referring now to fig1 , a 3 - d printer 10 according to one embodiment of the present invention may provide an object platform 12 presenting a substantially upwardly facing horizontal planar surface 14 . the surface 14 provides a printing area on which an object 18 may be printed and is rotatable about a vertical axis 16 indicated by angle θ . the object platform 12 is supported on a rotary drive 20 allowing position - controlled rotation of the object platform 12 about the axis 16 under computer control . the rotary drive 20 may include , for example , bearings supporting the object platform 12 for rotation about the vertical axis 16 and a motor system , for example , a stepper motor or permanent magnet dc motor and encoder , providing for positioning . when a stepper motor is used , micro - stepping control may be implemented providing an accuracy of more than 1000 steps per revolution with direct drive . alternatively or in addition , a gear train may be used to connect the motor to the platform 12 for added or increased resolution . in a simple embodiment the object platform 12 may be mounted directly on the shaft of the motor so that the bearings of the motor provide the necessary support for the object platform 12 . in a simple embodiment , the platform 12 may be attached directly to the drive shaft of the motor . the rotary drive 20 may be supported by an attached frame 22 holding the object platform 12 in fixed relationship adjacent to tool column 24 also attached to the frame 22 via rotary drive 26 . the rotary drive 26 , like the drive 20 may provide for controlled revolution of the tool column 24 about an axis 28 indicated by angle φ . the axis 28 is generally parallel to axis 16 and displaced laterally therefrom . the rotary drive 26 may be functionally comparable to the rotary drive 20 providing angular positioning under computer control . the rotary drive 26 may rotate a base plate 30 of the tool column 24 , the base plate 30 rigidly connected to a vertically opposed top plate 32 via three cylindrical ways 34 extending vertically between the base plate 30 and top plate 32 and spaced equally about the axis 28 . a horizontally extending tool support arm 36 may be supported on the cylindrical ways 34 by means of sliding bearings 38 positioned about each of the ways 34 so that the tool support arm 36 may move up and down in elevation ( z - axis ) while maintaining a horizontal orientation and rotating with the base plate 30 and top plate 32 . a portion of the tool support arm 36 centered between the ways 34 may hold an internally threaded collar 40 receiving a vertically oriented threaded rod 42 . the threaded rod 42 may be attached at its upper end to the top plate 32 through a rotary bearing 44 and at its bottom end to a rotary drive 46 , the latter attached to rotate with the base plate 30 . rotation of the rotary drive 46 will cause rotation of the threaded rod 42 controlling elevation of the tool support arm 36 along the - z - axis by a distance z . in a simple embodiment , the rotary drive 46 may be a motor 47 attached to top of the base plate 30 with its shaft extending vertically upward along axis 28 and attached to the lower end of the threaded rod 42 by a rotary coupling . the motor 47 of the rotary drive 46 , like the rotary drives 20 and 26 , may be a stepper motor or other position - controllable motor system for angular position control of the threaded rod 42 . a portion of the tool support arm 36 extends in cantilever over the object platform 12 and supports a printhead 41 directed toward the object platform 12 . a printhead 41 , for example , may be an electronically controllable extruder extruding melted thermoplastic through a nozzle having an orifice , for example , as commercially available from makerbot ® industries of brooklyn , n . y ., under the tradename stepstruder ®. such printheads 41 include a resistor ( or similar heating element , such as a cartridge heater or resistive wire ), heater nozzle and stepper motors for feeding thermoplastic rods into the heater to provide controlled extrusion of a predetermined volume of molten thermoplastic according to received command signals . it will further be appreciated that other kinds of printheads 41 may be used as are understood in the art , including those that deposit materials other than thermoplastic ( for example , inks , paints , resists , or the like ) including not only those that harden or solidify by cooling , but also those that harden by chemical reaction ( for example with two - part epoxies or other polymers ) or by solvent evaporation or absorption , or that do not harden appreciably , for example , a printhead 41 extruding a paste or frosting . the printhead 41 may further include those that deposit particulate solid materials , for example , metal beads that may be thermally fused by a laser beam or the like . each of the rotary drives 20 , 26 , and 46 , and the printhead 41 , may communicate through cabling 50 with an electronic computer 52 having an interface circuit 54 , for example , providing micro - stepping control stepper motors or feedback control of the dc servo motor using signals from an associated encoder and providing the necessary control signals to the printhead 41 . the rotation of the rotary drives 20 , 26 , and 46 can either be synchronous or asynchronous , in the same direction or different directions and at different or the same angular velocities . the interface circuit 54 may communicate via an internal bus 55 with a processor 56 and a memory 58 , the latter holding a stored program 60 operating the printer 10 as will be described below . generally , the internal bus 55 may also connect with an operator interface 62 communicating with a graphics display screen 64 , a keyboard 67 , and a mouse 68 or the like , for receiving input from a user and providing output to the user . referring now to fig2 , the axis 28 may be positioned with respect to the axis 16 and the length of the cantilevered portion of the tool support arm 36 so that the printhead 41 may trace an arc 66 over the object platform 12 , the arc 66 extending from one edge of the object platform 12 to its center defined by axis 16 . the combined motion of the tool column 24 in angle φ and the object platform 12 in angle θ is therefore sufficient to position the printhead 41 at any location over the object platform 12 defined by a unique value of ( φ , θ ). the 3 - d printer 10 can therefore provide precise positioning of the printhead 41 in the horizontal plane without complexity of multiple linear ways and drives associated with a standard x - y table . the 3 - d printer 10 further reduces the necessary the linear ways and drives to one ( used for the z - axis ) as opposed to three in a conventional 3 - d printer design . it will further be appreciated that the area printing area on which the printed object 18 may be fabricated extends over the entire surface of the object platform 12 and is not bounded by structure of the 3 - d printer 10 as would be the case with the conventional x - y - z or cartesian tool support . referring now to fig3 , the architecture of the 3 - d printer 10 permits the use of multiple tool arms 36 a - 36 c , each associated with a different independently controllable tool column 24 , to be simultaneously in use on a single object platform 12 a with minimal interference . separate printheads 41 associated with the arms 36 a - 36 c may move independently over the platform 12 a to print different portions of an object , for example with different extruded materials . likewise , a printhead 41 of a single tool support arm 36 c , for example , may be positionable over multiple platforms 12 a and 12 b associated with different parallel axes 16 a and 16 b along the arc 66 c of the printhead 41 . this configuration allows the use of a printhead 41 associated with a lightly used material ( for example a spacer material ) to be efficiently used for fabrication of multiple different objects 18 . when multiple arms 36 are used , the printheads 41 on some arms 36 d , for example , may be positioned to describe an arc 66 that does not intersect the axis 16 a which may be reached by another printhead 41 . this configuration reduces interference between the printheads 41 at this center position of the object platform 12 . referring now to fig4 , it will be further understood that a single tool column 24 and tool support arm 36 may provide for multiple separate cantilevered portions , in this case extending radially outward at equal angles about the axis 28 from a common elevation , each cantilevered portion holding a different printhead 41 a - 40 c . in this configuration , selection between different printheads 41 and , for example , associated different materials , may be made simply by control of the angle φ of the tool column 24 to move the different printheads 41 into position over the platform 12 . notably , this selection can be performed without the need for additional drive mechanisms reducing the implementing cost of using multiple printheads or other tools . referring now to fig5 , a reduction in the number of necessary motors needed in the 3 - d printer 10 may be achieved by using a single motor 70 providing for the function of both the rotary drives 26 and 46 . specifically , a single motor 70 may be shared between a first drive mechanism 72 turning the base plate 30 and a second drive mechanism 74 turning the threaded rod 42 , for example , each of the drives 72 and 74 having a spur gear 76 that may alternately engage the corresponding spur gear 78 on the motor 70 , the latter as moved by a solenoid or the like . because the movement of the threaded rod 42 is relatively infrequent ( only between layers ), such sharing is practical . referring now to fig6 , an alternative sharing technique , the threaded rod 42 may be fixed to the frame 22 so that rotation of the base plate 30 , for example , by a motor 70 simultaneously changes the height of the threaded collar 40 on the threaded rod 42 and the angle of the tool column 24 and hence the tool support arm 36 . in this case , incrementing of the printhead 41 along the z - axis may be performed by rotation of the base plate 30 by an integer multiple of 360 degrees causing the threaded collar 40 to rise to a next level ( z 1 to z 2 ). in this case , movement in the φ angle causes some commensurate movement along z which may be minimized by a low pitch of the thread of threaded rod 42 . referring now to fig7 , an alternative method for reducing the number of required motors links the z and θ axes ( instead of the z and φ axes as described with respect to fig5 and 6 ) by having rotation of the object platform 12 , for example , by a motor 70 also cause a change in elevation of the platform along the z - axis . this may be effected , for example , by an upwardly extending threaded rod 73 fixed with respect to the frame 22 received within a corresponding threaded collar 75 attached to the bottom of the object platform 12 . rotation of the object platform 12 may be had by the engagement of the gear 78 of the motor 70 with gear teeth along the periphery of the rotary platform 12 to rotate the platform . rotation of the object platform 12 changes the angle θ and also elevates or drops the height of the object platform 12 along the z - axis by the engagement of the threaded rod 73 and collar 75 . during use of the 3 - d printer 10 for printing a given layer , the object platform 12 rotation is restricted to a given 360 degree . changes in layer height ( z - axis ) are achieved by an integer multiple of 360 degrees of rotation . the interaction between z and θ again provides a slight helical offset to layers of the printed object 18 which can be reduced by using a fine pitch of the threads of the rod 73 and collar 75 . it will be understood that all of the motions described herein , including motion in z , φ and θ are relative motion between the object platform 12 and the tool column 24 . referring now to fig8 , increased throughput may be provided by adding multiple printheads 41 onto the tool support arm 36 at different arcs 66 a - 66 c from the axis 28 which may allow opportunistic simultaneous ejection of material through multiple printheads 41 . as well as displacing the printheads 41 along different arc 66 , the printheads may be disbursed circumferentially along a given arc 66 to similar effect . generally additional circumferentially spaced printheads 41 may be used for smaller arcs ( e . g . arc 66 c ) reflecting the fact that these printheads cover the respective greater area of the object platform 12 . referring now to fig9 different tool arms 36 may be associated not only with printheads 41 but also other tools that may be used for fabrication including , for example , a grinding tool 77 allowing for subtractive manufacturing or surface finishing . such a subtractive process is particularly useful for rotationally symmetric items that may be conventionally produced on a lathe and which are well adapted to the present invention . alternatively the tool support arm 36 may hold a uv curing lamp 79 that may operate in conjunction with a printhead 41 dispensing a light - curing polymer . alternatively the tool support arm 36 may hold a shaping tool 80 , for example , used to support or shape molten or solidified material ejected from the printhead 41 , for example , instead of a substrate layer when an overhang must be created . referring now to fig1 , as noted above , the necessary motion of the present invention is only relative motion between the printed object 18 and the printhead 41 and need not require rotatable object platform 12 . this can be particularly important for extremely large printing projects , for example , printing walls for building 18 ′ out of concrete or the like extruded from the printhead 41 . in this case the necessary revolution of the axis 28 of the tool support arm 36 about the printed object 18 may be provided by mounting the tool support arm 36 and the tool column 24 on a circular track 82 surrounding the printed object 18 by movement of a carriage 84 on the track 82 to which the tool column 24 is attached . in this way , the necessary revolution angle θ may be obtained without the need to rotate the building 18 ′ about the axis 16 relative to the earth . a conventional pivoting structure on the tool column 24 provides for the revolution angle φ . referring now to fig1 , conventional cad programs typically provide for a definition of a three - dimensional object in a data file 86 providing three cartesian coordinates of x , y , and z for each volume element of the object . the program 60 of the present invention may therefore provide a translation of these coordinates of the data file 86 into a new set of coordinates in a data file 88 commensurate with the 3 - d printer 10 of the present invention of revolution angle θ , rotation angle φ and elevational positions z allowing the present invention to work with conventional tools for computer aided machining and computer aided design . it will be appreciated that the motors may be any type of motor that can provide for controllable revolutions including stepper motors , permanent magnet dc motors , piezoelectric motors and the like . referring again to fig1 , the printhead 41 may be replaced with or used in conjunction with a scanning head 90 to provide for 3 - d scanning . the scanning head 90 may be , for example , a contact scanning head having a stylus 92 where the scanning head 90 may detect a touching of the stylus 92 to a three - dimensional model ( not shown ) for scanning the same . the model may be placed upon the surface 14 of the platform 12 and affixed thereto to rotate with rotation of the platform 12 . the stylus 92 may be touched against the surface of the model at various z - axis heights and θ rotations of the model on the platform 12 as the stylus 92 is moved radially inward and outward by movements of the arm 36 to develop a “ point cloud ” describing the surface of the model . this point cloud may then be converted to a polygon mesh model or a surface model employing polynomial splines or the like describing the surface of the model , this data then manipulated to produce the necessary commands to generate a printed replica of the model using the printhead 41 . in this regard , the use of the same geometry for the printer and the scanner may simplify the conversion between the scanned data and data needed to control the printhead 41 . the angular orientation of the stylus 92 may be changed to accommodate different model types or may be under control of the electronic computer 52 using a positionable servomotor or the like , to assist in characterizing concave surfaces . other types of scanning heads 90 , including optical triangulation type heads triangulating a projected beam of light with a pattern or unique focus point to identify surface point locations ; silhouette scanners using a camera to measure the silhouette of the model from multiple angles to reconstruct a convex hull using backprojection , or cameras deducing depth of surface points from lighting cues such as shadows or focus may also be used . referring now to fig1 , in one embodiment , the tool column 24 may be limited in motion to angle φ only without the capability of z - axis motion , providing a greatly simplified system that permits two - dimensional or shallow three - dimensional printing , for example , printing of a generally planar upper surface of a printed circuit board 96 attached to the upper surface 14 of the rotating platform 12 . such a printing system 10 ′ can be useful for applying a relatively thick layer of resist or conductive ink or etching liquid on a printed circuit board or the like , but could be used for any substantially two - dimensional printing requirement . in this case the printhead 14 may be stationary in the z - axis or may provide for a limited z - axis motion , typically , being positionable between two z - axis positions by a mechanism within the printhead 14 , for example using a solenoid or the like , to be positioned in either a printing or retracted position . an ability to move between two closely spaced z - axis positions allows relatively thick printing layers to be deposited for decorative or functional reasons when the printed material has a z - axis height . certain terminology is used herein for purposes of reference only , and thus is not intended to be limiting . for example , terms such as “ upper ”, “ lower ”, “ above ”, and “ below ” refer to directions in the drawings to which reference is made . terms such as “ front ”, “ back ”, “ rear ”, “ bottom ” and “ side ”, describe the orientation of portions of the component within a consistent but arbitrary frame of reference which is made clear by reference to the text and the associated drawings describing the component under discussion . such terminology may include the words specifically mentioned above , derivatives thereof , and words of similar import . similarly , the terms “ first ”, “ second ” and other such numerical terms referring to structures do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context . when introducing elements or features of the present disclosure and the exemplary embodiments , the articles “ a ”, “ an ”, “ the ” and “ said ” are intended to mean that there are one or more of such elements or features . the terms “ comprising ”, “ including ” and “ having ” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements or features other than those specifically noted . it is further to be understood that the method steps , processes , and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated , unless specifically identified as an order of performance . it is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed . references to “ a microprocessor ” and “ a processor ” or “ the microprocessor ” and “ the processor ,” can be understood to include one or more microprocessors that can communicate in a stand - alone and / or a distributed environment ( s ), and can thus be configured to communicate via wired or wireless communications with other processors , where such one or more processor can be configured to operate on one or more processor - controlled devices that can be similar or different devices . furthermore , references to memory , unless otherwise specified , can include one or more processor - readable and accessible memory elements and / or components that can be internal to the processor - controlled device , external to the processor - controlled device , and can be accessed via a wired or wireless network . it is specifically intended that the present invention not be limited to the embodiments and illustrations contained herein and the claims should be understood to include modified forms of those embodiments including portions of the embodiments and combinations of elements of different embodiments as come within the scope of the following claims . all of the publications described herein , including patents and non - patent publications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties .