Oct. 3, 2016 - Nanwalek School is getting some relief from overcrowding after a garage/shop area was converted into a new classroom over the summer.
Principal Nancy Kleine says the new classroom for sixth through 12th-graders has made students more comfortable and enthusiastic about learning.
"The kids just seem really happy to come to school this year. It's almost like they have a place now. We have a pretty large middle school group, 26 kids and I believe there are 17 high school kids and that room is so much more appropriate for them. So they now have two large rooms, one downstairs and on upstairs for their classes," said Kleine.
Kleine says the room is being used to teach middle and high school science and math.
The room is airy and bright with high ceilings and large windows. It also has a new smart board.
The school was built before statehood by the Bureau of Indian affairs in 1958. There's been no expansion since an addition in 1977. But the population of Nanwalek has continued to grow. According to census data, Nanwalek's population has nearly doubled since the state started keeping track in 1990.
Last year, the school was at 138 percent capacity. Until the Kenai Peninsula School District helped the school convert the garage/shop into a classroom, students were packed into a building that is supposed to hold 60.
Kleine says enrollment is up this year and that she expects continued growth.
"There is definitely a growth pattern going on. I'm not sure that in the next couple of years we are going to see an increase, but we are going to see a bump down the road," said Kleine.
Kleine says she's happy the District has found this temporary solution.
"I think this is a really good example of people pulling together all the way from the students and the staff and the District and the Borough all working together and the community, to support using what we do have. I'm actually really proud of everybody that's been involved and very excited for the kids that they can relax this year and not be crammed in like they would have had we not opened up that space," said Kleine.
Kleine says the school has 80 students this year.
At this time, the Kenai Peninsula Borough School District has no plans to expand the school.


I grew up in Sri Lanka and now live in Toronto Canada. I have been writing poetry and lyrics ever since I was 13 and I am still at it to this day. I play in a Rock/Metal band in Toronto called Draft and I also write things that might end up in a solo record of some sort one day.
Life is all about perspective - You'll never be as famous as the fluffy cat with a slice of ham stuck on to her side!


Terminator is a Zimdancehall artist known for the "Tinofamba naMwari" hit song.
Terminator's real name is Alban Nyatsambo. He was born in 1991. Terminator attended Lord Malvern High School in Harare.
He started his music career whilst he was still in school at Lord Malvern High School. He started writing songs whilst he was in school and his music had a special bias towards the Urban Grooves genre before he eventually turned to Zimdancehall in 2010. Terminator began his Dancehall music career in 2010. His fame escalated when he featured on the Madlevel Riddim in 2014.
Nominated for the Most Improved Artist Award 2014.
"Trevor Ncube A Tribalist Who Called His Wife ''A Foolish Zezuru ""
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 T Marwizi, Zimdancehall Needs a Makeover,The Herald, published:24 Feb 2015,retrieved:4 Jun 2015"
↑ , Happy Birthday Terninator,Terminator Facebook Profile,retrieved:4 Jun 2015"
↑ P. Mushawevato, Competition Hots Up in Zimdancehall,The Sunday Mail, published:28 Sept 2014,retrieved:4 June 2015"
Please visit the following to contribute to the profile of Terminator.


text:
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/modules/canvas/canvas2d/canvas_rendering_context_2d.h"

#include "base/metrics/histogram_functions.h"
#include "base/metrics/histogram_macros.h"
#include "base/rand_util.h"
#include "cc/paint/paint_flags.h"
#include "third_party/blink/public/common/features.h"
#include "third_party/blink/public/common/privacy_budget/identifiability_metric_builder.h"
#include "third_party/blink/public/common/privacy_budget/identifiability_metrics.h"
#include "third_party/blink/public/mojom/scroll/scroll_into_view_params.mojom-blink.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/frame/local_frame.h"

#include "third_party/blink/public/platform/platform.h"
#include "third_party/blink/public/platform/task_type.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/bindings/modules/v8/v8_union_canvasrenderingcontext2d_gpucanvascontext_imagebitmaprenderingcontext_webgl2renderingcontext_webglrenderingcontext.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/accessibility/ax_object_cache.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/css/css_font_selector.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/css/css_property_names.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/css/css_property_value_set.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/css/properties/computed_style_utils.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/css/resolver/style_resolver.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/css/style_engine.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/dom/events/event.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/dom/node_computed_style.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/events/mouse_event.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/frame/settings.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/frame/web_feature.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/html/canvas/canvas_font_cache.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/html/canvas/text_metrics.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/layout/hit_test_canvas_result.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/layout/layout_box.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/layout/layout_theme.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/scroll/scroll_alignment.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/scroll/scroll_into_view_util.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/core/typed_arrays/array_buffer/array_buffer_contents.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/modules/canvas/canvas2d/canvas_style.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/modules/canvas/canvas2d/path_2d.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/modules/formatted_text/formatted_text.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/bindings/exception_state.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/fonts/font_cache.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/fonts/text_run_paint_info.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/graphics/canvas_2d_layer_bridge.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/graphics/canvas_resource_provider.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/graphics/paint/paint_canvas.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/graphics/skia/skia_utils.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/graphics/static_bitmap_image.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/graphics/stroke_data.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/heap/garbage_collected.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/text/bidi_text_run.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/wtf/math_extras.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/platform/wtf/text/string_builder.h"

namespace blink {

// Try to restore context 4 times in the event that the context is lost. If the
// context is unable to be restored after 4 attempts, we discard the backing
// storage of the context and allocate a new one.
static const unsigned kMaxTryRestoreContextAttempts = 4;

// Drawing methods need to use this instead of SkAutoCanvasRestore in case
// overdraw detection substitutes the recording canvas (to discard overdrawn
// draw calls).
class CanvasRenderingContext2DAutoRestoreSkCanvas {
  STACK_ALLOCATED();

 public:
  explicit CanvasRenderingContext2DAutoRestoreSkCanvas(
      CanvasRenderingContext2D* context)
      : context_(context) {
    DCHECK(context_);
    cc::PaintCanvas* c = context_->GetOrCreatePaintCanvas();
    if (c) {
      save_count_ = c->getSaveCount();
    }
  }

  ~CanvasRenderingContext2DAutoRestoreSkCanvas() {
    cc::PaintCanvas* c = context_->GetOrCreatePaintCanvas();
    if (c)
      c->restoreToCount(save_count_);
    context_->ValidateStateStack();
  }

 private:
  CanvasRenderingContext2D* context_;
  int save_count_ = 0;
};

CanvasRenderingContext* CanvasRenderingContext2D::Factory::Create(
    CanvasRenderingContextHost* host,
    const CanvasContextCreationAttributesCore& attrs) {
  DCHECK(!host->IsOffscreenCanvas());
  CanvasRenderingContext* rendering_context =
      MakeGarbageCollected<CanvasRenderingContext2D>(
          static_cast<HTMLCanvasElement*>(host), attrs);
  DCHECK(rendering_context);
  return rendering_context;
}

CanvasRenderingContext2D::CanvasRenderingContext2D(
    HTMLCanvasElement* canvas,
    const CanvasContextCreationAttributesCore& attrs)
    : CanvasRenderingContext(canvas, attrs, CanvasRenderingAPI::k2D),
      should_prune_local_font_cache_(false),
      color_params_(attrs.color_space, attrs.pixel_format, attrs.alpha) {
  identifiability_study_helper_.SetExecutionContext(
      canvas->GetTopExecutionContext());
  if (canvas->GetDocument().GetSettings() &&
      canvas->GetDocument().GetSettings()->GetAntialiasedClips2dCanvasEnabled())
    clip_antialiasing_ = kAntiAliased;
  SetShouldAntialias(true);
  ValidateStateStack();
}

V8RenderingContext* CanvasRenderingContext2D::AsV8RenderingContext() {
  return MakeGarbageCollected<V8RenderingContext>(this);
}

NoAllocDirectCallHost* CanvasRenderingContext2D::AsNoAllocDirectCallHost() {
  return this;
}

CanvasRenderingContext2D::~CanvasRenderingContext2D() = default;

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::ValidateStateStackWithCanvas(
    const cc::PaintCanvas* canvas) const {
#if DCHECK_IS_ON()
  if (canvas) {
    // The canvas should always have an initial save frame, to support
    // resetting the top level matrix and clip.
    DCHECK_GT(canvas->getSaveCount(), 1);

    if (context_lost_mode_ == kNotLostContext) {
      DCHECK_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(canvas->getSaveCount()),
                state_stack_.size() + 1);
    }
  }
#endif
  CHECK(state_stack_.front()
            .Get());  // Temporary for investigating crbug.com/648510
}

bool CanvasRenderingContext2D::IsAccelerated() const {
  Canvas2DLayerBridge* layer_bridge = canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge();
  if (!layer_bridge)
    return false;
  return layer_bridge->IsAccelerated();
}

bool CanvasRenderingContext2D::IsOriginTopLeft() const {
  // Accelerated 2D contexts have the origin of coordinates on the bottom left,
  // except if they are used for low latency mode (front buffer rendering).
  return !IsAccelerated() || canvas()->LowLatencyEnabled();
}

bool CanvasRenderingContext2D::IsComposited() const {
  return IsAccelerated();
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::Stop() {
  if (!isContextLost()) {
    // Never attempt to restore the context because the page is being torn down.
    context_restorable_ = false;
    LoseContext(kSyntheticLostContext);
  }
}

bool CanvasRenderingContext2D::isContextLost() const {
  return context_lost_mode_ != kNotLostContext;
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::SendContextLostEventIfNeeded() {
  if (!needs_context_lost_event_)
    return;

  needs_context_lost_event_ = false;
  dispatch_context_lost_event_timer_.StartOneShot(base::TimeDelta(), FROM_HERE);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::LoseContext(LostContextMode lost_mode) {
  if (context_lost_mode_ != kNotLostContext)
    return;
  context_lost_mode_ = lost_mode;
  PostDeferrableAction(WTF::Bind(
      [](BaseRenderingContext2D* context) { context->ResetInternal(); },
      WrapPersistent(this)));
  if (context_lost_mode_ == kSyntheticLostContext && Host()) {
    Host()->DiscardResourceProvider();
  }

  if (canvas() && canvas()->IsVisible()) {
    dispatch_context_lost_event_timer_.StartOneShot(base::TimeDelta(),
                                                    FROM_HERE);
  } else {
    needs_context_lost_event_ = true;
  }
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::DidSetSurfaceSize() {
  if (!context_restorable_)
    return;
  // This code path is for restoring from an eviction
  // Restoring from surface failure is handled internally
  DCHECK(context_lost_mode_ != kNotLostContext && !IsPaintable());

  if (CanCreateCanvas2dResourceProvider()) {
    dispatch_context_restored_event_timer_.StartOneShot(base::TimeDelta(),
                                                        FROM_HERE);
  }
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::Trace(Visitor* visitor) const {
  visitor->Trace(filter_operations_);
  CanvasRenderingContext::Trace(visitor);
  BaseRenderingContext2D::Trace(visitor);
  SVGResourceClient::Trace(visitor);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::TryRestoreContextEvent(TimerBase* timer) {
  if (context_lost_mode_ == kNotLostContext) {
    // Canvas was already restored (possibly thanks to a resize), so stop
    // trying.
    try_restore_context_event_timer_.Stop();
    return;
  }

  DCHECK(context_lost_mode_ != kWebGLLoseContextLostContext);

  // If lost mode is |kSyntheticLostContext| and |context_restorable_| is set to
  // true, it means context is forced to be lost for testing purpose. Restore
  // the context.
  if (context_lost_mode_ == kSyntheticLostContext && IsPaintable()) {
    try_restore_context_event_timer_.Stop();
    Host()->GetOrCreateCanvasResourceProvider(RasterModeHint::kPreferGPU);
    DispatchContextRestoredEvent(nullptr);

    // If RealLostContext, it means the context was not lost due to surface
    // failure but rather due to a an eviction, which means image buffer exists.
  } else if (context_lost_mode_ == kRealLostContext && IsPaintable() &&
             canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->Restore()) {
    try_restore_context_event_timer_.Stop();
    DispatchContextRestoredEvent(nullptr);
  }

  // If it fails to restore the context, TryRestoreContextEvent again.
  if (++try_restore_context_attempt_count_ < kMaxTryRestoreContextAttempts) {
    TryRestoreContextEvent(nullptr);
  } else {
    // After 4 tries, we start the final attempt, allocate a brand new image
    // buffer instead of restoring
    Host()->DiscardResourceProvider();
    try_restore_context_event_timer_.Stop();
    if (CanCreateCanvas2dResourceProvider())
      DispatchContextRestoredEvent(nullptr);
  }
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::WillDrawImage(CanvasImageSource* source) const {
  canvas()->WillDrawImageTo2DContext(source);
}

bool CanvasRenderingContext2D::WritePixels(const SkImageInfo& orig_info,
                                           const void* pixels,
                                           size_t row_bytes,
                                           int x,
                                           int y) {
  DCHECK(IsPaintable());
  return canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->WritePixels(orig_info, pixels,
                                                         row_bytes, x, y);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::WillOverwriteCanvas() {
  if (IsPaintable())
    canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->WillOverwriteCanvas();
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::Reset() {
  // This is a multiple inheritance bootstrap
  BaseRenderingContext2D::ResetInternal();
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::RestoreCanvasMatrixClipStack(
    cc::PaintCanvas* c) const {
  RestoreMatrixClipStack(c);
}

bool CanvasRenderingContext2D::ShouldAntialias() const {
  return GetState().ShouldAntialias();
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::SetShouldAntialias(bool do_aa) {
  GetState().SetShouldAntialias(do_aa);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::scrollPathIntoView() {
  ScrollPathIntoViewInternal(path_);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::scrollPathIntoView(Path2D* path2d) {
  ScrollPathIntoViewInternal(path2d->GetPath());
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::ScrollPathIntoViewInternal(const Path& path) {
  if (!IsTransformInvertible() || path.IsEmpty())
    return;

  canvas()->GetDocument().UpdateStyleAndLayout(
      DocumentUpdateReason::kJavaScript);

  LayoutObject* renderer = canvas()->GetLayoutObject();
  LayoutBox* layout_box = canvas()->GetLayoutBox();
  if (!renderer || !layout_box)
    return;

  if (Width() == 0 || Height() == 0)
    return;

  // Apply transformation and get the bounding rect
  Path transformed_path = path;
  transformed_path.Transform(GetState().GetTransform());
  gfx::RectF bounding_rect = transformed_path.BoundingRect();

  // We first map canvas coordinates to layout coordinates.
  PhysicalRect path_rect = PhysicalRect::EnclosingRect(bounding_rect);
  PhysicalRect canvas_rect = layout_box->PhysicalContentBoxRect();
  // TODO(fserb): Is this kIgnoreTransforms correct?
  canvas_rect.Move(
      layout_box->LocalToAbsolutePoint(PhysicalOffset(), kIgnoreTransforms));
  path_rect.SetX(
      (canvas_rect.X() + path_rect.X() * canvas_rect.Width() / Width()));
  path_rect.SetY(
      (canvas_rect.Y() + path_rect.Y() * canvas_rect.Height() / Height()));
  path_rect.SetWidth((path_rect.Width() * canvas_rect.Width() / Width()));
  path_rect.SetHeight((path_rect.Height() * canvas_rect.Height() / Height()));

  // Then we clip the bounding box to the canvas visible range.
  path_rect.Intersect(canvas_rect);

  // Horizontal text is aligned at the top of the screen
  mojom::blink::ScrollAlignment horizontal_scroll_mode =
      ScrollAlignment::ToEdgeIfNeeded();
  mojom::blink::ScrollAlignment vertical_scroll_mode =
      ScrollAlignment::TopAlways();

  // Vertical text needs be aligned horizontally on the screen
  bool is_horizontal_writing_mode =
      canvas()->EnsureComputedStyle()->IsHorizontalWritingMode();
  if (!is_horizontal_writing_mode) {
    bool is_right_to_left =
        canvas()->EnsureComputedStyle()->IsFlippedBlocksWritingMode();
    horizontal_scroll_mode = (is_right_to_left ? ScrollAlignment::RightAlways()
                                               : ScrollAlignment::LeftAlways());
    vertical_scroll_mode = ScrollAlignment::ToEdgeIfNeeded();
  }
  scroll_into_view_util::ScrollRectToVisible(
      *renderer, path_rect,
      ScrollAlignment::CreateScrollIntoViewParams(
          horizontal_scroll_mode, vertical_scroll_mode,
          mojom::blink::ScrollType::kProgrammatic, false,
          mojom::blink::ScrollBehavior::kAuto));
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::clearRect(double x,
                                         double y,
                                         double width,
                                         double height) {
  BaseRenderingContext2D::clearRect(x, y, width, height);
}

sk_sp<PaintFilter> CanvasRenderingContext2D::StateGetFilter() {
  return GetState().GetFilter(canvas(), canvas()->Size(), this);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::SnapshotStateForFilter() {
  // The style resolution required for fonts is not available in frame-less
  // documents.
  if (!canvas()->GetDocument().GetFrame())
    return;

  GetState().SetFontForFilter(AccessFont());
}

cc::PaintCanvas* CanvasRenderingContext2D::GetOrCreatePaintCanvas() {
  if (UNLIKELY(isContextLost()))
    return nullptr;
  if (LIKELY(canvas()->GetOrCreateCanvas2DLayerBridge()))
    return canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->GetPaintCanvas();
  return nullptr;
}

cc::PaintCanvas* CanvasRenderingContext2D::GetPaintCanvas() const {
  if (UNLIKELY(isContextLost() || !canvas() ||
               !canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge() ||
               !canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->ResourceProvider()))
    return nullptr;
  return canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->GetPaintCanvas();
}

cc::PaintCanvas* CanvasRenderingContext2D::GetPaintCanvasForDraw(
    const SkIRect& dirty_rect,
    CanvasPerformanceMonitor::DrawType draw_type) {
  if (UNLIKELY(isContextLost() || !canvas() ||
               !canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge() ||
               !canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->ResourceProvider()))
    return nullptr;
  CanvasRenderingContext::DidDraw(dirty_rect, draw_type);
  // Always draw everything during printing.
  if (!layer_count_) {
    // TODO(crbug.com/1246486): Make auto-flushing layer friendly.
    canvas()
        ->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()
        ->ResourceProvider()
        ->FlushIfRecordingLimitExceeded();
  }
  return canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->GetPaintCanvas();
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::FlushCanvas() {
  if (canvas() && canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge() &&
      canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->ResourceProvider()) {
    canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->ResourceProvider()->FlushCanvas();
  }
}

String CanvasRenderingContext2D::font() const {
  if (!GetState().HasRealizedFont())
    return kDefaultFont;

  canvas()->GetDocument().GetCanvasFontCache()->WillUseCurrentFont();
  StringBuilder serialized_font;
  const FontDescription& font_description = GetState().GetFontDescription();

  if (font_description.Style() == ItalicSlopeValue())
    serialized_font.Append("italic ");
  if (font_description.Weight() == BoldWeightValue())
    serialized_font.Append("bold ");
  if (font_description.VariantCaps() == FontDescription::kSmallCaps)
    serialized_font.Append("small-caps ");

  serialized_font.AppendNumber(font_description.ComputedSize());
  serialized_font.Append("px ");

  serialized_font.Append(
      ComputedStyleUtils::ValueForFontFamily(font_description.Family())
          ->CssText());

  return serialized_font.ToString();
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::setFont(const String& new_font) {
  // The style resolution required for fonts is not available in frame-less
  // documents.
  if (!canvas()->GetDocument().GetFrame())
    return;
  if (identifiability_study_helper_.ShouldUpdateBuilder()) {
    identifiability_study_helper_.UpdateBuilder(
        CanvasOps::kSetFont, IdentifiabilityBenignStringToken(new_font));
  }

  canvas()->GetDocument().UpdateStyleAndLayoutTreeForNode(canvas());

  // The following early exit is dependent on the cache not being empty
  // because an empty cache may indicate that a style change has occured
  // which would require that the font be re-resolved. This check has to
  // come after the layout tree update to flush pending style changes.
  if (new_font == GetState().UnparsedFont() && GetState().HasRealizedFont() &&
      fonts_resolved_using_current_style_.size() > 0)
    return;

  CanvasFontCache* canvas_font_cache =
      canvas()->GetDocument().GetCanvasFontCache();

  // Map the <canvas> font into the text style. If the font uses keywords like
  // larger/smaller, these will work relative to the canvas.
  scoped_refptr<ComputedStyle> font_style;
  const ComputedStyle* computed_style = canvas()->EnsureComputedStyle();
  if (computed_style) {
    auto i = fonts_resolved_using_current_style_.find(new_font);
    if (i != fonts_resolved_using_current_style_.end()) {
      auto add_result = font_lru_list_.PrependOrMoveToFirst(new_font);
      DCHECK(!add_result.is_new_entry);
      GetState().SetFont(i->value, Host()->GetFontSelector());
    } else {
      MutableCSSPropertyValueSet* parsed_style =
          canvas_font_cache->ParseFont(new_font);
      if (!parsed_style)
        return;
      font_style =
          canvas()->GetDocument().GetStyleResolver().CreateComputedStyle();
      FontDescription element_font_description(
          computed_style->GetFontDescription());
      // Reset the computed size to avoid inheriting the zoom factor from the
      // <canvas> element.
      element_font_description.SetComputedSize(
          element_font_description.SpecifiedSize());
      element_font_description.SetAdjustedSize(
          element_font_description.SpecifiedSize());

      font_style->SetFontDescription(element_font_description);
      canvas()->GetDocument().GetStyleEngine().ComputeFont(
          *canvas(), font_style.get(), *parsed_style);

      // We need to reset Computed and Adjusted size so we skip zoom and
      // minimum font size.
      FontDescription final_description(
          font_style->GetFont().GetFontDescription());
      final_description.SetComputedSize(final_description.SpecifiedSize());
      final_description.SetAdjustedSize(final_description.SpecifiedSize());

      fonts_resolved_using_current_style_.insert(new_font, final_description);
      auto add_result = font_lru_list_.PrependOrMoveToFirst(new_font);
      DCHECK(add_result.is_new_entry);
      PruneLocalFontCache(canvas_font_cache->HardMaxFonts());  // hard limit
      should_prune_local_font_cache_ = true;  // apply soft limit
      GetState().SetFont(final_description, Host()->GetFontSelector());
    }
  } else {
    Font resolved_font;
    if (!canvas_font_cache->GetFontUsingDefaultStyle(*canvas(), new_font,
                                                     resolved_font))
      return;

    // We need to reset Computed and Adjusted size so we skip zoom and
    // minimum font size for detached canvas.
    FontDescription final_description(resolved_font.GetFontDescription());
    final_description.SetComputedSize(final_description.SpecifiedSize());
    final_description.SetAdjustedSize(final_description.SpecifiedSize());
    GetState().SetFont(final_description, Host()->GetFontSelector());
  }

  // The parse succeeded.
  String new_font_safe_copy(new_font);  // Create a string copy since newFont
                                        // can be deleted inside realizeSaves.
  GetState().SetUnparsedFont(new_font_safe_copy);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::DidProcessTask(
    const base::PendingTask& pending_task) {
  CanvasRenderingContext::DidProcessTask(pending_task);
  // This should be the only place where canvas() needs to be checked for
  // nullness because the circular refence with HTMLCanvasElement means the
  // canvas and the context keep each other alive. As long as the pair is
  // referenced, the task observer is the only persistent refernce to this
  // object
  // that is not traced, so didProcessTask() may be called at a time when the
  // canvas has been garbage collected but not the context.
  if (should_prune_local_font_cache_ && canvas()) {
    should_prune_local_font_cache_ = false;
    PruneLocalFontCache(
        canvas()->GetDocument().GetCanvasFontCache()->MaxFonts());
  }
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::PruneLocalFontCache(size_t target_size) {
  if (target_size == 0) {
    // Short cut: LRU does not matter when evicting everything
    font_lru_list_.clear();
    fonts_resolved_using_current_style_.clear();
    return;
  }
  while (font_lru_list_.size() > target_size) {
    fonts_resolved_using_current_style_.erase(font_lru_list_.back());
    font_lru_list_.pop_back();
  }
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::StyleDidChange(const ComputedStyle* old_style,
                                              const ComputedStyle& new_style) {
  // Only the visibility flag is considered here. display:none is
  // handled via creation and destruction of the LayoutObject.
  SetIsBeingDisplayed(new_style.Visibility() == EVisibility::kVisible);
  if (old_style && old_style->GetFont() == new_style.GetFont())
    return;
  PruneLocalFontCache(0);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::ClearFilterReferences() {
  filter_operations_.RemoveClient(*this);
  filter_operations_.clear();
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::UpdateFilterReferences(
    const FilterOperations& filters) {
  filters.AddClient(*this);
  ClearFilterReferences();
  filter_operations_ = filters;
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::ResourceContentChanged(SVGResource*) {
  ClearFilterReferences();
  GetState().ClearResolvedFilter();
}

bool CanvasRenderingContext2D::OriginClean() const {
  if (canvas()->GetDocument().GetFrame() && canvas()->GetDocument().GetFrame()->isNodeJS())
    return true;
  return Host()->OriginClean();
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::SetOriginTainted() {
  Host()->SetOriginTainted();
}

int CanvasRenderingContext2D::Width() const {
  return Host()->Size().width();
}

int CanvasRenderingContext2D::Height() const {
  return Host()->Size().height();
}

bool CanvasRenderingContext2D::CanCreateCanvas2dResourceProvider() const {
  return canvas()->GetOrCreateCanvas2DLayerBridge();
}

scoped_refptr<StaticBitmapImage> blink::CanvasRenderingContext2D::GetImage() {
  if (!IsPaintable())
    return nullptr;
  return canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->NewImageSnapshot();
}

ImageData* CanvasRenderingContext2D::getImageDataInternal(
    int sx,
    int sy,
    int sw,
    int sh,
    ImageDataSettings* image_data_settings,
    ExceptionState& exception_state) {
  UMA_HISTOGRAM_BOOLEAN("Blink.Canvas.GetImageData.WillReadFrequently",
                        CreationAttributes().will_read_frequently);
  return BaseRenderingContext2D::getImageDataInternal(
      sx, sy, sw, sh, image_data_settings, exception_state);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::FinalizeFrame(bool printing) {
  TRACE_EVENT0("blink", "CanvasRenderingContext2D::FinalizeFrame");
  if (IsPaintable())
    canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->FinalizeFrame(printing);
}

CanvasRenderingContextHost*
CanvasRenderingContext2D::GetCanvasRenderingContextHost() {
  return Host();
}

ExecutionContext* CanvasRenderingContext2D::GetTopExecutionContext() const {
  return Host()->GetTopExecutionContext();
}

bool CanvasRenderingContext2D::ParseColorOrCurrentColor(
    Color& color,
    const String& color_string) const {
  return ::blink::ParseColorOrCurrentColor(color, color_string, canvas());
}

static inline TextDirection ToTextDirection(
    CanvasRenderingContext2DState::Direction direction,
    HTMLCanvasElement* canvas,
    const ComputedStyle** computed_style = nullptr) {
  const ComputedStyle* style =
      (computed_style ||
       direction == CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kDirectionInherit)
          ? canvas->EnsureComputedStyle()
          : nullptr;
  if (computed_style)
    *computed_style = style;
  switch (direction) {
    case CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kDirectionInherit:
      return style ? style->Direction() : TextDirection::kLtr;
    case CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kDirectionRTL:
      return TextDirection::kRtl;
    case CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kDirectionLTR:
      return TextDirection::kLtr;
  }
  NOTREACHED();
  return TextDirection::kLtr;
}

String CanvasRenderingContext2D::direction() const {
  if (GetState().GetDirection() ==
      CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kDirectionInherit)
    canvas()->GetDocument().UpdateStyleAndLayoutTreeForNode(canvas());
  return ToTextDirection(GetState().GetDirection(), canvas()) ==
                 TextDirection::kRtl
             ? kRtlDirectionString
             : kLtrDirectionString;
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::setDirection(const String& direction_string) {
  CanvasRenderingContext2DState::Direction direction;
  if (direction_string == kInheritDirectionString)
    direction = CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kDirectionInherit;
  else if (direction_string == kRtlDirectionString)
    direction = CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kDirectionRTL;
  else if (direction_string == kLtrDirectionString)
    direction = CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kDirectionLTR;
  else
    return;

  if (GetState().GetDirection() == direction)
    return;

  GetState().SetDirection(direction);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::setLetterSpacing(const String& letter_spacing) {
  UseCounter::Count(canvas()->GetTopExecutionContext(),
                    WebFeature::kCanvasRenderingContext2DLetterSpacing);
  // TODO(crbug.com/1234113): Instrument new canvas APIs.
  identifiability_study_helper_.set_encountered_skipped_ops();
  if (!GetState().HasRealizedFont())
    setFont(font());

  GetState().SetLetterSpacing(letter_spacing);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::setWordSpacing(const String& word_spacing) {
  UseCounter::Count(canvas()->GetTopExecutionContext(),
                    WebFeature::kCanvasRenderingContext2DWordSpacing);
  // TODO(crbug.com/1234113): Instrument new canvas APIs.
  identifiability_study_helper_.set_encountered_skipped_ops();

  if (!GetState().HasRealizedFont())
    setFont(font());

  GetState().SetWordSpacing(word_spacing);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::setTextRendering(
    const String& text_rendering_string) {
  UseCounter::Count(canvas()->GetTopExecutionContext(),
                    WebFeature::kCanvasRenderingContext2DTextRendering);
  // TODO(crbug.com/1234113): Instrument new canvas APIs.
  identifiability_study_helper_.set_encountered_skipped_ops();
  if (!GetState().HasRealizedFont())
    setFont(font());

  TextRenderingMode text_rendering_mode;
  String text_rendering = text_rendering_string.LowerASCII();

  if (text_rendering == kAutoRendering)
    text_rendering_mode = TextRenderingMode::kAutoTextRendering;
  else if (text_rendering == kOptimizeSpeedRendering)
    text_rendering_mode = TextRenderingMode::kOptimizeSpeed;
  else if (text_rendering == kOptimizeLegibilityRendering)
    text_rendering_mode = TextRenderingMode::kOptimizeLegibility;
  else if (text_rendering == kGeometricPrecisionRendering)
    text_rendering_mode = TextRenderingMode::kGeometricPrecision;
  else
    return;

  if (GetState().GetTextRendering() == text_rendering_mode)
    return;

  GetState().SetTextRendering(text_rendering_mode, Host()->GetFontSelector());
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::setFontKerning(
    const String& font_kerning_string) {
  UseCounter::Count(canvas()->GetTopExecutionContext(),
                    WebFeature::kCanvasRenderingContext2DFontKerning);
  // TODO(crbug.com/1234113): Instrument new canvas APIs.
  identifiability_study_helper_.set_encountered_skipped_ops();
  if (!GetState().HasRealizedFont())
    setFont(font());
  FontDescription::Kerning kerning;
  String font_kerning = font_kerning_string.LowerASCII();
  if (font_kerning == kAutoKerningString)
    kerning = FontDescription::kAutoKerning;
  else if (font_kerning == kNoneKerningString)
    kerning = FontDescription::kNoneKerning;
  else if (font_kerning == kNormalKerningString)
    kerning = FontDescription::kNormalKerning;
  else
    return;

  if (GetState().GetFontKerning() == kerning)
    return;

  GetState().SetFontKerning(kerning, Host()->GetFontSelector());
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::setFontStretch(const String& font_stretch) {
  UseCounter::Count(canvas()->GetTopExecutionContext(),
                    WebFeature::kCanvasRenderingContext2DFontStretch);
  // TODO(crbug.com/1234113): Instrument new canvas APIs.
  identifiability_study_helper_.set_encountered_skipped_ops();
  if (!GetState().HasRealizedFont())
    setFont(font());

  String font_stretch_string = font_stretch.LowerASCII();
  FontSelectionValue stretch_vale;
  if (font_stretch_string == kUltraCondensedString)
    stretch_vale = UltraCondensedWidthValue();
  else if (font_stretch_string == kExtraCondensedString)
    stretch_vale = ExtraCondensedWidthValue();
  else if (font_stretch_string == kCondensedString)
    stretch_vale = CondensedWidthValue();
  else if (font_stretch_string == kSemiCondensedString)
    stretch_vale = SemiCondensedWidthValue();
  else if (font_stretch_string == kNormalStretchString)
    stretch_vale = NormalWidthValue();
  else if (font_stretch_string == kSemiExpandedString)
    stretch_vale = SemiExpandedWidthValue();
  else if (font_stretch_string == kExpandedString)
    stretch_vale = ExpandedWidthValue();
  else if (font_stretch_string == kExtraExpandedString)
    stretch_vale = ExtraExpandedWidthValue();
  else if (font_stretch_string == kUltraExpandedString)
    stretch_vale = UltraExpandedWidthValue();
  else
    return;

  if (GetState().GetFontStretch() == stretch_vale)
    return;

  GetState().SetFontStretch(stretch_vale, Host()->GetFontSelector());
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::setFontVariantCaps(
    const String& font_variant_caps_string) {
  UseCounter::Count(canvas()->GetTopExecutionContext(),
                    WebFeature::kCanvasRenderingContext2DFontVariantCaps);
  // TODO(crbug.com/1234113): Instrument new canvas APIs.
  identifiability_study_helper_.set_encountered_skipped_ops();
  if (!GetState().HasRealizedFont())
    setFont(font());
  FontDescription::FontVariantCaps variant_caps;
  String variant_caps_lower = font_variant_caps_string.LowerASCII();
  if (variant_caps_lower == kNormalVariantString)
    variant_caps = FontDescription::kCapsNormal;
  else if (variant_caps_lower == kSmallCapsVariantString)
    variant_caps = FontDescription::kSmallCaps;
  else if (variant_caps_lower == kAllSmallCapsVariantString)
    variant_caps = FontDescription::kAllSmallCaps;
  else if (variant_caps_lower == kPetiteVariantString)
    variant_caps = FontDescription::kPetiteCaps;
  else if (variant_caps_lower == kAllPetiteVariantString)
    variant_caps = FontDescription::kAllPetiteCaps;
  else if (variant_caps_lower == kUnicaseVariantString)
    variant_caps = FontDescription::kUnicase;
  else if (variant_caps_lower == kTitlingCapsVariantString)
    variant_caps = FontDescription::kTitlingCaps;
  else
    return;

  if (GetState().GetFontVariantCaps() == variant_caps)
    return;

  GetState().SetFontVariantCaps(variant_caps, Host()->GetFontSelector());
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::fillText(const String& text,
                                        double x,
                                        double y) {
  DrawTextInternal(text, x, y, CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kFillPaintType);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::fillText(const String& text,
                                        double x,
                                        double y,
                                        double max_width) {
  DrawTextInternal(text, x, y, CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kFillPaintType,
                   &max_width);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::strokeText(const String& text,
                                          double x,
                                          double y) {
  DrawTextInternal(text, x, y, CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kStrokePaintType);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::strokeText(const String& text,
                                          double x,
                                          double y,
                                          double max_width) {
  DrawTextInternal(text, x, y, CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kStrokePaintType,
                   &max_width);
}

TextMetrics* CanvasRenderingContext2D::measureText(const String& text) {
  // The style resolution required for fonts is not available in frame-less
  // documents.
  if (!canvas()->GetDocument().GetFrame())
    return MakeGarbageCollected<TextMetrics>();

  canvas()->GetDocument().UpdateStyleAndLayoutTreeForNode(canvas());

  const Font& font = AccessFont();

  TextDirection direction =
      ToTextDirection(GetState().GetDirection(), canvas());

  return MakeGarbageCollected<TextMetrics>(font, direction,
                                           GetState().GetTextBaseline(),
                                           GetState().GetTextAlign(), text);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::drawFormattedText(
    FormattedText* formatted_text,
    double x,
    double y,
    ExceptionState& exception_state) {
  if (!formatted_text)
    return;
  // TODO(crbug.com/1234113): Instrument new canvas APIs.
  identifiability_study_helper_.set_encountered_skipped_ops();

  if (!GetState().HasRealizedFont())
    setFont(font());

  gfx::RectF bounds;
  sk_sp<PaintRecord> recording = formatted_text->PaintFormattedText(
      canvas()->GetDocument(), GetState().GetFontDescription(), x, y, bounds,
      exception_state);
  if (recording) {
    Draw<OverdrawOp::kNone>(
        [recording](cc::PaintCanvas* c,
                    const cc::PaintFlags* flags)  // draw lambda
        { c->drawPicture(recording); },
        [](const SkIRect& rect) { return false; }, gfx::RectFToSkRect(bounds),
        CanvasRenderingContext2DState::PaintType::kFillPaintType,
        CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kNoImage,
        CanvasPerformanceMonitor::DrawType::kText);
  }
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::DrawTextInternal(
    const String& text,
    double x,
    double y,
    CanvasRenderingContext2DState::PaintType paint_type,
    double* max_width) {
  // The style resolution required for fonts is not available in frame-less
  // documents.
  if (!canvas()->GetDocument().GetFrame())
    return;

  // accessFont needs the style to be up to date, but updating style can cause
  // script to run, (e.g. due to autofocus) which can free the canvas (set size
  // to 0, for example), so update style before grabbing the PaintCanvas.
  canvas()->GetDocument().UpdateStyleAndLayoutTreeForNode(canvas());

  cc::PaintCanvas* c = GetOrCreatePaintCanvas();
  if (!c)
    return;

  if (!std::isfinite(x) || !std::isfinite(y))
    return;
  if (max_width && (!std::isfinite(*max_width) || *max_width <= 0))
    return;

  if (identifiability_study_helper_.ShouldUpdateBuilder()) {
    identifiability_study_helper_.UpdateBuilder(
        paint_type == CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kFillPaintType
            ? CanvasOps::kFillText
            : CanvasOps::kStrokeText,
        IdentifiabilitySensitiveStringToken(text), x, y,
        max_width ? *max_width : -1);
    identifiability_study_helper_.set_encountered_sensitive_ops();
  }

  const Font& font = AccessFont();
  const SimpleFontData* font_data = font.PrimaryFont();
  DCHECK(font_data);
  if (!font_data)
    return;
  const FontMetrics& font_metrics = font_data->GetFontMetrics();

  // FIXME: Need to turn off font smoothing.

  const ComputedStyle* computed_style = nullptr;
  TextDirection direction =
      ToTextDirection(GetState().GetDirection(), canvas(), &computed_style);
  bool is_rtl = direction == TextDirection::kRtl;
  bool bidi_override =
      computed_style ? IsOverride(computed_style->GetUnicodeBidi()) : false;

  TextRun text_run(text, 0, 0, TextRun::kAllowTrailingExpansion, direction,
                   bidi_override);
  text_run.SetNormalizeSpace(true);
  // Draw the item text at the correct point.
  gfx::PointF location(ClampTo<float>(x),
                       ClampTo<float>(y + GetFontBaseline(*font_data)));
  double font_width = font.Width(text_run);

  bool use_max_width = (max_width && *max_width < font_width);
  double width = use_max_width ? *max_width : font_width;

  TextAlign align = GetState().GetTextAlign();
  if (align == kStartTextAlign)
    align = is_rtl ? kRightTextAlign : kLeftTextAlign;
  else if (align == kEndTextAlign)
    align = is_rtl ? kLeftTextAlign : kRightTextAlign;

  switch (align) {
    case kCenterTextAlign:
      location.set_x(location.x() - width / 2);
      break;
    case kRightTextAlign:
      location.set_x(location.x() - width);
      break;
    default:
      break;
  }

  gfx::RectF bounds(
      location.x() - font_metrics.Height() / 2,
      location.y() - font_metrics.Ascent() - font_metrics.LineGap(),
      ClampTo<float>(width + font_metrics.Height()),
      font_metrics.LineSpacing());
  if (paint_type == CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kStrokePaintType)
    InflateStrokeRect(bounds);

  CanvasRenderingContext2DAutoRestoreSkCanvas state_restorer(this);
  if (use_max_width) {
    c->save();
    // We draw when fontWidth is 0 so compositing operations (eg, a "copy" op)
    // still work. As the width of canvas is scaled, so text can be scaled to
    // match the given maxwidth, update text location so it appears on desired
    // place.
    c->scale(ClampTo<float>(width / font_width), 1);
    location.set_x(location.x() / ClampTo<float>(width / font_width));
  }

  Draw<OverdrawOp::kNone>(
      [this, text = std::move(text), direction, bidi_override, location](
          cc::PaintCanvas* c, const cc::PaintFlags* flags)  // draw lambda
      {
        TextRun text_run(text, 0, 0, TextRun::kAllowTrailingExpansion,
                         direction, bidi_override);
        text_run.SetNormalizeSpace(true);
        TextRunPaintInfo text_run_paint_info(text_run);
        this->AccessFont().DrawBidiText(c, text_run_paint_info, location,
                                        Font::kUseFallbackIfFontNotReady,
                                        kCDeviceScaleFactor, *flags);
      },
      [](const SkIRect& rect)  // overdraw test lambda
      { return false; },
      gfx::RectFToSkRect(bounds), paint_type,
      CanvasRenderingContext2DState::kNoImage,
      CanvasPerformanceMonitor::DrawType::kText);
}

const Font& CanvasRenderingContext2D::AccessFont() {
  if (!GetState().HasRealizedFont())
    setFont(GetState().UnparsedFont());
  canvas()->GetDocument().GetCanvasFontCache()->WillUseCurrentFont();
  return GetState().GetFont();
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::SetIsInHiddenPage(bool hidden) {
  if (IsPaintable())
    canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->SetIsInHiddenPage(hidden);
  if (hidden)
    PruneLocalFontCache(0);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::SetIsBeingDisplayed(bool displayed) {
  if (IsPaintable())
    canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->SetIsBeingDisplayed(displayed);
}

cc::Layer* CanvasRenderingContext2D::CcLayer() const {
  return IsPaintable() ? canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->Layer() : nullptr;
}

CanvasRenderingContext2DSettings*
CanvasRenderingContext2D::getContextAttributes() const {
  CanvasRenderingContext2DSettings* settings =
      CanvasRenderingContext2DSettings::Create();
  settings->setAlpha(CreationAttributes().alpha);
  settings->setColorSpace(color_params_.GetColorSpaceAsString());
  if (RuntimeEnabledFeatures::CanvasColorManagementV2Enabled())
    settings->setPixelFormat(color_params_.GetPixelFormatAsString());
  settings->setDesynchronized(Host()->LowLatencyEnabled());
  settings->setWillReadFrequently(CreationAttributes().will_read_frequently);
  return settings;
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::drawFocusIfNeeded(Element* element) {
  DrawFocusIfNeededInternal(path_, element);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::drawFocusIfNeeded(Path2D* path2d,
                                                 Element* element) {
  DrawFocusIfNeededInternal(path2d->GetPath(), element,
                            path2d->GetIdentifiableToken());
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::DrawFocusIfNeededInternal(
    const Path& path,
    Element* element,
    IdentifiableToken path_token) {
  if (!FocusRingCallIsValid(path, element))
    return;

  // Note: we need to check document->focusedElement() rather than just calling
  // element->focused(), because element->focused() isn't updated until after
  // focus events fire.
  if (element->GetDocument().FocusedElement() == element) {
    if (identifiability_study_helper_.ShouldUpdateBuilder()) {
      identifiability_study_helper_.UpdateBuilder(CanvasOps::kDrawFocusIfNeeded,
                                                  path_token);
    }
    ScrollPathIntoViewInternal(path);
    DrawFocusRing(path, element);
  }

  // Update its accessible bounds whether it's focused or not.
  UpdateElementAccessibility(path, element);
}

bool CanvasRenderingContext2D::FocusRingCallIsValid(const Path& path,
                                                    Element* element) {
  DCHECK(element);
  if (!IsTransformInvertible())
    return false;
  if (path.IsEmpty())
    return false;
  if (!element->IsDescendantOf(canvas()))
    return false;

  return true;
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::DrawFocusRing(const Path& path,
                                             Element* element) {
  if (!GetOrCreatePaintCanvas())
    return;

  mojom::blink::ColorScheme color_scheme = mojom::blink::ColorScheme::kLight;
  if (element) {
    if (const ComputedStyle* style = element->GetComputedStyle())
      color_scheme = style->UsedColorScheme();
  }

  SkColor color = LayoutTheme::GetTheme().FocusRingColor(color_scheme).Rgb();
  const int kFocusRingWidth = 5;
  DrawPlatformFocusRing(path.GetSkPath(), GetPaintCanvas(), color,
                        /*width=*/kFocusRingWidth,
                        /*corner_radius=*/kFocusRingWidth);

  // We need to add focusRingWidth to dirtyRect.
  StrokeData stroke_data;
  stroke_data.SetThickness(kFocusRingWidth);

  SkIRect dirty_rect;
  if (!ComputeDirtyRect(path.StrokeBoundingRect(stroke_data), &dirty_rect))
    return;

  DidDraw(dirty_rect, CanvasPerformanceMonitor::DrawType::kPath);
}

void CanvasRenderingContext2D::UpdateElementAccessibility(const Path& path,
                                                          Element* element) {
  element->GetDocument().UpdateStyleAndLayout(
      DocumentUpdateReason::kAccessibility);
  AXObjectCache* ax_object_cache =
      element->GetDocument().ExistingAXObjectCache();
  LayoutBoxModelObject* lbmo = canvas()->GetLayoutBoxModelObject();
  LayoutObject* renderer = canvas()->GetLayoutObject();
  if (!ax_object_cache || !lbmo || !renderer)
    return;

  // Get the transformed path.
  Path transformed_path = path;
  transformed_path.Transform(GetState().GetTransform());

  // Add border and padding to the bounding rect.
  LayoutRect element_rect =
      EnclosingLayoutRect(transformed_path.BoundingRect());
  element_rect.Move(lbmo->BorderLeft() + lbmo->PaddingLeft(),
                    lbmo->BorderTop() + lbmo->PaddingTop());

  // Update the accessible object.
  ax_object_cache->SetCanvasObjectBounds(canvas(), element, element_rect);
}

// TODO(aaronhk) This is only used for the size heuristic. Delete this function
// once always accelerate fully lands.
void CanvasRenderingContext2D::DisableAcceleration() {
  canvas()->DisableAcceleration();
}

bool CanvasRenderingContext2D::IsCanvas2DBufferValid() const {
  if (IsPaintable()) {
    return canvas()->GetCanvas2DLayerBridge()->IsValid();
  }
  return false;
}

RespectImageOrientationEnum CanvasRenderingContext2D::RespectImageOrientation()
    const {
  if (canvas()->RespectImageOrientation() != kRespectImageOrientation) {
    return kDoNotRespectImageOrientation;
  }
  return kRespectImageOrientation;
}

}  // namespace blink

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Reflect Bistro - restoran ini memiliki spesialisasi masakan Amerika dan menyajikan sarapan, makan siang, serta makan malam. Tamu dapat menikmati minuman di bar.
The staff was so nice, felt like family. The 24 hr shuttle was a life saver.
Great little hotel. Staff are very friendly, not much around it but what do you expect at an airport hotel. Would stay here again if needing to be near airport.
I would thoroughly recommend this airport hotel. Great amenities, bar & restaurant. Would definately stay here again.
It was great but I think they should not tell you that you have a lagoon view while your view is the Marriott and when you really come close to the window an look completely to your right, you see a bit of the lagoon. A shower cap in the the bathroom would make it complete. You do not need to use the garbage bag to keep your hair dry under the shower.


text:
HawaiiFarmersDaughter
Adventures of a farmer's daughter in Hawaii
Fearless Sources
Living the Life as a Farmer's Kid
June 25, 2014 by hawaiifarmersdaughter
My Fight For A Better Hawaii
I'm mad. Its a good kind of mad however that made me start writing this blog.
After attending several hours of panel discussions ranging from a variety of topics from bioethics to rising leaders, then followed by a nice stroll through the international exhibition, I'm left amazed. The things being done with biotech is really revolutionary indeed.
Having seen and met with scientists and other experts, I'm filled with so much inspiration and promise of how Hawaii could become a key figure in all of this if we nurture it. It also gives me hope of the unique opportunities that this field may offer my two kids in the future if we make this field a priority here. But is Hawaii's leadership moving us in the right direction?
Unfortunately, it's not happening in out state. From the time I say and spoke to those dozen legislators in January, who told me that the farmers need to do more to educate the public, it's clear that only a few leaders have the backbone to move Hawaii forward by standing up the technology that is revolutionizing agriculture, forestry, environmental issues, medicine, and energy. That minority of leaders who stood there publicly to support the right to farm act had to take the horrid behavior of angry mob mentality, which is truly disheartening to me.
While states like California and countries across the world are booming with opportunity and research, Hawaii's weak leadership continue to fail us all. From Jessica Wooley, Mike Gabbard, Brian Schatz, Kaniela Ing, Russell Ruderman, Gary Hooser, Tulsi Gabbard, David Ige, and so many others, they use poor leadership to guide Hawaii in fear while the rest of the world is embracing and supporting biotechnology. It's terrible that leaders like these are fueling serious harm for my kids' future.
I'd truly love a Hawaii where my kids would have diverse opportunities to be a global contributor. Being that global citizen does not come with raising kids up to attend anti-GMO marches and seed exchanges to "revolutionize" the food system. Nor does it come in the form of beach clean up efforts by groups that claim false information against a technology they know nothing about. I was taught as a kid to always think about how I was going to do something to help others, which is rooted in education and instilling a sense of curiosity about the world.
I want a future Hawaii that values education on a worldwide scale. We are island people but it doesn't mean we should think of ourselves like that. We can affect our world in so many ways that are unforeseeable if our leaders are willing to guide us in that way.
I'm so grateful for having the opportunity to attend this conference as it has really opened my eyes. I have a greater vision for the future that I want to nurture for my kids, and I hope others start realizing this too. If we don't move in the right way, we've truly shown the world that we do not want to be global citizens, and I refuse to be led down that path by others.
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text:
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: A Roar in the Snore
Gopinadh Anne, Sandeep Chiramana, Geetha Bhavani Paluri, B Sridevi, Sampath Chowdhary Anche, Srujana Zakkula
Department of Prosthodontics, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Geetha Bhavani Paluri
Department of Prosthodontics, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
Sleeping is an important physiological role in our day to day life. A good laugh and a long sleep are the best cures in the doctor's book. Sleep disorders of the upper airway result from any condition or disease that causes its partial or complete obstruction when a patient assumes a supine position and goes to sleep. Sleep disorders, particularly untreated obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) can be associated with motor vehicle accidents, poor work performance in the office or workplace, and also makes a person prone to occupational accidents and reduced quality of life. Comprehensive management of upper airway sleep disorders requires an interdisciplinary approach. A prosthodontist can play a significant role as the team member in the interdisciplinary approach for the management of upper airway sleep disorders. The present article focuses on the history, clinical examination, investigations, and management of OSA.
Keywords: Apnea-hypopnea index, continuous positive airway pressure, obstructive sleep apnea, polysomnography
Anne G, Chiramana S, Paluri GB, Sridevi B, Anche SC, Zakkula S. Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: A Roar in the Snore. J Dent Allied Sci 2015;4:31-5
Anne G, Chiramana S, Paluri GB, Sridevi B, Anche SC, Zakkula S. Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: A Roar in the Snore. J Dent Allied Sci [serial online] 2015 [cited 2020 Jan 29];4:31-5. Available from: http://www.jdas.in/text.asp?2015/4/1/31/167538
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common problem that affects a person's breathing during sleep. In patients with OSA, air cannot flow normally into the lungs. The block in airflow is usually caused by the collapse of the soft tissues in the upper airway and tongue during sleep.
Types of Sleep Disorders
Snoring is a common sleep disorder which occurs as a result of the base of the tongue or soft palate or both approximating the posterior wall of the pharynx. The obstruction happens when a patient falls asleep or assumes a supine position when oropharyngeal musculature is relaxed. [1],[2]
Sleep apnoea
Apnoea is defined as cessation of airflow during sleep, which lasts for at least 10 s until the body reacts with a bigger breathing effort to overcome the problem with oxygen desaturation of more than 3% and/or associated with arousal. This cycle happens over and over throughout the night, interfering with the normal sleep pattern.
Hypopnea is defined as a reduction in amplitude of airflow of >50% of baseline measurement, for at least 10 s with accompanying oxygen desaturation of at least 3% and/or associated with arousal.
OSA refers to the occurrence of at least five apnoeas or hypopneas per sleep hour (Apnea-Hypopnea Index [AHI] >5/h), resulting in sleep fragmentation and decrease oxygen saturation.
Grading of sleep apnea
Sleep specialists categorize sleep apnea by the number of events per hour: [3]
Mild - 5-15 events/h
Moderate - 15-30 events/h
Severe - Over 30 events/h.
Pathophysiology of Sleep Disorders
Normal sleep
Sleep is not a homogenous state and is divided into two states: Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In REM sleep, the brain activity is same as when a person is awake. NREM sleep is divided into four stages. Stages 3 and 4 represent a deeper level of sleep and are required to refresh the brain. REM and NREM sleep alternate cyclically through the night at intervals of 90-120 min.
During REM sleep, there is a generalized inhibition of skeletal muscles including intercostals, accessory, and pharyngeal dilators. Thus, ventilation during REM is virtually dependent on diaphragmatic function, and upper airway function is more precarious than during NREM.
The resistance of the system is increased and at the same time both chemical and mechanical sensors are depressed. Considerable individual variation exists in the threshold for arousal in response to chemical and mechanical/behavioral drive. This variation in responsiveness may be an important risk factor for OSA.
Abnormal sleep
Pathophysiologic mechanism of snoring and OSA, although fully not understood can be explained by either the obstacle theory or the Bernoulli theory. According to the obstacle theory, an increased negative pressure during inspiration retracts the structures of the pharynx and makes them vibrate in the airflow to produce snore and possible obstruction in OSA.
The Bernoulli theory assumes that according to the principle of Bernoulli (1738), the velocity of streaming air is higher and the pressure lower at a constriction of a tube compared with the larger part. This may cause inward suction of the pharyngeal structures in a constricted area and snores by the vibration of wall structures. [1]
Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
The increased prevalence of SDB in the elderly appears to plateau after 65 years. Mechanisms proposed for the increased prevalence of sleep apnoea in the elderly include increased deposition of fat in the parapharyngeal area, lengthening of the soft palate, and changes in body structures surrounding the pharynx. [4]
Imaging studies have revealed that men have increased fat deposition around pharyngeal airway as compared with women. [5] Besides, hormonal differences may play a role in the predisposition to abnormal breathing during sleep. [6] Premenopausal women are relatively protected from OSA even if they have other known risk factors for OSA. In a cross-sectional prevalence study, it shows a 4-fold higher prevalence of at least moderate OSA in postmenopausal women as compared with premenopausal women. And interestingly, in postmenopausal women taking hormonal replacement therapy, the prevalence of OSA is similar to premenopausal women. [7]
Obesity is the major risk factor for the development of OSA, it is thought to be associated with anatomic alterations that predispose to upper airway obstruction during sleep, by increasing adiposity around the pharynx and body. Central obesity has been associated with a reduction in lung volume, which leads to a loss of caudal traction on the upper airway, and hence, an increase in pharyngeal collapsibility. [8]
Family history and genetic predisposition
Obesity is closely associated with OSA and itself aggregates in families. Craniofacial morphology represents another mechanism by which genetics may influence the development of OSA, the bony and soft tissue structures that are seen from one generation to another in different families, including specific craniofacial disorders, for example, Pierre-Robin syndrome, these patients have micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate, the tongue tends to prolapse backward, leading to airway obstruction. [9]
Smoking and alcohol consumption
Smoking is associated with a higher prevalence of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). It can well be explained by the cigarette induced airway inflammation and damage which could change the structural and functional properties of the upper airway, and increasing the risk of collapsibility during sleep. Alcohol relaxes upper airway dilator muscles, increases upper airway resistance, and may induce OSA in susceptible subjects. [10],[11]
Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
Clinical presentation of obstructive sleep apnoea
Common physical findings in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome [Table 1] and [Table 2]
Airway evaluation in obstructive sleep apnoea
Static radiologic imaging techniques, such as X-ray cephalometry, computed tomography (CT) scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have been used mostly to detect differences in airway anatomy. Dynamic scanning protocols (e.g., ultrafast CT or cine MRI) and multiple pressure recordings have been used to gain insights into the mechanism and level of airway obstruction.
Table 1: Sleep and wake-related symptoms of OSAs
Table 2: Physical findings
Clinical examination and clinical scores
Anatomic and static clinical findings were the first parameters to be evaluated to improve treatment success.
Case details should be recorded on a SDB examination form which should include body mass index (BMI), neck size, alcohol consumption and sedative usage details, sleep position, frequency and intensity of snoring, and subjective assessment on Epworth sleepiness scale [Table 3]. [12]
Friedman et al. developed a clinical 4° staging system incorporating the tonsil size, the position of the soft palate, the tongue size, and the BMI.
Table 3: Epworth sleepiness scale
Lateral cephalograms
Lateral cephalograms are used to analyze skeletal and soft tissue characteristics of patients with OSA. The following findings in OSA patients can only be a selection while performing a lateral cephalogram: Longer soft palates reduced minimum palatal airway widths, increased thickness of the soft palate, differences in calculated craniofacial scores, increased pharyngeal lengths, retroposition of the mandible or the maxilla, micrognathia, increased mid-facial heights, and differences in hyoid bone position. The hyoid bone has been found to be more inferiorly placed in OSA patients.
Computed tomography scanning
Compared to lateral X-ray cephalometry, CT scanning significantly improves soft tissue contrast and allows precise measurements of cross-sectional areas at different levels, as well as three-dimensional reconstruction and volumetric assessment.
CT scanning has provided valuable insights into the pathophysiology of SDB and plays a major role in its management.
Compared to lateral X-ray cephalometry or CT scanning MRI offers various advantages, such as excellent soft tissue contrast, three dimensional assessments of tissue structures, and lack of ionizing radiation. The latter has made MRI the imaging technique of choice in the assessment of children with SDB. Numerous authors have demonstrated that the mechanism and level of airway obstruction can be visualized by MRI, even under natural sleep. [13]
Videoendoscopy during spontaneous sleep
Videoendoscopy during spontaneous sleep is performed to improve patient selection for the different treatments available and may also be performed in combination with overnight sleep recordings. Because videoendoscopy during spontaneous sleep allows the assessment of the upper airway during different sleep stages and lacks the side effects of sedating drugs, this method may be considered superior to videoendoscopy under sedation. [14]
Acoustic reflection test
Acoustic reflection test can be used to determine the airway obstruction and also the corresponding effect of mandibular advancement and protrusion on the upper airway. [15] In this test, the sound wave is projected into the airway and is reflected back through the tube to a computer which creates graph that determines the location of the obstruction.
Polysomnogram (PSG) is considered the gold standard test for diagnosis of OSA. The test involves overnight recording of sleep, breathing pattern, and oxygenation. The study records analysis of apnoea, oxygen saturation, body position, change heart rate, snoring, desaturation relations, and sleep staging. The recordings include electroencephalography, electrooculography, electromyography, and electrocardiography. PSG provides the AHI scores which are an estimation of apnoeic-hypopnoeic episodes per hour of sleep. Based on these scores, OSA is grouped into four categories: [16]
Mild OSA (10-20 AHI)
Moderate OSA (20-30 AHI)
Severe OSA (30-40 AHI)
Very severe (more than 40 AHI).
A PSG will provide the apnea index, the hypopnea index, the apnea-sleep ratio (the percentage of time spent in apneic state), the apnea-hypopnea sleep ratio (the percentage of sleep time spent in apneic and hypopneic states), and the AHI or respiratory disturbance index. This information is necessary to properly diagnose and determine the course of treatment for a patient.
Spirometry is a pulmonary function test. It is a simple method of studying pulmonary ventilation by recording movements of air into and out of lungs. The test determines the inspiratory flow rate, expiratory flow rate, forced vital capacity (FVC), ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to FVC, and other ventilation rates.
Influence of Tooth Loss on Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
Edentulism has been shown to produce anatomical changes in craniofacial structures and hypothesized to increase OSA. The following anatomical changes ensue due to loss of teeth:
Decrease in vertical dimension of occlusion
Change in position of mandible
Change in position of hyoid bone
Impaired function of oropharyngeal musculature such as loss of tone in soft palate and pharynx, macroglossia.
The management protocol includes behavioral modifications sleep position change and weight control by modification in lifestyle. Definite modalities include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), surgery to enlarge upper airway and orthognathic surgery for bringing the mandible and maxillae forward and oral appliances. Complete dentures for edentulous patients help restore face height and better control on the lower jaw thereby helping in normal breathing. [13]
It includes body weight control, sleep position changes, and stopping of sedatives/alcohol.
Obese patients should be encouraged to lose weight and attempt to reach BMI of 25 or close to it
Patients may be asked to lie on their side and place a pillow behind them so that they cannot roll onto their back to a supine position. Another alternative is to sew a tennis ball in the center of the back of the pyjamas to serve the same purpose
The elimination of alcohol and sedatives at least 3 h before sleep has been recommended because of the depressant effect of the drugs on the central nervous system.
Continuous positive airway pressure
This involves continuously pumping room air under pressure through a sealed gauge or nose mask, which passes through the upper airway to the lungs. However, CPAP suffers from poor patient compliance because of portability problems, pump noise, dryness of airway, and mask discomfort. Patients who are unable to be compliant with a nasal mask due to claustrophobia, headaches, mask leaks, eye irritation, and sinusitis may benefit by using oral mask ventilation with oral positive airway pressure (OPAP). OPAP delivered through an oral appliance is a treatment alternative to nasal CPAP. [13]
A number of surgical procedures have been practised to increase and stabilize the upper airway caliber. These include: Maxillomandibular advancement, palatouvulo-pharyngoplasty, laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty, hyoid suspension, genioglossus advancement, tongue-based suspension sutures, and midline glossectomy. [13]
Prosthodontic management
Oral appliances are indicated for use in patients with primary snoring, mild and moderate OSA, and who do not respond or are not appropriate candidates for treatment with behavioral measures such as weight loss or sleep position change. [2]
The effects of mandibular advancement on upper airway anatomical relationship are: [17]
Elevates the base of the tongue
Tenses the palatoglossus muscle and pulls the soft palate forward
Decompress tissues around the pharynx and allows the pharynx to expand
Helps stabilize lateral pharyngeal wall by applying tension to pharyngomandibular raphe which is coupled to pharyngeal constrictors
Splays the tonsillar arches formed by palatoglossus and palatopharyngeal muscles which leads to further stabilization of lateral pharyngeal wall.
Mandibular advancement device
It is the one with fixed mandibular advancement or titratable/adjustable mandibular advancement appliances.
Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) with fixed/recorded mandibular advancement are:
Monoblock appliances
A simple splint
Bionator
Karwetzky activator
Twin block appliance
Removable Herbst appliance
Twin block.
All these appliances are made with the mandible in a requisite protrusive position. Karwetzky activator is one of the most widely used fixed MAD in the management of OSA. Karwetzky activator is a tooth- and tissue-borne activator which is split along the occlusal plane and joined by two "U" loops made of 0.9 mm stainless steel wire in the lingual acrylic area of first molars. This design permits lateral and vertical jaw movements during sleep. This appliance can be easily made in a dental laboratory.
The research on this design has lead to the improvisation and development of tongue stabilizing device (TSD) which is made of soft medical silicone for comfort and works by holding the tongue forward by gentle suction, preventing it from falling back against the back of the throat and thus keeping the airway open during sleep. TSD does not attach to the teeth; it is more of a vestibular appliance. This device actively pull or hold the tongue in a position more anterior than the normal resting tongue position. The bulb protrudes anteriorly to and between incisor teeth and beyond the lips, which by means of negative pressure holds the tongue forward during sleep. Passive mandibular advancement also occurs. This appliance has been found effective in snoring and OSA.
Tongue repositioning manoeuvre with oral shields
The appliance is an improvisation of oral screens by attaching a funnel anteriorly which is covered by a membrane. The membrane funnel oral shields enables the patient to form negative intraoral pressure during and after deglutition and thus continuously train a tongue position at hard palate with close tongue velum contact which is needed for posterior mouth closure. This concept has been found to be effective in training of nasal breathing, oral rest position, and nocturnal assistance of mouth closure.
Titratable mandibular advancement devices
These are preferred for their inbuilt system by which mandibular protraction can be titrated or sequentially advanced in the sagittal plane until the acceptable level of subjective improvement occurs. [2] Titratable mandibular advancement helps in slowly moving the mandible either anteriorly or posteriorly using the adjustable mechanism until successful results are achieved with the minimum possible protrusive position.
The interplay between anatomic, functional, and neural factors that influence the upper airway patency during wakefulness and sleep is still unclear. This may be due to the missing data linking sleep studies using polysomnography and three-dimensional imaging studies performed during wakefulness and natural sleep conditions. Although the role played by the prosthodontists is still in its infancy, there is much to learn and understand in the rapidly evolving field of sleep medicine. The growing interest of prosthodontists in sleep medicine has contributed immensely toward effective prevention and treatment of OSA and sleep bruxism for each patient based on his/her individual requirement.
Engelke W, Repetto G, Mendoza-Gaertner M, Knoesel M. Functional treatment of snoring using oral shields in conjunction with the tongue repositioning manoevre. Int J Odontostomatol 2007;1:133-9.
Ivanhoe JR, Attanasio R. Sleep disorders and oral devices. Dent Clin North Am 2001;45:733-58.
Lettieri CJ, Eliasson AH, Greenburg DL. Persistence of obstructive sleep apnea after surgical weight loss. J Clin Sleep Med 2008;4:333-8.
Young T, Skatrud J, Peppard PE. Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. JAMA 2004;291:2013-6.
Whittle AT, Marshall I, Mortimore IL, Wraith PK, Sellar RJ, Douglas NJ. Neck soft tissue and fat distribution: Comparison between normal men and women by magnetic resonance imaging. Thorax 1999;54:323-8.
Banno K, Kryger MH. Sleep apnea: Clinical investigations in humans. Sleep Med 2007;8:400-26.
Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, Ten Have T, Rein J, Vela-Bueno A, et al. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in women: Effects of gender. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:608-13.
Schwartz AR, Patil SP, Laffan AM, Polotsky V, Schneider H, Smith PL. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008;5:185-92.
Schwab RJ, Pasirstein M, Kaplan L, Pierson R, Mackley A, Hachadoorian R, et al. Family aggregation of upper airway soft tissue structures in normal subjects and patients with sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:453-63.
Khoo SM, Tan WC, Ng TP, Ho CH. Risk factors associated with habitual snoring and sleep-disordered breathing in a multi-ethnic Asian population: A population-based study. Respir Med 2004;98:557-66.
Ekici M, Ekici A, Keles H, Akin A, Karlidag A, Tunckol M, et al. Risk factors and correlates of snoring and observed apnea. Sleep Med 2008;9:290-6.
Mitler MM, Dawson A, Henriksen SJ, Sobers M, Bloom FE. Bedtime ethanol increases resistance of upper airways and produces sleep apneas in asymptomatic snorers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1988;12:801-5.
Karbhanda OP. Orthodontists role in upper airway disorders. In: Text Book of Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities. 1 st ed. New Delhi: Elsevier Publishers; 2009. p. 554-78.
Schoenberg SO, Floemer F, Kroeger H, Hoffmann A, Bock M, Knopp MV. Combined assessment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with dynamic MRI and parallel EEG registration: Initial results. Invest Radiol 2000;35:267-76.
Borowiecki B, Pollak CP, Weitzman ED, Rakoff S, Imperato J. Fibro-optic study of pharyngeal airway during sleep in patients with hypersomnia obstructive sleep-apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope 1978;88:1310-3.
Bailey DR. Oral evaluation and upper airway anatomy associated with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Dent Clin North Am 2001;45:715-32.
Mohsenin N, Mostofi MT, Mohsenin V. The role of oral appliances in treating obstructive sleep apnea. J Am Dent Assoc 2003;134:442-9.
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
Anne G
Chiramana S
Paluri GB
Sridevi B
Anche SC
Zakkula S
Apnea-hypopnea index
Types of Sleep D...
Pathophysiology ...
Risk Factors for...
Diagnosis of Obs...
Influence of Too...


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LOS ANGELES – The passage of Charter Amendment C yesterday was a victory for the police union and the power of money to sway a campaign, and a loss for police accountability and for the people of Los Angeles, who face weakened police discipline and greater payouts for lawsuits as the result of unchecked police misconduct.
Charter Amendment C allows the city council to pass an ordinance that would allow officers whom the department has found engaged in serious misconduct to choose to appeal to a Board of Rights made up of three civilians, rather than the two command-level officers and one civilian used in the current system. The city's own data and reports show that Board of Rights panels already reject the chief of police's recommendation to fire officers more than half the time, and that civilians currently in the panel are consistently more lenient on officers than the sworn officers. However, the charter amendment does not immediately affect LAPD's disciplinary process. It still requires L.A. City Council to pass an ordinance to actually make the change.
"Mayor Eric Garcetti, Council President Herb Wesson and members of the city council all endorsed this deceptive measure. They helped win its passage by misleading voters, and no doubt earned the favor of the police union, but at the cost of weakening discipline and accountability at LAPD," said Peter Bibring, director of police practices and senior staff attorney at the ACLU of Southern California. "If they want to retain any credibility that they have L.A.'s interests at heart, they must not simply pass the ordinance the union wants. They must take a comprehensive look at LAPD's discipline system and make changes that will help build trust both among officers and the community."
The election results validated concerns raised by opponents and the media that the measure was deceptively worded and advertised to suggest that it increased oversight of police, when it would result in more leniency, and that it benefited from being placed on the ballot at the last minute, so that an opposition campaign did not organize until the final weeks before the election. While vote-by-mail ballots that were returned before media coverage or a significant opposition campaign went 2-to-1, the voters who went to the polls on election day voted against the measure 55% to 45%. The media also reported that voters emerging from polls who voted for the measure said they believed it would be stricter on police.
"As we walked neighborhoods, made phone calls and talked with folks about Charter Amendment C, we received virtually unanimous and enthusiastic support for our #NoOnC position," said Melina Abdullah, organizer with Black Lives Matter Los Angeles. "We believe that the majority of people who voted for the measure fell victim to the deceptive language and a campaign that cast it as 'civilian oversight' when it is nothing of the sort. Most voters who voted by mail were duped by the police union and politicians who prioritize their political alliances and ambitions ahead of community safety and police accountability and didn't have a chance to hear the no position held by virtually every progressive organization in the city."
The police union outspent the grassroots and nonprofit organizations by 50-to-1, pouring more than $1.25 million into their campaign to promote the charter amendment with advertisements that claimed it would increase civilian oversight. But the Boards of Rights can only reduce discipline recommended by the LAPD. They cannot increase punishment if the department has given a slap on the wrist for more serious misconduct, or hold the department accountable when it fails to police itself.
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Pete White, executive director of Los Angeles Community Action Network, said: "Angelenos will not soon forget how their elected representatives sold our safety to the highest bidder – in this case the Los Angeles Police Protective League. Angelenos are ready to move forward and secure real reform and accountability. Our next step is to build the power necessary to amend the charter and hold the entire system accountable."
The coalition will continue to fight against officers' ability to challenge their discipline for serious misconduct to a Board of Rights made up of civilians strategically selected to grant them leniency.
"We refuse to let the police union and police commission distort the meaning of civilian and stack the deck in favor of bad officers," said Karren Lane, vice president of Community Coalition. "We call for a comprehensive re-examination of LAPD's discipline process, including purging the existing pool of civilian Board of Rights examiners, establishing new criteria that ensure the diverse experiences of Angelenos can be represented and conducting an open selection process."
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You have enjoyed some success and generated strong momentum for the future growth of your software company.
You have solid customer relationships and a great team of programmers and product specialists making sure your clients get maximum value.
Your sales pipeline is full and your reputation as a thought leader is far reaching.
In fact, you've made so much happen that some of the bigger players want to buy your organization and bring those people and customers into their fold.
It's an intriguing idea, and at times you are tempted to make the move so that you can exhale and enjoy the rewards of your hard work.
Before you sign, however, it's best to consider some of the more common mistakes that software companies make when selling their business.
Potential buyers enter the process with a clear sense of what your company is worth.
Don't let them dictate market value.
You're the owner; nobody understands the company's value better than you. Don't wait for prospective buyers to set the price.
Determine your market value, and enter discussions with that baseline in mind. You can't negotiate properly if you don't have a baseline. It will guide you as to what's fair value.
You may be accustomed to viewing the prospects solely from your organization's standpoint, but take an industry-wide view when determining value. You will find there are many different factors driving your company's true value.
It's the first rule of communicating effectively, and it applies here too.
Prospective buyers are your audience. Not every buyer is looking for the same things, so you shouldn't have just one pitch.
How will your software company increase the value of the potential buyer's company? Put yourself in their shoes, and emphasize the direct benefits that your resources will bring to their fundamental business practices.
How often have you heard of an acquisition failing?
It happens more often than we like to admit.
A software company sale is about more than just the sale price. It's a merger of business lines, customers, and people. There has to be a fit.
Just because your people, technology, and processes worked in your organization, that doesn't mean they will work in all organizations particularly one with a different organizational history and structure.
Make sure that the buying company offers an environment in which your software company can thrive.
As business leaders, we tend to look at our organizations and assume that growth will simply persist.
The point is you need to think strategically about timing. Don't assume that waiting necessarily means that you will achieve greater value or hit a certain milestone.
Your own corporate circumstances may change with time, but so will the environment around you. Understand all of the variables, survey the market, choose your moment and seize your opportunity.
Another common mistake is accepting the first offer that's put on the table.
It may seem like a fair offer, and indeed, it may be, but it's probably not the best offer, and it's certainly not the result of a competitive, market-based process.
You probably understand that there are times when it makes sense to close a deal quickly and move on to the next transaction. But this isn't necessarily one of those times (point #4 notwithstanding).
This time you're selling your entire company. The company is the culmination of your years of hard work. It's all of those everyday transactions put together. Your negotiating process should reflect that investment of time and effort.
When you get close to a sale, prospective buyers will turn your company inside out.
Due diligence should be expected.
They'll want to uncover everything, and it's important to be transparent about what they will likely find.
Nobody will be surprised if a company has endured challenges or faced obstacles – most businesses do.
But if the issues are exposed late in the process, there will be an impact on the financial agreement. You may think you're saving the sale, but you're more likely costing yourself money.
Have you used outside programmers? If so, was their agreement specific in ownership of their output?
Has a reputable accountant prepared your books?
Be clear about what you want – your bottom line, the conditions that you are willing to accept, and those you are not.
Remember, you are in control, but you need to be prepared.
Do any of these mistakes (and recommendations) resonate? We would love to hear your feedback – share your thoughts and questions with us on social media. Feel free to share this post if you found it useful.


I am on a bit of a worldbuilding high right now. I'm getting some awesome feedback on my Erziyye map from a writer friend and geology geek, and basically all I want to do is work on the map right now. Sadly work, this cold and my slightly obsessive need for feedback from said friend on changes I make is making the progress a bit slow. But still, by this time next week, I'll have stuff to show you for sure!
The first one is before, the second is after. Obviously this is a very zoomed-in shot. It doesn't look like much but it really makes a difference. I'll show you what I mean when it's all done (one and a half continents to go!).
Not the most exciting update, but part of the process all the same. My Erziyye-time is getting a bit diluted right now on account of doing a bit of (much less detailed) building for my upcoming NaNo project. I'm trying to keep a balance though, and will definitely aim to keep a steady pace with the map. I'm looking forward to (and dreading!) getting to the coloring stage, but I do want to get the behind the scenes stuff (plate tectonics and so on) done first. Check in next week for some of that!
This entry was posted in Worldbuilding Wednesday and tagged erziyye, mapmaking, maps, worldbuilding, worldbuilding wednesday by Emma Lindhagen. Bookmark the permalink.
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Q: If the $k^{th}$ derivative of a polynomial $f$ has exactly $r$ zeroes in $[a,b]$, then, number of zeroes of $f$ in $[a,b]$? If the $k^{th}$ derivative of a polynomial $f$ has exactly $r$ zeroes in $[a,b]$, what can you conclude about the number of zeroes of $f$ in $[a,b]$?
Attempt: (I came across this question in a chapter devoted to Rolle's Theorem.)
$f^{(k)}(x)= (x-a)^r g(x)$ such that $(x-a)$ does not divide $g(x)$.
Rolle's Theorem states that any real-valued differentiable function that attains equal values at two distinct points must have a stationary point somewhere between them—that is, a point where the first derivative (the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function) is zero.
The converse might not be true?
But the problem asks me to go backward. So, we can't use rolle's theorem right?
Could you please tell me how to move forward?
Thank you for your help.

A: Let $u$ be the number of zeros of the original function $f(x)$.
Rolle's theorem tells us that the number of zeros of $f'(x)$ is at least $u-1$.
 The number of zeros of $f''(x)$ is at least $u-2$ etc. So, the $k$-th derivate
 has at least $u-k$ zeros. So, $u-k\le r$, so $u\le k+r$. So, the original
 funtion has at most $k+r$ distinct roots.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Kiddee Matinee
Herbie Fully Loaded
He's stronger, he's faster, he's Herbie-er! Start your engines – the world's wildest Volkswagen is getting tuned-up and tricked-out in a turbo-charged update for the twenty-first century. When a teen with NASCAR dreams finds a beat-up old bug in the junkyard, the unlikely partners will team to rewrite racing history. A charismatic Lindsay Lohan stars alongside a stellar supporting cast including Michael Keaton and Matt Dillon.
"Herbie Fully Loaded is that modern rarity, a genial, sweet-natured family film, G-rated and proud of it, an old-fashioned Disney movie to the core." – Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times
Angela Robinson
Lindsay Lohan, Michael Keaton, Matt Dillon, Breckin Meyer, Justin Long, Cheryl Hines
Sun, July 28