reference now should be made to the circuit diagram illustrated in the sole figure of the drawing . a current loop isolator circuit 10 of an embodiment of the invention is disclosed . the + l current is applied to a first input terminal 12 . two light - emitting diodes 14 and 15 are connected in series with a resistor 16 to develop the voltage to power the loop circuitry and to provide a visual display indicative of current flow in the loop . the diodes 14 and 15 also operate as a voltage regulator to protect the circuitry from over - voltages , which may result from inadvertent connections . the resistor 16 in series with the diodes 14 and 15 passes the current through the circuitry and to the − l current loop in terminal 24 from the instant current is applied to the terminals 12 and 24 . the voltage developed across the light - emitting diodes 14 and 15 and the resistor 16 is used to power a voltage to frequency converter 20 and an optical isolator circuit 22 . the voltage to frequency converter circuit u 1 is a national semiconductor lm331m or its equivalent . the variable voltage across the resistor 16 is fed into the comparator input of the voltage to frequency converter circuit 20 through a resistor 26 at the junction of that resistor with a capacitor 27 connected to ground . this comparator input voltage is internally compared to the oscillator reference of the circuit 20 to determine the output frequency at the fout lead 28 . the selection of the design and parameters of the components comprising the voltage to frequency converter circuit 20 is made to ensure linear current to voltage to frequency conversion and operation at input current loop variations from under 4 ma to over 20 ma to cover under and over range conditions . a resistor 30 and capacitor 32 establish the r / c time constant for the circuit oscillating range , as determined by a threshold set by a resistor 34 and a capacitor 36 connected in parallel with one another and in series with a resistor 38 . a resistor 40 sets the reference for the current input to the circuit 20 . the resulting frequency output of the voltage to frequency circuit 20 at output 28 turns on the internal led of an optical isolator circuit 22 , which is powered by vcc through the resistor 42 . as the internal led of the isolator 22 turns on and off , the mating opto - transistor of the isolator 22 , driving a coupler capacitor 46 , through a resistor 47 sharpens the pulses from the circuit 22 , which triggers a frequency to a voltage converter circuit 48 . the frequency to voltage converter circuit 48 also may be a national semiconductor lm331m or its equivalent . as noted above , the circuits 20 and 48 both are the same parts ; but they are connected differently for voltage to frequency conversion for the circuit 20 and frequency to voltage for the circuit 48 . the current output of the circuit 48 at its output lead 50 is directly proportional to the frequency input at the input ( threshold ) pin 52 , as determined by the value of a resistor 51 and capacitor 53 , along with a resistor 58 connected between the lead 50 in parallel with a capacitor 57 and ground . the output 50 of the circuit 48 is a pulse width modulation ( pwm ) current output , which is converted to voltage by the capacitor 57 and resistor 58 . this is buffered by an operational amplifier 60 . the output of the amplifier 60 is converted back to current through a resistor 61 and a potentiometer 68 to be summed with current produced by the resistor 67 and a potentiometer 66 . these two currents are fed into the input pin 62 of a voltage - to - current converter circuit 64 . the circuit 64 may be a texas instrument xtr116 or its equivalent . the circuit 64 applies the two input currents supplied to its input 62 for subsequent conversion to 4 - 20 ma output . the potentiometer 66 sets the zero offset of the voltage - to - current converter 64 ( typically 4 ma ) when the input current loop is 4 ma ( or as required by the process ). the potentiometer 68 adjusts the output of the voltage - to - current converter 64 for 20 ma ( span ) when the input to the voltage - to - frequency converter 20 is 20 ma ( or as required by the process ). an led 69 coupled to the + l input 70 and to the v + terminal of the circuit 64 serves two purposes : one of these purposes is to provide a visual indication of the output power “ on ” and the other is to prevent reverse polarity of applied power . a transistor 72 buffers the output of the voltage - to - current converter 64 to minimize self - heating effects . finally , a resistor 74 connected across the output terminals 76 and 78 converts ( if required ) the current into a voltage output at the terminals 76 and 78 . additionally , and as a byproduct of the circuit shown in the drawing , the circuit can be used to convert loop powered signals to a frequency output by using jumpers between terminals 80 and 82 . this then would delete the circuit 48 , 64 , 60 and the associated components providing an “ open collector ” output of the frequency . for voltage input signals , the resistors 84 and 16 form a voltage divider to operate the voltage to frequency circuit 20 , as described previously , and obtain an isolated voltage , frequency or current loop output , as explained above . for frequency input applications , jumpers between terminals 86 and 88 are used to drive the opto - isolator 22 directly and are outputting either frequency , voltage , or current loop outputs , as previously explained . the system , through the use of a voltage - to - frequency solid state converter and the other circuit components shown between the input terminals 12 and 24 and the output terminals 76 and 78 , provides an effective isolator driven by the emf in the loop without requiring any additional internal or external power source to re - transmit the loop signal . this is done in an optically isolated electronic manner without the use of any galvanic transformers . the circuit 10 is capable of an extended isolation range greater than that of galvanic systems used in the past . the foregoing description of an embodiment of the invention is to be considered as illustrative only and not as limiting . various changes and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art to achieve substantially the same result , in substantially the same way without departing from the true scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims .