in one aspect of the present invention , in the process catalyzed by a transition metal complex of compound according to formula ( 1 ), the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of rhodium , ruthenium , iridium , palladium , cobalt , platinum , nickel , iron and osmium . preferably the transition metal is rhodium . in carrying out such a process , the complex is either pre - formed and isolated prior to use , pre - formed in a solution that is then combined in the reaction vessel with the substrate undergoing reaction , or generated in situ during the reaction . in the case of rhodium complexes , it may be preferred that the complex is pre - formed in a solution that is then combined in the reaction vessel with the substrate undergoing reaction . it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that if desired , recognized methods can be applied to achieve immobilization of the ligand ( 1 ) and / or a corresponding transition metal complex for the operation of a process according to the present invention . landis and clark , 2004 , idem , describes one such method . in another aspect of the present invention , the preferred asymmetric reaction is either hydroformylation or hydrocyanation . more preferably , the reaction is asymmetric hydroformylation of an olefin and the complex is a rhodium complex . such asymmetric reactions may either entail enantioselective hydroformylation of a prochiral olefin or diastereoselective hydroformylation of an enantiomerically enriched chiral olefin . in either case , it is desirable that the enantioselective excess of the required product is at least 60 % and is preferably at least 80 %, or higher . in such hydroformylation reactions the olefin is typically , although not always , a prochiral α - olefin , i . e . a monosubstituted terminal olefin . hydroformylation of a prochiral α - olefin rch ═ ch 2 may result in the formation of two regiosiomeric aldehydes , a branched chiral aldehyde rch ( cho ) ch 3 and a linear achiral aldehyde rch 2 ch 2 cho . in the process of the present invention , it is desirable the branched aldehyde is the major product , such that the ratio of branched : linear aldehyde products is at least 3 : 1 and is preferably at least 8 : 1 , or higher . the α - olefin may be selected from the group consisting of , but not limited to , styrene , vinyl acetate , and allyl cyanide . in yet another aspect of the present invention , wherein the process is hydroformylation , the aldehyde product may be subjected to derivatizion . for such purpose , depending on the synthetic application , the derivatizing reaction comprises an oxidation , reduction , amination , olefination , condensation , esterification , alkylation , arylation or acylation reaction . in yet another aspect of the present invention , in the process catalyzed by a transition metal complex of compound according to formula ( 1 ), preferred features of compound ( 1 ) can be characterized as follows : ( i ) p - bridge - p in compound ( 1 ) is selected from the group comprising formulae ( 2 ) to ( 7 ), each of which may be optionally substituted ; n in ( 3 ) is in the range 0 - 5 ; x in ( 6 ) is either o or n - alkyl . more preferably p - bridge - p is either ( 2 ) or ( 3 ) in which n is 1 and most preferably p - bridge - p is ( 2 ). with respect to the backbone structures ( 2 ) to ( 7 ), it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that substitution of alternative backbone structures may be possible in order to obtain ligands with similar properties in asymmetric synthesis applications ; ( ii ) every w - t group in compound ( 1 ) is identical . more preferably in such ligands w in compound ( 1 ) is either substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl and each t in w is ortho relative to the position attached to the diazaphospholane ring . most preferably , w may be 1 , 2 - phenylene ; ( iii ) t in compound ( 1 ) is — c ( o ) nr 4 r 5 . more preferably the group nr 4 r 5 is derived from a chiral amine h — nr 4 r 5 in which typically r 4 is h . most preferably the chiral amine is either a 1 - aryl ethylamine or an alkyl ester of an α - amino acid , and may be selected from the group consisting of ( r )- 1 - phenylethylamine , ( s )- 1 - phenylethylamine , ( r )- 1 -( 1 - naphthylethylamine ), ( s )- 1 -( 1 - naphthylethylamine ), methyl and ethyl esters of ( s )- alanine , methyl and ethyl esters of ( r )- alanine ; and ( iv ) each diazaphospholane ring in compound ( 1 ) is incorporated into a tricycle represented by partial formula ( 8 ) or a bicycle represented by partial formula ( 9 ). for operation of a process according to present invention , a particularly preferred compound ( 1 ) is more specifically represented by formula ( 10 ), or the opposite enantiomer thereof . examples 1 and 2 describe the synthesis of tetracarboxylic carboxylic acid variants of ( 1 ); examples 3 - 13 describe the synthesis of carboxamide variants of ( 1 ), in most cases prepared as a mixture of diastereoisomers which is then separated into constituent diastereoisomers ; example 14 describes the synthesis of monophosphine counterparts of ( 1 ) for use in control experiments within example 15 ; example 15 describes rhodium - catalyzed hydroformylation reactions of three substrates ( styrene , allyl cyanide and vinyl acetate ) using ligands of type ( 1 ), including direct comparison with monophosphine counterparts of ( 1 ) and the known phosphite - based ligands chiraphite , kelliphite and binaphos . table 1 shows that , unexpectedly for diphosphines , ligands ( 1 ) of the present invention are effective for all three substrates , providing good levels of regio - and enantiocontrol , and generally higher activity , as evidenced by % substrate conversion after a fixed time . table 2 shows the effect of varying reaction temperature and pressure with one particular ligand of type ( 1 ); in the case of vinyl acetate in particular , enantioselectivity remains remarkably constant over a broad temperature range ; example 16 describes x - ray characterization of a ligand of type ( 1 ). general considerations . all syntheses were carried out under nitrogen using standard schlenk techniques . flash chromatography of the amides was done open to air . thf was distilled over na / benzophenone . phthaloyl dichloride was purified by vacuum distillation . 1 , 2 - bis ( phosphino ) benzene was purchased from strem . all other chemicals were purchased from aldrich . in the following examples , where applicable the structure of each product is shown before the corresponding experimental description . 2 , 2 ′-( azinodimethylidyne ) bis - benzoic acid ( 1 . 38 g , 4 . 66 mmol ) was suspended in 80 ml thf at 0 ° c . 1 , 2 - bis ( phosphino ) benzene ( 0 . 30 ml , 2 . 32 mmol ) was added to the stirring slurry followed by phthaloyl dichloride ( 10 . 00 ml , 6 . 94 mmol ). the reaction was stirred at 0 ° c . for 1 hour before it was removed from the ice bath and stirred overnight at room temperature . after stirring for 22 hours , the white solid was filtered and rinsed with 20 ml thf . the product was dried under vacuum . yield = 21 % of a white solid . 1 h nmr ( d - dmso ): δ 6 . 25 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 4 hz ), 6 . 77 ( t , 2h j = 7 . 6 hz ), 6 . 93 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 7 hz ), 7 . 11 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 8 hz ), 7 . 29 ( broad , 4h ), 7 . 4 - 7 . 5 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 57 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 6 hz ), 7 . 68 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 74 ( t , 2h , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 85 ( m , 4h , phthaloyl ), 7 . 97 ( m , 2h , phthaloyl ), 8 . 05 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 4 hz ), 8 . 11 ( m , 2h , phthaloyl ), 12 . 6 ( broad , 4h , cooh ); 13 c nmr ( d - dmso ): 57 . 0 ( s , pchn ), 60 . 6 ( t , j c - p = 20 hz , pchn ), peaks at 125 - 145 ppm were not assigned , 154 . 9 ( s , co ), 155 . 2 ( s , co ), 167 . 3 ( s , co ), 167 . 5 ( s , co ); 31 p nmr ( d - dmso ): 6 - 7 . 9 ( broad ). emm calcd for c 54 h 35 n 4 o 12 p 2 [ m − h ] − : 993 . 1727 , found : 993 . 1751 . 2 , 2 ′-( azinodimethylidyne ) bis - benzoic acid ( 0 . 92 g , 3 . 10 mmol ) was suspended in 75 ml thf . bis ( phosphino ) benzene ( 0 . 20 ml , 1 . 55 mmol ) was added to the stirring slurry followed by succinyl dichloride ( 0 . 51 ml , 4 . 63 mmol ). after stirring for 20 hours , the solid was filtered by cannula and rinsed with 20 ml thf . the product was dried under vacuum . yield = 33 % of a white solid . 1 h nmr ( d - dmso ): δ 2 . 2 - 2 . 5 ( m , 6h , ch 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 75 - 2 . 95 ( m , 2h , ch 2 ch 2 ), 6 . 49 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 82 - 6 . 92 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 0 - 7 . 3 ( m , 10h ), 7 . 40 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 47 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 5 hz ), 7 . 63 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 6 hz ), 8 . 01 ( d , 2h , j = 8 . 0 hz ), 12 . 5 ( broad , 4h , cooh ); 13 c nmr ( d - dmso ): δ 25 . 4 ( s , ch 2 ), 50 . 7 ( broad , pchn ), 54 . 0 ( t , j c - p = 20 hz , pchn ), peaks at 120 - 140 ppm were not assigned , 161 . 1 ( s , co ), 163 . 3 ( s , co ), 163 . 5 ( s , co ), 163 . 9 ( s , co ); 31 p nmr ( d - dmso ): δ 5 . 9 ( broad ). the tetracarboxylic acid diazaphospholane ( 0 . 34 mmol ) was combined with 5 equivalents of pybop and placed under nitrogen . degassed methylene chloride ( 100 ml ) was added followed by 5 equivalents of n , n - diisopropylethylamine and 5 equivalents of the amine [( αs )- α - methyl - benzenemethanamine or ( αs )- α - methyl - 1 - naphthalenemethanamine or methyl ester of l - alanine ]. after stirring overnight , the solution was opened to the atmosphere and washed with 50 ml each of saturated nahco 3 , 2m hcl , saturated nahco 3 and h 2 o . the organic layer was dried over mgso 4 , filtered , and the solvent was removed in vacuo . the product was purified by flash chromatography . full separation of diastereoisomers was accomplished by lc with a zorbax rx - sil column ( 4 . 6 × 250 mm ). yield = 21 %. 1 h nmr ( c 6 d 6 ): δ 1 . 30 ( d , 6h , j = 7 . 2 hz , chch 3 ), 1 . 49 ( d , 6h , j = 7 . 3 hz , chch 3 ), 3 . 39 ( s , 6h , co 2 ch 3 ), 3 . 69 ( s , 6h , co 2 ch 3 ), 4 . 68 ( quintet , 2h , j = 7 . 3 hz , chch 3 ), 5 . 27 ( quintet , 2h , j = 7 . 3 hz , chch 3 ), 6 . 5 - 7 . 2 ( m , 14h ), 7 . 52 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 2 hz ), 7 . 63 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 78 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 3 hz ), 7 . 9 - 8 . 1 ( m , 10h ), 8 . 85 ( d , 2h , j = 8 . 1 hz , nhchch 3 ), 9 . 73 ( d , 2h , j = 8 . 1 hz ); 13 c nmr ( c 6 d 6 ): δ 18 . 1 ( s , chch 3 ), 18 . 8 ( s , chch 3 ), 48 . 7 ( s , chch 3 ), 48 . 9 ( s , chch 3 ), 52 . 2 ( s , co 2 ch 3 ), 52 . 8 ( s , co 2 ch 3 ), 58 . 1 ( broad , pchn ), 60 . 2 ( t , j c - p = 16 hz , pchn ), peaks at 125 - 140 have not been assigned , 156 . 8 ( s , conn ), 157 . 3 ( s , conn ), 169 . 0 ( s , 2conh ), 174 . 1 ( s , co 2 ch 3 ), 174 . 8 ( s , co 2 ch 3 ); 31 p nmr ( c 6 d 6 ): δ 4 . 5 ( broad ). emm calcd for c 70 h 64 n 8 o 16 p 2 na [ m + na ] + : 1357 . 381 , found : 1357 . 382 . yield = 21 %. 1 h nmr (( cd 3 ) co ): δ 1 . 31 ( d , 6h , j = 7 . 3 hz , chch 3 ), 1 . 53 ( d , 6h , j = 7 . 3 hz , chch 3 ), 3 . 66 ( s , 6h , co 2 ch 3 ), 3 . 74 ( s , 6h , co 2 ch 3 ), 4 . 30 ( broad , 2h , chch 3 ), 4 . 75 ( quintet , 2h , j = 7 . 4 hz , chch 3 ), 6 . 34 ( broad , 2h ), 6 . 70 ( broad , 2h ), 6 . 84 ( broad , 2h ), 6 . 9 - 7 . 2 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 3 - 7 . 8 ( m , 16h ), 7 . 84 ( m , 4h , phthaloyl ), 8 . 05 ( m , 2h , phthaloyl ), 8 . 19 ( m , 2h , phthaloyl ), 9 . 26 ( broad , 2h , nhchch 3 ); 13 c nmr (( cd 3 ) co ): δ 17 . 5 ( s , chch 3 ), 18 . 1 ( s , chch 3 ), 49 . 4 ( s , chch 3 ), 49 . 6 ( s , chch 3 ), 52 . 5 ( s , co 2 ch 3 ), 52 . 6 ( s , co 2 ch 3 ), 59 . 4 ( s , pchn ), 62 . 1 ( t , j c - p = 18 hz , pchn ), peaks at 125 - 145 have not been assigned , 156 . 5 ( s , conn ), 157 . 4 ( s , conn ), 168 . 6 ( s , conh ), 168 . 8 ( s , conh ), 173 . 4 ( s , co 2 ch 3 ), 173 . 7 ( s , co 2 ch 3 ); 31 p nmr (( cd 3 ) co ): δ − 7 . 6 ( broad ). emm calcd for c 70 h 64 n 8 o 16 p 2 na [ m + na ] + : 1357 . 381 , found : 1357 . 376 . yield = 12 %. 1 h nmr ( d - thf ): δ 1 . 44 ( d , 6h , j = 6 . 3 hz , ch 3 ), 1 . 65 ( d , 6h , j = 6 . 8 hz , ch 3 ), 5 . 19 ( broad quintet , 2h , j = 7 . 1 hz , chch 3 ), 5 . 49 ( broad quintet , 2h , j = 7 . 3 hz , chch 3 ), 6 . 30 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 5 hz ), 6 . 62 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 0 hz ), 6 . 9 - 7 . 7 ( m , 40h ), 7 . 71 ( m , 4h , phthaloyl ), 7 . 93 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 0 hz , nhchch 3 ), 8 . 10 ( m , 2h , phthaloyl ), 8 . 21 ( m , 2h , phthaloyl ), 9 . 62 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 3 hz , nhchch 3 ); 13 c nmr ( d - thf ): δ 22 . 7 ( s , ch 3 ), 23 . 4 ( s , ch 3 ), 49 . 8 ( s , chch 3 ), 49 . 9 ( s , chch 3 ), 59 . 4 ( s , pchn ), 61 . 0 ( d , j c - p = 16 hz , pchn ), peaks at 125 - 150 ppm have not been assigned , 156 . 8 ( s , conn ), 157 . 3 ( s , conn ), 167 . 9 ( s , conh ), 168 . 2 ( s , conh ); 31 p nmr ( d - thf ): 6 - 5 . 4 ( broad ). emm calcd for c 86 h 72 n 8 o 8 p 2 na [ m + na ] + : 1429 . 485 , found : 1429 . 471 . yield = 16 %. 1 h nmr ( d - thf ): 1 . 23 ( d , 6h , j = 7 . 0 hz , ch 3 ), 1 . 61 ( d , 6h , j = 6 . 8 hz , ch 3 ), 5 . 15 ( m , 2h , nhchch 3 ), 5 . 46 ( m , 2h , nhchch 3 ), 5 . 80 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 8 hz ), 6 . 03 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 4 hz ), 6 . 50 ( s , 2h , pchn ), 6 . 76 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 5 hz ), 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 ( m , 42h ), 8 . 07 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 25 ( m , 2h ), 9 . 70 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 9 hz , nhchch 3 ); 13 c nmr ( d - thf ): δ 22 . 4 ( s , ch 3 ), 23 . 8 ( s , ch 3 ), 49 . 6 ( s , chch 3 ), 50 . 7 ( s , chch 3 ), 59 . 4 ( broad s , pchn ), 62 . 5 ( d , j c - p = 18 hz , pchn ), peaks at 125 - 150 have not been assigned , 156 . 3 ( s , conn ), 157 . 4 ( s , conn ), 167 . 9 ( s , conh ), 168 . 1 ( s , conh ); 31 p nmr ( d - thf ): δ − 7 . 7 ( broad ). emm calcd for c 86 h 72 n 8 o 8 p 2 na [ m + na ] + : 1429 . 485 , found : 1429 . 475 . further characterization of tpc486 - 2 , by x - ray crystallography , is described in example 15 . tpc662 - 1 ( 2 , 2 ′, 2 ″, 2 ′″-( 1 , 2 - phenylenebis (( 1r , 3r )- 5 , 10 - dihydro - 5 , 10 - dioxo - h -( 1 , 2 , 4 ) diazaphospholo ( 1 , 2 - b ) phthalazine - 2 , 1 , 3 ( 3h )- triyl )) tetrakis ( n -(( 1s )- 1 -( 1 - naphthalenyl ) ethyl )- benzamide ). yield = 33 %. 1 h nmr (( cd 3 ) 2 o ): ( peaks were too broad to determine coupling constants ) δ 1 . 60 ( 6h , ch 3 ), 1 . 77 ( 6h , ch 3 ), 5 . 95 ( 2h , chch 3 ), 6 . 27 ( 2h , chch 3 ), 6 . 42 ( 2h ), 6 . 70 ( 2h ), 6 . 9 - 8 . 6 ( 50h ), 9 . 68 ( 2h , nhchch 3 ); 13 c nmr (( cd 3 ) 2 o ): δ 22 . 9 ( s , 2ch 3 ), 46 . 2 ( s , chch 3 ), 46 . 5 ( s , chch 3 ), 59 . 7 ( broad , pchn ), 61 . 2 ( t , j c - p = 15 . 9 hz , pchn ), peaks at 120 - 145 ppm have not been assigned , 157 . 2 ( s , conn ), 157 . 3 ( s , conn ), 168 . 4 ( s , conh ), 168 . 5 ( s , conh ); 31 p nmr (( cd 3 ) 2 o ): δ − 4 . 1 ( broad ). emm calcd for c 102 h 80 n 8 o 8 p 2 na [ m + na ] + : 1629 . 547 , found : 1629 . 537 . yield = 30 %. 1 h nmr (( cd 3 ) 2 o ): ( peaks were too broad to determine coupling constants ) δ 1 . 30 ( 6h , ch 3 ), 1 . 64 ( 6h , ch 3 ), 5 . 71 ( 2h ), 5 . 85 ( 2h ), 5 . 98 ( 2h , chch 3 ), 6 . 15 ( 2h ), 6 . 22 ( 2h , chch 3 ), 6 . 46 ( s , 2h , pchn ), 7 . 0 - 8 . 5 ( 56h ), 9 . 46 ( 2h , nhchch 3 ); 13 c nmr (( cd 3 ) 2 o ): δ 21 . 3 ( s , ch 3 ), 23 . 5 ( s , ch 3 ), 45 . 7 ( s , chch 3 ), 46 . 6 ( s , chch 3 ), 60 . 2 ( broad , pchn ), 62 . 4 ( t , j c - p = 17 . 4 hz , pchn ), peaks at 120 - 145 ppm have not been assigned , 156 . 3 ( s , conn ), 157 . 2 ( s , conn ), 168 . 4 ( s , conh ), 168 . 6 ( s , conh ); 31 p nmr (( cd 3 ) 2 o ): δ − 10 . 5 ( broad ). emm calcd for c 102 h 80 n 8 o 8 p 2 na [ m + na ] + : 1629 . 547 , found : 1629 . 540 . yield = 15 %. 1 h nmr (( cd 3 ) 2 o ): δ 1 . 59 ( d , 6h , j = 6 . 8 hz , ch 3 ), 1 . 75 ( d , 6h , j = 6 . 8 hz , ch 3 ), 2 . 3 - 3 . 0 ( m , 8h , ch 2 ch 2 ), 5 . 91 ( dq , 2h , j = 7 . 5 , 6 . 8 hz , chch 3 ), 6 . 26 ( dq , 2h , j = 7 . 1 , 6 . 8 hz , chch 3 ), 6 . 45 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 6 hz ), 6 . 61 ( s , 2h , pchn ), 6 . 67 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 3 hz ), 6 . 80 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 3 hz ), 6 . 88 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 5 hz ), 7 . 02 ( t , 2h , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 7 . 1 - 7 . 9 ( m , 34h ), 7 . 95 ( d , 2h , j = 8 . 1 hz ), 8 . 10 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 9 hz ), 8 . 40 ( d , 2h , j = 8 . 3 hz , nhchch 3 ), 8 . 47 ( d , 2h , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 9 . 50 ( d , 2h , j = 8 . 3 hz , nhchch 3 ); 13 c { 1 h } nmr (( cd 3 ) 2 o ): δ 22 . 8 ( s , ch 3 ), 22 . 9 ( s , ch 3 ), 46 . 1 ( s , ch 2 ch 2 ), 46 . 2 ( s , ch 2 ch 2 ), 56 . 6 ( s , pchn ), 57 . 7 ( d , j c - p = 13 hz , pchn ), peaks at 120 - 140 ppm have not been assigned , 166 . 6 ( s , co ), 168 . 4 ( s , co ), 168 . 6 ( s , co ), 168 . 7 ( s , co ); 31 p nmr (( cd 3 ) 2 o ): δ 11 . 8 . emm calcd for c 94 h 80 n 8 o 8 p 2 na [ m + na ] + : 1533 . 547 , found : 1533 . 538 . yield = 15 %. 1 h nmr ( cd 3 ) 2 o : δ 1 . 24 ( d , 6h , j = 7 . 5 hz , ch 3 ), 1 . 66 ( d , 6h , j = 6 . 7 hz , ch 3 ), 2 . 3 - 2 . 55 ( m , 6h , ch 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 75 - 2 . 95 ( m , 2h , ch 2 ch 2 ), 5 . 76 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 6 hz ), 5 . 92 ( dq , 2h , j = 7 . 6 , 7 . 2 hz , chch 3 ), 5 . 98 - 6 . 10 ( m , 6h ), 6 . 20 ( dq , 2h , j = 7 . 5 , 6 . 9 hz , chch 3 ), 6 . 86 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 2 hz ), 6 . 98 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 10 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 2 - 7 . 7 ( m , 26h ), 7 . 8 - 8 . 1 ( m , 12h ), 8 . 40 ( d , 2h , j = 8 . 3 hz , nhchch 3 ), 9 . 31 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 8 hz , nhchch 3 ); 13 c { 1 h } nmr (( cd 3 ) 2 o ): δ 21 . 4 ( s , ch 3 ), 23 . 3 ( s , ch 3 ), 45 . 6 ( s , chch 3 ), 46 . 7 ( s , chch 3 ), 57 . 2 ( t , j c - p = 6 hz , pchn ), 59 . 4 ( t , j c - p = 17 hz , pchn ), peaks at 120 - 145 ppm have not been assigned , 166 . 5 ( s , co ), 168 . 2 ( s , 2co ), 168 . 6 ( s , co ); 31 p nmr (( cd 3 ) 2 o ): δ 4 . 2 ( broad ). emm calcd for c 94 h 80 n 8 o 8 p 2 na [ m + na ] + : 1533 . 547 , found : 1533 . 540 . yield = 21 %. 1 h nmr ( d - thf ): δ 1 . 37 ( d , 6h , j = 6 . 7 hz , ch 3 ), 1 . 56 ( d , 6h , j = 6 . 7 hz , ch 3 ), 2 . 2 - 2 . 7 ( m , 6h , ch 2 ch 2 ), 2 . 65 - 3 . 0 ( m , 2h , ch 2 ch 2 ), 5 . 06 ( dq , 2h , j = 7 . 5 , 6 . 9 hz , chch 3 ), 5 . 41 ( dq , 2h , j = 7 . 7 , 6 . 9 hz , chch 3 ), 6 . 39 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 3 hz ), 6 . 5 - 6 . 9 ( m , 10h ), 7 . 06 - 7 . 36 ( m , 26h ), 7 . 51 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 60 ( d , 4h , j = 7 . 4 hz ), 7 . 97 ( d , 2h , j = 8 . 3 hz , nhchch 3 ), 9 . 23 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 8 hz , nhchch 3 ); 13 c nmr ( d - thf ): δ 23 . 2 ( s , ch 3 ), 23 . 7 ( s , ch 3 ), 29 . 6 ( s , ch 2 ), 30 . 6 ( s , ch 2 ), 50 . 0 ( s , chch 3 ), 50 . 3 ( s , chch 3 ), 56 . 9 ( broad , pchn ), 57 . 6 ( t ( broad ), pchn ), peaks at 125 - 150 ppm have not been assigned , 166 . 7 ( s , co ), 168 . 2 ( s , co ), 168 . 4 ( s , co ), 168 . 5 ( s , co ); 31 p nmr ( d - thf ): δ 11 . 0 ( broad ). emm calcd for c 78 h 72 n 8 o 8 p 2 na [ m + na ] + : 1333 . 485 , found : 1333 . 480 . tpc673 - 2 ( 2 , 2 ′, 2 ″, 2 ′″-( 1 , 2 - phenylenebis (( 1s , 3s )- tetrahydro - 5 , 8 - dioxo - 1h -( 1 , 2 , 4 ) diazaphospholo ( 1 , 2 - a ) pyridazine - 2 , 1 , 3 ( 3h )- triyl )) tetrakis ( n -(( 1s )- 1 - phenylethyl )- benzamide ). yield = 16 %. 1 h nmr ( d - thf ): δ 1 . 14 ( d , 6h , j = 7 . 1 hz , ch 3 ), 1 . 56 ( d , 6h , j = 7 . 1 hz , ch 3 ), 2 . 3 - 2 . 9 ( m , 8h , ch 2 ch 2 ), 5 . 04 ( dq , 2h , j = 8 . 0 , 7 . 1 hz , chch 3 ), 5 . 39 ( dq , 2h , j = 7 . 2 , 7 . 0 hz , chch 3 ), 6 . 0 - 6 . 2 ( m , 6h ), 6 . 61 ( t , 2h , j = 7 . 5 hz ), 6 . 8 - 7 . 3 ( m , 30h ), 7 . 36 ( d , 2h , j = 8 . 0 hz , nhchch 3 ), 7 . 5 - 7 . 7 ( m , 6h ), 9 . 28 ( d , 2h , j = 7 . 6 hz , nhchch 3 ); 13 c { 1 h } nmr ( d - thf ): δ 22 . 4 ( s , ch 3 ), 23 . 6 ( s , ch 3 ), 30 . 0 ( s , ch 2 ), 30 . 2 ( s , ch 2 ), 49 . 7 ( s , chch 3 ), 50 . 8 ( s , chch 3 ), 56 . 8 ( s , pchn ), 59 . 4 ( t , j c - p = 17 hz , pchn ), peaks at 125 - 150 have not been assigned , 166 . 8 ( s , co ), 168 . 1 ( s , co ), 168 . 2 ( s , 2co ); 31 p nmr ( d - thf ): δ 5 . 8 ( broad ). emm calcd for c 78 h 72 n 8 o 8 p 2 na [ m + na ] + : 1333 . 485 , found : 1333 . 480 . bisphosphinoethane ( 0 . 21 ml , 2 . 25 mmol , 1 equiv ) and succinyl chloride ( 0 . 76 ml , 6 . 7 mmol , 3 equiv ), respectively , were added to a thf ( 35 ml ) solution of 2 , 2 ′-( azinodimethylidyne ) bis - benzoic acid ( 1 . 334 g , 4 . 5 mmol , 2 equiv ), which resulted in a brown solution and an almost immediate precipitation of solid . after stirring for 16 h , the supernatant was filtered away from the solid . the solid was washed with thf ( 2 × 30 ml ) and dried under vacuum to yield the bis ( benzoic acid diazaphospholano ) ethane , rcn2222 , as an off - white solid ( 1 : 1 mixture of 2 diastereoisomers , 1 . 28 g , 1 . 39 mmol , 62 % yield ), which was used directly without further purification . a sample of rcn2222 ( 253 mg , 0 . 275 mmol , 1 equiv ) and pybop ( benzotriazol - 1 - yl - oxy - tris - pyrrolidino - phosphonium hexafluorophosphate ; 647 mg , 1 . 24 mmol , 4 . 5 equiv ) were suspended in ch 2 cl 2 ( 30 ml ). after respective addition of diisopropylethylamine ( 0 . 23 ml , 1 . 32 mmol , 4 . 8 equiv ) and ( s )- methylbenzylamine ( 0 . 2 ml , 1 . 55 mmol , 5 . 6 equiv ), an immediate dissolution of all the reaction components occurred . after stirring for 16 h , the solution was diluted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 50 ml ) and extracted with 3 m hcl ( 75 ml ), saturated nahco 3 ( 75 ml ), and h 2 o ( 75 ml ). the organic layer was dried with mgso 4 and the solvent was removed under vacuum . the crude product was purified by column chromatography ( gradient of 4 : 1 etoac : hexanes to 12 : 3 : 2 etoac : hexanes : meoh ), yielding a small amount of one diastereoisomer of rcn2224 as a white solid ( 23 mg , 1 . 7 × 10 − 2 mmol , 6 % yield ) and several fractions consisting of various mixtures of diastereoisomers and pybop oxide . 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) for rcn2224 : δ6 . 8 - 7 . 5 ( multiplet , 36h ), δ6 . 3 ( s , 2h , ch ), δ6 . 2 ( s , 2h , ch ), δ5 . 1 ( septet , 4h , ch ), δ3 . 0 ( multiplet , 2h ), δ2 . 6 ( multiplet , 6h ), δ1 . 5 ( d , 6h , ch 3 ), δ1 . 3 ( d , 6h , ch 3 ), δ0 . 9 ( broad , 2h ), δ0 . 7 ( broad , 2h ). these ligands , as depicted below , were synthesized according to literature procedure ( clark , t . p . ; landis , c . r . j . am . chem . soc . 2003 , 125 , 11792 .) hydroformylation solutions were prepared by addition of ligand and rh ( co ) 2 ( acac ) stock solutions to toluene followed by addition of solvent and then olefin solution . total volume of solution in each reactor cell was 4 . 5 ml . ligand solutions ( 0 . 03 m for bidentate ligands and 0 . 06 m for monodentate ligands in thf ) and rh ( co ) 2 ( acac ) ( 0 . 05 m in toluene ) were prepared in the dry box at room temperature . the allyl cyanide solution was prepared by mixing 15 . 32 g of allyl cyanide , 3 . 25 g of decane ( as a gc internal standard ) and 6 . 31 g of toluene ( 1 : 0 . 1 : 0 . 3 molar ratio ). the styrene solution was prepared by mixing 14 . 22 g of styene and 6 . 98 g of dodecane ( 1 : 0 . 3 molar ratio ). the vinyl acetate solution was prepared by mixing 13 . 43 g of vinyl acetate and 7 . 97 g of dodecane ( 1 : 0 . 3 molar ratio ). the styene / allyl cyanide / vinyl acetate / dodecane solution was prepared by mixing 11 . 71 g of styene , 7 . 54 g of allyl cyanide , 9 . 68 g of vinyl acetate and 5 . 75 g of dodecane ( 1 : 1 : 1 : 0 . 3 molar ratio ). hydroformylation reactions were conducted in an argonaut endeavor ® reactor system housed in an inert atmosphere glove box . the reactor system consists of eight parallel , mechanically stirred pressure reactors with individual temperature and pressure controls . upon charging the catalyst solutions , the reactors were pressurized with desired pressure of syn gas ( h 2 : co 1 : 1 ) and then heated to the desired temperature while stirring at 800 rpm . the runs were stopped after 3 hrs by venting and cooling the system . upon opening the reactor 50 μl of each reaction mixture was taken out and diluted with 1 . 6 ml of toluene , and this solution was analyzed by gas chromatography . for analysis of styrene and vinyl acetate products supelco &# 39 ; s beta dex 225 column was used . temperature program of 100 ° c . for 5 min , then 4 ° c ./ min to 160 ° c . ; retention times : 2 . 40 min for vinyl acetate , 6 . 76 ( s ) and 8 . 56 ( r ) min for the enantiomers of the acetic acid 1 - methyl - 2 - oxo - ethyl ester ( branched regioisomer ), 11 . 50 min for acetic acid 3 - oxo - propyl ester ( linear regioisomer ), 12 . 11 ( s ) and 12 . 34 ( r ) min for the enantiomers of 2 - phenyl - propionaldehyde ( branched regioisomer ) and 16 . 08 min for 3 - phenyl - propionaldehyde ( linear regioisomer ). for allyl cyanide product analysis astec chiraldex a - ta column was used . temperature program of 90 ° c . for 7 min , then 5 ° c ./ min to 180 ° c . ; retention times : 5 . 55 min for allyl cyanide , 14 . 79 ( s ) and 15 . 28 ( r ) min for the enantiomers of the 3 - methyl - 4 - oxo - butyronitrile ( branched regioisomer ), and 19 . 46 for the 5 - oxo - pentanenitrile ( linear regioisomer ). results of hydroformylation reactions are summarized in table 1 and table 2 . pressure = 150 psi ( 1 : 1 h / co ), ligand : rh = 1 . 2 : 1 for bidentate and 2 . 4 : 1 for monodentate phosphites , solvent = toluene , temp = 80 ° c . solution volume - 4 . 5 ml . a percentage conversion of olefins after 3 hrs . b b / l = branched to linear ratio . each data point is an average obtained from two independent runs . c olefins : rh = 2500 : 1 , d olefins : rh = 10000 : 1 a crystal of the ligand tpc486 - 2 ( prepared according to example 6 ) was studied on a bruker smart platform diffractometer equipped with a graphite monochromatic crystal , a mokα radiation source ( λ = 0 . 71073 å ), a ccd ( charge coupled device ) area detector . the crystal was bathed in a cold nitrogen stream for the duration of data collection (− 100 ° c .). the space group was determined to be p21 (# 4 ) based on systematic absences . the structure was solved and refined in shelxtl6 . 1 ( sheldrick , g . m . ( 2000 ), shelxtl6 . 1 . crystallographic software package . bruker axs , inc . madison , wis ., usa ). the asymmetric unit consists of the molecule and two thf molecules of crystallization . the latter molecules were disordered and could not be modeled properly , thus program squeeze ( p . van der sluis & amp ; a . l . spek ( 1990 ), squeeze , acta cryst . a46 , 194 - 201 ), a part of the platon ( spek , a . l . ( 1990 ). platon , acta cryst . a46 , c - 34 ) package of crystallographic software , was used to calculate the solvent disorder area and remove its contribution to the overall intensity data . the molecules have two disorders that were resolved and several that were not resolved . phenyl ring between p1 and c51 ( c2 - 16 ) is refined in two parts with their site occupation factors dependently refined . the terminal phenyl ring on c61 is also disordered and was refined in two parts ; along with the methyl group on c61 . it was refined in two parts with their site occupation factors also dependently refined . the previous disorder seems to induce an in - plane motion in the rest of the ligand which is most observed in the external aromatic ring c4 - 9 . a similar motion is observed in ring c26 - 3 . 1 . disorders are also observed in all four terminal phenyl rings but only the one on c61 is large enough to allow its resolution . the central phenyl ring c45 - 50 is also slightly disordered due to a rotational motion around an axis passing through bond c45 - c50 . this motion can be seen in the large out of plane thermal ellipsoids . in the final cycle of refinement , 7896 observed reflections with i & gt ; 2σ ( i ) were used to refine 898 parameters and the resulting r 1 , wr 2 and s ( goodness of fit ) were 5 . 69 %, 11 . 63 % and 0 . 803 , respectively . a space group p2 1 is a chiral indicating the absence of any inversion or reflection crystallographic symmetry . consequently , only one enantiomer exists in the data crystal and that is deduced from the value of the flack x parameter which refined to 0 . 01 ( 8 ). a value of zero indicates that the correct enantiomer was used for the successful refinement of the structure .