while this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms , there is shown in the drawings , and will herein be described in detail , at least three specific embodiments of the invention . it should be understood , however , that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated . turning to fig1 there is illustrated a single frequency laser 10 which comprises : a source 12 of optical pumping radiation , a lasant material 14 , an input mirror 16 , an output coupler 18 , two quarter - wave plates 20 and 22 , a polarizing element 24 , and a birefringent material or element 26 ( e . g ., a frequency doubling material like ktp , teo 2 , pbmoo 4 , etc .). a temperature control 28 is used to control a thermoelectric cooler 30 for the source 12 and heaters or coolers 32 and 33 for the laser cavity . the source 12 provides optical pumping radiation to the lasant material 14 . a focusing means or lens 11 ( e . g ., an optical element having a gradient refractive index or grin , a ball lens , an aspheric lens , a combination of lenses , etc .) can be used to focus the output of the source 12 onto the lasant material 14 . this focusing results in a high pumping intensity and an associated high photon to photon conversion efficiency in the lasant material 14 . any number of combinations of sources and lasant materials can be used . preferably , the source 12 is a light emitting semi - conductor , such as a diode - laser or diode - laser array , and the lasant material 14 is an essentially non - birefringent crystal , such as a garnet doped with a rare - earth , active material ( e . g ., nd : yag ), or a crystal that includes a rare - earth , active material which is a stoichiometric component of the lasant host material ( e . g ., lithium neodymium tetraphosphate ( lnp ) or neodymium pentaphosphate ( npp ). if desired , the output facet of the semiconductor light source 12 can be placed in a close coupled or in butt - coupled relationship to input face of the lasant material 14 without the use of a focusing means 11 . as used herein , &# 34 ; butt - coupled &# 34 ; is defined to mean a coupling which is sufficiently close such that a divergent beam of optical pumping radiation emanating from semiconductor light source 12 will optically pump a mode volume within a lasant material 14 with a sufficiently small transverse cross - sectional area so as to support essentially only single transverse mode laser operation ( i . e ., tem 00 mode operation ) in the lasant material 14 . highly suitable lasant materials 14 for butt - coupled operation include neodymium - doped yag or nd : yag , gadolinium gallium garnet ( gd 3 ga 5 o 12 ) or ggg , and gadolinium scandium gallium garnet ( gd 3 sc 2 ga 3 o 12 ) or gsgg , and especially lnp or npp . by way of specific example , neodymium - doped yag is a highly suitable lasant material for use in combination with an optical pumping means which produces light having a wavelength of about 800 nm . when pumped with light of this wavelength , neodymium - doped yag can emit light having a wavelength of approximately 1064 nm . the precise geometric shape of lasant material 14 can vary widely . for example , lasant material can be rod - shaped , or rhombohedral in shape if desired . if desired , an end - pumped fiber of lasant material can be used . highly suitable fibers for this purpose include , but are not limited to , glass optical fibers which are doped with ions of a rare - earth metal such as neodymium . the length of such a fiber is easily adjusted to result in absorption of essentially all of the optical pumping radiation . if a very long fiber is required , it can be coiled , on a spool for example , in order to minimize the overall length of the laser of this invention . a highly suitable source 12 of optical pumping radiation consists of a gallium aluminum arsenide laser diode array , emitting light having a wavelength of about 800 nm , which is attached to heat sink . such laser diodes are well known to those skilled in the art and may be obtained from a variety of suppliers ( e . g ., spectra - diode laboratories , sony , laser diode inc ., siemens , etc .). the heat sink can be passive in character . however , the heat sink can also comprise a thermoelectric cooler 30 to help maintain laser diode array 12 at a constant temperature and thereby ensure optimal operation of laser diode array at a constant wavelength . the temperature of a laser diode source 12 can be regulated by means of control electronics 28 . separate controls for temperature regulation of the source 12 and the pumped laser cavity can be used . it will also be appreciated , of course , that during operation the optical pumping means or source 12 will be attached to a suitable power supply . electrical leads from laser diode array which are directed to a power supply are not illustrated in the drawings for clarity . a laser cavity having a longitudinal extending axis 34 is formed by the input mirror 16 and the output coupler or mirror 18 . the input mirror 16 is highly ( e . g ., 99 % or more ) reflective ( hr ) at the wavelength ( i . e ., the fundamental or λ f ) of the lasant material rod 14 ( e . g ., 1064 nm for nd : yag ). the input mirror 16 is coated so as to transmit the light from the source 12 ( e . g ., highly transmissive ( ht ) at about 85 % or more ). the output coupler 18 is a mirror which is coated to be reflective ( e . g ., about 97 %- 99 %) at the wavelength of light emitted by the lasant material or rod 14 ( e . g ., 1064 nm ( red ) for nd : yag lasing at 1064 nm ). if a frequency doubling birefringent material 26 is used , the output coupler is coated to be ht at a harmonic of the wavelength emitted by the lasant material 14 ( e . g ., 532 nm ( green )). the output mirror 18 and input mirror 16 are conventional in character and , for example , can comprise suitable conventional coatings on appropriate substrates . if a frequency doubling birefringent material 26 is used , light from the lasant material or rod 14 interacts with it to double the frequency of the light from the lasant material . materials having non - linear optical properties are well - known . for example , u . s . pat . no . 3 , 949 , 323 issued to bierlein et al . discloses that non - linear optical properties are possessed by materials having the formula mtio ( xo 4 ) where &# 34 ; m &# 34 ; is at least one of k , rb , ti and nh 4 ; and &# 34 ; x &# 34 ; is at least one of p or as , except when nh 4 is present , then &# 34 ; x &# 34 ; is only p . this generic formula includes potassium titanyl phosphate ( ktp ) or ktiopo 4 , a particularly useful non - linear material . if a frequency doubling birefringent material 26 is used , ktp is preferred . ktp has one of the highest non - linear optical coefficients . ktp is a biaxial material having axes which are preferably arranged for type - ii phase - matching ( e . g ., having its z - axis perpendicular to the reference axis 34 of the cavity and at about 45 ° to one side of a plane ( i . e ., a plane coincident with the plane of drawings and the direction of polarization established by the polarizing element 24 ) which lies along the reference axis ). non - linear optical materials , such as ktp , have the ability of converting light at predetermined or fundamental wavelength into light at a harmonic of that light ( i . e ., light at frequency ω is converted to light at the second harmonic 2ω or near - infrared light at a wavelength of 1064 nm is converted to green light at a wavelength of 532 nm ). other non - linear optical materials which are suitable for frequency doubling include : potassium dihydrogen phosphate ( kdp ) or kh 2 po 4 ; ammonium dihydrogen phosphate ( adp ) or nh 4 h 2 po 4 ; ammonium dihydrogen arsenate ( ada ) or nh 4 h 2 aso 4 ; cesium dideuterium arsenate ( cda ) or csh 2 aso 4 ; beta - barium - borate ( bbo ) or β - bab 2 o 4 ; lithium triborate ( lbo ) or lib 3 o 5 ; as well as ktioaso 4 , lithium idodate ( lio ) or liio 3 , linbo 3 , knbo 3 , hio 3 , kb 5 o 8 - 4h 2 o , klinbo 3 , and organic materials including urea . a review of the non - linear optical properties of a number of different uniaxial crystals has been published in sov . j . quantum electron , vol . 7 , no . 1 , january 1977 , pp . 1 - 13 . non - linear optical materials have also been reviewed by s . singh in the crc handbook of laser science and technology , vol . iii , m . j . weber , ed ., crc press , inc ., boca raton , fla ., 1986 , pp . 3 - 228 . the conversion of optical radiation of one frequency to optical radiation of another frequency through interaction with a non - linear optical material is well - known and has been extensively studied . examples of such conversion include harmonic generation , optical mixing and parametric oscillation . second - harmonic generation or &# 34 ; frequency doubling &# 34 ; is perhaps the most common and important example of non - linear optics wherein part of the energy of an optical wave of angular frequency ω propagating through a non - linear optical crystal is converted to energy of a wave of angular frequency 2ω . second - harmonic generation has been reviewed by a . yariv in quantum electronics , second ed ., john wiley & amp ; sons , new york , 1975 at pages 407 - 434 and by w . koechner in solid state laser engineering , springer - verlag , new york , 1976 at pages 491 - 524 . electromagnetic waves having a frequency in the optical range and propagating through a non - linear crystal are believed to induce polarization waves which have frequencies equal to the sum and difference of those of the exciting waves . such a polarization wave can transfer energy to an electromagnetic wave of the same frequency . those skilled in the art know that the efficiency of energy transfer from a polarization wave to the corresponding electromagnetic wave is a function of : ( a ) the magnitude of the second order polarizability tensor of the optical material ( since this tensor element determines the amplitude of the polarization wave ); and ( b ) the distance over which the polarization wave and the radiated electromagnetic wave can remain sufficiently in phase , or &# 34 ; phase - matched &# 34 ; for the non - linear conversion process . a conventional method for achieving such phase - matching in a non - linear optical material utilizes the fact that dispersion ( the change of refractive index with frequency ) can be offset by using the natural birefringence of uniaxial or biaxial crystals . such crystals have two refractive indices for a given direction of propagation which correspond to the two allowed , orthogonally - polarized propagation modes . accordingly , by an appropriate choice of polarization , direction of propagation and crystal axes orientation , it is often possible to achieve phase - matching in a birefringent non - linear optical crystal . the term &# 34 ; phase - match axis ,&# 34 ; as used herein , refers to a line or direction through a non - linear optical crystal along which the substantially phase - matched conversion of a stated input radiation into a stated output radiation is permitted for at least certain polarizations of said input radiation . type - i phase - matching requires that the incident waves interacting in the non - linear optical material have the same polarization . type - ii phase - matching requires that the incident waves interacting in the non - linear optical material have orthogonal polarizations . ktp is a frequency doubling material that can be type - ii phase matched . if a birefringent non - frequency doubling material 26 is used with nd : yag , it is preferably a crystal of optical grade teo 2 ( i . e ., tellurium dioxide ). teo 2 has the advantage of having a high birefringence in combination with dispersion , such that a short crystal can be used . for example if quartz were used , it would have a length on the order of 65 mm . a teo 2 crystal having a length of 3 . 2 mm would perform just as well . one advantage of a shorter birefringent material is that the length of the cavity is shorter and , as a consequence , the free spectral range between modes is greater . this reduces noise ( e . g ., amplitude noise ) and ensures a more stable output . in any case the birefringent material 26 is preferably temperature tuned so that it has an effective length of an integral multiple of half the wavelength of the fundamental ( e . g ., λ f / 2 , λ f , 3λ f / 2 , etc .) at which the lasant rod 14 lases ( i . e ., λ f ). a heater 32 and conventional control electronics 28 can be used for this purpose . in a short cavity , temperature regulation of the laser diode source 12 can affect the temperature of the birefringent optical material 26 . preferably , a pre - established temperature gradient is detected and maintained . a heating element 33 adjacent to the lasant rod 14 and another element 32 adjacent to the birefringent material 26 can be used to establish and maintain a desired temperature gradient . judicious selection and location of temperature sensors will minimize temperature feedback and cross - talk between the source cooler 30 and the cavity gradient heaters 33 and 32 . alternatively , the birefringent material 26 can be housed to insulate it from the source 12 . by keeping the birefringent material 26 at this preferred length , polarized light at the fundamental wavelength will under - go a phase shift of an integral multiple of 180 ° each time it passes through it . in selecting a birefringent material 26 , several factors should be considered : ( 1 ) material losses ( e . g ., absorption , coatings , etc .) relative to cavity gain ; ( 2 ) the effect of temperature ( i . e ., for the same length or thickness of material at the same wavelength ( e . g ., 1064 nm ), it takes a change of 10 ° c . in ktp and 50 ° c . in teo 2 to change the retardation by a half - wave length ( e . g ., 1 . 16 nm separation between a full - wave and a half - wave line in fig2 )); ( 3 ) the effect of material length or thickness ( i . e ., for a fixed temperature and wavelength ( e . g ., 1064 nm ), a half - wave retardation change of 1 . 16 nm occurs in a ktp crystal having a thickness of 5 mm or in a teo 2 crystal having a thickness of 3 . 2 mm ( e . g ., for propagation down the - 110 axis in teo 2 )); ( 5 ) the cost and availability of the birefringent material ( e . g ., ktp is more expensive than teo 2 ). the two quarter - wave plates 20 and 22 function primarily as a means for substantially eliminating spatial hole burning in lasant material by causing circular polarization of the cavity radiation and thereby creating a &# 34 ; twisted mode &# 34 ; optical cavity . the twisted mode technique for producing an axially uniform energy density in a laser cavity is described by v . evtuhov et al ., appl . optics , vol . 4 , no . 1 , pp . 142 - 143 ( 1965 ). also see draegert , &# 34 ; efficient single - longitudinal - mode nd : yag laser ,&# 34 ; ieee j . quant . el ., qe - 8 , 235 ( 1972 ). any conventional means for substantially eliminating spatial hole burning in the lasant material can be used in the practice of this invention . for example , spatial hole burning can be eliminated through the use of a traveling wave , ring - like optical cavity , by mechanical motion , or by electro - optic phase modulation . here , the quarter - wave plate 22 , which is located next to the polarizing element 24 , is oriented with an axis ( e . g ., its fast axis ) at about 45 ° from a plane containing the direction of polarization established by the polarizing element 24 along the reference axis 34 . this same quarter - wave plate 22 is also aligned to the optical axis of the birefringent material 26 . preferably the two quarter - wave plates 20 and 22 are identical , and are arranged to have corresponding axes aligned to each other and the reference axis 34 ( e . g ., fast axis of waveplate 22 is parallel to the fast axis of waveplate 20 ). quartz waveplates 20 and 22 having a thickness of 1 . 01 mm have been used . the quarter - wave plates 20 and 22 are located adjacent to opposite ends of the lasant rod 14 . the result is a standing wave pattern in the cavity which is linearly polarized at the cavity end mirrors 16 and 18 . the mode is circularly polarized in the laser rod 14 ; this gives a standing wave where the electric field vector rotates through the gain medium or laser rod , and where there are no standing wave nodes within the gain medium . the function of the input mirror 16 can be obtained by coating one waveplate 20 with suitable reflective coatings ( e . g ., anti - reflection ( ar ) at about 800 nm and hr at approximately 1064 nm on one side and ar at 1064 and 800 nm on the other side ). this reduces the number of components , cavity length and often the total cost . the last component of the laser 10 is a polarizing element 24 . preferably , the polarizing element 24 is a brewster plate ( e . g ., made from fused silica ) whose plane is at the plate &# 39 ; s brewster angle to the reference axis 34 . the polarizing element 24 establishes a direction of polarization within the laser cavity which , according to the orientation of fig1 is in the plane of the drawings . the two quarter - wave plates 20 and 22 , together with a non - birefringent lasant material ( e . g ., nd : yag ) form a field of circular polarized light which are summed together in going from one end to the other end of the resonant laser cavity . the polarization can also be achieved by means of coatings on mirrors , a dielectric polarizer , or other suitable polarization means . a brewster angled surface at one end of the lasant rod 14 can be used if quarter - wave plates are not needed to control spatial hole burning . the combination of the polarizing element 24 and the birefringent material 26 , having an effective length which is an integral multiple of half the wavelength of the fundamental , functions in a manner which is similar to a lyot filter ( i . e ., a lyot - ohman filter ) for laser radiation reflecting back and forth within the cavity . a lyot filter is a monochromatic polarizer . since spatial hole burning is controlled by the two quarter - wave plates 20 and 22 , and uniform intensity between the two quarter - wave plates is achieved by the polarizing element 24 , the output light from this cavity is essentially single frequency . to further limit the number of oscillating spatial modes ( i . e ., maintain the tem 00 mode ) an aperture disk &# 34 ; d &# 34 ; can be inserted between the laser rod 14 and the frequency doubling element 26 . in one embodiment , when ktp having a cross section of about 1 . 5 mm 2 , was used as the birefringent material 26 , an aperture of approximately 0 . 03 inches in diameter was found to work satisfactorily . those skilled in the art will understand that the aperture disk may be located anywhere in the cavity and that its size is a function of pump cross section , mirror radius and cavity length . the components of the present invention may be assembled in any one of a number of different ways . assembly is facilitated by building the laser from two sub - assemblies , in particular , an upper sub - assembly comprising : the output mirror 18 , the birefringent material 26 , an aperture disk &# 34 ; d &# 34 ; ( if used ) and the polarizing element 24 ; and a lower assembly comprising : a grin lens , two quarter - wave plates 20 and 22 , and the laser rod 14 . more specifically , each sub - assembly is formed by mounting the components in disk - like holders , stacking the holders , and locking the holders in place . in forming the upper sub - assembly , the axes of the birefringent material 26 are aligned ( e . g ., preferably at about 45 ° if ktp is used ) to the direction of polarization established by the polarizing element 24 . after each sub - assembly is formed , the two sub - assemblies are stacked and locked together , making sure that the principal directions or axes of the birefringent material 26 of the upper sub - assembly are aligned as closely as possible ( e . g ., within one degree of arc or better ) to the axes of the quarter - wave plate 22 ( i . e ., in the lower sub - assembly ) which is located adjacent to the polarizing element 24 . the lyot filter , comprising the birefringent material 26 and the polarizing element 24 can be a strong wavelength - selective element . by suitable choice of materials , it should be possible to operate the laser 10 in a single frequency regime without the elimination of spatial hole burning ; thus , in some situations and applications , the quarter - wave plates 20 and 22 may not be needed . the elimination of the quarter - wave plates 20 and 22 allows the design shown in fig1 to be implemented using fewer components . the quarter - wave plates 20 and 22 serve another function besides the elimination of spatial hole burning . if they are of different thicknesses , or if they are oriented with their optical axis aligned , then they constitute a second birefringent element in the cavity . moreover , since they are at the opposite end of the cavity from the output coupler 18 , they form a second elementary lyot filter . by suitable choice of the effective lengths or thicknesses of the quarter - wave plates , the free spectral range of this second lyot filter ( i . e ., parts 20 , 22 and 24 ) can be made much larger than that of the lyot filter ( i . e ., parts 24 and 26 ) at the other end of the cavity . this results in a situation where one lyot filter ( i . e ., parts 24 and 26 ) has the effect of selecting a specific mode ( i . e ., vertical lines in fig2 ) at which the laser operates while the quarter - wave plate lyot filter ( i . e ., parts 20 , 22 and 24 ) functions to prevent oscillation of some further removed undesirable mode ( e . g ., ones within gain curves at 1061 nm and 1074 nm when nd : yag is the lasant material ). thus , in this configuration , and where there is only one low - loss mode available , there may be no need to directly or specifically eliminate spatial hole burning . a similar effect can be obtained if the two quarter - wave plate combination is replaced with a single full - wave or half - wave plate . the effective length or thickness of the birefringent material 26 affects the characteristics of the laser &# 39 ; s output . in the case of nd : yag lasing at 1064 nm , the birefringent material can be sufficiently thick or long to act simultaneously as a half - wave plate and a full - wave plate for two adjacent resonant modes under the same gain curve when separated by less than about 1 nm . in such a case a two frequency output is obtained ( see fig2 ). one mode is characterized by a polarization which is orthogonal to the adjacent mode . if dual line operation is desired and if parallel polarizations are required , then a second brewster plate 24 &# 39 ; is needed ( see fig3 ). the second brewster plate 24 &# 39 ; would be located in the laser cavity between the output coupler 18 and the birefringent material 26 . this brewster plate 24 &# 39 ; is orientated with its polarization direction parallel or perpendicular to the other brewster plate 24 . if dual line operation is desired and if orthogonal polarizations are required , then the second brewster plate 24 &# 39 ; is not needed . if the thickness or length of the birefringent material 26 is thin enough to support only a single frequency output , the polarization of the output can be either parallel or orthogonal to the axis of the first brewster plate 24 . a second brewster plate , located adjacent to the output copule , may be used to establish the output polarization without regard to the temperature of the birefringent material . the second brewster plate , under these circumstances , may increase the output polarization ratio . when the laser is operated to have a dual line output , temperature control of the birefringent material 26 is more critical . during single line operation , there are multiple mode hops as the temperature of birefringent material changes . during dual line operation , there are limited ( i . e ., none at all ) temperature scanning mode hops . the two lines are basically set in frequency so that they are essentially balanced on either side of the peak of the gain curve . the spacing between them is fixed by the temperature and length of the birefringent material 26 . from the foregoing description , it will be observed that numerous variations , alternative and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art . accordingly , this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention . various changes may be made , materials substituted ( e . g ., iso - birefringent materials ) and special features of the invention may be utilized . also , by using means ( e . g ., at location &# 34 ; d &# 34 ; in fig1 ) to control the rearward going green light ( e . g ., a mirror which is located between the polarizing means 24 and a frequency - doubling birefringent material 26 which is coated on one face for ar at 1064 nm and which is coated on the opposite face for ar at 1064 nm and hr at about 532 nm ), the given polarization can be made to be directionally dependent and the power of the laser quadrupled over that of a single pass device . in addition , an electro - optic effect can be used with a lyot filter to fine tune the laser to run with the least losses and at the center of the lasant material gain curve . moreover , instead of using a separate lasant material 14 and a frequency doubler 26 , a self - doubling lasant material ( e . g ., tm : linbo 3 or nd : yab ) in combination with lyot filtering means is suggested . finally , the present invention can be used in a folded or l - shaped cavity ; the same general principles apply . thus , it will be appreciated that various modifications , alternatives , variations , etc ., may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims . it is , of course , intended to cover by the appended claims all such modification involved within the scope of the claims .