our approach to the intelligent grid system architecture is to create a grid that is self - aware and remotely and / or automatically controllable . to achieve this , the architecture is capable of using any available equipment , device , system , and communications network . the architecture can deliver connectivity and communications from devices to systems and vice versa . the connectivity and communications may be routed through a virtual path that is a collection of several media ( e . g . serial and ip based fiber optic , wired , and radio channels , microwave , private networks such as lan , wan , intranet , motorola harmony , motorola canopy , and m / a - com opensky , or public networks such as verizon , nextel , and etc .). the architecture is also capable of supporting of any future wideband data path to utility clients for other uses , such as connectivity to the internet or other private and public networks . the following is a sample of elements that the architecture encompasses : ( this is one of the embodiments , and it is given as an example .) grid field equipment such as breakers , reclosers , switches , capbanks , regulators , etc . grid field devices such as relays , meters , recloser controllers , switch controllers , capbank controllers , sensors and fault detectors . systems , such as automated meter reading , var and voltage control , outage management , scada ( supervisory control and data acquisition , for remotely monitoring and controlling ), energy management , work management , customer information , advance applications , planning , etc . communication infrastructure such as fiber , microwave , wire - line , and radio networks , which can be privately and / or publicly - owned systems . wideband data access to load centers . architectural criteria for overall design and an open intelligent grid system the following is a set of architectural and design criteria for building an intelligent grid system at the lowest possible risks and costs : avoid technology obsolescence maintain compatibility with the future communication and device technologies reduce the number of hardware and devices that perform redundant or overlapping functions at the remote and central sites consolidate hardware and system functions consolidate applications that run on the hardware accept future introduction of new devices accept future introduction of communications standards and protocols on the same hardware accept integration of future hardware sensors and devices accept introduction of future security standards on the same hardware . support a fast learning curve for the personnel who will support , use , and maintain the system small number of personnel can support a wide range telecommunication and device applications small number of personnel can support extremely large number of remote sites with different telecommunications connectivity and utility applications develop and apply new automation applications accommodate lacking features and functions of a desired device or communication hardware avoid duplication of hardware , applications , user interfaces , etc . ( please note that igin is a term coined by the inventor of the current application . any trademark and ip protection for that term belongs to the assignee of the current application .) the content of this disclosure and invention is applicable to electric , water , gas , and oil utilities , and the vendors who provide equipment and systems to the utilities . it can also apply to other industries / businesses / models , such as internet businesses , telecommunication , manufacturing sector / plants , and it networks . for simplicity , and as an example and one embodiment , the focus of the disclosure and the examples and references are for electric utility systems and infrastructures . igin is a flexible and smart element that can be added to field devices , computer , and telecommunication networks to create larger manageable and secure hybrid networks . igin allows networks to support simultaneously low and high throughput data communication using ip and serial schemes over a wide range of wired and wireless media . one example and embodiment of igin unit is based on an open computer hardware , with any operating system , such as open or standard operating system . another example is a single board computer ( sbc ) with an embedded standard os , such as windows ce . net or linux . standard operating systems relieve the organization of tying core solutions to expensive propriety hardware that may become obsolete in a few short years . additionally , standard operating systems , such as windows ce . net , can be loaded onto hundreds of different sbcs offered by different global manufactures . with its standard os , igin automatically inherits a large set of advanced features and functions . the following list covers a partial set of its features : rich security features including application certifications that prohibit any non - certified code from running on the device providing a defense against virus attacks . a modular operating system that allows system designers to exclude those features that are deemed to introduce security vulnerability to the system . very rich encryption and authentication methods . multiple built - in features such as web service , web server , sql database support , snmp , obex , ftp , etc . adding igin to the device - to - grid interfaces will add the required intelligence to the network very inexpensively . for example , igin that works under windows ce . net os will provide the followings : security by using standard security features of windows ce . net . this includes encryption and certification methods to cover confidentiality , authentication , and integrity . availability will be provided by add - on applications that prevent event chattering . network management by using built - in snmp . standard user interface by using web server or web services . standard tools by using built - in ftp server and built - in tools , such as ping and route trace . standard reporting based on windows ce . net capability to interface to sql based databases . sequence of event and historic information using add - on application . pan network handling through obex or add - on application for zigbee and the like . local logic by implementing local application on igin devices . multiple interrupt and priority levels that make the system suitable for real - time processing . creating intelligent grid architecture can start with the implementation of a single igin unit and can be expanded to include all elements of the grid . igin can be installed unit by unit over time , or it can be implemented in a shorter period of time by installing a large number of igins . the core function of igin is to use all communication media that is owned by or available to a utility to provide seamless connectivity amongst the grid devices and utility systems , for example , ems ( energy management system ), gis ( geographic information system ), oms ( outage management system ), da ( distribution automatic system ), amr , or cis ( customer information system ). igin enables utilities to create a hybrid communication network , such as connecting fiber to wireless to power - line carrier to microwave to radios to other networks and systems . in addition , igin can connect utilities to their clients by providing connectivity to appliances at homes , offices , and factories , while offering the clients wideband access to outside networks , such as the internet . as an example , igin is made of generic , standard , microprocessor - based hardware . it is a hardened generic computer that is designed for industrial applications . it can operate in extreme temperatures (− 40 ° c . to + 85 ° c . ), in harsh environments . there are no moving components and / or parts in the igin hardware , therefore , there are no mechanical failures associated with wear and tear . igin hardware has a proven track record in the automation industry , as well as in sensitive fields , such as medical equipment and military systems . because of its standard generic nature , the igin hardware is manufactured by different vendors , and therefore , it is available in the market at low prices . as one can see in fig2 , the prior art has the following features , which are disadvantageous : highly costly and time consuming to change communications and security standards no flexibility with the architecture no networks at the device level expensive to manage and support no “ client ownership ” of the architecture no flexibility with communications ports and protocols fig3 also shows the following features , which are overall disadvantageous in the prior art : highly costly and time consuming to change communications and security standards , though , it is better than traditional method limited flexibility with the architecture propriety network at the device level using serial ports with limited flexibility . easy to mange and support “ client ownership ” of the architecture , however no “ client say ” the future of the hardware limited flexibility with communications ports and protocols closed hardware with limited resources fig4 shows the advantages of igin , which are as follows : low cost and less time to change communications and security standards maximum flexibility with the architecture flexible hybrid network at the device and external network levels using serial , usb , and ethernet ports . future port standard can be added as daughter boards ip over serial and ethernet ports easy to mange and support “ client ownership ” of the architecture “ client say ” the future of the hardware flexibility with communications ports and protocols standard hardware capable of expansion with hardware resources ease of support for aes and other security standards ease of implementation of new and future security standards ease of implementation of data privacy by restricting data type and communication path fig5 shows the test of igin design at digitalogic , the assignee of the current invention , as one of the embodiments of the invention . here is the description of the one of the embodiments of this invention . any other obvious variations are also intended to be covered by this current invention : to build igin , one should choose to use the open and standard computer hardware with standard hardware ports and interface capabilities that network every device and elements of utility infrastructure using existing serial and ip standards . it is capable of routing data at high and low speeds from any location to any other locations through a hybrid communications networks . it can concentrate data and secure data communications . its function can be extended to perform other functions , such as capbank and switch control . it can simultaneously communicate on different channels with different protocols . 1 ) offered by a wide range of national and global manufacturers 3 ) operates in extreme temperature ( i . e . − 30 ° c . to + 75 ° c . or better ). you may consider applying conformal coating , if it needs to operate in a highly humid environment . 4 ) supports standard communication ports such as serial , usb , ethernet , and fiber . the ports that are not available on the hardware can easily be added as daughter - board later . one of the best standards for such hardware is pc 104 , which is a single board computer ( sbc ) with a standard bus structure that allows other pc104 hardware to be added to it . sbc is an embedded microprocessor unit that like a computer has all necessary elements on a single board . these elements are ram , flash file , i / o , serial port , ethernet port , gps , usb , and video interface . of course , these descriptions are for one embodiment and an example for this invention . the choice of a standard hardware such as pc104 will enable you to add new functions that require new hardware to igin . for example , broadband over power line carrier ( bpl ) is becoming a viable solution for carrying data through power lines . the bpl hardware can be integrated with pc104 or other computer standard hardware . this is true with new standards of zigbee radios ( a standard for radio ). there are even more sensing and small control devices that will become available in the market using bluetooth or other emerging technologies . these new devices have to comply with standard computer hardware platforms in order to become viable in the market . therefore , choosing standard computer hardware , such as pc104 , safeguards against obsolescence . it also supports the future generations of hardware sensors or controllers . there are other advantages to choosing standard computer such as pc104 . the cost of the hardware is extremely low because it is easy to build , and there are many different manufacturers that are building such hardware . it is easy to package it in different form factors , to suit different installation requirements . the application of the hardware can be expanded to perform other functions and replace other hardware , such as capbank and switch control . this will result in great savings . it is easy to avoid the replication of hardware because the utility can specify vendors to provide metering ( for both usage and operational purposes , for example , voltage meter or var meter ) and control applications to run on the standard hardware . digitalogic ( the assignee of the current invention ) has used the single board pc104 standard hardware for other advanced integration solutions . we are currently marketing our solutions on pc104 as flexiteam remote ( ftr ). ( flexiteam is a product and trademark belonging to the assignee of the current application .) the choice of hardware has enabled us to quickly expand the applications that run on ftr . for example , we have successfully added two brands of low - cost , low - powered radios for a substation wireless scada application . the work that we did in two weeks might take years for the manufacturers of controllers to achieve . it is important to note that sometimes the manufacturer of a controller of your choice may never include new communications standards in its products . by choosing a standard hardware for implementing igin in your design , you buy the controllers from manufacturer of your choice , and implement the communications standard at your desired time on igin , to meet your needs and requirements . as an example , choose an operating system , such as a standard embedded operating system ( os ), such as microsoft windows ce . net or linux . embedded and real - time operating systems are evolving with a fast pace . microsoft started entering embedded environment a long time ago . microsoft has introduced windows ce and windows xp embedded . linux also is grabbing a great share of embedded systems . there are many other well - known and proven operating systems that are in competition with these two . this competition has resulted in enhancing embedded operating systems features . the current embedded systems are capable of modern file management , complex user interfaces , telnet , ftp , network management and snmp , security ( encryption and authentication ), user management , web and web services , sql databases , and many more . we will discuss these features in following sections . standard os supports standard programming tools . therefore , new applications are developed faster and at lower costs . standard os supports the new emerging standards in communications , protocols , security , and programming tools and techniques . digitalogic ( the assignee of the current invention ) has used windows ce . net on ftr . it has helped us to shorten our application development time and reduce costs . for example , the new security standards and web browsing functions are intrinsic to the os . we did not have to perform any development work in this area . the features and functions have been available to us for our immediate use . this significantly reduces costs and the implementation time , while it follows standard application programming . provide igin suite of applications that will deliver the following capabilities and functions : 1 . makes it possible for devices to connect to systems or other devices 2 . enables routing of data from one medium to another 3 . performs the conversion , encapsulation , and emulation of protocols 4 . is equipped with a real - time database to support managing of data traffic from different ports and media . 5 . has a set of simple tools to configure and manage igin and its hybrid network 6 . includes programming tool for implementing local logic ( some examples for igin suite of applications is front end communications processor ( fecp ), remote terminal unit ( rtu ), programmable logic control ( plc ), intelligent electronic device ( ied ), capacitor bank controller , and metering . note that the different applications can be installed on different igin , however , the user uses the same familiar tools to manage and support igins . regardless of their applications , the igins are equipped with the same networking and communications capabilities for transparently communicating with one another , while each igin will follow its own privacy and security rules and algorithms for exchanging all or portion of data .) in one embodiment , igin applications are developed on standard programming languages that can easily be modified and supported by a wider range of programmers . as an example , digitalogic &# 39 ; s ftr ( the assignee of the current invention ) is capable of routing different protocols from one system to another . it can connect devices through different communication medium . ftr brings ownership and control of data to its user . the data that enters ftr through its ports will be in control of ftr . the user will have full ownership and control of data . the user can configure the system to route the data or perform some local calculations or intelligent processing with the data before routing it to another device or system . apply igin to the interfaces between grid field devices and the grid communication systems . the use of igin at as many interfaces as possible will create the hybrid network architecture with complete control and ownership of data in the hands of the end - user . because igin is a computer ( in this embodiment ), most other hardware for field device controllers can be eliminated , and their functions can be ported to igin . here are some examples of hardware whose applications can be consolidated to run on igin , therefore , eliminating the duplicate hardware : capbank controllers . an igin can perform the capbank controller functions . add an i / o board to the igin hardware to perform the switching and i / o functions . the highly programmable igin hardware can accept capbank controller applications . automated meter reading gateways or collectors . install the meter data collector functions on igin . typically , the data for several meters is collected by a device and then reported to the metering central server . igin can accept most of the radios that the meters use for communications . install the radio on igin and provide the data collection application on igin . bpl applications . imagine using igin to perform metering functions with a bpl modem hardware . igin becomes your intelligent meter , a router to home equipment and appliances , and a bridge to the outside world . this feature alone can profoundly change the technology applications in the utility industry and their connections to their clients . using the rules , signature , digital rights management ( drm ), and encryption schemes available in the market , such as pki and rsa , one can add the layers for privacy and security in this system , so that the flow of information is restricted , monitored , or pre - authorized . this way , the owner of the content can customize who can access what , and under what conditions , and when . any other obvious variations or types of the features described above are also intended to be covered by the current invention and claims .