the showerhead 1 shown in the exploded view of fig1 is preferably adapted to flow at the rate of around 3 to 9 liters per minute as a water saving showerhead , but may be adapted to flow at any rate for any purpose . the housing 2 of the showerhead 1 may be of made of metal , but it is preferred that the housing 2 is made of plastic because of its light weight , rust resistance , durability , cheap cost , and ease of manufacture . in this instance , the housing 2 is 35 . 2 mm high and 64 . 9 mm wide . however , the housing 2 may have any convenient shape , design or dimensions , as it is not essential to the operation of the invention . in use , water does not travel throughout the housing 2 in its entirety , but rather through a spacer 7 ( refer to fig9 , 10 and 11 ) within the housing 2 ( as will be described in greater detail below ). the rim 12 of the housing 2 is threaded so as to interface with a thread 12 on an outlet cap 10 and thereby encapsulate the components of the showerhead 1 shown in fig1 and 2 which include the rubber retaining washer 3 , mesh filter 4 , ball joint 5 , ball joint grommet 6 , spacer 7 , flow control disc 8 , and o - ring 9 . during assembly of the showerhead 1 , the housing 2 receives the ball joint 5 , through aperture 11 at the bottom of the housing 2 ( see fig4 and 5 ). the ball joint 5 is preferably , in this instance , made of metal , such as brass with either chrome plating or powder coating , but may also be made of plastic ( with or without chrome plating ). the ball joint 5 has , in this instance , a ball diameter of 26 . 7 mm and a body length of 43 . 0 mm . the rim 14 of the ball joint 5 is threaded ( see fig1 ) by either national pipe straight ( nps ) thread , british standard pipe ( bsp ) thread , or any other thread type , so as to interface with a thread on the shower recess ( which is not shown ). the outlet 16 out of the ball joint 5 is preferably 2 . 5 mm in diameter in order to create sufficient pressure out of the showerhead 1 to optimise user comfort during the shower ( see fig5 ). however , the outlet 16 may range in diameter from 1 . 5 mm up to 10 mm in diameter the edge 69 of the ball joint 5 is chamfered , as shown in the enlarged portion of fig5 . likewise the bottom 17 of the ball joint 5 is chamfered , and the bottom of the exit channel 62 ( within the ball joint 5 ) has a bevelled edge 63 to facilitate the exit of the water out of the ball joint 5 . the angle of the bevelled edge 63 can vary within the range of 10 ° to 30 °, and is preferably 20 °. showerheads in australia are evaluated according to the australian and new zealand standard no . as / nzs 3662 : 2005 entitled ‘ evaluated to performance of showers for bathing ’. showerheads which conform with this standard are granted a rating by water efficiency labelling scheme ( wels ). the showerheads are tested by a laboratory authorised by standards assurance innovation ( sai ) global . according to this standard , there are currently four categories of water saving showerhead . a zero star showerhead flows at a rate of more than 16 liters per minute , a one star showerhead flows at a rate of more than 12 but not more than 16 liters per minute , a two star showerhead flows at a rate of more than 9 but not more than 12 liters per minute , a three star showerhead flows at a rate more than 4 . 5 but not more than 9 liters per minute . the present invention achieves a three star showerhead rating with a flow rate in the range of 4 . 5 to 6 liters per minute . however , if a showerhead with a flow rate of above 6 liters per minute is required , then a flow rate restrictor 65 ( see fig1 ) may be necessary . this is to ensure that the flow rate between 150 kpa and 350 kpa pressure does not vary by more than 2 liters per minute , as required by standard as / nzs 3662 : 2005 . the flow rate restrictor 65 would be locked ( or pressed ) into the ball joint 5 , over the aperture 18 , before the mesh filter 4 which would hold it into position within the neck of the ball joint 5 ( see fig1 ). the mesh filter 4 , within the ball joint 5 , is a stainless steel wire mesh of approximately 0 . 4 mm by 0 . 4 mm mesh size . an enlarged view of a square region of the mesh filter 4 is shown in fig6 . the mesh filter 4 has an overall diameter of 18 . 0 mm , equal in diameter to aperture 18 in the ball joint 5 ( shown in fig5 ). the mesh filter 4 is positioned in the sequence of components as shown in fig1 and 2 . the mesh filter 4 is intended to prevent extraneous particles from the water supply entering the housing 2 of the showerhead 1 , and thereby causing blockages in the small holes 28 in the spacer 7 ( refer to fig1 ), the holes 33 in the flow control disc 8 ( refer to fig1 ), and the exit holes 35 in the outlet cap 10 ( refer to fig1 ). preferably two mesh filters 4 are placed over aperture 18 to increase the chance that an extraneous particle will be trapped . the mesh filter 4 is held in position by rubber retaining washer 3 , which is shown in the sequence of components in fig4 and 5 . the rubber retaining washer 3 is shown in a side section view in fig7 . preferably , the rubber retaining washer 3 has an inner diameter 19 of 9 mm , and an outer diameter 20 of 19 mm , and a height 21 of 3 mm . alternatively , it is possible to use a washer which has one or more mesh filters 67 internally built into it , such as washer 66 in fig2 . in this instance the external diameter of the washer is 18 mm , and the internal diameter is 9 mm ( that is , the washer 66 presents a 9 mm diameter of the mesh filter 67 ). the ball joint 5 is held in position by ball joint grommet 6 , shown in the sequence of components in fig1 and 2 . the ball joint grommet 6 is also shown in the close up side sectional view of fig8 . the ball joint grommet 6 is positioned within rim 23 on housing 2 ( see fig4 ). the ball joint grommet 6 has a plurality of ridges 22 on its inner surface which are designed to frictionally engage a portion of the surface of the ball joint 5 . the ball joint grommet 6 is coated in a lubricant such as vaseline , before placement , in order to enhance the water tight seal , and to facilitate the insertion of the grommet 6 in position . the top side 24 of the ball joint grommet 6 is 32 mm in diameter in the embodiment of the present invention depicted in fig8 . the bottom side 25 of the ball joint grommet 6 is 32 mm in outer diameter , and slopes down to an exit hole of 20 mm . the bottom side 25 of the ball joint grommet 6 interfaces with the slanted ledge 26 of the spacer 7 . the spacer 7 is 32 mm in outer diameter . the spacer 7 is preferably made of plastic , but may also be made of metal , or any other suitable material . in use , water emerges from the outlet 16 of the ball joint 5 and passes into the chamber 27 of the spacer 7 ( see fig9 and 10 ). the water then passes through holes 28 . although 7 holes 28 are shown , there may be any number of holes 28 , which are preferably about 2 mm in diameter , but may be any convenient size depending on the desired flow rate . the entrance side of the holes 28 on the spacer 7 ( see fig1 ), is slightly larger , on order of 0 . 1 mm , than the exit side of the holes 28 on the spacer 7 ( see fig1 ). in addition , the entrance side of the holes 28 on the spacer 7 shown in fig1 is filleted . this is to prevent the pins ( which are not shown in the figures ), which are used to make the holes 28 during manufacture of the spacer 7 , from sticking within the injection mould , and thereby enabling the pins to be effectively withdrawn without damaging the pins and the spacer 7 . the base 29 of the spacer 7 is concave in shape and supported by rim 30 and strut 31 . the water travels through the recess created by the concave shape of the spacer 7 , and then through the holes , such as hole 33 , in the top of the flow control disc 8 ( see fig1 ). the holes 33 are 4 mm in diameter , but can vary according to the desired flow rate or spray dispersion . there may be any number of holes 33 or configuration of holes 33 in the flow control disc 8 according to the present invention . the flow control disc 8 shown in fig1 and 13 , in this instance , is 55 mm in diameter , and 2 mm in height . the bottom of the flow control disc 8 has chambers 39 , which in this instance are 16 mm in diameter . the provision of chambers 39 allows the manufacturer to control the spray dispersion ( spray angle ) of water from an exit hole 35 on an exit outlet 36 toward the outlet cap 10 of the showerhead 1 . in this instance , the exit hole 35 is about 1 mm in diameter , which can vary from 0 . 05 mm to 2 mm . the exit outlet 36 is bevelled for aesthetic and ease of cleaning purposes to a diameter of about 5 mm . increasing the depth of the disc chambers 39 produces a spray 37 with a narrow spray angle and conversely , decreasing the depth of the disc chambers 39 produces a spray 38 with a wide spray angle ( see fig1 ). the disc chambers 39 , can range in depth from flat ( which increases the dispersion of the spray ) to almost the full width of the flow control disc 8 ( which produces a narrower spray ), but are preferably 0 . 5 mm in depth , so as to optimise the showerhead 1 for user comfort during a shower . the embodiment of the outlet cap 10 shown in fig1 includes an array of swirl chambers 41 to 46 , around the central swirl chamber 40 . the swirl chambers 40 to 46 can vary in their overall width , the number of exit holes , the size of those exit holes , and the configuration of the exit holes , according to the size of the outlet cap 10 . the swirl chambers 40 to 46 are marginally smaller ( on the order of about 0 . 1 mm ) in diameter than the diameter of the disc chambers 39 on the flow control disc 8 ( refer to fig1 ). that is , the swirl chambers 40 to 46 are marginally less than 16 mm in width , respectively . each swirl chamber 40 to 46 is comprised of 4 nozzle chambers 50 to 53 ( see fig1 ), wherein the central nozzle chamber 58 has no exit nozzle . there may be any number of nozzle chambers according to the present invention . in use , water passes through an aperture 33 in the flow control disc 8 , and then into the disc chamber 39 . the water then passes onto the swirl chamber 46 and is first directed at the central nozzle chamber 58 , and then exits the showerhead 1 via the nozzle chambers 50 to 53 , for example , depicted as water stream 37 in fig1 . if there is no disc chamber 39 , that is , the flow control disc 8 is flat , then the water passes into the centre chamber 58 , and then along the channels 54 to 57 . the channels 52 can vary in length and width . preferably , the channels 52 are about 1 mm wide in this instance , but can be widened , lengthened or shortened according to the requirements of the present invention . the nozzle chamber 51 shown in fig1 and 18 is representative of all of the nozzle chambers 50 to 53 in all of the swirl chambers 40 to 46 . as shown in fig1 , the nozzle chamber 51 has a bevelled edge 59 at angle of 15 ° from the horizontal , so that the water travels in a swirling motion within the nozzle chamber 51 before leaving the showerhead 1 via the channel 61 ( see for example , the water stream 38 in fig1 ). the centre chamber 58 is not bevelled . the depth 49 of the nozzle chambers 50 to 53 is 0 . 8 mm in this instance . however , the depth 49 may vary from 0 mm to 2 mm , measured from the top surface of the outlet cap 10 to the bevelled edge 59 , depending upon the application and requirements of present invention . in the instance that the swirl chambers 40 to 46 are flat , then the only chamber which the water may travel through is the chamber 39 in the flow control disc 8 . the channel 61 shown in fig1 is tapered so that it is marginally larger at the top than at the bottom . this is to enable pins to more easily make the exit holes during manufacture of the outlet cap 10 . in addition , the top of the channel 61 is filleted so that the pins can be more easily removed from the plastic injection mould , during manufacture of the outlet cap 10 . the channel 61 can vary in length according to thickness of the front wall 60 of the outlet cap 10 . the disc chambers 39 on the flow control disc 8 align with the swirl chambers 40 to 46 on the outlet cap 10 by means of female extrusion 34 ( refer to fig1 and 13 ) and male protrusion 48 . for example , disc chamber 39 in fig1 would align with and encompass swirl chamber 46 shown in fig1 and fig1 . similarly , the spacer 7 also has a female extrusion 32 which aligns with male protrusion 48 , in order to prevent the spacer 7 from rotating within the housing 2 , whilst in use , under the action of centrifugal forces created by the movement of water in a swirling motion . as shown in fig1 and 17 there is a thread on the external edge of male protrusion 48 of the outlet cap 10 , which interfaces with the internal threading on the rim 12 of the housing 2 . in an alternative embodiment of the present invention , the thread on the external edge of male protrusion 48 could have been made on the internal edge of the outlet cap 10 , and the threading on the housing 2 could have been correspondingly adapted . an o - ring 9 is generally placed as a water seal between outlet cap 10 and the housing 2 , as shown in fig4 and 5 . preferably the o - ring is given a coating of a lubricant , such as vaseline ™, to enhance the water tight seal and facilitate assembly of the showerhead 1 . the showerhead 1 illustrated in the figures can be adapted in size and shape , following the principles set out in this disclosure , for large scale purposes such as irrigation or garden hoses , which may require an economic use of water . although the invention has been herein shown and described in what is conceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiment as a water saving showerhead , it is recognised that departures can be made within the scope of the invention , which is not to be limited to the details described herein but is to be accorded the full scope and ambit of the invention so as to embrace any and all equivalent devices and apparatus . various modifications may be made in the details of design and construction without departing from the scope and ambit of the invention .