the embodiments of the present invention will be explained in detail . two transparent glass substrates are used , each being 1 . 1 mm in thickness and having a surface which is polished . after forming thin film transistors on one of the substrates , an orientation film is formed on them , which also acts as an insulation film . polyamide is used as the orientation film in this embodiment . a rubbing - processing is performed on the polyamide film in order to orient the liquid crystal . the polyamide and rubbing processings are performed also on the other substrate . the individual rubbing directions of a pair of substrates are parallel to each other , and have an angle 75 ° ( ω lc1 = ω lc2 = 75 °) with respect to the direction in which the applied electric field is extended . a nematic liquid crystal composite is sandwiched by these substrates , of which the dielectric constant anisotropy δε is + 7 . 3 and the refractive index anisotropy δn is 0 . 074 ( 589 nm , 20 °). a gap d is provided by distributing polymer beads between the substrates , and the size of gap is 4 . 0 μm . thus , d · δn is 0 . 296 μm . the panel is sandwiched by a pair of polarizers ( g1220du , made by nitto electric co . ), and the polarization transmission axis of one polarizer is set to φ p1 = 75 °, while the polarization transmission axis of the other polarizer is set to intersect perpendicularly with the former polarization transmission axis , which means ε p2 =− 15 °. with this geometrical configuration , the normally - close characteristic of the display pixel can be established , that is , the display pixel is in a dark state at a low voltage ( v off ), and is in a bright state at a high voltage ( v on ). fig3 ( a ) to 3 ( c ) show the configurations of a thin film transistor and all kinds of electrodes . fig3 ( a ) is a front view seen from the direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate . fig3 ( b ) and fig3 ( c ) are sectional side elevations . the thin film transistor 14 comprises a pixel electrode ( source electrode ) 4 , a signal electrode ( drain electrode ) 3 , scanning electrode ( gate electrode ) 12 , and amorphous silicone 13 . common electrodes 1 and the scanning electrode 12 , and the signal electrode 3 and the pixel electrode 4 , respectively , are a part of the pattern made by the same metal layer . a capacitor 16 is formed by sandwiching a gate insulation film 2 with the pixel electrode 4 and the common electrodes 1 at an area ( shown by the dotted line in fig1 ) between two common electrodes . in fig3 ( a ), the pixel electrode is disposed between two common electrodes . the pitch of the pixel electrode is 69 μm in a horizontal direction , i . e . between signal wiring electrodes , and 207 μm in a vertical direction , i . e . between scanning wiring electrodes . the width of the electrode is taken widely in order to avoid a wiring defect , in the wiring electrode extending over a plurality of electrodes , the scanning electrode , the signal electrode , or the common electrode wiring portion ( the portion extending in a horizontal direction in fig3 parallel to the scanning wiring electrode ). more concretely , the width of the electrode is taken to be 10 μm . the width of the electrode is a little bit narrower in order to increase the numerical aperture in the pixel electrode formed independently for every pixel and the longitudinally extending portion of the signal wiring electrode of the common electrode . more concretely , the width of the electrode is taken to be 5 μm and 8 μm , respectively . the possibility of breaking of a wire will become higher because the width of the electrode was decreased . however , the breaking of a wire results in a partial defect , and does not result in a line defect . in addition , in order to increase the numerical aperture as high as possible , a portion of the common electrode and a portion of the signal electrode are provided one above the other , with an insulation film being inserted between those electrodes , and the width of the superposed portion is 1 μm . thereby , it is not necessary to provide a black matrix parallel to the signal wiring . as a result , the present invention adopts a black matrix configuration , as shown in fig3 ( c ), in which only light in the direction of the scanning wiring electrode is prevented . as a result , a 44 . 0 % high numerical aperture is obtained , in which the gap between the common electrode and the pixel electrode is 20 μm , the length in the longitudinal direction of the opening is 157 μm , and the number of pixels formed by 320 signal wiring electrodes and 160 wiring electrodes is 320 × 160 . the resistivity of the liquid crystal is 7 . 6 × 10 12 , and undesirable conditions of orientation due to static electricity do not occur . an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which an inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 2 is identical to that of the embodiment 1 except for the following features . the material used for the liquid crystal compound is prepared by adding 5 weight % of 4 - cyano - 3 - fluorophenyl - trans - 4 - propylcyclohexylcarboxylate into the liquid crystal of the embodiment 1 . the weight % represents hereinafter the ratio to the total weight . the resistivity of the liquid crystal is 7 . 6 × 10 12 ω · cm , and undesirable conditions of orientation due to static electricity do not occur . an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which an inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 3 is identical to that of the embodiment 1 except for the following features . the material used for the liquid crystal compound is prepared by adding a 7 weight % of 3 , 4 - dicyanophenyl - trans - 4 - bentylcyclocarboxylate into the liquid crystal composite of the embodiment 1 . the resistivity of the liquid crystal is 3 . 3 × 10 11 ω · cm , and the undesirable conditions of orientation due to static electricity do not occur . as a result , an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which an inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 4 is identical to that of the embodiment 1 except for the following features . the material used for the liquid crystal compound is prepared by adding 10 weight % of 4 - trifluoromethoxyl - 3 , 5 - difluorophenyl - trans - 4 - bentylcyclohexylcalboxylate into the liquid crystal compound having 4 - cyano - 3 - fluorophenyl - trans - 4 - ethylphenylcarboxylate , 1 -[ 4 -( 3 , 4 , 5 - trifluorophenyl ) cyclohexyl ]- 2 -( 4 - methylcyclohexyl ) ethane , 4 - cyano - 3 - fluorophenyl - 4 -( 4 - propylcyclohexyl ) phenylcarboxylate and so on as a representative compound . the resistivity of the liquid crystal is 2 . 4 × 10 10 ω · cm , and the undesirable conditions of orientation due to static electricity do not occur . the relation between the elasticity constant k 2 and the dielectric anisotropy δε , is made to be 8 . 5 × 10 − 8 ω · cm . further , the drive voltage can be established to be 5v or less . as a result , an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which an inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 5 is identical to that of the embodiment 1 except for the following features . the material used for the liquid crystal compound is prepared by adding 20 weight % of 4 - cyano - 3 , 5 - difluorophenyl - trans - 4 - bentylcyclohexylcarboxylate into the liquid crystal compound having 4 - cyano - 3 - fluorophenyl - trans - 4 - ethylphenylcarboxylate , 1 -[ 4 -( 3 , 4 , 5 - trifluorophenyl ) cyclohexyl )- 2 -( 4 - methylcyclohexyl ) ethane , 4 - cyano - 3 - trifluoromethyl - 5 - fluorophenyl - 4 -( 4 - propylcyclohexyl ) phenylcarboxylate and so on as a representative compound . the resistivity of the liquid crystal is 9 . 3 × 10 9 ω · cm , and the undesirable conditions of orientation due to static electricity do not occur . the relation between the elasticity constant k 2 and the dielectric anisotropy δε , is made to be 5 . 4 × 10 − 8 ω · cm . further , the drive voltage can be established to be 5v or less . as a result , an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which an inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 5 is identical to that of the embodiment 1 except for the following features . fig4 shows the configurations of a thin film transistor and all kinds of electrodes , in more detail , and represents a front view seen from the direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate . the thin film transistor 14 comprises a pixel electrode ( source electrode ) 4 , a signal electrode ( drain electrode ) 3 , scanning electrode ( gate electrode ) 12 , and amorphous silicone 13 . common electrodes 1 and the scanning electrode 12 , and the signal electrode 3 and the pixel electrode 4 , respectively , are a part of the pattern made by the same metal layer . a capacitor 16 is made by sandwiching a gate insulation film 2 with the pixel electrode 4 and the common electrodes 1 at an area ( shown by the dotted line in fig1 ) between two common electrodes . in the front view , the pixel electrode is disposed among three common electrodes 1 . the pitch of the pixel electrode is 100 μm in a horizontal direction , i . e . between signal wiring electrodes , and 300 μm in a vertical direction , i . e . between scanning wiring electrodes . the width of the electrode is taken widely in order to avoid a wiring defect in the wiring electrode extending over a plurality of electrodes , the scanning electrode 12 , the signal electrode 13 , or the common electrode wiring portion ( the portion extending in a horizontal direction in fig3 parallel to the scanning wiring electrode ). more concretely , the width of the electrodes are taken to be 10 μm , 8 μm and 8 μm , respectively . while , the width of the pixel electrode formed independently for every pixel and that of the longitudinally extending portion of the signal wiring electrode of the common electrode are a little bit narrower . more concretely , these widths are 5 μm and 6 μm , respectively . the possibility of breaking a wire becomes higher because the width of the electrode was decreased . however , the breaking of a wire results in a partial defect , and does not result in a line defect . in addition , the common electrode and the signal electrode are spaced by an insulation film , in which the spacing is 2 μm thick . a black matrix configuration and a color filter are provided in the opposite substrate side , as shown in fig5 . the gap between the common electrode and the pixel electrode is 20 μm , and the length in the longitudinal direction of the opening is 157 μm . as a result , the number of pixels formed by 640 signal wiring electrodes and 480 wiring electrodes is 320 × 160 . the nematic liquid crystal composite is sandwiched between the substrates , which includes 10 weight % of 3 - cyano - 4 - trifluoro - methoxy - 5 - fluorophenyl - trans - 4 - ethylcyclohexylcarboxylate , and in which the dielectric anisotropy δε is + 8 . 9 and the refractive index anisotropy δn is 0 . 08 ( 589 nm , 20 °). the resistivity of the liquid crystal is 8 . 1 × 10 10 ω · cm , and the undesirable conditions of orientation due to static electricity do not occur . as a result , an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which an inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 7 is identical to that of the embodiment 6 except for the following features . the material used for the liquid crystal compound is prepared by adding 10 weight % of 4 - cyano - 3 , 5 - difluorophenyl - trans - 4 - probylcyclohexylcarboxylate into the liquid crystal of the embodiment 6 . the resistivity of the liquid crystal is 2 . 2 × 10 10 ω · cm , and undesirable conditions of orientation due to static electricity do not occur . the relation between the elasticity constant k 2 and the dielectric anisotropy δε is made to be 4 . 6 × 10 − 8 ω · cm . further , the drive voltage can be established to be 5v or less . as a result , an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which an inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 8 is identical to that of the embodiment 6 except for the following features . the material used for the liquid crystal compound is prepared by adding 20 weight % of 4 - cyano - 3 , 5 - difluorophenyl - trans - 4 - probylcyclohexylcalboxylate into the liquid crystal composite of the embodiment 6 . the resistivity of the liquid crystal is 6 . 2 × 10 10 ω · cm , the undesirable conditions of orientation due to static electricity do not occur . the relation between the elasticity constant k 2 and the dielectric anisotropy , δε is made to be 2 . 9 × 10 − 8 ω · cm . further , the drive voltage can be established to be 5v or less . as a result , an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which an inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 9 is identical to that of the embodiment 6 except for the following features . the material used for the liquid crystal compound is prepared by adding 10 weight % of 3 - cyano - 4 - trifluoromethoxy - 5 - fluorophenyl - trans - 4 - ethylcyclohexylcalboxylate into the liquid crystal composite of the embodiment 6 . the resistivity of the liquid crystal is 8 . 8 × 10 − 9 ω · cm , and undesirable conditions of orientation due to static electricity do not occur . the relation between the elasticity constant k 2 and the dielectric anisotropy δε is made to be 2 . 3 × 10 − 8 ω · cm . further , the drive voltage can be established to be 5v or less . as a result , an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which an inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 10 is identical to that of the embodiment 1 except for the following features . the individual rubbing directions of the orientation films of the pair of substrates are parallel to each other , and have an angle of 15 ° ( φ lc1 = φ lc2 = 15 °) with respect to the direction in which the applied electric field is extended . a nematic liquid crystal composite is sandwiched by these substrates , of which the dielectric constant anisotropy δε is − 3 . 3 and the refractive index anisotropy δn is 0 . 074 ( 589 nm , 20 °). the material used here is a liquid crystal compound in which 4 weight % of 3 - cyano - 2 - fluorophenyl - trans - 4 - bentylcyclohexylcarboxylate is added to the nematic liquid crystal composite . the resistivity of the liquid crystal is 8 . 6 × 10 11 ω · cm , and undesirable conditions of orientation due to static electricity do not occur . as a result , an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which an inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 11 is identical to that of the embodiment 6 except for the following features . an 10 weight % of 2 -( trans - 4 - probylcyclohexyl )- 1 -[ trans - 4 -( 2 , 3 - dicyanophenyl ) cyclohexyl ] ethane is added into a nematic liquid crystal composite , in which the dielectric constant anisotropy δε is − 3 . 3 and the refractive index anisotropy δn is 0 . 074 ( 589 nm , 20 °). the resistivity of the liquid crystal is 7 . 2 × 10 10 ω · cm , and undesirable conditions of orientation due to static electricity do not occur . as a result , an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which a inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 12 is identical to that of the embodiment 6 except for the following features . the individual rubbing directions of a pair of substrates are parallel to each other , and have an angle of 85 ° ( φ lc1 = φ lc2 = 85 °) with respect to the direction in which the applied electric field is extended . the polarization transmission axis of one polarizer is set to φ p1 = 85 °, and the polarization transmission axis of the other polarizer is set to intersect perpendicularly with the former polarization transmission axis , which means φ p2 =− 5 °. with this geometrical configuration , the normally - close characteristic of the display pixel can be established , that is , the display pixel is in a dark state at a low voltage ( vo off ), and is in a bright state at a high voltage ( v on ). the voltage - transmittance characteristic of this active matrix type liquid crystal apparatus is as indicated in fig1 , in which v off can be set to 2 . 1 v and v on can be set to 6 . 8 v . therefore , the width of the drive voltage can be set to 4 . 7 v . as a result , an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which an inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 13 is identical to that of the embodiment 11 except for the following features . the individual rubbing directions of a pair of substrates are parallel to each other , and have an angle of 5 ° ( φ lc1 = φ lc2 = 5 °) with respect to the direction in which the applied electric field is extended . the polarization transmission axis of one polarizer is set to φ p1 = 5 °, and the polarization transmission axis of the other polarizer is set to intersect perpendicularly with the former polarization transmission axis , which means φ p2 =− 85 °. with this geometrical configuration , the normally - close characteristic of the display pixel can be established , that is , the display pixel is in a dark state at a low voltage ( v off ), and is in a bright state at a high voltage ( v on ). the voltage - transmittance characteristic of this active matrix type liquid crystal apparatus is as indicated in fig1 , in which v off can be set to 4 . 0 v and v on can be set to 8 . 8 v . therefore , the width of the drive voltage can be set to 4 . 8 v . as a result , an active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus , having both a broad visual field and a large numerical aperture , is established , in which an inversion of gradation does not occur over more than 60 degrees in the up and down direction , and more than 60 degrees in the right and left direction . the structure in the embodiment 14 is identical to that of the embodiment 12 except for the following features . the common electrode is arranged according to the following , as seen in fig6 , in order to apply an alternating current thereto . each scanning electrode 12 and each signal electrode 3 are connected to a scanning electrode drive circuit 18 and a signal electrode drive circuit 19 , respectively . further , the common electrode 1 is connected to a common electrode drive circuit 20 . a signal waveform carrying information is applied to the signal electrode 3 . a scanning waveform in synchronism with the signal waveform is applied to the scanning electrode 12 . the information signal is transferred from the signal electrode 3 through a thin film transistor 14 to the pixel electrode 4 , whereby the voltage produced between the pixel electrode and the common electrode 1 is applied to a portion of the liquid crystal . in the present invention , a voltage waveform is also applied to the common electrode . therefore , a voltage including that of the common electrode is applied to the portion of the liquid crystal . fig7 shows those voltage waveforms applied to each of the wiring electrodes , where the amplitudes of the voltage waveforms in fig7 are set as follows . v dh = 16 . 4 v , v dl = 11 . 4 v , v ch = 15 . 1 v , v cl = 9 . 1 v . the v on and v off of fig1 are 2 . 1 volts and 6 . 8 volts , respectively . as a result , a higher contrast ratio of 150 is obtained . in fig1 , v dp - p , v sp - p , and v cp - p , represent peak - to - peak values of the signal voltage , the source voltage , and the common voltage , respectively . in the present embodiment , the amplitude of the drive voltage waveform v dp - p (= v dh − v dl ) is a very low value , 4 . 7 volts , which is supplied to the signal wiring electrode . accordingly , a relatively cheap driver can be used , and it becomes possible to reduce the production cost . the structure in the embodiment 15 is identical to that of the embodiment 13 except for the following features . in the same way as the embodiment 14 , an alternating current is applied to the common electrode , and the display apparatus is driven . accordingly , a relatively cheap driver can be used , and it becomes possible to reduce the production cost . the structure in the embodiment 16 is identical to that of the embodiment 14 except for the following features . the transmission axis of the polarizer is set so as to have an angle of 10 ° with respect to the rubbing direction , namely , φ p1 = 75 ° and φp 2 =− 15 °. fig1 shows the relationship between the voltage - transmittance characteristic and the drive waveform obtained in the above structure . in fig1 , v dp - p , v sp - p , and v cp - p , represent peak - to - peak values of the signal voltage , the source voltage , and the common voltage . the common electrode is arranged in the same way as the embodiment 9 , in order to apply an alternating current thereto . each scanning electrode 12 and each signal electrode 3 are connected to a scanning electrode drive circuit 18 and a signal electrode drive circuit 19 , respectively . further , the common electrode 1 is connected to a common electrode drive circuit 20 ( see fig6 ). a signal waveform carrying information is applied to the signal electrode 3 . a scanning waveform in synchronism with the signal waveform is applied to the scanning electrode 12 . the information signal is transferred from the signal electrode 3 through a thin film transistor 14 to the pixel electrode 4 , whereby the voltage produced between the pixel electrode and the common electrode 1 is applied to a portion of the liquid crystal . in the present invention , a voltage waveform is also applied to the common electrode . therefore , a voltage including that of the common electrode is applied to the portion of the liquid crystal . fig7 shows those voltage waveforms applied to each of the wiring electrodes , where the amplitudes of the voltage waveforms in fig7 are set as follows . v dh = 15 . 1 v , v dl = 12 . 9 v , v ch = 20 . 4 v , v cl = 4 . 39 v . as a result , the plunge voltage δv gs (+ 1 ), δv gs (− 1 ) produced by the parasitic capacitance between the gate electrode and the source electrode , the voltage v s applied over the pixel electrode and the voltage v lc applied over the liquid crystal are shown in the following table . the unit of voltage is hereinafter taken as a volt . the values of v on and v off of fig1 are 9 . 16 volts and 6 . 85 volts , respectively . as a result , a sufficiently high contrast ratio of 100 is obtained . in the present embodiment , the amplitude of the drive voltage waveform v dp - p (= v dh − v dl ) is a very low value , 2 . 2 volts , which is supplied to the signal wiring electrode . the structure in the embodiment 17 is identical to that of the embodiment 15 except for the following features . the transmission axis of the polarizer is set so as to have an angle of 10 ° with respect to the rubbing direction , namely , φ p1 = 15 ° and φ p2 =− 75 °. as a result , the values of v on and v off are 17 . 4 volts and 14 . 2 volts , respectively . as a result , a sufficiently high contrast ratio of 100 is obtained . in the present embodiment , the amplitude of the drive voltage waveform v dp - p (= v dh − v dl ) is a very low value , 3 . 2 volts , which is supplied to the signal wiring electrode . while in the embodiments of this invention , specific liquid crystal composites and its compounds are suggested , it will easily be understood that other liquid crystal composites and compounds can be used . the structure of a pixel is also not limited to that of the embodiments according to the present invention as described herein .