the invention can be produced using a wide range of organic and aqueous soluble conducting polymers and dispersions thereof and inorganic conducting nanoparticles contained in a polymeric matrix material which are then electrospun together to form a non - woven fibrous mat or membrane . non - limiting examples of conducting polymers include polyaniline , polypyrrole , polythiophene , polyphenol , polyacetylene , and polyphenylene . non - limiting examples of inorganic semi - conductor nanoparticles include but are not limited to , titanium dioxide , zinc oxide , tin sulfide and tin oxide . non - limiting examples of matrix polymeric materials include but are not limited to polyurethane ( pu ), polyethylene oxide ( peo ), polyacrylonitrile ( pan ), polylactic acid ( pla ), polyvinyl acetate ( pva ), and cellulose acetate , contained in a matrix of additional polymeric material which are then electrospun together to form a fibrous mat or membrane . a preferred embodiment of the invention is to incorporate a water - soluble complex of polyaniline and sulfonated polystyrene ( pani / sps ) into a dmf ( dimethyl formamide ) solution of polyurethane and to electrostatically spin fibers from the solution onto a target substrate . the pani / sps complex is added to the polyurethane solution at a level of 10 - 60 % percent by weight . the resulting fibers are 0 . 1 - 1 microns in diameter . these pani / sps / pu membranes show reversible electrical doping / dedoping processes consistent with those observed with traditional bulk cast films of polyaniline . these conducting polymer membranes also show increased surface areas , mechanical toughness and porosity when compared to traditional bulk cast films of polyaniline . a second preferred embodiment of the invention is to incorporate chemical indicator ( ph ) dyes into a dmf solution of polyurethane and to electrostatically spin fibers from solution onto a target substrate . non - limiting examples of the colorimetric dyes include but are not limited to , phenol red , thymol blue and phenolphthalein . the indicator dye is added to the polyurethane solution at a level of 1 - 10 % by weight . the resulting fibers are 0 . 1 - 1 microns in diameter , corresponding to a surface area of about 10 - 50 m 2 / g . these indicator membranes incorporate the chemical dye within the nanofibers of the spun membrane and offer increased surface area , mechanical toughness and porosity . these indicator dye membranes demonstrate reversible color changes consistent with chemical environment exposures . a third preferred embodiment of the invention is to incorporate photo - reactive compounds and semi conductive particles , both in the soluble and particulate forms , into a dmf solution of polyacrylonitrile and to electrostatically spin fibers from the solution onto a target substrate . in addition , layering or casting of these compounds may be used in combination with electrospun matrixes . non - limiting examples of photo - reactive dyes include but are not limited to phthalocyanines , ruthenium complexes with organic ligands , porphyrins , and polythiophenes . the photo - reactive compounds ( single or in combination ) are added to the polymer solution at a level of 10 - 60 % by weight . the resulting fibers from the electrospun form of the invention are 0 . 1 - 1 micron in diameter . these electrospun membranes show photoelectric conversion . the photo - reactive membranes show increased surface areas , flexibility , and porosity when compared to traditional solar cells . this invention includes two classes of membrane articles comprising a non - woven mat of fibers having diameters of less than about one micron : electrically conductive articles having conductivities of at least about 10 − 6 s / cm , and photoelectric conducting capabilities that produce voltages of at least about millivolts / cm 2 and currents of at least about microamps / cm 2 . electrospinning accomplishes smaller fibers ( generally having diameters of about 20 nm to about 1 micron ), that are more controlled in diameter as compared to melt spun fibers . also , melt spinning operates at high temperatures that prevent the use of additives that would be destroyed or altered at such temperatures , while electrospinning operates at or around room temperature , thus accommodating a wider variety of additives , such as temperature sensitive and photo active biological dye compounds ( e . g ., bacteriorhodopsin ). the spun membranes comprise layers of non - woven fibers that directly incorporate the conductive polymer , the conductive nanoparticles , and / or the photoreactive compounds within the fibers themselves , so that the fibers have the conductive ( electrical , ionic , and photoelectric ) properties . the membranes thus formed are flexible , which allows them to be deposited on flexible substrates such as textiles , to accomplish an active textile material , or the membranes can stand alone . the invention also provides for the incorporation of conductive nanoparticles such as particles of conductive or semiconductive materials , carbon nanotubes , or fullerenes and modified fullerenes . in the prior art , solar cell device processing using nanoparticles were sintered during manufacturing , requiring the use of high temperature materials only , and generally resulting in rigid devices . conductivities of the membranes were measured thus : measurements were taken in the plane of the fibrous mat , with the charge carrier running parallel to the surface of the substrate . a van de pauw measurement was made using four connections on the perimeter of the film ; in this case it would be the corners of a rectangular section . it forces a current through two adjacent leads and measures the voltage across the other two . the current - voltage ( i - v ) characteristic of a solar cell was determined by a photovoltaic measurement system . an oriel 1000 - w xenon lamp served as the standard light source , in combination with one ultraviolet long pass filter ( cut - on wavelength 324 nm , oriel 59458 ) and one heat - absorbing filter ( oriel 59060 ) to remove ultraviolet and infrared radiation . the oriel air mass ( am ) 0 filter ( oriel 81011 ) and am 1 . 5 filter ( oriel 81075 ) were placed in the optical path to simulate am 1 . 5 direct solar irradiance . the light intensity was measured by an oriel radiant power energy meter ( 70260 ) with a thermopile detector ( 70264 ). all experiments were performed at 1 sun of 100 mw / cm2 light intensity except special stated . a keithley 2400 sourcemeter , which was controlled by a computer , was used to measure the i - v performance of the solar cell . the data was collected by a testpointtm based program . fig1 illustrates the results of two experiments in accordance with the invention , wherein polyaninile / sps ( pani / sps ) 20 % in a dmf solution was spun as described , with and without the addition of oxidized carbon nanotubes ( oxcnt ). the dc conductivity of the electrospun fiber mats was measured as described above , illustrating conductivities of at least about 10 − 6 s / cm . fig2 shows the effect of pani / sps content ( weight percent ), and the addition of furnace carbon nanotubes ( fcnt ), on the ac conductivity of electrospun fibers of estane polyurethane in accordance with the invention . fig3 illustrates the photovoltaic response from dilithium phthalocyanine with titanium dioxide particles ( diameters in the range of 20 to 150 nanometers ) electrospun onto indium tin oxide , in accordance with the invention , illustrating the light intensity in the bottom curve and the photovoltaic response in the upper curve . the induced current density measured as described above was about 9 nanoamps per square centimeter . other embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art and are within the following claims .