the liquid sample shown in fig1 is contained by its surface tension between surfaces 2 and 7 also shown in fig1 . light 3 from the system source ( such as 74 in fig4 a ) coming through the fiber 11 contained in surface 7 radiates upward 3 through the liquid sample 9 and is collected by the larger fiber or light pipe 6 in the upper surface 2 and sent on to the analysis photometer or spectrometer ( such as 70 in fig4 a ) for absorbance measurements . measurements of the level of fluorescence of samples can be made by adding an excitation filter to the light source ( not shown ) and an emission filter to the detector ( also not shown ) to specifically reject all light from the excitation source at the detector . the level of fluorescence will , thus , be directly dependent on the length of the optical path between the anvils . the excitation can also be brought to the sample 9 through fibers 83 surrounding the collection fiber 6 as is shown in fig2 . this reduces the need for a high level of excitation wavelength rejection on the part of the spectrometer or other detector collecting the light from the sample through collection fiber 6 . samples are loaded onto one of two roughly identical anvil surfaces , usually the lower anvil surface , with a pipetting means 40 , ( fig3 a ) such as a 2 microliter pipetteman ® from the ranin ® corporation of woburn , mass ., part of the tip of which is shown in 40 . the droplet 5 when emptied from the pipette 40 , if of sufficient volume , will spread to cover the lower anvil surface 7 , fig1 which is typically the end of an industry standard sma fiber optic connector 10 , fig3 a ( found as connectors on the ends of optical patch cords like p / n p - 400 - 2 - uv - vis from ocean optics inc . of dunedin , fla .) until it encounters the sharp edge shown as 4 , fig1 . for most sma connectors the approximate 2 mm end diameter can be effectively covered with 2 microliters of sweater or a water - based solutions . alternatively the spread of the sample can be limited by a change in the surface tension characteristic . this is shown in fig1 a and 12 b . here a polymer surface of a material like teflon ™ can be used to limit the spread by the edge of the polymer film to an area bounded either on the inside , as seen at 21 , fig1 a , or outside , as seen at 22 in fig1 b . the second anvil surface 2 is brought into the measurement position 18 , fig3 b , and then into dose proximity 20 to the first anvil surface 7 , fig3 c , making contact with the deposited droplet 5 wetting the entire confining surface before returning to the sample measurement position and drawing up the sample measurement column 9 , fig3 d , shown at 25 . alternatively the anvils can be of unequal size as shown in fig4 a , 4 b , and 4 c . here the lower , larger anvil 8 presents a larger loading target . the sample will stay within the edge 4 defining the boundary of the anvil . when the smaller , upper anvil 13 is brought into sample compression position as shown in fig4 b , the sample will be pulled into the gap between anvils by capillary action . the smaller second anvil diameter serves to center small samples in the measurement path 3 , fig1 when the measurement column 9 , fig4 c , is pulled . the larger diameter 15 is shown in the lower anvil with the smaller fiber 17 in the smaller anvil . by applying blank samples , samples missing the component being analyzed , the difference in transmitted light intensity can be used to characterize the sample according to where l 0 is intensity of transmitted light through the blank sample , a sample with the component being analyzed absent , and l is the intensity of light transmitted through the sample and a is the absorbance value which can be related to the concentration of the component being analyzed by beer &# 39 ; s law which states that for solutions 1 and 2 that thus , when compared with a blank sample , the concentration of the component of interest being analyzed can be directly determined from the absorbance a . alternatively , the sample 32 can be loaded as shown in fig1 where the pipette tip 40 applies the sample to the space between the anvils while they are ion close proximity as in the compression position shown in fig3 c . this is similar to the sample loading procedure taught by gross et al . the measurement column can then be drawn to an appropriate length and the photrometric or spectrophotometric measurement made . the sma optical fiber connectors can be held in place by apparatus shown in fig5 a and 5 b . the light from the system source 74 ( ocean optics inc . p / n dt - 1000 , a combined deuterium arc and quartz halogen incandescent lamp , alternatively a xenon flashlamp can be used ) is coupled through a bifurcated optical fiber assembly 78 ( ocean optics inc . p / n bif - 100 - 2 - uv - vis ) to the apparatus 50 with the second fiber of the bifurcated assembly 78 going to reference slave spectrometer 72 ( ocean optics p / n sd2000 ). the sma connectors 53 are mounted to the apparatus by means of threaded couplers 52 world precision instruments p / n 13370 ) which are threaded into the apparatus . the swing arm 56 carrying the upper optical fiber 53 can be lowered to align the source with the detection fiber as is shown in 60 , fig4 b . the swing arm spacing is controlled by pin 62 resting on the plunger 67 of solenoid 68 ( lucas ledex of vandalia , ohio p / n 174534 - 033 ) shown mounted below the apparatus . the other end of the solenoid plunger 67 rests on spring plunger 58 ( manhattan supply of plainview , n . y . p / n 82412032 ). the sample can be compressed as is shown in 20 , fig3 c , by manually pushing on the swing arm 56 so as to push the solenoid plunger to the limit of its travel or by actuating the solenoid electrically and pulling the plunger to its stop . the swing arm is held in both its up and its down , position by magnet 64 ( edmund scientific of barrington , n . j . p / n j35 - 105 ) attracted to either post 65 or allen head cap screw 54 . with the swing arm in its raised position , the sample detection surfaces may be cleaned by wiping the sample from both the lower and upper sma connector ends before reloading . light transmitted through the sample is collected by the upper fiber and coupled to the detection master spectrometer 70 ( ocean optics p / n sd2000 ). the fiber is confined to minimize flexure of the fiber which would cause unnecessary variability in its transmission and thus unnecessary variation in measured absorbances . the swing arm is precision pivoted on a shaft turning in two preloaded ball bearings 66 . note that the instrument is opened by turning the swing arm 50 through an arc sufficient to permit loading and cleaning of the anvil surfaces . see fig5 a . preferably it is opened at least 90 degrees as seen in fig5 a and more preferably the arc approaches 160 degrees as seen in fig7 . in order to accomplish illumination of the sample for fluorescence as shown in fig2 the upper fiber assembly is made so as to surround the collection fiber 6 with illumination fibers 83 . these would be bundled and illuminated with the source wavelength compatible for use with the sample . as seen in fig6 a and 6 b , two or more of the photometeric devices can be grouped in unitary form to measure multiple samples simultaneously . such a multiple parallel photometer system can be employed with a multi - pipette robot system such as the multiprobe ii made by packard instrument company of meriden , conn . in fig6 the four signal fibers 53 ( which correspond to fiber 6 of fig1 ) each feed a fiber optic spectrometer and the spectra are taken simultaneously . the four source fibers , not shown , are illuminated from a single source which may be referenced with a single reference spectrometer as with the single channel system . in fig6 b the apparatus is shown closed 100 and , in fig6 a , open for loading 110 . opening and closing are controlled by a rotary actuator 108 such as p / n 195191 - 031 made by lucas ledex of vandalia , ohio and cam 106 . spring plunger 104 such as p / n 3408a35 sold by mcmaster - carr of new brunswick , n . j . controls the position and provides the spring force against which the compression over - travel is accomplished for initial wetting of the upper anvil surface by the sample . samples for photometric analysis can also be loaded into the sample handling apparatus in two parts , one on each of the opposing surfaces . this is especially useful where the sample of interest is a two part reacting mixture where the one or more of the beginning absorbance , the ending absorbance , and the rate of reaction are of interest and can be measured photometrically of fluorometrically . samples of this sort can be loaded into the open spectrophotometer as shown in fig7 where two pipetter tips 205 are shown loading the two parts of the mixture , each on either side of the measurement apparatus 200 . when closed as shown in fig5 b , measurement can be made from onset of any reaction . the exact time of sample mixing or the initiation of a reaction can be determined from photometric or fluorometric measurement through the apparatus optical fibers . samples can also be measured with a differential absorbance path as shown in fig8 . here sample absorbance can be measured by changing the optical path over which the absorbance is measured , measuring the sample at each of one or more path lengths , where the difference in path length combined with the difference in transmitted intensity can be used to calculate the sample absorbance . this can be of significant value where the sample is strongly absorbing and the difference in path length can be determined more accurately than the absolute path length of the apparatus in the measurement position . measurements are taken as shown in fig8 where sample 9 is shown with a relatively long path p 1 and with a relatively short path length p 2 between the moveable anvils with one or more path differences δp with the absorbance at the shorter path p 2 being subtracted from the absorbance of one or more of the longer paths to arrive at the absorbance of the sample . samples can also be contained between two thin sheets of optically transparent material like teflon ™ or polyethylene films . as shown in fig9 the same sort of column drawn between the two parts of the sample apparatus can be drawn between the two thin optical sheets 400 where the anvils of the apparatus are wetted to the film surfaces to minimize reflection at the interface and aid in pulling the measurement column . this would be of significant use where samples are corrosive or dangerous to handle for safety reasons and containment of the sample is preferred . the two containing sheets 400 allow the two anvil surfaces 2 and 7 of the sample apparatus to draw the sample 9 into column 410 . differential measurement of the sort discussed above in conjunction with fig8 would be of significant value in this sort of measurement as the effects of the interfaces could be minimized with differential measurement . the two sheets 400 can be replaced by a small vessel 412 , see fig1 , with flexible walls 414 such that the sample contained can be pulled into a measurement column . the column is pulled by pushing the anvils of the apparatus into the film of walls 414 until contact with the sample is made by both films , then drawing the measurement column . if separation of the anvils in the measurement position is less than the separation of the outside surfaces of the containing walls 414 , the compliance of the walls will cause them to remain in contact with the anvils . wetting the anvils before making contact will assist in maintaining contact and in minimizing reflection at the interface between the film and the optical fiber imbedded in the anvil . once the measurement column is pulled , absorbance can be measured as a difference in absorbance between two path lengths .