the present invention provides a method to regulate voltage while ensuring that the total capacity of each battery is utilized . 10 ) batteries : may be any rechargeable chemistry , including lead acid , nickel cadmium , lithium polymer , etc . 12 ) electronic switches : although they may be thought of as a simple metal switch , they are optimally constructed from semiconductors , such as mosfet or other similar or superior switching devices . the mosfets receive on / off control from a central control unit . the switching of the mosfet allows any pair of batteries ( as shown in fig1 ) to be connected individually or serially or bypassed to that pair &# 39 ; s output . the ability to switch any battery out of circuit provides key benefits of the present invention : load balancing , direct regulation of output voltage of the battery system without the requirement of additional regulators ; control of charging by switching potentially overcharged cells out of circuit . 14 ) control : the control module accepts commanded input ( from a throttle , for instance ) and directs the series of switches present within the interspersed switch arrays to produce an output voltage which is equivalent or similar to the required output power . for instance , if the throttle commands 60 % power , the switches will be set up so that 60 % of the available power is routed to the output load , typically a dc or bldc motor . additionally , the control module analyzes the voltage of each cell and readjusts the switch matrix to remove cells which are more rapidly losing power , and also to adjust the total number of cells so that power may remain approximately constant , even as each individual cell loses voltage potential . 16 ) throttle : in embodiments of the present invention where the application is for an electric vehicle , such as a car , golf cart , or airplane , this is an input to the control module , which instructs the control module to provide a requested amount of power to the output load . 18 ) alarm output : an input to the control module , which instructs the control module that an error condition occurs ( such as motor over temperature or overspeed ) 20 ) charge input : an input to the control module , which instructs the control module to configure the battery matrix for charging , and also instructs the control module to monitor individual cells for overcharge conditions and switch them out of circuit , as necessary , in order to ensure a balanced charge on each cell . 22 ) power switch : an on / off key , which is an input to the control module , which instructs the control module that the battery matrix may be allowed to provide power to an external load . in an electric vehicle , this would usually be a keyed electronic input , such as from an ignition switch . it may take other forms , such as provided by keyless start systems , or by simple toggle switches . it increases security and safety , by requiring , in one embodiment , a ‘ zero ’ or ‘ idle ’ condition on the throttle before the throttle may be advanced further . 24 ) total voltage output : is provided by the control module to inform the operator of the voltage which is maximally available . 26 ) current voltage output : is provided by the control module to inform the operator of the amount of voltage being delivered to the external load . on the outer surface of the foam , such as foam - compatible paint ; adhesive vinyl ; shrinkable dacron ( or other ) fabric ; or layer ( s ) of fiberglass or other surface composite coverings 28 ) total power output : is provided by the control module to inform the operator of the amount of wattage ( power ; horsepower ) being delivered to the external load . 30 ) percent remaining power : is provided by the control module to inform the operator of the amount of power still remaining in the battery system 32 ) individual cell information : is provided by the control module to inform the operator critical information related to individual cells ; for instance : low capacity 34 ) alarms : are provided by the control module to inform the operator that critical levels of power remain , or that critical conditions exist . referring to fig1 , two battery cells are shown which are connected with interspersed electronic switches , so that the voltage produced at the positive output may range between 0 volts and the maximum , x 1 + x 2 . the switches are capable of selecting an ouput voltage which is sourced from either or both cells , or may bypass the cells entirely , thus allowing current to flow from through the output terminals directly through switch “ e ”. the switch table clearly shows the switch settings to produce the required output . not shown are signal lines to each electronic switch , nor are the sensing lines to each battery , allowing a microprocessor or other circuit element to make decisions based on measured voltage levels in each cell . such a combination of two battery cells becomes an element of a larger battery system . fig2 shows a diagram with a battery system comprised of n copies of cell pair of fig1 . ( square boxes on left hand side of fig2 .) each box is comprised of 2 batteries and several switches , as has already been explained . all such n boxes are connected in a serial fashion to produce a positive and a negative voltage , which may be routed directly to a dc motor , or to an additional regulator , in the case of a bldc motor . the control box is responsible for analyzing the state of each battery within each fig1 box and setting the condition of switches so that the total voltage , and consequently the total power , may be controlled . the control box accepts inputs such as throttle setting ( via potentiometer or other electronic input ), also accepting signal indications that the batteries are being charged , also accepting emergency conditions such as temperature alarms ; motor overspeed , etc . the present invention provides a way to build a battery controller for a series of cells , allowing interspersed switches to switch cells in and out of circuits to match power demands , as prompted by an external throttle . the present invention is sufficient to directly control a dc motor without additional circuitry , and will not suffer switching losses as are incurred in conventional voltage controllers which must rely on series voltage regulation techniques . as a result , it is more efficient . because this improved battery controller also allows all cells within a battery pack to be fully utilized , it will show more total power available to the load per charge cycle , thus increasing cycle power longevity and efficiency .