analogous to step 5 method a , by substituting the appropriate ester or amide of acetoacetic acid for ethyl acetoacetate , one obtains the following compounds : hrms m / z ( esi ( m − 1 )) 609 . 2772 ; apci ( m + 1 ) 611 . 3 ; calcd for c 37 h 39 fn 2 o 5 610 . 2843 . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 597 ; calcd for c 36 h 37 fn 2 o 5 596 . 27 . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 569 ; calcd for c 34 h 33 fn 2 o 5 568 . 24 . hrms m / z ( esi ( m − 1 )) 622 . 2715 ; calcd for c 37 h 38 fn 3 o 5 623 . 2795 . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 582 ; calcd for c 35 h 36 fn 3 o 4 581 . 27 . a nitrogen inerted reactor is charged with the sodium salt of tert - butyl acetoacetate ( 100 mmol ). anhydrous toluene ( 71 . 5 ml ) and thf ( 8 . 2 ml , 101 mmol ) are added , and the resulting solution is cooled under a positive pressure of nitrogen to ca . − 10 ° c . a 10 m hexanes solution of n - buli ( 104 mmol ) is added at such a rate as to maintain an internal reaction temperature of ≦ 1 ° c . the resulting solution is stirred an additional 20 to 30 minutes after complete addition as the temperature is allowed to cool to ca . − 6 ° c . meanwhile , 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 2 - isopropyl - 1 -( 3 - morpholin - 4 - yl - 3 - oxo - propyl )- 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide ( 25 mmol ) is charged to a second nitrogen inerted reactor . anhydrous thf ( 50 ml ) is added at room temperature , and the resulting slurry is cooled to ca . − 10 ° c . and stirred for 15 to 90 minutes . the solution of dienolate is added to the slurry of morpholine amide at such a rate as to maintain an internal reaction temperature ca . − 5 ° c . following this addition , the slurry is stirred at ca . − 5 ° c for ≧ 2 hours . water ( 35 ml ) is added with vigorous agitation at such a rate as to maintain an internal reaction temperature of ≦ 0 ° c . concentrated 37 % hydrochloric acid ( 19 . 0 ml , 229 mmol ) is added at such a rate as to maintain an internal reaction temperature of ≦ 0 ° c . the two - layered reaction mixture is vacuum distilled , removing & gt ; 50 % of the organic solvents . the distillation is stopped and the lower aqueous layer is discarded . water ( 55 ml ) is added and the vacuum distillation is continued until a majority of the organic solvents are removed . [ note : it is preferable to drain and replace the aqueous layer before initiating the vacuum distillation .] ipa ( 100 ml ) is added followed by water ( 100 ml ). the mixture is stirred for ≧ 6 hours , allowing for solidification of the product . the solid is collected via filtration , and the cake is washed with pre - mixed 1 : 1 ipa : h 2 0 . the resulting solid is dried in vacuo at 35 ° c . to provide 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dioxo - heptanoic acid , tert - butyl ester ( 14 . 1 g ) as a white solid . this material is carried on to subsequent steps without further purification , or optionally , it can be re - precipitated from toluene . hrms m / z ( esi ( m − 1 )) 609 . 2772 ; apci ( m + 1 ) 611 . 3 ; calcd for c 37 h 39 fn 2 o 5 610 . 2843 . in a process analogous to step 5 method b , by substituting the sodium salt of the appropriate ester or amide of acetoacetic acid for the sodium salt of tert - butyl acetoacetate , one obtains the following compounds : hrms m / z ( esi ( m − 1 )) 581 . 2463 ; calcd for c 35 h 35 fn 2 o 5 582 . 2530 . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 597 ; calcd for c 36 h 37 fn 2 o 5 596 . 27 . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 569 ; calcd for c 34 h 33 fn 2 o 5 568 . 24 . hrms m / z ( esi ( m − 1 )) 622 . 2715 ; calcd for c 37 h 38 fn 3 o 5 623 . 2795 . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 582 ; calcd for c 35 h 36 fn 3 o 4 581 . 27 . a nitrogen inerted pressure reactor is charged with 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dioxo - heptanoic acid , ethyl ester ( 100 . 0 mmol ) and meoh ( 250 ml ). the resulting slurry is heated with stirring to ca . 55 ° c . to afford a homogeneous solution . the vessel and its contents are degassed via three 50 psi pressure purges with argon . under a steady flow of argon , 1 m methanolic hbr ( 7 . 0 mmol ) and the rucl 2 ( dmf ) n [( r )— cl — meo — biphep )] catalyst ( 0 . 5 mmol ) are added , and the reactor is given an additional 50 psi pressure purge with argon . the atmosphere is switched to hydrogen via three 50 psi pressure purges . the reaction is stirred vigorously at 65 ° c . under a sustained pressure of hydrogen ( 50 psi ) until hydrogen uptake ceases . the reaction is allowed to cool to ambient temperature , and the hydrogen pressure is released and replaced with nitrogen . the crude meoh solution of ( 5r )- 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - heptanoic acid , methyl ester is carried on to subsequent steps without purification , or optionally , it can be isolated via flash column chromatography on silica gel , eluting with ethyl acetate - heptane mixtures . hplc analysis ( ymc ods aq s5 ; 1 ml / min ; 30 ° c . ; 254 nm : ch 3 cn / h 2 o , 60 : 40 ( 0 - 22 min ) to 100 : 0 ( 27 - 37 min ) to 60 : 40 ) indicated a syn : anti ratio of 1 : 1 . 5 . chiral hplc analysis ( chiralcel od - h column ; 5 % etoh : hexanes ; t r ( 3r , 5r )= 23 . 1 min ./ t r ( 3r , 5s )= 18 . 0 min ./ t r ( 3s , 5s )= 24 . 8 min ./ t r ( 3s , 5r )= 19 . 9 min .) indicated an enantiomeric excess at c - 5 of ≧ 98 %, favoring the ( r ) configuration . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 573 ; calcd for c 34 h 37 fn 2 o 5 572 . 27 . in a process analogous to step 6 method a , using the appropriate alcoholic solvent in place of meoh , one obtains the following compounds , for example : m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 587 ; calcd for c 35 h 39 fn 2 o 5 586 . 28 . chiral hplc analysis ( chiralcel od - h column ; 5 % etoh : hexanes ; t r ( 3r , 5r )= 17 . 6 min ./ t r ( 3r , 5s )= 14 . 7 min ./ t r ( 3s , 5s )= 20 . 9 min ./ t r ( 3s , 5r )= 15 . 9 min .) indicated an enantiomeric excess at c - 5 of ≧ 98 %, favoring the ( r ) configuration . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 601 ; calcd for c 36 h 41 fn 2 o 5 600 . 30 . in a process analogous to step 6 method a , using the appropriate ester or amide from step 5 in a non - nucleophilic / non - coordinating solvent ( e . g ., toluene ) in place of meoh , and acetic acid in place of hbr , one can avoid transesterification and obtain the following compounds , for example : m / z ( apci ( m + 1 )) 615 . 3 ; calcd for c 37 h 43 fn 2 o 5 614 . 32 . m / z ( apci ( m − 1 + hco 2 h )) 672 . 3 ; calcd for c 37 h 42 fn 3 o 5 627 . 31 . m / z ( apci ( m + 1 )) 586 ; calcd for c 35 h 40 fn 3 o 4 585 . 30 . in a process analogous to step 6 method a , using alternative ru ( ii )- chiral diphosphine complexes in place of rucl 2 ( dmf ) n [( r )— cl - meo — biphep )] as the hydrogenation catalyst , one can obtain the identical products with varying enantiomeric excess at c - 5 . for example , in the reduction of 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dioxo - heptanoic acid , ethyl ester to ( 5r )- 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - heptanoic acid , methyl ester proceeded as follows : rucl 2 ( dmf ) n [( r )-(+)- binap ] complex provided product with 90 % ee ( favoring the ( r ) configuration ) at c - 5 as determined by chiral hplc analysis . rucl 2 ( dmf ) n [( r )-(+)- ptol - binap ] complex provided product with 91 % ee ( favoring the ( r ) configuration ) at c - 5 as determined by chiral hplc analysis . rucl 2 ( dmf ) n [( r )-(+)- c4 - tunaphos ] complex provided product with 93 % ee ( favoring the ( r ) configuration ) at c - 5 as determined by chiral hplc analysis . rucl 2 ( dmf ) n [( r )-(+)- c2 - tunaphos ] complex provided product with 98 % ee ( favoring the ( r ) configuration ) at c - 5 as determined by chiral hplc analysis . rucl 2 ( dmf ) n [( s )-(−)- meo — biphep ] complex provided product with 95 % ee ( favoring the ( s ) configuration ) at c - 5 as determined by chiral hplc analysis . rucl 2 [( r )-(+)- cl — meo — biphep ] ( net 3 ) n complex provided product with ≧ 98 % ee ( favoring the ( r ) configuration ) at c - 5 as determined by chiral hplc analysis . rucl 2 [( r )-(+)- binap ] ( net 3 ) n complex provided product with 91 % ee ( favoring the ( r ) configuration ) at c - 5 as determined by chiral hplc analysis . rucl 2 [( r )-(+)- ptol - binap ] ( net 3 ) n complex provided product with 91 % ee ( favoring the ( r ) configuration ) at c - 5 as determined by chiral hplc analysis . [ ru ( tfa ) 2 (( r )-(+)- cl — meo — biphep )] n complex provided product with ≧ 98 % ee ( favoring the ( r ) configuration ) at c - 5 as determined by chiral hplc analysis . [ ru ( tfa ) 2 (( r )-(+)- binap )] n complex provided product with 90 % ee ( favoring the ( r ) configuration ) at c - 5 as determined by chiral hplc analysis . a nitrogen inerted pressure reactor is charged with benzene ruthenium ( ii ) chloride dimer ( 11 mg ) and ( r )-(+)- c2 - tunaphos ( 26 mg ). the reactor is given a pressure purge with n 2 and n 2 - sparged meoh ( 1 . 0 ml ) is added via syringe . the resulting mixture is thoroughly purged with n 2 and stirred at 25 ° c . for 30 minutes . a solution of 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dioxo - heptanoic acid , tert - butyl ester ( 0 . 5 g ) in n 2 - sparged meoh ( 4 . 5 ml ) is added to the reactor via syringe , and the resulting mixture is allowed to stir under n 2 at 60 ° c . for 30 minutes . the solution is stirred at 60 ° c . under a sustained h 2 pressure of 60 psi for 22 hours . the reaction is cooled to ambient temperature where it is repeatedly purged with n 2 . the crude meoh solution of ( 5r )- 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - heptanoic acid , methyl ester is carried on to subsequent steps without purification , or optionally , it can be isolated via flash column chromatography on silica gel , eluting with ethyl acetate - heptane mixtures . hplc analysis ( ymc ods aq s5 ; 1 ml / min ; 30 ° c . ; 254 nm : ch 3 cn / h 2 o , 60 : 40 ( 0 - 22 min .) to 100 : 0 ( 27 - 37 min .) to 60 : 40 ) indicated a syn : anti ratio of 1 : 1 . 4 . chiral hplc analysis ( chiralcel od - h column ; 5 % etoh : hexanes ; t r ( 3r , 5r )= 23 . 1 min ./ t r ( 3r , 5s )= 18 . 0 min ./ t r ( 3s , 5s )= 24 . 8 min ./ t r ( 3s , 5r )= 19 . 9 min .) indicated an enantiomeric excess at c - 5 of ≧ 97 %, favoring the ( r ) configuration . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 573 ; calcd for c 34 h 37 fn 2 o 5 572 . 27 . a suitable nitrogen inerted reactor is charged with koh ( 110 . 0 mmol ) and water ( 300 ml ). to this rapidly stirring solution is added the crude step 6 solution of ( 5r )- 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - heptanoic acid , methyl ester ( ca . 100 mmol /& gt ; 98 % ee ) in meoh ( 250 ml ). the mixture is heated under a nitrogen atmosphere to an internal temperature of ca . 85 ° c . during this time , meoh is removed via distillation . the resulting reaction mixture is allowed to cool to 45 ° c ., where it is washed with mtbe ( 2 × 150 ml ). the mtbe phases are separated and discarded . to the 45 ° c . aqueous phase is added toluene ( 125 ml ), followed by a slow addition of 6n hcl ( 20 ml ). the two - phase mixture is stirred for 10 minutes , and the layers are separated . the aqueous phase is extracted with a second portion of toluene ( 125 ml ) and discarded . the combined organics are heated to reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere . during this time , 130 ml of distillate is collected and discarded . the resulting solution is cooled to ca . 60 ° c ., where net 3 ( 140 mmol ), dmap ( 2 . 0 mmol ) and ac 2 o ( 70 . 0 mmol ) are added successively at such a rate as to maintain an internal reaction temperature of 55 ° c . to 65 ° c . this solution is stirred for ca . 1 . 5 hrs at 60 ° c . the mixture is cooled to 50 ° c ., where 1n hcl ( 100 ml ) is added slowly . the two - phase mixture is stirred for 10 minutes , the phases are separated , and the aqueous phase discarded . the organic phase is washed with second portions of 1n hcl ( 100 ml ) and water ( 100 ml ) while maintaining a temperature of 45 ° c . to 55 ° c . the toluene solution is diluted with bu 2 o ( 200 ml ) and the resulting solution is slowly cooled to 0 ° c . with continuous agitation . the resulting solid is collected on a filter funnel and dried under vacuum to provide 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 2 - isopropyl - 1 -[ 2 -(( s )- 6 - oxo - 3 , 6 - dihydro - 2h - pyran - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide as a white to off - white solid ( 34 . 4 g ). this material is carried on to subsequent steps without further purification , or optionally , it can be re - precipitated from ipa / h 2 o . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 523 ; calcd for c 33 h 31 fn 2 o 3 522 . 23 . chiral hplc analysis ( chiralpak ad column ; 1 ml / min ; 30 ° c . ; 254 nm ; 10 % ipa : hexanes ; t r ( r )= 18 min ./ t r ( s )= 16 min .) indicated an enantiomeric excess of & gt ; 98 %, favoring the ( r ) configuration . an argon - purged reactor is charged with 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 2 - isopropyl - 1 -[ 2 -(( s )- 6 - oxo - 3 , 6 - dihydro - 2h - pyran - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide ( 0 . 020 mol /& gt ; 99 % ee ) and benzyl alcohol ( 52 ml ). the reaction mixture is cooled to − 10 ° c . and naoh ( 0 . 040 mol ) is added . after stirring for 19 hours at − 10 ° c . the reaction is quenched with 37 % hcl ( 0 . 042 mol ) and diluted with water ( 25 ml ) and toluene ( 25 ml ). after the mixture is warmed to ambient temperature , the lower aqueous layer is discarded . the upper organic layer is combined with 20 % pd ( oh ) 2 / c ( 1 . 0 g ) and h 2 so 4 ( 0 . 01 moles ) and hydrogenated under 50 psi hydrogen at 50 ° c . for 16 hours . the reaction mixture is heated to 80 ° c . and filtered through diatomaceous earth . the reactor and catalyst cake is rinsed with hot toluene ( 10 ml ). the lower aqueous layer is discarded . the upper organic layer is washed with a warm solution of aqueous hcl ( 0 . 16 g 37 % hcl in 25 ml hot water ) and heated to reflux for 2 . 5 hours under argon , removing water azeotropically . the reaction mixture is cooled to 65 ° c . and seeded with 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 -[ 2 -(( 2r , 4r )- 4 - hydroxy - 6 - oxo - tetrahydro - pyran - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- 2 - isopropyl - 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide . after 2 hours the reaction mixture is allowed to slowly cool to ambient temperature . the resulting slurry is cooled to about 0 ° c . the product is collected and washed with cold toluene ( 25 ml ). the resulting solid is dissolved in hot toluene ( 95 ml ) and cooled to 65 ° c . and held for 2 hours . the reaction mixture is slowly cooled to ambient temperature and further cooled to 0 ° c . the product is collected , washed with cold toluene ( 25 ml ) and dried in vacuo at 70 ° c . overnight to afford 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 -[ 2 -(( 2r , 4r )- 4 - hydroxy - 6 - oxo - tetrahydro - pyran - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- 2 - isopropyl - 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide ( 8 . 4 g ) as a white solid . hplc analysis ( ymc ods aq s5 ; 1 ml / min ; 30 ° c . ; 254 nm : ch 3 cn / h 2 o , 60 : 40 ( 0 - 22 min .) to 100 : 0 ( 27 - 37 min .) to 60 : 40 ) indicated an anti : syn ratio of & gt ; 99 : 1 . chiral hplc analysis ( chiralcel of ; 1 ml / min ; 60 ° c . ; 254 nm ; 20 % ipa : hexanes ; t r ( 3r , 5r )= 26 min ./ t r ( 3r , 5s )= 59 min ./ t r ( 3s , 5s )= 33 min ./ t r ( 3s , 5r )= 37 min .) indicated an enantiomeric excess at c - 5 of & gt ; 99 %, favoring the ( r ) configuration . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 541 ; calcd for c 33 h 33 fn 2 o 4 540 . 24 . in a process analogous to step 8 method a , substituted benzylic alcohol derivatives ( e . g ., p - methoxy - benzyl alcohol ) may be used in place of benzyl alcohol to afford the corresponding compounds . an argon - purged reactor is charged with 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 2 - isopropyl - 1 -[ 2 -(( s )- 6 - oxo - 3 , 6 - dihydro - 2h - pyran - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide ( 19 . 1 mmol /& gt ; 99 % ee ) and allyl alcohol ( 50 ml ). the reaction mixture is cooled to − 5 ° c . and lioh ( 38 . 2 mmol ) is added . after stirring for 1 hour at − 5 ° c . the reaction is quenched with 37 % hcl ( 42 mmol ) and toluene ( 125 ml ). after the mixture is warmed to ambient temperature , the reaction is concentrated to a volume of ca 75 ml . additional toluene ( 50 ml ) is added and the reaction is concentrated via distillation to a crude oil that solidifies upon standing . the crude residue is taken up in dme ( 340 ml ). to this solution is added deionized water ( 20 ml ), p - toluenesulfonic acid ( 2 . 25 g ) and 5 % pd / c ( 11 g ; 50 % water - wet ). the resulting mixture is heated to 45 ° c . under a n 2 atmosphere for 1 . 5 hours and at ambient temperature for an additional 16 hours . the solution is passed through filter aid to remove catalyst , and solvent is removed in vacuo . the residue is taken up in toluene ( 50 ml ). water ( 75 ml ) and koh ( 950 mg ) are added , and the reaction mixture is heated to 65 ° c . where the layers are separated . the aqueous phase is washed with toluene ( 25 ml ) at 65 ° c . and the combined toluene layers are discarded . to the aqueous phase is added toluene ( 50 ml ), followed by 6n hcl ( 3 . 8 ml ). the mixture is stirred vigorously at 65 ° c . for 5 minutes and the phases are separated . the toluene phase is heated to reflux for 2 . 5 hours under argon , removing water azeotropically . the reaction mixture is cooled to 65 ° c . and seeded with 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 -[ 2 -(( 2r , 4r ) 4 - hydroxy - 6 - oxo - tetrahydro - pyran - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- 2 - isopropyl - 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide . after 2 hours the reaction mixture is allowed to slowly cool to ambient temperature . the resulting slurry is cooled to about 0 ° c . the product is collected and washed with cold toluene ( 25 ml ). the resulting solid is dissolved in hot toluene ( 95 ml ) and cooled to 65 ° c . and held for 2 hours . the reaction mixture is slowly cooled to ambient temperature and further cooled to 0 ° c . the product is collected , washed with cold toluene ( 25 ml ) and dried in vacuo at 70 ° c . overnight to afford 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 -[ 2 -(( 2r , 4r )- 4 - hydroxy - 6 - oxo - tetrahydro - pyran - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- 2 - isopropyl - 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide as a white solid . hplc analysis ( ymc ods aq s5 ; 1 ml / min ; 30 ° c . ; 254 nm : ch 3 cn / h 2 o , 60 : 40 ( 0 - 22 min ) to 100 : 0 ( 27 - 37 min ) to 60 : 40 ) indicated an anti : syn ratio of & gt ; 99 : 1 . chiral hplc analysis ( chiralcel of ; 1 ml / min ; 60 ° c . ; 254 nm ; 20 % ipa : hexanes ; t r ( 3r , 5r )= 26 min ./ t r ( 3r , 5s )= 59 min . t r ( 3s , 5s )= 33 min ./ t r ( 3s , 5r )= 37 min .) indicated an enantiomeric excess at c - 5 of & gt ; 99 %, favoring the ( r ) configuration . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 541 ; calcd for c 33 h 33 fn 2 o 4 540 . 24 . in a process analogous to step 8 method b , allylic alcohol derivatives ( e . g ., crotyl alcohol ) may be used in place of allyl alcohol to afford the corresponding compounds . a nitrogen inerted reactor is charged with ( 5r )- 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - heptanoic acid , tert - butyl ester ( 10 . 0 mmol ), benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal ( 44 . 0 mmol ), toluene ( 40 ml ) and p - toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate ( 1 . 0 mmol ). the reaction is stirred vigorously under vacuum for ca . 20 hours , or until complete reaction as determined by analysis of an aliquot by hplc . the solution is cooled under a nitrogen atmosphere to ca . − 5 ° c . where a 1m thf solution of kotbu ( 9 . 0 mmol ) is added in three equal portions , separated by 30 to 45 minutes . the resulting solution is allowed to stir an additional 12 to 14 hours at 0 ° c . the reaction is quenched by the slow addition of 1n hcl ( 10 ml ). the resulting two - phase mixture is allowed to warm to ca . 15 ° c . and is transferred to a separatory funnel where the aqueous phase is removed and discarded . the organic phase is washed with saturated aqueous nacl ( 100 ml ), dried over anhydrous mgso 4 ( 25 g ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a crude oil . this material is carried on to subsequent steps without purification , or optionally , it can be re - precipitated from ether / hexanes . m / z ( apci ( m + 1 )) 703 . 4 ; calcd for c 44 h 47 fn 2 o 5 702 . 35 . in a process analogous to step 8 method c operation a using the appropriate ester from step 6 in place of ( 5r )- 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - heptanoic acid , tert - butyl ester , one obtains the following compounds , for example : a nitrogen inerted pressure reactor is charged with (( 4r , 6r )- 6 -{ 2 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- ethyl }- 2 - phenyl -[ 1 , 3 ] dioxan - 4 - yl )- acetic acid tert - butyl ester from operation a ( 5 . 0 g ), 5 % pd / c ( 0 . 45 g ; 50 % h 2 o - wet ), 2n hcl in meoh ( 1 . 9 ml ), toluene ( 11 ml ), and meoh ( 3 . 1 ml ). the vessel and its contents are degassed via two cycles of partial evacuation and nitrogen pressurization ( 25 mm hg and 50 psi , respectively ). the atmosphere is switched to hydrogen via three cycles of partial evacuation and hydrogen pressurization ( 25 mm hg and 50 psi , respectively ). the reaction is stirred vigorously at 40 ° c . under a positive pressure of h 2 ( ca . 50 psi ) for ca . 2 . 5 hours . the reaction is allowed to cool to ambient temperature , and the hydrogen pressure is released and replaced with nitrogen . the reaction is passed through filtering agent to remove the catalyst , rinsing thoroughly with meoh ( 2 × 5 ml ). to this solution is added koh ( 0 . 6 g ) in water ( 25 ml ). the reaction is stirred vigorously under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated to an internal reaction temperature of ca . 90 ° c ., removing meoh via distillation . the two - phase mixture is allowed to cool to 70 ° c . and the upper toluene phase is separated and discarded . the aqueous phase is washed with a second portion of toluene ( 10 ml ) at 70 ° c . this organic wash is also separated and discarded . to the aqueous phase is added toluene ( 10 ml ), followed by a slow addition of 2n hcl ( 5 ml ). the two - phase mixture is stirred for 10 minutes and the layers are separated . the aqueous phase is extracted with a second portion of toluene ( 10 ml ) and is discarded . the combined organics are heated to reflux under a dean - stark water trap for 2 . 5 hours under argon . the reaction mixture is cooled to 65 ° c . and seeded with 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 -[ 2 -(( 2r , 4r )- 4 - hydroxy - 6 - oxo - tetrahydro - pyran - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- 2 - isopropyl - 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide . after 2 hours the reaction mixture is allowed to slowly cool to ambient temperature . the resulting slurry is cooled to ca . 0 ° c . the product is collected and washed with cold toluene ( 5 ml ). the resulting solid is dissolved in hot toluene ( 20 ml ) and cooled to 65 ° c . and held for 2 hours . the reaction mixture is slowly cooled to ambient temperature and then to 0 ° c . the product is collected , washed with cold toluene ( 5 ml ) and dried in vacuo at 70 ° c . overnight to afford 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 -[ 2 -(( 2r , 4r )- 4 - hydroxy - 6 - oxo - tetrahydro - pyran - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- 2 - isopropyl - 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide as a white solid . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 541 ; calcd for c 33 h 33 fn 2 o 4 540 . 24 . a nitrogen inerted pressure reactor is charged with 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dioxo - heptanoic acid , ethyl ester ( 100 . 0 mmol ) and etoh ( 250 ml ). the resulting slurry is heated with stirring to ca . 55 ° c . to afford a homogeneous solution . the vessel and its contents are degassed via three 50 psi pressure purges with argon . under a steady flow of argon , 1 m ethanolic hbr ( 7 . 0 mmol ) and the rucl 2 ([( r )— binap ] net 3 catalyst ( 0 . 5 mmol ) are added , and the reactor is given an additional 50 psi pressure purge with argon . the atmosphere is switched to hydrogen via three 50 psi pressure purges . the reaction is stirred vigorously at 65 ° c . under a sustained pressure of hydrogen ( 50 psi ) until h 2 uptake ceases . the reaction is allowed to cool to ca . 50 ° c ., where the hydrogen pressure is released and replaced with nitrogen . the crude etoh solution of ( 5r )- 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - heptanoic acid , methyl ester is diluted with toluene ( 250 ml ). to this solution is added benzaldehyde ( 150 mmol ) and p - tsoh monohydrate ( 5 mmol ). the resulting reaction mixture is heated to a pot temperature of 110 ° c ., removing etoh and water via their toluene azeotropes . the solution is cooled under a nitrogen atmosphere to ca . − 5 ° c . where a 1 m thf solution of kotbu ( 90 mmol ) is added in three equal portions , separated by 30 to 45 minutes . the resulting solution is allowed to stir an additional 12 to 14 hours at 0 ° c . the reaction is quenched by the slow addition of 1n hcl ( 100 ml ). the resulting two - phase mixture is allowed to warm to ca . 15 ° c . and is transferred to a separatory funnel where the aqueous phase is removed and discarded . the organic phase is washed with saturated aqueous nacl ( 25 ml ), dried over anhydrous mgso 4 ( 5 g ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a crude oil that is taken up in meoh ( 200 ml ). this solution is transferred to a nitrogen inerted pressure reactor containing 5 % pd / c ( 5 g ; 50 % water - wet ). concentrated hcl ( 2 ml ) is added and the reaction is stirred under a sustained pressure of h 2 ( 50 psi ) for ca . 3 hours at 50 ° c . the reaction mixture is cooled to ambient temperature , the h 2 is replaced by n 2 , and the catalyst is removed via filtration . this solution of ( 3r , 5r )- 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - heptanoic acid , methyl ester is transferred to a nitrogen inerted reactor charged with koh ( 110 . 0 mmol ) and water ( 300 ml ). the mixture is heated under a nitrogen atmosphere to an internal temperature of ca . 85 ° c . during this time , meoh is removed via distillation . the resulting reaction mixture is allowed to cool to 45 ° c ., where it is washed with mtbe ( 2 × 150 ml ). the mtbe phases are separated and discarded . to the 45 ° c . aqueous phase is added toluene ( 125 ml ), followed by a slow addition of 6n hcl ( 20 ml ). the two - phase mixture is stirred for 10 minutes and the layers are separated . the aqueous phase is extracted with a second portion of toluene ( 125 ml ) and is discarded . the combined organics are heated to reflux under a dean - stark water trap for 2 . 5 hours under argon . the reaction mixture is cooled to 65 ° c . and seeded with 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 -[ 2 -(( 2r , 4r )- 4 - hydroxy - 6 - oxo - tetrahydro - pyran - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- 2 - isopropyl - 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide . after 2 hours the reaction mixture is allowed to slowly cool to ambient temperature . the resulting slurry is cooled to ca . 0 ° c . the product is collected and washed with cold toluene ( 100 ml ). the resulting solid is dissolved in hot toluene ( 350 ml ) and cooled to 65 ° c . where it is held for 2 hours . the reaction mixture is slowly cooled to ambient temperature and then to 0 ° c . the product is collected , washed with cold toluene ( 100 ml ) and dried in vacuo at 70 ° c . to afford 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 -[ 2 -(( 2r , 4r )- 4 - hydroxy - 6 - oxo - tetrahydro - pyran - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- 2 - isopropyl - 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide as a white solid . m / z ( dci ( m + 1 )) 541 ; calcd for c 33 h 33 fn 2 o 4 540 . 24 . an argon - purged reactor is charged with 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 1 -[ 2 -(( 2r , 4r )- 4 - hydroxy - 6 - oxo - tetrahydro - pyran - 2 - yl )- ethyl ]- 2 - isopropyl - 4 - phenyl - 1h - pyrrole - 3 - carboxylic acid phenylamide ( 14 . 8 mmol ), mtbe ( 45 ml ) and meoh ( 20 ml ). a solution of naoh ( 15 . 2 mmol ) in water ( 103 ml ) is added and the reaction mixture heated to 52 ° c . after heating for ca . 1 hour , the reaction mixture is cooled to 34 ° c . and the layers are allowed to separate . the upper organic layer is discarded . the lower aqueous layer is washed with mtbe ( 33 ml ) at ca 33 ° c . the lower aqueous layer is diluted with mtbe ( 2 ml ) and heated to 52 ° c . under argon . a warm solution of ca ( oac ) 2 . h 2 o ( 7 . 5 mmol ) in water ( 44 ml ) is added over ca . 2 hours . about 5 minutes after the start of the ca ( oac ) 2 addition , the reaction mixture is seeded with a slurry of ( r , r )- 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - heptanoic acid , calcium salt ( 0 . 08 mmol ) in water ( 1 . 2 ml ) and methanol ( 0 . 4 ml ). after the ca ( oac ) 2 addition is complete , the reaction mixture is held for ca . 15 minutes at 52 ° c . and cooled to 20 ° c . the product is collected , washed sequentially with a 2 : 1 solution of aqueous methanol ( 48 ml ) and water ( 49 ml ). after drying in vacuo at 70 ° c ., ( r , r )- 7 -[ 2 -( 4 - fluorophenyl )- 5 - isopropyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - phenylcarbamoyl - pyrrol - 1 - yl ]- 3 , 5 - dihydroxy - heptanoic acid , calcium salt ( 8 . 7 g ) is obtained as a white solid . the analytical specifications of this material are in agreement with the values reported in the prior art . a suitable reaction flask is charged with dmf ( 17 . 5 ml ). the vessel and its contents are degassed via two cycles of partial evacuation and nitrogen pressurization ( 25 mm hg and 10 psi , respectively ). the excess nitrogen pressure is released , and benzene ruthenium ( ii ) chloride dimer ( 0 . 50 mmol ) and ( r )-(+)- cl — meo — biphep ( 1 . 10 mmol ) are added in rapid su cession . the vessel and its contents are again degassed via two cycles of partial evacuation and nitrogen pressurization ( 25 mm hg and 10 psi , respectively ). the excess nitrogen pressure is released , and the reactor is heated to ca . 100 ° c . for 10 minutes . the resulting solution is allowed to cool to ≦ 50 ° c . where solvent is removed in vacuo , affording rucl 2 ( dmf ) n [( r )-(+)- cl — meo — biphep ] as a rusty - brown solid . the crude complex is used directly in subsequent reactions without purification or unambiguous characterization , or optionally , can be stored under an inert atmosphere for future use . in a process analogous to example a using the appropriate chiral diphosphine ligand in place of ( r )-(+)- cl — meo — biphep , the following complexes can be obtained , for example : a nitrogen inerted pressure reactor is charged with dichloro -( 1 , 5 - cyclooctadiene )- ruthenium ( ii ) dimer ( 0 . 15 mmol ) and ( r )-(+)- binap ( 0 . 32 mmol ). toluene ( 8 . 0 ml ) is added , followed by triethylamine ( 4 . 5 mmol ). the vessel and its contents are degassed via two cycles of partial evacuation and nitrogen pressurization ( 25 mm hg and 10 psi , respectively ). the excess nitrogen pressure is released , and the reactor is sealed and heated to ca . 1 40 ° c . where it is maintained for ca . 4 hours . the resulting clear red solution is allowed to cool to ≦ 40 ° c . where solvent is removed in vacuo , affording rucl 2 [( r )-(+)- binap ] ( net 3 ) n complex as a rusty - brown solid . the crude complex is used directly in subsequent reactions without purification or unambiguous characterization , or optionally , can be stored under an inert atmosphere for future use . in a process analogous to example b using the appropriate chiral diphosphine ligand in place of ( r )-(+)- binap , the following complexes can be obtained , for example : a suitable reaction flask is charged with acetone ( 50 ml ). the vessel and its contents are degassed via two cycles of partial evacuation and argon pressurization ( 25 mm hg and 10 psi , respectively ). the excess argon pressure is released , and ( 0 . 50 mmol ) and ( r )-(+)- cl — meo — biphep ( 0 . 51 mmol ) are added in rapid succession . the vessel and its contents are again degassed via two cycles of partial evacuation and argon pressurization ( 25 mm hg and 10 psi , respectively ). the excess argon pressure is released , and the reactor is stirred vigorously at ca . 30 ° c . trifluoroacetic acid ( 1 . 2 mmol ) is added via syringe and the reaction mixture is stirred for an additional 1 - hour period . solvent is removed in vacuo , with careful omission of o 2 , to afford [ ru ( tfa ) 2 (( r )-(+)- cl — meo — biphep )] n complex as a solid . the crude complex is used directly in subsequent reactions without purification or unambiguous characterization , or optionally , can be stored under an inert atmosphere for future use . in a process analogous to example c using the appropriate chiral diphosphine ligand in place of ( r )-(+)- cl — meo — biphep , the following complexes can be obtained , for example :