this invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings . the invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways . also , the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting . the use of “ including ,” “ comprising ,” or “ having ,” “ containing ”, “ involving ”, and variations thereof herein , is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items . the invention is illustrated by the following description of aspects of embodiments thereof . some aspects and embodiments relate to different parts of a larger aspect or embodiment , and represent alternatives that may be combined variously to form variations on a larger embodiment . the exemplary aspects and embodiments relate to deinterlacers used in high definition television ( hdtv ) displays , although other applications will occur to the skilled artisan . a high - level overview of the system according to aspects of some embodiments is shown in fig3 a . the elements shown may be implemented as software executing on a suitable general purpose processor , special purpose image processor , digital signal processor ( dsp ), or the like , or as specialized hardware implementing the various functions in logic , or as a combination of these . in some implementations , where a function is called for to process different input values , only one instance of the function may be incorporated into the implementation , and reused at different points in time , or , alternatively , multiple instances of the function may be incorporated into the implementation , and the multiple instances used in parallel . the system includes a memory , 321 , in which input buffers , output buffers , temporary storage registers and the like are defined to hold various values , such as the values comprising the serial elements of the serial signal . connected to the memory , 321 , are four frame motion detectors , 323 a , 323 b , 323 c and 323 d , two of which detect motion between fields 0 and 2 , 323 a and 323 b , and two of which detect motion between fields 0 and 4 , 323 c and 323 d . two of the frame motion detectors , 323 a and 323 c , employ a three - line by five - pixel window , while the other two frame motion detectors , 323 b and 323 d , employ a one - line by five pixel window . the results of frame motion detection are pair - wise inputs to selective blending , 325 a and 325 b , to produce motion values corresponding to one - frame , frame 02 , and two - frame , frame 04 , intervals . the blended results corresponding to one - frame , frame 02 , and two - frame , frame 04 , intervals are further processed , 327 and 329 , as described in connection with fig5 , below . a field motion detector , 331 , receives frames 0 , 1 and 2 , and produces a field motion result . frame and field motion results are used by a recursive motion module , 333 , to determine whether recursive motion detection is required by the nature of the serial signal . finally , the blend factor computed by selective blending , 325 a and 325 b , is applied to a weaver / interpolator , 335 , which employs a degree of weaving and an inverse degree of interpolating determined by the blend factor to create predicted pixels in an output field . the operation of the system whose overview has been presented in connection with fig3 a is now described in connection with fig3 b , 4 , 5 , 6 and 7 . according to aspects of embodiments shown in fig3 b , a serial signal 101 representing in digital form an interlaced video signal is received into a buffer memory 301 . a processor , which may be special - purpose processor , or a general - purpose processor , or a digital - signal processor reads the signal from the buffer memory , performs various method steps and writes a result to a buffer memory or other output . the method includes frame motion detection , windowing and recursive frame motion detection as described below . according to aspects of an embodiment , frame motion detection is done between three pairs of fields . frame motion detection is done between fields 0 and 2 by detector 303 and fields 1 and 3 , by detector 305 as well as between fields 0 and 4 by detector 307 . this improves the overall frame motion detector &# 39 ; s ability to detect motion over that of conventional detectors , hence reducing feathering artifacts . ( see also fig4 ). detector results are stored in memory 309 , after which they are processed by processor 311 then produces an output stream 313 from the series of fields 315 read from buffer 301 . in accordance with the method according to aspects of an embodiment , as shown in fig5 , to calculate the final motion value , the following is done : let frame13_top = frame motion value from pixel immediately above the current missing pixel from frame motion detector 13 let frame13_bot = frame motion value from pixel immediately below the current missing pixel from frame motion detector 13 with three motion detector values available , ( fig5 , 501 , 503 , 505 ) the current frame motion value is determined as follows . the order in which the three values are obtained does not matter . when an object is moving within the 5 - field window , the motion value of frame 04 will be about twice that of frame 02 , and so the maximum of either frame 02 or frame 04 / 2 is used , 509 . however , when the object is fast moving ( i . e . it moves beyond the 5 - field window ), the motion values of frame 04 and frame 02 will be the same . the pseudocode above provides that the value of frame 02 is then used , 511 . with this new current frame motion value , the same conditions apply as before , to calculate the final motion value : in contrast with conventional systems , aspects of an embodiment use the minimum value of frame13_top and frame13_bot , 515 , instead of using the maximum . according to this aspect , the most accurate motion value is computed , instead of biasing the value to the maximum . biasing the value to the maximum was conventionally thought to be superior because doing so forced interpolation to be performed more often in instances where the determination of motion remained uncertain , thus avoiding feathering artifacts that would result from improperly blending when interpolation should be called for . the conventional approach is based on an assumption that the motion detector cannot detect all motion , and therefore should be biased towards detecting more motion . this approach also , however , increases flickering or reduced detail artifacts by interpolating excessively , when blending should have been done instead . using the most accurate motion value as described above has now been found to be superior , particularly in connection with the described aspects of embodiments because these aspects of embodiments detect more of the motion actually present , thus increasing , without an artifice such as biasing , the number of instances in which the motion detector detects motion actually present and therefore indicates interpolation should be performed rather than blending . by better matching the use of interpolation and blending to the actual presence or absence of motion in an image , feathering , flickering and reduced detail artifacts are all avoided . interpolation or blending is performed as indicated after performing a mean absolute difference ( mad ) computation on a rectangular window of pixels as follows . the windows may be 3 × 5 or 1 × 5 as now described . an error that can occur is called ‘ false interpolation ’. false interpolation occurs when interpolating is performed on pixels for which it should not be done . false interpolation occurs due to detection of motion where none is present , and is most visible on objects with horizontal edge ( e . g . a horizontal line ). it is not desirable to use a mad 3 × 5 window at the edges of a moving horizontal line since false motion will be detected and false interpolation will result , creating visibly obvious artifacts . when a horizontal line appears in such a 3 × 5 window , away from the pixel under consideration at the center of the window , the horizontal line may appear to signify motion at the pixel under consideration , similarly to noise as described in connection with conventional systems . hence , a 1 × 5 window should be used at horizontal edges to determine the motion value . of course , the choice of the precise size of the two windows is left to the skilled artisan , with one window having multiple lines and a multiple pixel width , while the other window is vertically narrower to avoid noise and horizontal line artifacts . the results of 3 × 5 window mad and 1 × 5 window mad are blended based on the difference between the top / mid lines and mid / bottom lines in the next and previous fields : topbot_thresh signifies the difference between pixel values that can represent different objects in a picture ; to make the 1 × 5 window mad value comparable to the 3 × 5 window mad , the 1 × 5 mad , the sums of absolute differences for the detector and window ( e . g ., sad 02 _win1 × 5 and sad 02 _win3 × 5 , for frame 02 ) must be multiplied by 3 before being divided by 16 so they can be blended , as follows . this blending operation is done on all frame motion detectors in the deinterlacer . ( i . e . including frame 04 ) in the new design , a 16 - step blending value is used . mad value is normalized as follows : where mad_core_thresh and mad_core_normalize are programmable registers , and mad_curr_cored is made to saturate at a value of 16 . forcing mad_curr_cored to saturate at 16 may be done by any suitable means . the following illustrates the transfer function of the blend factor : this blend factor is used to blend between the interpolated line and the weaved line . the higher the blend factor ( i . e . the higher the mad value ), the more weight is given to the interpolated line . ( see fig6 ). it is desired to have a 0 response for low mad values to mask out noise . hence , for one or more values of mad near or at 0 , the blend factor is forced to saturate at a value of 0 at the low end . the system performs a recursive computation under specified conditions , as shown in fig7 . this is called recursive motion mode . in order to perform the method shown in fig7 , in addition to basic motion detection as described above , the system includes two field detectors ( fig3 b , 317 and 319 ), whose outputs are stored and processed ( fig3 b , 309 and 311 ) to provide a field motion result which is used together with the frame motion result as described now . the results of the individual field motion detectors ( fig3 b , 317 and 319 ) are combined , either algebraically or logically to form the field motion result . any suitable function can be used to form the combination , such as taking the maximum of the outputs of the two field motion detectors ( fig3 b , 317 and 319 ). the field motion detectors are shown in fig3 b as separate elements within the overall motion detector structure ; however , skilled artisans will recognize that the detectors , memory and processor shown may share or reuse elements , or may be constructed using independent elements , as various implementations may require for purposes of speed or economy of hardware . the system compares , at 701 , the field motion detector result 703 with the frame motion detector result 705 . if the field result 703 is greater than the frame result 705 , the system enters into 707 recursive motion mode 709 . while in the recursive motion mode 709 , the field result 703 , divided , at 711 , by a programmable number of steps 713 , is written back , at 715 , to a memory location or register used as an accumulator . once the accumulator value becomes greater , at 717 , than the current field motion detector result 719 , the image is considered to be static , at 721 — and weaving , 723 is done . otherwise , at 721 , while inside the recursive motion mode 709 , the field motion detector result 703 is used as the blend factor to the final blender 725 . recursive motion mode ends , at 727 , when the frame motion detector result is greater than the field motion detector result . where steps is a programmable register ( power of 2 ) defining the number of steps that the deinterlacer will go into weave mode . recursive_motion_mode is on if either the previous top or previous bottom line of data has recursive_motion_mode on . prev_motion is the motion data in memory . if both previous top and previous bottom recursive_motion_mode are on , the maximum of the top and bottom motion data is used . otherwise , the corresponding motion read back data is used . the motion detector described can be applied to the luminance or chroma components of an image signal , or to both , in accordance with various embodiments . when film is converted to video , various artifacts peculiar to that process must be taken into account . they are related to the difference in frame rates and the accuracy with which physical film frames are aligned with those digitized counterparts . therefore , a film detection mode is used . in film detection mode , a dedicated k motion value is used to detect cadences , i . e ., those variations that may be film conversion artifacts . this k motion value will also be determined by using the 3 × 5 mad window , in an exemplary embodiment . due to bandwidth constraints , an extra field of memory read may not be possible in certain usage scenarios . therefore , there will be an option to use a 3 - field deinterlacer instead of 5 . since embodiments described above perform 3 field reads from memory , bandwidth to accomplish cadence detection over an entire image becomes a major concern . one approach to reduce memory bandwidth is to downsample a field before writing to memory and upsample when reading back . according to an exemplary embodiment , this would be done for field 4 only . even though this requires an extra memory write client , the memory read and memory write sizes can be significantly reduced , hence reducing both memory footprint and memory bandwidth . the film mode detector mentioned above is , of course , designed for detecting cadences that occur on the entire image . this solution is best suited for use when a film source fills each image frame entirely , however , for overlayed video , where the video from different sources have different cadence sequences , the film mode detector will fail . one way to address this issue is to limit cadence detection to predetermined or other limited regions , including those as small as a single pixel . having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of this invention , it is to be appreciated various alterations , modifications , and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art . such alterations , modifications , and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure , and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention . accordingly , the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only .