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Saturn's rings hide 'sunflowers' and extra bulk
Space 17 October 2007
By Govert Schilling
To measure the mass of the rings, scientists observe how a star's brightness changes as the rings pass in front of it. The bright B ring contains most of the matter in Saturn's rings
(Image: NASA/JPL/University of Colorado)
Four propeller-shaped structures were discovered in close-up images of Saturn's A ring in 2006. Since then, many dozens more have been found. They are caused by moonlets as large as Egypt's Great Pyramid
(Image: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)
Round and round it goes, and if it will ever give up its secrets, nobody knows. Saturn's magnificent ring system continues to puzzle astronomers, with new observations by NASA's Cassini spacecraft revealing dust rings that always point at the Sun and extra mass hiding in one of the brightest rings, which may be much older than previously thought.
The observations, discussed last week at a meeting of the American Astronomocial Society's Division of Planetary Sciences, include observations of propeller-shaped disturbances in the A ring, one of the planet's two brightest rings (see image at right).
The first four of these features were found in 2006 (scroll down for image), and now a team led by Matthew Tiscareno of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, US, has found many dozens more.
They are caused by moonlets as large as the Great Pyramid. Because the planet's strong gravitational pull would have prevented smaller objects from sticking together to form moonlets so large, they are probably fragments of a kilometre-sized moon, says Joe Burns, also of Cornell.
Surprisingly, the propellers only show up in specific regions of the A ring. "My gut feeling is that there has been a recent break-up event," Burns told New Scientist.
'Sunflower' rings
In research led by Matthew Hedman, the Cornell team also discovered a number of narrow, slightly elongated rings whose longest axes always point at the Sun.
Apparently, the tiny particles in these 'sunflower' rings are somehow pushed around by sunlight, says Burns. However, he says he suspects that electrical charges in the surrounding rings also play a role.
The most surprising new ring result, however, is the obesity of Saturn's brightest ring, the B ring. Researchers led by Glen Stewart of the University of Colorado in Boulder, US, studied how a star's brightness varied when the ring passed in front of it. The observations revealed the existence of very dense dust clumps, implying that the ring is three times more massive than expected.
Primordial material
If the ring formed through the break-up of a solid body, this object must have been hundreds of kilometres across to account for the observed mass.
Such massive collisions were more probable in the early days of the solar system, suggesting that the B ring could be very old, says CU Boulder colleague Larry Esposito. "The origin of planetary rings is one of the big, unanswered questions of planetary science," he told New Scientist.
"If rings are young, it is only by good luck that we see them now. If they are ancient, rings probably always encircled the giant planets, as they do at the present time," he says. "Ancient rings would indicate rings are likely around giant planets detected around other stars."
However, Esposito notes that not all of Saturn's rings are likely to be so primordial. "A moon or other B ring material could have been recently shattered to make the A ring," he adds.
"It's an exciting find," says Burns. "But it now becomes much more difficult to explain the brightness of the ring particles," which are expected to be coated by dark meteoritic material over time. "The jury is still out on how the rings formed."
Cassini: Mission to Saturn – Learn more in our continually updated special report
More on these topics:
The stargazing spectacles you need to put in your diary for 2023
Solar and lunar eclipses and stunning views of the planets in the night sky await this year. Here are the key dates to add to your calendar so you don't miss the fun
How sounds from space are revealing otherwise hidden cosmic phenomena
Turning astrophysical data into audio has led to all sorts of surprising discoveries, from micrometeoroids bombarding spacecraft to lightning on Saturn. Now, there is a push to get more astronomers to use sonification
JWST has spotted chemical reactions in an exoplanet's atmosphere
Astronomers analysing data from the James Webb Space Telescope have spotted signs of chemical reactions driven by star light in the atmosphere of an exoplanet for the first time
Why Mars has captured our hopes and fears for millennia
From being the celestial embodiment of warrior gods to housing canal-digging aliens, Mars has uniquely endured in the public consciousness. Even today, the Red Planet still spells adventure, says Stuart Clark


text:
Our Board of Advisors
Our Partners & Affiliates
Cultivation To Consumption
Sensi Valley > Our Board of Advisors
Nick J. Richards, Esq.,
Tax Attorney, Partner at Dill, Dill, Carr, Stonbraker & Hutchings
Nick Richards is a tax attorney with 18 years of experience helping companies and individuals survive tax audits, trials and manage tax debt. As a partner at Dill, Dill, Carr, Stonbraker & Hutchings, a prominent Denver law firm, and tax counsel for Vicente Sederberg, the leading marijuana law firm, Nick helps cannabis companies with State and Federal taxes including IRC §280E. A graduate of the University of California and Lewis and Clark College, Nick is licensed to practice law in California and Colorado. He is also an Adjunct Professor of Law at the University of Denver, a former IRS trial attorney, a former Special Assistant US Attorney, husband and father of two, an avid yoga practitioner, and he teaches tax controversy and section 280E to accountants and attorneys throughout the U.S.
Dr. Markus Roggen
VP of Extraction at Outco
Markus brings an outside perspective, founded on a solid scientific base, to the cannabis field. An organic chemist by training, Markus took the plunge into the cannabis world by establishing a testing laboratory. He also built an extraction facility for large volume supercritical CO2 extraction. Markus is deeply interested in the molecular properties of the plant, including testing, extracting, and the transformation of active ingredients. Born in Germany, Markus took a very international route in the pursuit of his chemistry doctorate. His various stops around the globe include undergraduate studies at Imperial College, London, research stays in Germany and Singapore, a Ph.D. at ETHZ in Switzerland, and, finally, postdoctoral studies at The Scripps Research Institute in San Diego.
Dr. Randy Shuck
Family Medicine Doctor & Founding Director of St. Petersburg General Hospital's Medical Education Program
Physician of the Year for the State of FL, 2009.
Jessica Billingsley
COO & Founder of MJ Freeway Business Solutions
Since its inception, the women-owned firm has been recognized in numerous major media outlets and was listed in the prestigious INC 5000 in 2015. In addition, Billingsley has been named to Fortune Magazine's list of Top 10 Most Promising Women Entrepreneurs. MJ Freeway's industry-leading customer service and high revenue returns has earned Billingsley an outstanding reputation in two highly competitive fields – medical marijuana and software development. Billingsley's respected reputation also won her a board member seat several years running on the National Cannabis Industry Association. Prior to forming MJ Freeway, Billingsley cut her teeth building and managing technology operations with an emphasis on executive management, corporate culture, finance, and strategic relations. She has been a successful founder, owner, director, COO, and CEO of companies with revenues exceeding eleven million ($11M).
Christian Figueroa
Geologist and Engineer with Trinity Valley Consulting Engineers (CA)
Christian has over fifteen years of experience in the fields of geology, surveying, and environmental assessments. He has his Bachelors in Geology from Humboldt State University and his Masters in Geology from West Virginia University with a focus in biogeochemistry and hydrology. Christian currently works as a Project Engineering Geologist and Permitting Specialist for Trinity Valley Consulting Engineers in addition to having his own consulting firm that specializes in cannabis-related site development and permitting. As a Trinity County resident, Christian knows well the challenges faced by the cannabis cultivators as well as the environmental impacts caused by the cannabis industry and can help Sensi Valley work towards finding win-win solutions.
Dr. Benjamin LaBrot
Founder & CEO of the Floating Doctors
Dr. LaBrot is the founder and CEO of the Floating Doctors medical team, as well as a professor of Global Health at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California. Originally from Southern California, Dr. LaBrot trained and qualified as a physician at the Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland and practiced as a hospitalist there until returning to the United States to found Floating Doctors in 2009. Floating Doctors has worked to address health access inequities and improve local capacity in Haiti, Honduras and currently Panama, and to date, over 60,000 patients have received free care. Dr. LaBrot works closely with indigenous botanic medical practitioners ('curanderos') to explore new potential treatments, and is particularly interested in bioprospecting for diffuse-acting, plant-based remedies to integrate with western medical practice.
Established in 2016, Sensi Valley, Inc was created to address the constantly evolving federal, state and county cannabis regulations. In 2017 Sensi Valley was created to acquire SVF and provide tools and resources to provide an opportunity for world class growers to collectively grow & come into compliance while mitigating environmental challenges and increase economic and social status' of operatives.
Our Partners & Affilates
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Let's collectively grow & come into compliance. Contact us below.
© 2016-2018 Sensi Valley, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Confederation Minerals Ltd. (TSX-V: CFM) ("Confederation" or the "Company") is pleased to announce that it has closed its previously announced non-brokered private placement (the "Financing"). The Financing raised gross proceeds of $809,200 by the issuance of 2,247,777 units (each a "Unit") at a price of $0.36 per Unit. Each Unit consists of one common share and one share purchase warrant (each a "Warrant"), and each Warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase one additional common share of the Company at a price of $0.55 per share for a period of 24 months from the closing date.
In respect of Financing, the Company paid cash finder's fees of $30,184 and issued 83,844 finder's warrants (the "Finder's Warrants"). Apart from being non-transferable, the Finder's Warrants are subject to the same terms as the Warrants.
All of the securities issued are subject to a statutory hold period expiring July 29, 2018.
The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the Financing primarily to explore the Newman Todd project and for general working capital purposes.


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Neustadt an der Donau, Neustadt a.d.Donau – miasto w Niemczech, w kraju związkowym Bawaria, w rejencji Dolna Bawaria, w regionie Ratyzbona, w powiecie Kelheim. Leży około 15 km na południowy zachód od Kelheim, nad Dunajem, przy drodze B16, B299 i linii kolejowej Ingolstadt – Ratyzbona.

W tym mieście znajduje się jeden najdziwniejszych torów żużlowych. Nie ma bandy okalającej, tylko spory trawiasty pas, znajdujący się za zewnętrznym krawężnikiem.

Zobacz też
 Neustadt

Powiat Kelheim
Miasta w Bawarii

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


New leadership books appear almost every week. But it's unique and refreshing to read a new, in-depth volu me, based on both experience and research, setting a new paradigm for leadership in the twenty-first century. Such is the new book by General Stanley McChrystal, former commander of all American and coalition forces in Afghanistan. Co-authored with two former U.S Navy SEAL officers and a very articulate scholar currently at Cambridge University, this book describes how old models of leadership, popular and successful for centuries, have been forced to change in an era of instant Internet communication and terrorist tactics. The book describes how the military has needed to change but demonstrates how these changes must apply equally to corporations, professions like medicine, organizations and anyplace else where leadership occurs.
This book is too rich, innovative and stimulating to summarize in a few sentences. Here is the background: McChrystal was put in command of what undoubtedly was one of the best-trained and disciplined military forces ever assembled. But the enemy terrorists kept winning, manned with relatively untrained individuals and small groups who appeared from nowhere to blow up shopping malls, military installations, schools and other targets. Then these perpetrators would be gone. They had mastered the use of free and accessible technology to communicate instantly before they died or disappeared. Almost overnight the elements of warfare that McChrystal learned in the military academy were largely powerless against a new kind of cyber-sophisticated and connected enemy. Especially irrelevant was the old micromanagement and chain of command that defined the military and still dominates so much of our culture.
As I read I thought of leadership in higher education and adult learning, including ministry and counselor education. So-called leaders still micromanage, set visions and expect others to comply, follow the rigid innovative-squelching guidelines of accrediting agencies, and fail to see that a new technological age requires new methods, skills and leadership. This is reflected in the title of the book by McChrystal and his colleagues: Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World. Commands and guidelines from the top of a hierarchy are too slow. Models for counseling, ministry or coaching don't always work. Individuals, teams and groups of teams throughout the system must be equipped and empowered to make quick decisions on their own. They need a new kind of leadership.
Have any of you read this new book? Even if you have not, please comment.
The summaries of contemporary articles and books are appreciated and should continue, especially if each leads to some practical conclusions.
Roughly half of the respondents wanted personal perspectives gleaned from my years of experience. Examples include counseling Millennials, dealing with criticism, mentoring across continents, flourishing in the later years, and "Why a global perspective is absolutely essential in today's world." At any time you can send additional suggestions. I try to limit using the word "I" in most of the newsletters but apparently the Collins perspective would be valued.
Some of the respondents had very good questions but on topics that may have limited interest to a broader readership. I may try to answer some of these privately or fit them into topics of greater reader interest.
Nobody asked for more stories but these tend to be popular with writers, speakers and their audiences. Expect a few more.
Nobody asked for advertising or a newsletter that blatantly markets my books or myself. For other bloggers this is OK. Don't expect more here.
Here are things I've been learning about blogging. To keep posts relevant, blog writers (this could include you) need to know who their readers are and what they want or need. Decide whether you can provide this information and how. Shorter blogs, especially those with bullet points are more often read than long, dry text. Be consistent in your timing: Sporadic posts rarely get read. Titles matter. So do images, especially photos of people. Titles and images catch and hold readers who can always click and go elsewhere if the post looks boring.
One more: it's important to get feedback from readers. That's you. What would you add, based on your role as a blogger or as a blog reader? Please leave a comment.
Now a postscript on this holiday weekend. Happy Canada Day to you who are Canadians. Happy Independence Day to Americans. Happy both to dual citizens like me. And Happy weekend to everyone.
Newsletter #502 – Do You Still Have Time to Change the World?
Have you noticed how some politicians become statesmen following their years in office? Bill Clinton was controversial when he was president but he seems to be turning into one of our better ex-presidents. In a Time magazine cover article (October 1, 2012) Clinton shares reasons for his optimism that the world is getting better. He describes the work of CGI, the Clinton Global Initiative. Thus far it has distributed almost $70 billion and last month brought together Barak and Michelle Obama, Mitt Romney, the new presidents of Libya and Egypt, plus 50 additional current or former heads of state and others committed to improving world conditions.
Healthy communities that prosper. Examples show how major health crises are being combatted and averted in Haiti, Africa and elsewhere.
Green energy that equals good business.
How does this relate to us or to the people we work with? Younger people seem more motivated to make a difference in the world but shouldn't this concern everybody, regardless of age or circumstances? Might God have a purpose for putting each of us here, at this time, in the places where we live? Couldn't we make a difference in our worlds even without the international contacts or funds to replicate what CGI seeks to accomplish?
Please ask yourself, "At this place in life what can I do, however small, to make a lasting difference?" Others can sharpen your vision and help you take action. As long as you're alive there is time to change the world. Please leave a comment.
This is more than futuristic fantasy or interesting sociological analysis. C-generation connectivity already is impacting how we relate, do business, educate, learn, work, lead, make decisions, run political campaigns, engage in therapy and live our lives. Corporations, healthcare, travel, entertainment, diplomacy and even governments will be forced to change as 24/7 connectivity and social networking become the norm worldwide. What does this say about the way we manage crises, make ethical decisions, evangelize or do ministry? What are some practical implications?
The more overwhelmed, anxious or the older we get, the more we are likely to resist, deny or ignore changes like these. And the more irrelevant we will become.
Ignore trends like these and we become reactive, deluged by the changes. Better to be like the wise leaders of the Old Testament tribe of Issachar who "understood the signs of the times and knew the best course…to take" (I Chronicles 12:32). They understood the trends as best they could and were proactive in adapting and making changes.
No one person can keep abreast of all the changes so we connect with others who are knowledgeable where we are not. We trust in God who has put us in this place, at this time, for his purposes, to be part of this social revolution.
See this as an exciting, incredible time to be alive, living, leading, and encouraging others.
How are you handling these changes? Please comment.
Every year Time magazine selects a Person of the Year" who has made the greatest impact (good or bad) for shaping our world in the prior twelve months. The winner this time was 26-year-old Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook. Over the holiday season, his face has stared from the cover of Time in newsstands around the world.
If that is not thought provoking enough, consider how the article ends. Zuckerberg describes conversations in college where everyone agreed that eventually the world would become open like it is now. "Why were we the people make this happen?" he asks. "That's crazy." Then he paused and added "I guess what it probably turns out is, other people didn't care as much as we did." Ponder that.
Please share your comments on the above or on the Time article.
Gary's Newsletter #400 – Is Faceboook Killing your Soul?
Our brains and ways of thinking are being remolded neurologically by the constant stimulation, overloads of information, and incessant bursts of short term messages that undermine our ability to concentrate or think in depth. New neural pathways are formed as we "abandon sustained immersion and concentration" but "dart about, snagging bits of information," continually surfing the hypnotic Internet. (Nicholas Carr and NYTimes).
Digital devices and the myth that multitasking increases efficiency (the opposite is true) leave us fatigued and less able to learn, remember, and come up with new ideas. Gym routines accompanied by television and iPod docs are less effective than outside workouts or exercise without digital stimulation.(See NYTimes and Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain).
The Relevant article argues persuasively that social technologies can build a subtle narcissism, exhibitionism, self-absorption and neurotic co-dependency.
None of this was relevant In 2002 when this newsletter started as a one-way commentary sent to the email boxes of students and professionals interested in counseling and coaching. Facebook did not exist when this letter began 400 plus weeks ago. Blogs were rare compared to today. Electronic readers and interactive hand-held devices were still novelties, unseen forerunners of new kinds of communication. The benefits of these new technologies is widely acknowledged, writes Relevant author Shane Hipps. Because of technology we read, learn, interact and think differently than we did before. Many in our technologically-connected culture only see the benefits but seem "utterly blind to the liabilities, the inevitable losses that certain technologies bring." How does this impact your education, business, ministry, or people helping? Please leave a comment.


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Norms do…
ArtistBio
Honeymoon & Hotels series
Interpretative Abstracts
Marseille to Marbella
Florence Milan Zurich
Cádiz/ Jerez
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Compendium // Budapest
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Compendium // Porto
Compendium // Rome
2018: My Year in Photos
It's incredible to think that a year has gone by since I last undertook the rather enviable task of looking back on a year of incredible travel, enriching experience and fulfilling creativity. Yet here I am again, with the bells of Big Ben only hours away, and the turn into yet another inevitable year fast approaching, marking the time when, as blogger (and, may I say, general life enthusiast), I take the opportunity to look back and celebrate what I have experienced during the last 365 days. For I am a firm believer in nourishing experience and consolidating lessons learned. I rarely revel in sadder times, but instead seek to affirm my memories of happier times. Thankfully, for me, 2018 was full of them.
I would be lying if I said that my 2018 highlights were not travel. As is usually the case, in celebrating 2018, I am saluting a year which saw me leave the British Isles on no less than 11 occasions, enabling me to relish in old favourites such as Verona and Tuscany, while discovering new shores: Crete, Porto, Budapest and Bruges chief amongst them.
It all started back in January with a last minute weekend to Rome which saw us beat the seasons and enjoy endless wine-filled languid luncheons in the sun in the Campo de' Fiori and the Trastevere. Then came the beast from the East, which brought with it an endless winter and a period of intense climatic instability. This made Spring weekends in Lucca, Porto and Marbella all the more welcome, and by the time we moved into our own private villa in Crete, we were truly ready to embrace the full joys of summertime – and what a setting to do it in!
Come September, and we saw out the year with a string of superb weekend getaways, to Budapest, Verona and Bruges, a truly unbeatable triptych which reaffirmed how lucky we are to have such superb European destinations on our doorstep. But it is with such a reminder that this year ends on something of a cautionary note. For 2019 is expected to bring with it the great change of Brexit – a major turning point in British history which could lead to many a complexity, and a horizon tinged with melancholia. The current climate is one of uncertainty and fear, an atmosphere in which it is sometimes hard to remain positive. Yet hoping for the best from the depths of my withering optimistic soul, I can only anticipate that 2019, for all its upheaval and change, will also bring with it new encounters with happiness, and ties with Europe forged tighter…at least for those many of us who hold our European unity so dear.
Ancient Chania
Michelangelo's masterpiece
Porto ceramics
Wimbledon parched
Verona Duomo
Happiness with my nephews
British summertime lunch
Porto's iconic bridge
Cafe Society, Budapest
Discovering sealife
Archetypal Glyndebourne
Lunch by Lake Garda
Chania, Crete
Roman glitz
Nymph Bay, Crete
Belgian Christmas
Budapest Parliament
The Lateran Basilica
Porto skyline
Rome skyline
Time for an Aperol
Verona details
Porto sunlight
The Beast from the East
Chania harbour
Porto art nouveau
Ancient Porto
Ancient Verona
Spinalonga ruins
The ultimate Lucca restaurant
The ultimate Bruges view
Lucca doorway
The mystery man of Porto
Car show, Verona
Stained glass Bruges
Sunrise over London
Bruges Skyline
Chania by sunset
Birds on Castle Hill
The Verona Arena
Porto sunshine
Tasting the port
Piazza della Rotonda, Rome
Veronese colours
Brugge Windmill
Mirabello, Crete
Tuscan Sunset
Tram cables, Budapest
The Chain Bridge, Budapest
Our Crete paradise
Stormy skies over Lucca
© Nicholas de Lacy-Brown and The Daily Norm, 2001-2018. Unauthorised use and/or duplication of the material, whether written work, photography or artwork, included within The Daily Norm without express and written permission from The Daily Norm's author and/or owner is strictly prohibited.
Two Gentlemen in Verona, Part V: Lakeside in Garda
It's something of a contradiction in terms, that two Gentlemen in Verona were not in Verona at all, but should have ventured swiftly onwards to Italy's great Lake Garda. However, the location of this mountain-locked beauty is comfortably close to Verona, and a mere 30 minute's train ride transmitted us in a frictionless trajectory to the still waters of Garda, and to the idyllic town of Sirmione, the Lake's most popular destination.
I'm no lover of tourist hot-spots, but it's easy to see why Sirmione is visited by millions and the beloved of many. With it's fairy-tale like Scaligero Castle marking the town's entrance, and a quaint little historical centre all set upon a slender little peninsular jutting out into the lake, Sirmione is veritable honeypot of Italian charm, and the perfect location for gelato, lemon-flavoured treats and an aperol spritz aplenty.
I first wanted to see Garda when we saw the utterly mesmerising scenes of young love being played out on its shores in Call Me By Your Name (2017), which I have long proclaimed to be the best film ever made. The protagonists, Oliver and Elio, are not there for long. Accompanying Elio's father to unearth the discovery of an ancient sculpture found on the bed of the lake, there is a beautiful scene when all three go for a swim amongst the grasses and reeds which give this wide expanse of water the nature of a lake rather than the sea which it otherwise resembles. As we arrived near Sirmione we saw those same lush reeds and grasses, and the presence of ducks and swans marked this out as a freshwater paradise, with a tranquility most unlike the sea.
A second signposting to Garda was the ravishing book, The Land Where Lemons Grow, in which author Helena Attlee expertly guides the reader through Italy's most historically and currently significant citrus growing spots. The atmosphere she conjured with her descriptions of lemon growth on the shores of Lake Garda had me dreaming of the lake long before I went there. Once alongside Garda, I reveled in a panoply of lemon-infused products to mark our arrival in this wonderful place, a lemon-cream filled cannolo being chief among these guilty pleasures.
Our trip to Lake Garda lived up to both film, and book. We left knowing that this one visit was a mere lemon-filled taster, and that one day we will return. For now, as we ventured back to Verona, these Two Gentlemen felt fully at home, as the city of love and style and Italian chic welcomed us back for one evening more… to drink Valpolicella amongst the people of the Piazza della Erbe, and to stroll in the marble-paved streets of the Romans that went before us.
Folio // Verona – The View from the Top
There's nothing quite like the experience of viewing a city from above. In a single sweeping 360 degree motion, you can admire an entire landscape sweeping out before you, appreciating its scale and geography, but all seen from above. From the perspective reserved for those with wings, it's possible to feel almost superhuman (and as those with vertigo will tell you, a little sick too) as you gaze down upon a city's every day life unfolding while you, from on high, are like deity gazing down upon your subjects.
It was no surprise to us that Verona, a city so magnificent from up close, would be equally as beautiful from the top of the Torre dei Lamberti. And as the city's tallest tower at some 272 feet high, you are guaranteed a truly commanding view if you make it to the top. From there, the city's grey marble streets and yellow and auburn palazzos became dominated by a sea of terracotta roofs, all apart from the striking semi-circular form of the ancient arena, and the sweeping green like snake of the river, twisting its way around the peninsular of the city's ancient heart. Best of all were the proximate views the tower afforded of the nearby Piazza delle Erbe and the stunning statuary atop the Palazzo Maffei. Who would have known, from the Piazza down below, what incredible detail lies hidden within the folds and undulations of those wonderful depictions of ancient deity.
Seen from above, Verona shared a new perspective of its indisputable beauty, reasserting why it remains the favourite city of literature lovers and true romantics everywhere, whatever the angle of their admirable glances.
Two Gentlemen in Verona, Part IV: Four Churches which Enchanted Us
"There are four main churches in Verona", our hostess told us, "and you must visit them all." Not two Gentlemen to take advice lightly, we decided we had better do just that. And so in their turn we visited the four principal churches of the city – Sant'Anastasia, San Fermo, the Duomo and San Zeno (although when viewed from the hilly city surroundings, we could see that Verona, peppered with spires, is host to more than four).
A combined visitors ticket made access to the spiritual quartet an easy endeavour, and once we had been inside the first – Sant'Anastasia – we were hungry to see them all. With its soaring vaulting ceilings frescoed in delicate bouquets of floral motifs, and harbouring the famous fresco of Saint George by Pisanello (which you'll have to strain your neck to see), Sant'Anastasia made for an impressive beginning. The church had a tangible luminosity which bounced off its high ceilings and the walls adorned with devotional masterpieces. However it was the small details which enchanted the most, chief among them the holy water fonts, or hunchbacks, whose faces contorted with pain are said to represent the fact that the people of Verona were brought almost to their knees by the massive undertaking of constructing this church. Looking at the scale of the place, I can quite imagine why.
A short stroll away saw us arriving at the second, and I suppose you should say the most important church of the lot – the Duomo. After Sant'Anastasia, the interior, while beautiful, did not impress us as much. That was the preserve of the exterior, whose delightful striped facade made for a truly beautiful sight when offset against the Veronese blue sky, while the huge mythological griffins which hold up enormous columns either side of the main entrance portico lent a true grandiosity to the building. A further highlight deserving of a mention is the Baptistery's stunning octagonal font. Rendered from a single block of Veronese marble, it is aptly considered to be a masterpiece of Romanesque sculpture and with good reason. Its scenes of expressive high-relief figures were joyous to behold, bursting to life in their narrative of the birth and baptism of Jesus and the many hurdles along the way.
The Duomo of Santa Maria Assunta
After lunch and a stroll through the Giardino Giusti, we took in our third church on the way back to our apartment. San Fermo is all about the ceiling. Ancient though it may be, the extraordinary multi-arched wooden construction is punctuated by an even more impressive collection of some 416 portraits of saints. It was time again to strain the neck to appreciate them, although the scale of work meant this short-term discomfort was well worth it, just to pay homage to the unknown artist whose ingenuity created them.
San Fermo
Our fourth and final visit came the following day, when Saturday meant that our visit coincided with a big fat fluffy wedding. While this meant for a rather glamorous spectacle as the church of San Zeno was given over to a vision of bridal beauty and the admiration of all, it did mean that we were unable to get close and personal with all of the ancient masterpieces contained within the church. We did however manage to sneak in a moment or two with San Zeno's greatest spectacle: its doors.
Comprising 48 bronze panels, dating from 1030 and 1137 respectively depending on which of the two doors you are looking at, the panels depict in delightfully naive fashion the life and times of San Zeno. More than the images, I loved seeing the parts which had been rubbed smooth by centuries of visitors, the dark bronze polished to a sparkling lustre by the touch of the faithful. I can well imagine how churches such as these inspired visitors over the years to reach out and touch… just to be sure that these miracles of art and faith actually existed, and weren't just a wonderful mirage. That same sense of awe-inspiring disbelief continues to this day, as Verona's four main churches continue to inspire.
Two Gentlemen in Verona, Part III: The Piazzas which Seduced Us
A bustling café, an aperol spritz, a hand-full of renaissance palaces and preferably a fountain or two, all set within the confines of an elegant piazza – now that, for me, is Italy. And as piazzas go, they frankly don't get much better than Verona's. Every Italian city has a piazza or five – just look at Rome, where a glamorous fountain-filled piazza breaks the monotony of straight roads at every turn. But Verona's squares are something truly special. Is it because they feel authentic – a haunt of locals as well as tourists? Is it the quality of the light, warm and golden as sun bounces off terracotta buildings and ancient marble statuary? Probably both, plus the very explicit beauty which oozes from every facet of Verona's impressive piazzas.
Chief among them is the Piazza delle Erbe. Paved with the same silky-smooth Marmo Rosso di Verona as lines many of the city's streets, and surrounded by some of the most spectacular buildings in the city – amongst them the ravishingly frescoed Case Mazzanti, and the two towers, Torre dei Lamberti and Torre del Gardello – the former sales platform of herbs and flowers retains the bustling market feel of its heritage (although sadly the stalls of today are a little touristic in nature). But for the real Veronese experience, head to one of the cafes which circle the square and enjoy every vantage point of this spectacular place. Our favourite was the Caffe Filippini where, as if fate had ordained it, we managed to seize a front-line table, just by the Fontana di Madonna Verona, every time we visited, and from there of course I had the very best spot from which to sketch, and enjoy that glistening orange aperol spritz.
But the great thing about Verona is you get two squares for the price of one. Not for the Veronese is one stunning piazza enough. For separated by a mere arch (the Arco della Costa to be exact) and a whale's bone (hanging underneath said arch), you will stroll from the Piazza delle Erbe into the equally mesmerising site of the Piazza dei Signori. As the old political centre of the city, the intimate space exudes a tangible spirit of power-play reflected off fortress-like palazzos decorated with friezes made from stone and peppered with statues of great minds and the all powerful winged lion of Venice. At the centre of it all, a statue of Dante Alighieri looms in a masterful pose which dominates the square. No wonder the best cafe there (and arguably in town) is the Caffe Dante – our lunch there, of creamy al dente pasta, a deconstructed tiramisu and a chilled glass of white wine, was proof enough for that…Just one more reason why the piazza lifestyle is the best way to enjoy time in one of Italy's most picturesque cities.
Two Gentlemen in Verona, Part II: The Gardens which Beguiled Us
It's funny. When I think back to my first encounter with Verona, some 17 years ago in the prime of my youth, touring from one art historical Italian treasure to another, I can remember very little of the city. I remember the balcony purported to be that of Shakespeare's fictional Juliet, and the street where I purchased my first Burberry scarf. I remember the relief which blue skies and a bustling living city afforded after 10 days or so ensconced in the fog-filled fantasy land of Venice. But I remember little of the stunning streets and grand piazzas which dominated this most recent reconnaissance with Verona. But of all the highlights I remember with absolute clarity, despite the passing of the years, it is the wonder of the Giardino Giusti, arguably the best Renaissance garden in all of Italy.
Just beyond the bustling centre, housed between the Mannerist walls of the Giusti palace and the higher hilltops of the upper gardens, the Giardino Giusti is a place of almost mystical quality. With perfectly trimmed box-hedge mazes and prim parterres punctuated by moss-covered statues from the ancient realms, the Giusti gardens is at once a Lewis Carroll wonderland as it is a perfect example of the Renaissance style. A sense of perfectly manicured order provided by sweeping central paths and cypress tree-bordering is yet tempered by the pure poetry which comes of patios lined by potted cypress trees and half-hidden structures such as the rose-pink colonnaded belvedere, which affords the most unbeatable view over the labyrinth of hedges and collections of ancient statuary.
In fact it was in that same belvedere where my fondest memory of Verona was born. There, in 2001 in the autumn sunshine, my friends and I picnicked on fresh pesto and salumi, with a little wine, and some recitals to accompany the scene. Is it possible to ever beat such epiphanaic perfection? I don't think I ever have. But this visit to the Giardino Giusti was just as I remembered it – a memory in no way diluted by the joy of my return, to a paradise garden which remains, for me, the highlight of any visit to Verona.
Two Gentlemen in Verona, Part I: The Streets which Ensnared Us
Don't accuse me of being repetitive. It's not my fault that Italy is such a beautiful country. But if I've gone on about the beauty of Rome, of Bologna, of Sicilia, of Siena, who can blame me? Charm oozes from their every cobble and paint-flaking wall, from the tolling of cathedral bells and the trickling of their ancient fountains. And now I have another stunner to add to the set of Italian cities which are quite frankly spectacular: Verona.
In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, two Gentlemen arrived in the golden light of a creamy sunset to an apartment overlooking the imposing walls of the ancient Roman arena, and knew that they had entered a new Elysium; a city perfectly compact but wide in impact, whose ancient charm extends far beyond the Renaissance but back to the splendid time of the Emperors, whose grand triumphal arches and magnificent arenas characterise the city to this day.
The city which ensnared William Shakespeare and inspired the greatest love story ever known has now caught these two Gentlemen inside it's luxurious web. But if we are prey to its abundance of good food, splendid piazzas, quaint little cobbled streets and cases of the most velvety Valpolicella wine, then I say: catch me web, I'm hanging around for more.
The Daily Norm's new Veronese adventure starts in the sumptuous streets which inject the city with such a cosmopolitan buzz. They are the pulsing veins which carry a continuous and energetic stream of lifeblood around a city whose very existence burns with the vivacity of an aperol spritz, but which conversely exudes something of the tranquility of a lazy Sunday everyday.
The ancient marble pavements which run throughout Verona have been polished to a fine gloss by the millions of feet who have trod them throughout history. In places you can even see grooves marked by carts over millennia of history. Today, those same shiny roads glitter with the veritable glow of cake-filled patisseries and chic fashion outlets. Verona is, after all, a city in which to see and be seen; where sparks of romance resonate everywhere as tourists and locals alike take inspiration from the fabled Romeo and his Juliet.
A trip to Verona doesn't require an itinerary. Just walk, explore, and waft amongst the little streets which wind like arteries across the packed historical core of this great city. From one end to another, your stroll will lead you to all the monuments and majestic sights any guidebook will require you to see. But in the meantime, the streets will give you the best Veronese experience of all: one of cafes and couture, of people perambulating and history unfurling.
This post is in made in homage to those wonderful streets of Verona. At points, of course, those streets widen into the most perfect of piazzas – the real gems around which they wind. But there's time yet for the piazzas, which will be explored in their turn.
Breakfast at La Baita
Autumn is a love-hate time for me. On the one hand, I relish the new spectacle of fiery colours transforming the landscape from green lushness to a wealth of auburn warmth. On the other, I bemoan the passing of my favourite season of Summer, and the conclusion of my sun-drenched travels, which feel as though they have ended before they even begun. But in this latter respect, I have an antidote, right around the corner from my London home; a place where I can go and feel every inch as though I am back on holiday, surrounded by the vivacity of the Sicilian spirit, and food to match the very best Italian fare: La Baita on Clapham Common.
Located at the very centre of the Common, alongside the grand Victorian bandstand after which the cafe is named, from a distance you would assume La Baita is your bog-standard park cafe selling bacon butties and ice cream. However the Italian name signifies that this cafe is more than your British norm. Rather, run by Sicilians and southern Italians with a true passion for the food of their great nation, it is a fantastic little eatery with food so good that I have never found an Italian restaurant in London to beat it.
Breakfast at La Baita (2018© Nicholas de Lacy-Brown, pen on paper)
Whether it be because of the fine food, the passionate staff, or the beauty of its parkland surroundings, La Baita has become our "local" in every sense of the word. Some weekends we even go twice a day! So it felt only natural that over our last few visits, I should capture the cafe's terrace in my sketchbook, at the season's leafy best. After all, it won't be long before those leaves have fallen ground-wards, and the terrace of La Baita becomes paved with a transient crispy carpet of auburn gold.
© Nicholas de Lacy-Brown and The Daily Norm, 2001-2018. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of the material, whether written work, photography or artwork, included within The Daily Norm without express and written permission from The Daily Norm's author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. For more information on the artwork of Nicholas de Lacy-Brown, visit http://www.delacybrown.com
Folio // Porto from the Rooftops
When I look through my photos of Porto, one thing really stands out, even more than the blue and white ceramics which embellish the houses – the rooftops. Swathes of terracotta dominate my photographic collection, and as many will know, I do like a good rooftop, especially when offset by the colours which inherently characterise southern Europe. Porto is no exception for a city resplendent in colour, but what it has more than your average city is a most unusual topography – one which rises and falls over undulating hills so that, even if you're not climbing up towers and high stories, you can benefit from the most glorious views of warm red roofs and green bushy treetops.
This little collection of rooftop photos enjoys a variety of angles, from the Miradouro de Vitoria, an almost hidden street which suddenly opens up into a splendid view over the Ribeira and across to the cellars of the Vila Nova de Gaia, and the spectacular square outside the Sé Cathedral, to the stunning vistas afforded by the Ponte Dom Luís Bridge, and from the heady heights of the dominating Torre dos Clérigos. There, laid out before us, rooftops seemed to jostle for space, vying for light light trees in a forest. And in that forest, cranes seems to rise above the city like new shoots of spring – a sign perhaps that Porto is itself enjoying a new regrowth, as it repairs and reinvents itself in response to its renewed popularity.
© Nicholas de Lacy-Brown and The Daily Norm, 2018. Unauthorised use and/or duplication of the material, whether written work, photography or artwork, included within The Daily Norm without express and written permission from The Daily Norm's author and/or owner is strictly prohibited.
Folio // Porto, Ceramic City
Porto is a city which literally smiles through its tiles. Every facade is alive with the glinting sheen of ceramic glaze. Their colours are abundant, their pattern even more so, and there is barely a house without a tile attached. When one wanders around Porto, gazing in abject fascination at these dazzling facades, one tends to question why we don't all affix tiles to the front of our houses and buildings? Isn't this the simplest way to give our exteriors something of the personality within, while – practically speaking – saving the need to repaint every year?
Be they a practical solution or a traditional embellishment, the ceramic tiles of Porto are completely characteristic of the city. From the simple geometric designs and slightly more elaborate three dimensional variations emblazoned on homes to the pure masterpieces of blue and white illustrative design which narrate the walls of churches and (best of all) the San Bento central station, there are tiles to be admired throughout Porto. Here is a folio of my photos of just a few of them.
From Napoli to Capri, Part 14: A photo folio to end it all
Honeymoon and Hotels: Il Gatto Bianco
From Napoli to Capri, Part 13: Villa Jovis and the Casa Malaparte
From Napoli to Capri, Part 12: Ascending Mount Solaro
My Travel Sketchbook: View from the Hotel Gatto Bianco
De Lacy-Brown Art
Richard III (2016 ©Nicholas de Lacy-Brown, acrylic on canvas)
Norm Sketch Selection
The Nighthawk Norms (after Hopper) (2012 © Nicholas de Lacy-Brown, pen on paper)
Norms at La Pedrera (2014 © Nicholas de Lacy-Brown, pen and ink on paper)
Norms at the Halloween House of Horrors (2012 © Nicholas de Lacy-Brown, pen on paper)
Norms on Dubrovnik Beach (2014 © Nicholas de Lacy-Brown, pen and ink on paper)
Norms visit the C'an Joan de S'Aigo (2014 © Nicholas de Lacy-Brown, pen and ink on paper)
Norms in Soller (2013, © Nicholas de Lacy-Brown)
For Lisbon Norms this is a scene from every day life
Norms in Pisa (2012 © Nicholas de Lacy-Brown, pen and ink on paper)
Norms in Dubrovnik take the Cable Car (2014 © Nicholas de Lacy-Brown, pen and ink on paper)
Tube Norms (2012, © Nicholas de Lacy-Brown, pen on paper)
While these Norm tourists are at the Musée Rodin.
While for Parisian Norms, it's not unusual to see Egyptians wondering by.
Featured Painting
Featured Norm
Featured Gouache
Painting Parliament: Turner, Monet and Me
Deconstructed Norm Sculptures in a Setting (after Henry Moore)
Diamond Jubilee Pageant: A Right Royal Wash-out
The Colours of Marrakech, Part 5: Majorelle Blue
Sunday Supplement: High Perspective (Viewed from 21c)
Out and about with my iPhone - Part II
Paris: la visite d'art - Exhibition 1: Hopper
Twelfth Night at the Roundhouse: Laugh-out-loud funny with a Fawlty Towers twist
Winter blues put me in a reflective mood #winter #london #claphamcommon
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© Nicholas de Lacy-Brown and The Daily Norm, 2011-2015. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of the material, whether written work or artwork, included within The Daily Norm without express and written permission from The Daily Norm's author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Nicholas de Lacy-Brown and The Daily Norm with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
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text:
The Movie Timeline - it's like a timeline, but of movies
Movie events on the 7th June
Louis XIV ascends to the throne. (France) (The Day After Tomorrow)
Gandhi's first act of civil disobedience. (Pietermaritzburg, South Africa) (Gandhi)
Dean Martin is born. (Steubenville, Ohio) (Martin and Lewis)
By order of General Von Hellwig, the German Authorities of Occupation permit the piano recital of Mr. Jan Volny at the Smetana Concert Hall accompanied by the Czech Philhamonic Orchestra, thus demonstrating their "readiness to grant cultural freedom to the Czech population." However, Volny is specifically prohibited from playing Bedřich Smetana's Die Moldau for fear it will ignite anti-Nazi sentiment among the audience members. Volny plays the piece for an encore despite the danger and makes arrangements to flee the country immediately after the concert. (Prague, Czechoslovakia) (Voice in the Wind)
The Battle of Midway ends. (Midway)
Hitler signs off on the amended Valkyrie, a conspiracy against him put in place by Claus von Stauffenberg. (The Berghof, Germany) (Valkyrie)
Martin Harris is born. (Unknown)
Paramount agrees to pay Jerry Lewis $10 million to appear in 14 films. (Martin and Lewis)
Martin John Harris is born. (Weare, New Hampshire) (Unknown)
The Five Heartbeats meet their future manager, Jimmy Potter after an unsuccessful appearance at Little G's Monthly Talent Show. (New York, New York) (The Five Heartbeats)
Ronald Reagan is elected Governor of California. (The Reagans)
Tito is born. (New York City, New York) (Double Whammy)
Michael Cera is born. (Brampton, Ontario) (Paper Heart)
Loki and Bartleby attempt to enter St Michael's Church, but God stops them; Bethany discovers that she is pregnant. (Dogma)
A date marked on Costa's calendar. (Taking Lives)
Teacher Sue Hodge's baby is due. (Notes on a Scandal)
Rachel lies to Darcy by telling her that Dex was watching a game of cricket on TV with Marcus. (New York City) (Something Borrowed)
The Internship is released. (The Internship)
Complete list of movie dates.


text:
Q: Is there an HTTP proxy tool that can substitute browsed content? What I'm looking for is some sort of a proxy tool that will allow me to specify a local file to load instead of one specified in the web page that is being browsed. I have tried Burp Suite which is almost working - it allows us to intercept a file and replace it by pasting the contents of the file we are swapping in into an input field. The file content is compiled code (Flash content) so we are pasting in bytecode, but something isn't working.
The reason is we are a 3rd party software developer without access to our client's development or testing environments. Our content must interact correctly with the rest of the content on their webpage (there are elements on their page that communicate with our content) and to test any changes we make takes several hours turnaround to get our files uploaded to their servers. So what we need is some sort of hacking tool to let us test our work with their web pages, hence the requirement to specify a file in a webpage to swap with a local version.

A: The autoresponder feature in Fiddler Web Debugging Proxy might do what you need, if it's only static content.

A: I've been using HTTP::Proxy for a long time, and it has always helped me fiddle with things on the fly.

A: You might be able to do this with Greasemonkey but I'm not sure if the tests will be totally reliable.
http://diveintogreasemonkey.org/patterns/replace-element.html
And if Greasemonkey seems plain wrong for you I would take it as the perfect excuse to try out mouseHole. Now I have to admit that I've never tried it but since _why also made Hpricot I expect it to be fun, productive, and different.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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/*!
 * Lightbox for Bootstrap 3 by @ashleydw
 * https://github.com/ashleydw/lightbox
 *
 * License: https://github.com/ashleydw/lightbox/blob/master/LICENSE
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A larger piece traveled on and disappeared behind clouds, said Richardson, who believed the object could be space debris, a meteorite, or shooting star.
ECM asked astronomy writer Dennis Mammana (www.dennismamammana.com; www.facebook.com/DennisMammana), author of the syndicated "Stargazer" column, if he was aware of any meteor showers or other celestial phenomenon that evening.
Such occurrences happen more frequently than most people are aware," Mammana added.
Coincidentally, the Space Station passed over our region and was reportedly visible here one night later.
If you spotted either of these unusual occurrences in the night skies over East County, please post your comments below.


text:
using System;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.Research.AbstractDomains;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Microsoft.Research.DataStructures;
using Microsoft.Research.AbstractDomains.Numerical;

using System.Diagnostics.Contracts;

using Microsoft.Research.CodeAnalysis;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;

namespace Microsoft.Research.CodeAnalysis
{
  public static partial class AnalysisWrapper
  {
    public static partial class TypeBindings<Local, Parameter, Method, Field, Property, Event, Type, Attribute, Assembly, Expression, Variable>
      where Variable : IEquatable<Variable>
      where Expression : IEquatable<Expression>
      where Type : IEquatable<Type>
    {
      /// <summary>
      /// Analysis that determines how an expressions refines to an array
      /// </summary>
      [ContractVerification(true)]
      public class ArrayExpressionRefinementPlugIn :
        GenericPlugInAnalysisForComposedAnalysis
      {
        #region Invariant
        [ContractInvariantMethod]
        void ObjectInvariant()
        {
          Contract.Invariant(this.Id >= 0);
        }

        #endregion

        #region Constructor

        public ArrayExpressionRefinementPlugIn(
          int id, string methodName,
          IMethodDriver<Local, Parameter, Method, Field, Property, Event, Type, Attribute, Assembly, Expression, Variable, ILogOptions> mdriver,
          ILogOptions options,
          Predicate<APC> cachePCs
          )
          : base(id, methodName, mdriver, new PlugInAnalysisOptions(options), cachePCs)
        {
        }

        #endregion

        #region Select
        [Pure]
        public ArrayTracking Select(ArrayState state)
        {
          Contract.Requires(state != null);
          Contract.Requires(this.Id < state.PluginsCount);

          Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<ArrayTracking>() != null);

          var untyped = state.PluginAbstractStateAt(this.Id);
          var selected = untyped as ArrayTracking;

          Contract.Assume(selected != null);

          return selected;
        }
        #endregion

        #region Overridden

        public override ArrayState.AdditionalStates Kind
        {
          get { return ArrayState.AdditionalStates.ArrayRefinement; }
        }

        public override IAbstractDomainForEnvironments<BoxedVariable<Variable>, BoxedExpression> InitialState
        {
          get { return new ArrayTracking(this.ExpressionManager); }
        }

        public override IFactQuery<BoxedExpression, Variable> FactQuery(IFixpointInfo<APC, ArrayState> fixpoint)
        {
          return new ArrayExpressionRefinementFactQuery(this, fixpoint);
        }

        public override IAbstractDomainForEnvironments<BoxedVariable<Variable>, BoxedExpression> AssignInParallel(
          Dictionary<BoxedVariable<Variable>, FList<BoxedVariable<Variable>>> refinedMap,
          Converter<BoxedVariable<Variable>, BoxedExpression> convert, List<Pair<NormalizedExpression<BoxedVariable<Variable>>, NormalizedExpression<BoxedVariable<Variable>>>> equalities,
          ArrayState state)
        {
          Contract.Assume(state != null);
          Contract.Assume(refinedMap != null, "missing preconditions in base class");
          Contract.Assume(convert != null, "missing preconditions in base class");

          var mySubState = Select(state);
          mySubState.AssignInParallel(refinedMap, convert);

          return mySubState;
        }

        #endregion

        #region Transfer functions

        #region Ldelem

        public override ArrayState Ldelem(
          APC pc, Type type, Variable dest, Variable array, Variable index, ArrayState data)
        {
          Contract.Assume(data != null);

          var mySubState = Select(data);

          var boxedArray = new BoxedVariable<Variable>(array);
          var boxedIndex = new BoxedVariable<Variable>(index);

          var symbolicConditions = SymbolicExpressionTracker<BoxedVariable<Variable>, BoxedExpression>.Unknown;

          ScalarFromArrayTracking prevInfo;
          if (mySubState.TryGetValue(new BoxedVariable<Variable>(dest), out prevInfo))
          {
            Contract.Assert(prevInfo.Conditions != null);
            symbolicConditions = symbolicConditions.Meet(prevInfo.Conditions);
          }

          var isUnModifiedArrayElement = data.IsUnmodifiedArrayElementFromEntry(boxedArray, ToBoxedExpression(pc, index));

          var newRelation = new ScalarFromArrayTracking(boxedArray, boxedIndex, isUnModifiedArrayElement, symbolicConditions);

          mySubState[new BoxedVariable<Variable>(dest)] = newRelation;

          return data.UpdatePluginAt(this.Id, mySubState);
        }

        #endregion

        #region Stelem

        public override ArrayState Stelem(APC pc, Type type, Variable array, Variable index, Variable value, ArrayState data)
        {
          Contract.Assume(data != null);

          var mySubState = Select(data);

          var boxedArray = new BoxedVariable<Variable>(array);
          var boxedIndex = new BoxedVariable<Variable>(index);

          if (mySubState.IsNormal())
          {
            var toRemove = new List<BoxedVariable<Variable>>();
            foreach (var pair in mySubState.Elements)
            {
              var el = pair.Value;
              if (el.IsNormal() && el.Left.IsNormal() && el.Left.Contains(boxedArray) && el.Right.IsNormal() && el.Right.Contains(boxedIndex))
              {
                toRemove.Add(pair.Key);
              }
            }

            foreach (var k in toRemove)
            {
              mySubState.RemoveElement(k);
            }
          }

          var isUnModifiedArrayElement = data.IsUnmodifiedArrayElementFromEntry(boxedArray, ToBoxedExpression(pc, index));

          var newRelation = new ScalarFromArrayTracking(boxedArray, boxedIndex, isUnModifiedArrayElement, SymbolicExpressionTracker<BoxedVariable<Variable>, BoxedExpression>.Unknown);

          mySubState[new BoxedVariable<Variable>(value)] = newRelation;

          return data.UpdatePluginAt(this.Id, mySubState);
        }

        #endregion

        #region Renaming

        public override ArrayState HelperForAssignInParallel(
          ArrayState state,
           Pair<APC, APC> edge, Dictionary<BoxedVariable<Variable>, FList<BoxedVariable<Variable>>> refinedMap,
            Converter<BoxedVariable<Variable>, BoxedExpression> convert)
        {
          Contract.Assume(state != null);

          var mySubState = Select(state);
          mySubState.AssignInParallel(refinedMap, convert);

          return state.UpdatePluginAt(this.Id, mySubState);
        }

        #endregion

        #region Assume
        public override ArrayState Assume(APC pc, string tag, Variable source, object provenance, ArrayState data)
        {
          Contract.Assume(data != null);

          var sourceExp = BoxedExpression.Convert(this.MethodDriver.Context.ExpressionContext.Refine(pc, source), this.MethodDriver.ExpressionDecoder); // Force conversion, as the expression may be very large!

          if (sourceExp == null)
          {
            return data;
          }

          var mySubState = Select(data);

          #region Get the predicate P(a[exp]), for some 'a' and 'exp'

          var variablesInExp = sourceExp.Variables<Variable>().ConvertAll(v => new BoxedVariable<Variable>(v));

          var toUpdate = new List<BoxedVariable<Variable>>();

          foreach (var pair in mySubState.Elements)
          {
            if (variablesInExp.Contains(pair.Key))
            {
              toUpdate.Add(pair.Key);
            }
          }

          #region Handle equalities

          Variable v1, v2;
          if (sourceExp.IsCheckExp1EqExp2(out v1, out v2) // direct syntactical equality
            ||
            (tag == "false" && sourceExp.IsCheckExp1NotEqExp2(out v1, out v2)) // double negation
            )
          {
            return data.UpdatePluginAt(this.Id, mySubState.TestTrueEqual(new BoxedVariable<Variable>(v1), new BoxedVariable<Variable>(v2)));
          }

          #endregion

          // Shortcut: build the negation 'sourceExp == 0'
          if (tag == "false")
          {
            sourceExp = BoxedExpression.Binary(BinaryOperator.Ceq, sourceExp, BoxedExpression.Const(0, this.DecoderForMetaData.System_Int32, this.DecoderForMetaData));
          }

          foreach (var key in toUpdate)
          {
            Contract.Assume(mySubState[key] != null);
            mySubState[key] = mySubState[key].AddCondition(key, sourceExp);
          }

          #endregion

          return data;

        }
        #endregion

        #region Call
        public override ArrayState Call<TypeList, ArgList>(APC pc, Method method, bool tail, bool virt, TypeList extraVarargs, Variable dest, ArgList args, ArrayState data)
        {
          if (!this.MethodDriver.ExpressionLayer.ContractDecoder.IsPure(method))
          {
            var mySubState = Select(data);

            if (mySubState.IsNormal())
            {
              var result = mySubState.Top;
              var atLeastOneExcluded = false;

              var argsAsBoxedVariables = new List<BoxedVariable<Variable>>();
              foreach (var arg in args.Enumerate())
              {
                argsAsBoxedVariables.Add(new BoxedVariable<Variable>(arg));
              }

              foreach (var el in mySubState.Elements)
              {
                var arrays = el.Value.Left;
                if (arrays.IsNormal() && !arrays.Values.Intersect(argsAsBoxedVariables).Any())
                {
                  result.AddElement(el.Key, el.Value);
                }
                else
                {
                  atLeastOneExcluded = true;
                }
              }

              if (atLeastOneExcluded)
              {
                return data.UpdatePluginAt(this.Id, result);
              }
            }
          }
          return data;
        }
        #endregion

        #endregion

        #region Inference of Postconditions
        public override bool SuggestAnalysisSpecificPostconditions(
          ContractInferenceManager inferenceManager,
          IFixpointInfo<APC, ArrayState> fixpointInfo, List<BoxedExpression> postconditions)
        {
          Contract.Assert(this.MethodDriver.CFG != null);
          var exitPC = this.MethodDriver.CFG.NormalExit;

          ArrayState exitState;
          if (fixpointInfo.PostState(exitPC, out exitState))
          {
            var mySubState = Select(exitState);
            foreach (var pair in mySubState.Elements)
            {
              // Try to get a variable name for it
              var variable = ReadVariableInPostState(exitPC, pair.Key);

              if (variable == null)
              {
                // we fail to get a name in the post state, let us see if it is a constant
                Int64 k;
                var intv = exitState.Numerical.BoundsFor(pair.Key);
                if (intv.IsSingleton && intv.LowerBound.TryInt64(out k))
                {
                  variable = BoxedExpression.Const(k, this.DecoderForMetaData.System_Int64, this.DecoderForMetaData);
                }
                else
                {
                  continue;
                }
              }

              Contract.Assert(variable != null);

              Contract.Assume(pair.Value != null);

              if (pair.Value.IsNormal() && pair.Value.IsUnmodifiedFromEntry.IsTrue())
              {
                foreach (var arrayBoxed in pair.Value.Left.Values)
                {
                  Contract.Assume(arrayBoxed != null);

                  var arrayType = GetTypeOrObject(exitPC, arrayBoxed);

                  var array = ReadVariableInPostState(exitPC, arrayBoxed);
                  if (array != null)
                  {
                    // If we have one or more definite values for the index expression, we use them
                    if (pair.Value.Right.IsNormal())
                    {
                      foreach (var indexBoxed in pair.Value.Right.Values)
                      {
                        BoxedExpression newPost = null;

                        Contract.Assume(indexBoxed != null);
                        var index = ReadVariableInPostState(exitPC, indexBoxed);

                        if (index == null)
                        {
                          newPost = GenerateTheExists(exitPC, variable, arrayType, array);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                          #region Generate arr[index] == variable
                          var arrayLoad = new BoxedExpression.ArrayIndexExpression<Type>(array, index, arrayType);

                          newPost = BoxedExpression.Binary(BinaryOperator.Ceq, arrayLoad, variable);
                          #endregion
                        }

                        postconditions.AddIfNotNull(newPost);
                      }
                    }
                      // else, if we know it is top, we can simp,y project over it
                    else if(pair.Value.Right.IsTop)
                    {
                      postconditions.AddIfNotNull( GenerateTheExists(exitPC, variable, arrayType, array));
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }

          return false;
        }

        private BoxedExpression GenerateTheExists(APC exitPC, BoxedExpression variable, Type arrayType, BoxedExpression array)
        {
          Contract.Requires(variable != null);
          Contract.Requires(array != null);

          BoxedExpression newPost = null;

          var boundedVariable = BoxedExpression.Var("__j__");

          var lowerBound = BoxedExpression.Const(0, this.DecoderForMetaData.System_Int32, this.DecoderForMetaData);
          Variable arrayVar, arrayLength;
          if (array.TryGetFrameworkVariable(out arrayVar)
            && this.Context.ValueContext.TryGetArrayLength(exitPC, arrayVar, out arrayLength))
          {
            var upperBound = BoxedExpression.Var(arrayLength, this.Context.ValueContext.VisibleAccessPathListFromPost(exitPC, arrayLength));

            // arr[boundedVariable] == variable
            var arrayLoad = new BoxedExpression.ArrayIndexExpression<Type>(array, boundedVariable, arrayType);

            var eq = BoxedExpression.Binary(BinaryOperator.Ceq, arrayLoad, variable);

            newPost = new ExistsIndexedExpression(null, boundedVariable, lowerBound, upperBound, eq);
          }

          return newPost;
        }

        #endregion

        #region FactQuery

        public class ArrayExpressionRefinementFactQuery
          : IFactQuery<BoxedExpression, Variable>
        {
          #region Invariant

          [ContractInvariantMethod]
          void ObjectInvariant()
          {
            Contract.Invariant(this.analysis != null);
            Contract.Invariant(this.fixpoint != null);
          }

          #endregion

          #region State

          private readonly ArrayExpressionRefinementPlugIn analysis;
          private readonly IFixpointInfo<APC, ArrayState> fixpoint;

          #endregion

          #region Constructor

          public ArrayExpressionRefinementFactQuery(ArrayExpressionRefinementPlugIn analysis, IFixpointInfo<APC, ArrayState> fixpoint)
          {
            Contract.Requires(analysis != null);
            Contract.Requires(fixpoint != null);

            this.fixpoint = fixpoint;
            this.analysis = analysis;
          }

          #endregion

          #region IFactQuery<BoxedExpression,Variable> Members

          public ProofOutcome IsNull(APC pc, BoxedExpression expr)
          {
            return ProofOutcome.Top;
          }

          public ProofOutcome IsNonNull(APC pc, BoxedExpression expr)
          {
            return ProofOutcome.Top;
          }

          // only knows how to answer questions in the form a == b
          public ProofOutcome IsTrue(APC pc, BoxedExpression condition)
          {
            BinaryOperator bop;
            BoxedExpression left, right;
            ArrayState preState;
            if (condition.IsBinaryExpression(out bop, out left, out right) &&
              (bop == BinaryOperator.Ceq || bop == BinaryOperator.Cne_Un)
              && this.fixpoint.PreState(pc, out  preState))
            {
                var mySubState = analysis.Select(preState);

                Variable s1, s2;

                if (left.TryGetFrameworkVariable(out s1) && right.TryGetFrameworkVariable(out s2))
                {
                  var s1Boxed = new BoxedVariable<Variable>(s1);
                  var s2Boxed = new BoxedVariable<Variable>(s2);

                  ScalarFromArrayTracking value1, value2;

                  if (mySubState.TryGetValue(s1Boxed, out value1) && value1.IsNormal()
                    && mySubState.TryGetValue(s2Boxed, out value2) && value2.IsNormal())
                  {
                    BoxedVariable<Variable> arr1, arr2;
                    BoxedVariable<Variable> index1, index2;

                    if (value1.Left.IsSingleton(out arr1) && value2.Left.IsSingleton(out arr2) && arr1.Equals(arr2))
                    {
                      if (value1.Right.IsSingleton(out index1) && value2.Right.IsSingleton(out index2) && index1.Equals(index2))
                      {
                        if (bop == BinaryOperator.Ceq)
                        {
                          return ProofOutcome.True;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                          Contract.Assert(bop == BinaryOperator.Cne_Un);
                          return ProofOutcome.False;
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            return ProofOutcome.Top;
          }

          public ProofOutcome IsTrue(APC pc, Question question)
          {
            return ProofOutcome.Top;
          }

          public ProofOutcome IsTrueImply(APC pc, FList<BoxedExpression> posAssumptions, FList<BoxedExpression> negAssumptions, BoxedExpression goal)
          {
            return ProofOutcome.Top;
          }

          public ProofOutcome IsGreaterEqualToZero(APC pc, BoxedExpression expr)
          {
            return ProofOutcome.Top;
          }

          public ProofOutcome IsLessThan(APC pc, BoxedExpression left, BoxedExpression right)
          {
            return ProofOutcome.Top;
          }

          public ProofOutcome IsNonZero(APC pc, BoxedExpression condition)
          {
            return ProofOutcome.Top;
          }

          public ProofOutcome HaveSameFloatType(APC pc, BoxedExpression left, BoxedExpression right)
          {
            return ProofOutcome.Top;
          }

          public bool TryGetFloatType(APC pc, BoxedExpression exp, out ConcreteFloat type)
          {
            type = default(ConcreteFloat);
            return false;
          }

          public IEnumerable<Variable> LowerBounds(APC pc, BoxedExpression exp, bool strict)
          {
            yield break;
          }

          public IEnumerable<Variable> UpperBounds(APC pc, BoxedExpression exp, bool strict)
          {
            yield break;
          }

          public IEnumerable<BoxedExpression> LowerBoundsAsExpressions(APC pc, BoxedExpression exp, bool strict)
          {
            yield break;
          }

          public IEnumerable<BoxedExpression> UpperBoundsAsExpressions(APC pc, BoxedExpression exp, bool strict)
          {
            yield break;
          }

          public Pair<long, long> BoundsFor(APC pc, BoxedExpression exp)
          {
            return new Pair<long, long>(Int64.MinValue, Int64.MaxValue);
          }

          public ProofOutcome IsVariableDefinedForType(APC pc, Variable v, object type)
          {
            return ProofOutcome.Top;
          }

          public FList<BoxedExpression> InvariantAt(APC pc, FList<Variable> filterVariables, bool replaceVarsWithAccessPaths = true)
          {
            return FList<BoxedExpression>.Empty;
          }

          #endregion

          #region IFactBase<Variable> Members

          public ProofOutcome IsNull(APC pc, Variable value)
          {
            return ProofOutcome.Top;
          }

          public ProofOutcome IsNonNull(APC pc, Variable value)
          {
            return ProofOutcome.Top;
          }

          public bool IsUnreachable(APC pc)
          {
            return false;
          }
          #endregion

          #region ToString

          public override string ToString()
          {
            return "Array expression refinement fact query";
          }

          #endregion
        }

        #endregion

      }

    }
  }
}


Philadelphia Eagles coach Doug Pederson knows he has an inspiring story to tell. The man who led the Eagles to a dramatic Super Bowl win over the New England Patriots is working on a memoir.
Hachette Books told The Associated Press on Tuesday the book is called "Fearless" and is coming out August 28. According to Hachette Youth DJ Moore Jersey , Pederson will look back on his career as a quarterback and assistant coach and tell of the Eagles' unexpected championship season.
Pederson has been the team's head coach since 2016. He said in a statement that he had always considered himself an "underdog," whether backing up quarterbacks such as Brett Favre of the Green Bay Packers or, as Eagles head coach, facing the Patriots in Super Bowl LII and winning 41-33.
COLUMBUS, Ohio — The final playoff push begins Tuesday night for the Columbus Blue Jackets.
With three games left in the regular season, the Blue Jackets (44-29-6) are close to clinching a spot in the postseason for the second consecutive year. A win at Nationwide Arena over the Detroit Red Wings (30-38-11) would secure a place in the field.
In the tightly bunched Metropolitan Division, the Blue Jackets and Philadelphia Flyers share third place with 94 points. Both have three games left.
The New Jersey Devils are lurking one point behind in the second wild-card spot in the Eastern Conference. The Florida Panthers still have faint hopes but need basically a miracle to get in.
The Blue Jackets and Flyers still have a chance to move up in the standings. Both enter Tuesday's games just two points behind Cole's former team Byron Maxwell Jersey Seahawks , the Pittsburgh Penguins, for second place in the Metro.
With the Penguins idle and the Flyers playing the New York Islanders on Tuesday, the evening could end with a three-way tie for second. Then, two nights later, the Blue Jackets play host to the Penguins.
Finishing second in the division would mean home-ice advantage in the first round of the Stanley Cup Playoffs, and so there's still plenty to play for this week. The Blue Jackets close the season on Saturday at Nashville.
But Columbus coach John Tortorella refused to talk about the scenarios, repeatedly deflecting questions about the playoffs.
The Blue Jackets practiced Monday at less than full strength.
"We just have a little bit of sickness running through the team," Tortorella said.
One player he's definitely ruling out Tuesday is defenseman Markus Nutivaara, who is day to day after suffering an upper-body injury in the Blue Jackets' 5-4 overtime loss on Saturday in Vancouver to the Canucks.
Defenseman Jack Jackson, a healthy scratch the past few games, could be a candidate to replace Nutivaara. Sergei Bobrovsky also is expected back in goal after sitting out Saturday in Vancouver.
The Blue Jackets finished March with a 12-3-1 record, going 12-1-1 in their past 14 games. They closed the month by rallying from a three-goal deficit in the final minutes against the Canucks to force overtime and pick up a point in the standings.
Cam Atkinson scored one of the goals in the comeback, giving him a seven-game points streak, and Artemi Panarin had four assists in the game, giving him 25 points in March.
The Red Wings aren't going to the playoffs, but they're not going down without a respectable fight. They bring a three-game winning streak to Columbus after beating the Ottawa Senators 2-0 on Sunday.
At the same time, winning could actually hurt the Red Wings' prospects of getting a high pick in this summer's draft.
Red Wings goaltender Jimmy Howard, who posted his first shutout of the season on Sunday Redskins Kevin Hogan Jersey , agreed with his coach.
"We still want to go out there, we still want to perform, we still want to play our best, we still, you know, want to win games," Howard said.


text:
Q: Sorting 4D numpy array but keeping one axis tied together First, I looked into the question NumPy: sorting 3D array but keeping 2nd dimension assigned to first but the accepted answer doesn't quite fit to my problem as I need the full range of values possible in uint16 and don't wish to go to int32 to avoid using too much memory.
My problem is that I have a stack of 3D arrays (which are images with two bands each) that I want to sort along the axis of the stack (by the value of the first band) but by preserving together the two bands of each image... I hope this is somewhat clear.
Code to produce an array similar to what I have:
import numpy as np
# Here a stack of three 3x2 images containing two bands each
arr = np.zeros((3,3,2,2), 'uint16')

np.random.seed(5)
arr[0,:,:,0] = np.random.randint(10, 90, 6).reshape(3,2)
arr[0,:,:,1] = 51
arr[1,:,:,0] = np.random.randint(10, 90, 6).reshape(3,2)
arr[1,:,:,1] = 52
arr[2,:,:,0] = np.random.randint(10, 90, 6).reshape(3,2)
arr[2,:,:,1] = 50
arr[np.where(arr >= 85)] = 99 #just to have couple identical values like my dataset has

>>> arr
array([[[[99, 51],
         [71, 51]],

        [[26, 51],
         [83, 51]],

        [[18, 51],
         [72, 51]]],

       [[[37, 52],
         [40, 52]],

        [[17, 52],
         [99, 52]],

        [[25, 52],
         [63, 52]]],

       [[[37, 50],
         [54, 50]],

        [[99, 50],
         [99, 50]],

        [[75, 50],
         [57, 50]]]], dtype=uint16)

As I wish to sort through the stack I used arr_sorted = np.sort(arr, axis=0) but this breaks the link between the two bands of each raster:
>>> arr[0,2,1,:]
array([72, 51], dtype=uint16)

>>> arr_sorted[2,2,1,:]
array([72, 52], dtype=uint16) #value 72 is no longer tied to 51 but to 52

I can use idx = np.argsort(arr[:,:,:,0], axis=0) to get the sorting index I want but I didn't find how to use idx to sort the same way both arr[:,:,:,0] and arr[:,:,:,1]... that's probably easy right?!
Utimately, I want to be able to sort an array of 50 x 11000 x 11000 x 2 in uint16 so it needs to be as memory efficient as possible.

A: Using the new take_along_axis:
In [351]: arr = np.random.randint(0,10,(3,3,2,2))
In [352]: idx = np.argsort(arr[...,0], axis=0)
In [353]: idx.shape
Out[353]: (3, 3, 2)
In [354]: arr1 = np.take_along_axis(arr, idx[...,None], axis=0)


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