We have decided to clarify what we are looking for, in the hope of inviting another Core Team member to the awesome Ridgedale team for the 2014 season.
This volunteer role will focus on photography and short high quality educational film to document the development of diverse and integrated systems at the farm. Graphics work enhancing photos with digital art/ text & general informational posters would be an awesome addition. We will work closely with you in this regard.
We will provide full accommodation & the highest quality organic/ beyond organic food throughout your stay. You will also be able to take one of our renowned PDC courses for free in Sept this year, as well as sit in on other specialist trainings and you will be very much integrated into our core team. Awesome saunas, incredible sunsets, magical nature and the best quality food you can get plus a whole lot of fun with incredible people from every part of the world is just how we roll. We normally work Mon- Fri and whilst this role is flexible it would be best to consider yourself "on" this schedule, and there will be plenty of hands on experience in all kinds of systems work to engage with also.
Be excited to get your hands dirty in between this work!
It's a very exciting time and we wish to capture as much as possible for both our own record and for the benefit of as many others around the world as we can. This is a very important role and in this day and age of media saturation we are especially excited for your dedication & skill to ensure everything can be leveraged for the benefit of all. We ideally want someone who can commit to the whole season (please let us know if you can't) it will influence our decision, but we are also flexible at this point.
We have a drone for aerial photography/ filming and some other film gear too. We will also be documenting but are looking for someone with a style/ skills that can enhance our work on the landscape and with the community and really help showcase this incredibly journey to inspire more people to get into farming and managing their landscapes holistically as well as designing these systems for other people. Please email us here if you want to apply. Please let us know your name, age, nationality, experience, links & references to your work, what programs you use, why you'd be excited to come, whether you have lived in a working community setting, what you expect from us and anything else you think we should know about.
View of Ridgedale from the drone; just waiting for our Keyline plan!


text:
Q: IdentityServer4 appending client_ to claims I have an IdentityServer4 server setup and have defined a single client as such:
    public static IEnumerable<Client> Get()
    {
        return new List<Client> {
            new Client {
                ClientId = "oauthClient",
                ClientName = "Example Client Credentials Client Application",
                AllowedGrantTypes = GrantTypes.ClientCredentials,
                ClientSecrets = new List<Secret> {
                    new Secret("superSecretPassword".Sha256())},
                AllowedScopes =     {
                    IdentityServerConstants.StandardScopes.OpenId,
                    IdentityServerConstants.StandardScopes.Profile,
                    IdentityServerConstants.StandardScopes.Email,
                    "role",
                    "ControlCenter",
                    "CC.Send",
                },
                Claims = new List<System.Security.Claims.Claim>
                {
                    new System.Security.Claims.Claim("CEO","true"),
                    new System.Security.Claims.Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "CC.Send"),
                    new System.Security.Claims.Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, "CEO")
                },
                RedirectUris = new List<string> {"https://localhost:44345/signin-oidc", "https://www.getpostman.com/oauth2/callback"},
                PostLogoutRedirectUris = new List<string> {"https://localhost:44345"}
            }
        };
    }

I am using postman to test this and I can get a Token at the /connect/token endpoint, but when I pass that token into the /connect/introspect endpoint it is returning:
{
    "nbf": 1505422619,
    "exp": 1505426219,
    "iss": "https://localhost:44357",
    "aud": [
        "https://localhost:44357/resources",
        "ControlCenter"
    ],
    "client_id": "oauthClient",
    "client_CEO": "true",
    "client_http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/role": [
        "CC.Send",
        "CEO"
    ],
    "scope": "CC.Send",
    "active": true
}

This was causing me trouble as I had secured my endpoint with:
        services.AddAuthorization(options =>
        {
            options.AddPolicy(
                "CanSendiSuiteProfiles",
                policyBuilder => policyBuilder.RequireClaim("CEO", "true"));
        });

and due to the CEO <> client_CEO, it was returning an error 403. I can get around this pretty simply by looking for client_CEO but I would prefer to understand how client_ is being prepended to my claim.

A: These get automatically prefixed by IdentityServer4, but you can turn off the prefixing with the PrefixClientClaims = false (boolean property on the Client).
Here is the source code from the DefaultClaimService in IdentityServer4:
https://github.com/IdentityServer/IdentityServer4/blob/295026919db5bec1b0c8f36fc89e8aeb4b5a0e3f/src/IdentityServer4/Services/DefaultClaimsService.cs
if (request.Client.PrefixClientClaims)
{
    claimType = "client_" + claimType;
}

UPDATE:
From IdentityServer4 v.2 and above, property bool PrefixClientClaims was replaced by property string ClientClaimsPrefix which allows you to configure the prefix of your choice.
if (request.Client.ClientClaimsPrefix.IsPresent())
{
    claimType = request.Client.ClientClaimsPrefix + claimType;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Shegerian & Associates, Inc.: Former Delta Airlines Pilot Alleges the Airline Conspired to Terminate Him
August 27, 2018 | PRNewswire | Original Link*
Shegerian & Associates, Inc.: Former Delta Airlines Pilot Alleges the Airline Conspired to Terminate Him https://www.shegerianlaw.com/wp-content/themes/movedo/images/empty/thumbnail.jpg 150 150 Shegerian Law Shegerian Law //www.shegerianlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/logo.svg August 27, 2018 August 27, 2018
LOS ANGELES, Aug. 27, 2018 /PRNewswire/ — A former Delta Airlines pilot filed suit on Monday against the airline for wrongful termination and retaliation. Michael Protack, 61, had served as a pilot for Delta for over 20 years in good standing before a work-related dispute caused Delta to remove him from flying duties and increasingly retaliate against him over a period of several years.
The lawsuit alleges multiple instances of retaliation, as well as harassment, wrongful termination, age discrimination, and a variety of other misconduct. The suit shows how Delta's motivations resulted, illegally, from Protack reporting safety concerns about airplanes, including one instance when he refused to fly a scheduled flight for fear of a mechanical issue; reporting misogynistic comments made by other pilots and copilots; and engaging in union activities, such as complaining about unfair pay cuts and pension changes.
Once Delta had poisoned their working relationship with Protack, they then falsely claimed that Protack was medically unfit to fly and required a psychiatric evaluation in order to be restored to flight status. Not only did this directly constitute a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (and other laws), but it was also completely baseless: During this time period Protack had been cleared to fly by numerous board-certified doctors with the FAA, whose authority exceeds Delta's in determining pilot fitness. Protack actually continued to seek and receive these physical exams and clearances on a regular basis throughout his suspension.
Carney Shegerian, of Shegerian & Associates, one of Protack's attorneys, described this situation as different from typical on-the-job disputes.
"Workplace disputes are certainly not uncommon, but what happened here is a systematic violation of numerous laws by Delta Airlines in its efforts to marginalize and minimize Mr. Protack," Shegerian said. "His career as a commercial pilot is effectively over, and he has endured years of pain and suffering, including lost wages and opportunities for advancement, at the hands of his former employers—all because Mr. Protack was committed to a safe, fair working environment."
Shegerian added that, shortly before Protack's firing, Delta attempted to coerce Protack to withdraw his grievances, making it clear that Protack had to choose between losing his job, or backing down on the stand he had taken against his years of mistreatment.
"There is no way to win in those situations," Shegerian said, "and management knows it. They know they've got all the power. This happens to workers all the time, who are either forced to endure poor work circumstances or are fired for objecting."
He concluded, "I always use occasions like this to tell the general public that if your employer is mistreating you, speak to an employment law attorney. Learn your rights. Unscrupulous employers count on their workers not knowing what's legal and what isn't. When you learn what the law says about your situation, it completely changes the power imbalance."
Protack's case is now pending in the U.S. District Court, Central District of California, Southern Division.
Shegerian & Associates has won clients over $200 million in employment-based disputes and maintains a 98% success rate. We have offices in Los Angeles and New York.
For media: interviews with Carney Shegerian can be arranged at media@ShegerianLaw.com.
*Original link provided for archival purposes. Website or page may no longer exist.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Dr. York is a fellowship-trained surgeon specializing in sports medicine, minimally-invasive arthroscopic surgery and partial/total knee replacements. He has been practicing orthopedics at Piedmont Atlanta Hospital for over 20 years, where he recently served as chairman of the department of orthopedics.
Practice Type
Orthopedic Surgery; Sports Medicine; Arthroscopic Knee & Shoulder Surgery; Partial & Total Knee Replacements; Fracture Care
Cincinnati Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, Cincinnati, OH
Emory University, orthopedics, Atlanta, GA
Emory University, surgery, Atlanta, GA
Medical College of Georgia, M.D., Augusta, GA
University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee
Graduated with honors
Studied in Oxford, England
A native of Atlanta, Dr. York received his undergraduate degree in English from the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. At Sewanee, he was captain of the football team and a NCAA Scholar Athlete. Following medical school in Augusta, he completed his orthopedic residency at Emory and his orthopedic fellowship training at the world-renowned Cincinnati Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, where he trained under Dr. Frank Noyes, gaining expertise in treating athletes at all levels of competition.
Dr. York is board certified by the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery and holds a Certificate of Added Qualifications (CAQ) in orthopedic sports medicine.
Dr. York has served as team physician for:
The Atlanta Falcons
The Gwinnett Braves
The Westminster Schools
Morris Brown College
Atlanta Christian College
Point University
Landmark Christian HS
U.S. Olympic Beach Volleyball
Atlanta Public Schools
Thank You Note from Patient
Actual Patient Reviews
Physicians - By Name


Excellent Ellington Queen Sleeper Sofa By Latitude Run is essential have in almost any property. You want to find the best sections, and you also want to make sure you never overpay for them. Seems just a little challenging, proper? Nicely, this information is in this article to help you. Read on and discover some good skilled methods for locating the deals on household furniture items you are going to enjoy. Before purchasing any cupboards, open all of the storage and check inside of. You're not just making sure that all of the storage are constructed to last and open up with no hitches, you also want to ensure that the inner of the compartments have some kind of completing as well. When looking for Ellington Queen Sleeper Sofa By Latitude Run, calculate your bedroom before heading store shopping. There exists absolutely nothing even worse than selecting the perfect group of Ellington Queen Sleeper Sofa By Latitude Run only to discover that it does not easily fit in your bed room once you buy it property. Instead, accurately determine your rooms measurements before you go remembering where door and microsoft windows are placed.
Everybody wants to possess a club within their home! Catching a drink in your own individual bar is more exciting than sitting on the couch. The sofa does not provide the exact same feeling! There are some individuals, who develop the club of the desires but they're unsure about the type of bar stools they should purchase. If you ask us, you should purchase the correct bar stool. It should be aesthetically attractive, useful and comfy. You may wish to buy stools for your cafe or your houses club. You have to keep few things in mind before buying the right bar stools. These days, we will include the tips for purchasing for leather bar stools. Also, we have produced a summary of Top 10 Leather-based Bar Stools. This list has reviews of every club feces which will help you choose the perfect 1. Read on to find out and decide. Looking for the best bar feces for your home? Well, you must go through the checklist to obtain an idea. We're certain that you will find what you should want for in this list! We have covered the important thing features to help you make a decision. The good thing is available these bar stools online! These will be sent to your home inside few days. So, go through the checklist and pick the right.
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The USS Intrepid is considered by many to be one of the most successful ships in U.S. history. After a victorious two-year stint in World War II, the ship went on to serve NASA as a primary recovery vessel and, following that, played an important role in the Vietnam Conflict.
Park Right provides commercial parking for Citi Group, Grand Army Plaza, Botanical Garden and more places in New york with lots of parking facilities at affordable prices.
Intrepid is a global provider of innovative tools for engineers in the vehicle networking, testing and embedded engineering fields.Read the Restaurants near USS Intrepid discussion from the Chowhound Restaurants, Manhattan food community.The Intrepid Sea, Air and Space Museum had been on our list of places to take the munchkin, so a few weekends ago, even though it was a drizzly day, we decided to make the trip.
The picture was taken in the air from over the Hudson New York City Intrepid Sea Air and Space Museum.
INTREPID formerly the Tripolitan ketch Mastico, was captured by Stephen Decatur during the war with Tripoli and used by him on 16 February 1804 in burning the Philadelphia, which had been captured by the Tripolitans.
The former USS Growler first opened at the Intrepid Museum in 1989 and is the only American guided missile submarine open to the public.
When you think of going to an aviation museum, you think of walking into an immense building cramped full of aircraft. Not in NYC.
This offer is good for up to two (2) full priced Adult, Child or Senior General Admission with the purchase of a full-priced adult General Admission ticket.
New York City Museums range from the world-renowned Metropolitan Museum of Art NYC and American Museum of Natural History NYC, to the more specialized, such as The New York City Police Museum or the Museum of American Finance.
Things to Do in NYC With Kids Intrepid Sea, Air, and Space Museum.
The Intrepid Sea Air Space Museum in NYC opened in 1982, and is located on the famous Intrepid Aircraft Carrier at Pier 86.From New Jersey, take the New York Waterway to Midtown (38th St.) and walk north on 12th Avenue to the Museum.
This Intrepid Museum Review is one of our many reviewed things to do in NYC.After a long career, the carrier is currently docked in New York city, where it serves as a Sea-Air-Space Museum.


The Legend at Park Ten Apartments offers a selection of one, two, and three bedroom apartment homes to fit every lifestyle. All of our apartments offer the latest features and amenities where you will be able to experience the highest levels of quality and comfort in the Energy Corridor area of Houston.
We invite you to view our floor plans below, schedule your appointment or drop by and visit us to see them in person and our friendly, professional staff will be happy to assist you and show you all the reasons why you'll want to make your new home with us!


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We monitor client's website ranking closely with advanced reporting tools which will be shared with our client on weekly basis. Besides, we also continuously adopt the evolution and changes in the search engine industry to make sure the latest strategies are applied and comply Google Webmaster Guidelines.
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My Heavenly Silks stocks a large variety of bedding sets. Our Australian Comforter sets consists of 650 thread count our cotton sheet sets are perfect for those craving the TLC of a king or queen. Crafted from 100% cotton, our sets offer amazing comfort. The Sets are great options for someone looking for the gentleness of a lower thread count but the durability and thickness of the high thread count. Whatever the set you choose our high-quality sheets which will leave you feeling like a king or queen in the morning after a restful night's sleep.
They are available in a variety of colours. The comforter sets comprise of our sets comprise of a Flat Sheet, Comforter Cover and 2 Pillowcases depending on the set size you order. These are perfect for your home or as a gift. You know you are getting the highest quality luxury. Our sets have a smooth surface and amazing lustre that allows for super easy machine washing and drying.
What are the difference between Quilt, Doona and Comforter then?
So what is the difference between quilts, doonas and comforters? It's completely understandable can some people become confused between Comforters, Quilts, Doonas and Duvets. The Poms commonly refer to comforters as continental quilt or quilt. We in Australia call them quilts and doonas. The term Comforter comes from the Americans. They are really the same thing but depending on your location or where you are from these words interchangeably.
Comforter Set Cover, what their purpose?
The expensive nature and difficulty of comforters makes inexpensive quilt covers and comforter very useful. They protect your comforter or quilt sets easy to removed and wash. They also allow for quick and easy change to the look of your bed without having to redecorate.
Comforters normally fits snugly inside a Comforter cover which can be removed and washed at any time.
What size cover does a duvet need?
Please thicker mattress will need more than the 2.5cm to 5 stated above.
What Style of Australian Comforter Sets do we sell?
A large variety of vibrant colours in the traditional king and queen sizes. Featuring a luscious sheen finish our sets can complete your bedroom décor. Our Sheets comes in the following varieties of White, Dark Blue, Red, Silver, Light Blue, Floral, Dark Maroon. Please check product for specific colours.
Our beautiful sheets are colour safer machine wash friendly. This ease of care makes our comforter a must own. Always follow care labels instructions for best results.
Where can I Buy Quilt Covers in Australia?
So where can I buy a quilt cover in Australia? My Heavenly Silks provides a large variety of quilt covers and bedding sets for everyone's needs. All our bed sheeting sets come with a quilt cover the meet the highest manufacturing quality.
Our beautiful Sheets and Quilt Covers are colour safe and machine washable. Always follow care labels instructions for best results.
What is the purpose of a Quilt Covers?
Due to its expensive nature and difficulty to clean, these covers are useful. They protect your duvet and can be easily removed to wash. They also allow for quick and easy change to the look of your bed without having to redecorate.
Quilts normally fits snugly inside a quilt cover which can be removed and washed at any time.
What size Quilt Cover do I need?
To make sure your comforter and quilts for correctly make sure it is 2.5cm to 5cm longer then the bedding sizes below.
What's a Quilt, Doona and Comforter then?
It's completely understandable that people could become confused between duvets, quilts, Doonas and comforters. In England it is commonly called a continental quilt or quilt. In Australia it is also referred to as a doona. In America you may even be called a comforter usually has a slightly different type of betting as it is not a stick and often doesn't have a cover.
They aren't really the same thing but depending on your location or where you are from these words interchangeably.
Many people are discovering hypoallergenic nature of choosing silk bedding. Whether it's silk pillow cases, silk covers, silk quilts and silk bedding offers benefits compared to feather or synthetics.
Allergies are Causes by What?
Suffering from allergies or dust related allergies such as asthma silk could be the first choice for you. Silk's hypoallergenic qualities prevents dust from accumulating. Silk has a natural defense mechanism against all of these irritants and pollutants.
What Makes Silk Allergy Free Bedding?
When silk is produced by the silkworm, its simple and durable structure helps make it hypoallergenic. The silkworm uses a cocoon to protect itself during its transformation. The cocoon is made up of a single continuous strand of fiber, which is held in place with a sticky substance called sericin. While the worm is inside of the cocoon, the sericin protects the worm from various natural threats.
These same qualities are transferred to silk bedding when silk is processed. This manufacturing process typically includes only water, heat, and steam. Most importantly, no harmful chemicals are used in the processing of silk.
Silk Bedding Great for Skin?
Silk contains amino acids which helps the skin reabsorb moisture and calm dryness, which can help sooth eczema conditions or dry skin. Also silk bedding is all natural, it offers people with skin conditions like shingles and eczema numerous benefits. Silk bedding is light and moves delicately over your skin, which reduces the points of contact and can help reduce further irritate associated with shingles.
Silk bedding is a great choice for those sensitive to the allergens compared traditional bedding products.


I thought 'The Secret Life of Pets' might be similar to 'Zootopia', but I enjoyed each movie for different reasons. 'The Secret Life of Pets' did not have as complex of a theme like 'Zootopia' did, as this film was more about the different pets people have and loving your pet. However, I felt that there was a lot more humor in this film than in 'Zootopia'. Overall I enjoyed the detail put into the personalities of each pet and the voice acting was great.


Check The Drop to see what's new in theaters, disc and digital each week. Click below for theater showtimes. If you'd rather stay home, check out Armchair Smack, where we suggest alternatives to each week's theatrical releases. Choose one or see both, and then Smack us in the comments section below and let us know how they compare. And don't forget about the Emmy Awards on Sunday night.
Check into The Drop for your Friday the 13th viewing. Here's what's new in theaters, disc and digital each week. Click below for theater showtimes. If you'd rather stay home, check out Armchair Smack, where we suggest alternatives to each week's theatrical releases. Choose one or see both, and then Smack us in the comments section below and let us know how they compare.
Make The Drop your one stop to plan your weekend. See what's new in theaters, disc and digital each week, and click below to get showtimes. Want to stay home? Check out Armchair Smack, where we suggest alternatives to each week's theatrical releases. Choose one or see both, and then Smack us in the comments section below and let us know how they compare.


The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the one and only Son, who came from the Father, full of grace and truth. (John testified concerning him. He cried out, saying, "This is the one I spoke about when I said, 'He who comes after me has surpassed me because he was before me.' ") Out of his fullness we have all received grace in place of grace already given. For the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ. No one has ever seen God, but the one and only Son, who is himself God and is in closest relationship with the Father, has made him known.
What stands out to you about Jesus as you read this passage?
How does the truth that Jesus is God resonate with you in this Advent and Christmas season?
In the beginning, Jesus, Son of God, You already were, and You were with God, and You were God. You were with God in the beginning. Through You all things were made; without You nothing was made that has been made. In You was life, and that life was the light of all mankind. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it. Amen.


With the Holiday season rapidly approaching, people having several days off and likely not 24/7 with the folks, friends, extended family, perhaps us VZers could get together and celebrate with some gaming.
Round of ammo for your thoughts?
Another year trips 'round again.
May it bring you all that you deserve and desire in equal parts.
And here we are...Day of the Advent.
Many thanks Fled. As usual you have tactical hourly superiority and remain technically first.
I say again, onwards and upwards and good health to you.


Frequent grooming you know where. Toilet water. Spiders and lizards and flies, oh my. Lots of things end up int your kitty's belly - things that can leave your meowser's digestive system and your sense of smell feeling less than fresh.
Good Guts is a once-a-day probiotic supplement that supports immune function and creates a tranquil tummy through Fluffy's natural elimination process. No more smelly cat.
And in case you're concerned Fluffy will turn up her nose at a healthy supplement, Good Guts comes in a cracking good Big Kahuna Tuna-flavored powder.
This product is intended for intermittent or supplemental feed only.
Feeding directions- Add to food or mix with food and water.
Our suggested daily feeding chart is a basic guideline and may vary depending on your cat's metabolism.
Coconut, inulin, alfalfa, fructooligosaccharides (fos), silica, dried lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product, dried fish, dried l. plantarum fermentation product, pineapple, trichoderma reesei, apergillus oryzae, rhizopus oryzae, dried l. casei fermentation product, dried l. rhamnosus fermentation product, dried l. bulgaricus fermentation product, dried bifidobacterium longum fermentation product, dried. b. bifidum fermentation product, dried streptococcus thermophilus fermentation product, dried l. brevis fermentation product, dried b. animalis fermentation product, dried b. lactis fermentation product papaya.
Contains sources of live (viable) naturally occurring microorganisms.
Storage Instructions: Store in dry place below 77°F (25°C). To extend product shelf life refrigerate.
Contains a source of Lipase, which can break down fats. (a) One (FIP) Unit will liberate 1 umole of fatty acid from olive oil per min (37°C at pH 7) under conditions of the assay. Contains a source of Amylase, which can hydrolyze starch. (b) One a-amylase dextrinizing unit (DU) is defined as the quantity of a-amylase that will dextrinize soluble starch in the presence of excess of B-amylase at (1 grams per-hour at 30°C) under conditions of the asay. Contains a source of cellulase, which can hydrolyze cellulose. (c) One cellulase unit (CU) is defined as the amount of activity that will produce a relatively fluidity change of 1 in 5 min in a defined carboxymethyl cellulose substrate under conditions of the assay. (pH 45, 40°C) contains 3 sources of protease, which can hydrolyze protein. (d) One HUT unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that product, in 1 minute at 40°C at pH 4.7, a hydrolysate whose absorbance at 275 nm is the same as that of a solution containing 1.10 ug/ml of tyrosine in 0.0006 N hydrochloric acid. (e) 1 USP Units, Releases the equivalent of 1 ug of tyrosine from a specified casein substrate under the conditions of the assay for papain (f). 1 GDU will hydrolyze mg of amino nitrogen from gelatin in 20 min at pH 4.5 at 45°C.


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CUJ Immigration Stories
Financing immigrant women businesses
December 19, 2011 § Leave a comment
By Yumna Mohamed and Lilian Tse
Fauzia Abdur-Rahman's food cart on 161st Street and Sheridan Avenue in New York is fully equipped with a grill, electricity, and running water. She starts every morning at 9 a.m. by firing up the grill. Then she decides what she would like to cook for her customers that day.
"I don't have printed menus because I decide what I am going to cook each morning," she said. "I think food is exciting, so I enjoy changing the menu every day."
The jovial 49-year-old's mind rushes through her menu ideas, from her native Jamaica's famous jerk chicken, to Mediterranean salads, to German chocolate cake, a favorite among her customers. By 11 a.m. her hand-written menu goes up on the front of her shining silver cart and customers start to trickle in.
Abdur-Rahman has been running this cart for 16 years. Six years ago, she decided to take out a loan to upgrade her cart but couldn't find a bank that would provide her with a small loan. Eventually, she was able to secure a $16,000 loan from ACCION, a microlending institution.
Immigrant women like Abdur-Rahman are one of the fastest growing groups of entrepreneurs the United States, according to a 2007 report by Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation of Missouri. This group has been recognized by local and international microfinancing organizations that are increasingly choosing to invest their money in women.
The Kauffman Index of Entrepreneural Activity reported that immigrant women started businesses at a rate 57 percent higher than American-born women, and their likelihood to start their own businesses has led many organizations to lend their financial support.
While financing is a tough challenge for women entrepreneurs, immigrant women also face many additional family burdens.
Abdur-Rahman came to New York for summer vacation when she was 20-years-old. She knew then that she wanted to remain in the country and set about starting a life here. She admitted that while being her own boss has its perks, it also had its challenges in the beginning.
"For 10 years I would wake up at 6:30 a.m. to take care of my children, start cooking at 8:30 a.m., serve my food until well into the afternoon, and will not arrive home to sit down until late at night," she said.
Navigating the U.S. credit system is not always logical for immigrants. Paul Quintero, CFO of ACCION USA, explains that ACCION is more than just a lending organization. The biggest cultural difference between most other countries and the United States is the emphasis in this country on credit.
"We try and help immigrant entrepreneurs establish a credit history and educate them on the credit process. Many immigrants come from a culture where borrowing is bad and this is the fundamental difference. Here, you need a credit history to show that you can borrow and that you can borrow responsibly," Quintero said.
ACCION starts off with small amount of credit so they can see the benefits and avoid the detriments. Once lenders have a good credit history, they begin to quality for loans in traditional banks and can benefit from lower interest rates.
Gwendolyn Bonilla, the Intake officer at ACCION, explains that the organization provides term loans of up to $300,000 and start up loans for up to $100, 000.
"While our branch of ACCION does not specifically target immigrants, a large portion of their lenders are immigrants from Latin America," said Bonilla.
To cater for the immigrant clients, ACCION has Spanish-speaking loan officers and only requires lenders to provide their Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN). IRS issues ITINs to individuals regardless of immigration status.
"We never ask our clients whether they have the documentation to be here or not. Anyone with a ITIN is eligible to apply," Bonilla said.
Another popular microfinance organization is Grameen America. The Grameen Bank, a microfinance enterprise that provides small loans only to women, was founded by 2006 Nobel Peace Prize recipient Muhammad Yunus. They started in New York in 2008 and it was their first international operation outside of Bangladesh.
Many were skeptical about whether Grameen could apply a financial model from the Third World to the First World. But since 2008, the organization has disbursed over $16 million to more than 5,500 members living below the poverty line in the United States. Immigrants making up most of the borrowers at Grameen.
Grameen focuses on providing loans to very small businesses, such as women selling trinkets on the street or baked goods from their homes. This type of women-run businesses have the most difficult time securing loans, since they have no credit history, no savings and no business experience. The organization disburses small loans between $500 and $3,000. First-time loans are a maximum of $1,500. Borrowers need not have collateral, a bank account or credit history, but must be living below the poverty line.
While the interest rate of about 15% of the microfinance loans may be high, microfinance firms do not require collateral and often provide support to empower women.
"Grameen's model allows women to form support groups, so they are not alone. Every microfinance firm has a different approach, but everyone wants to make sure their borrowers are empowered," said Noor Shams, a former employee of Grameen.
Grameen America has extended its reach to a number of locations in the United States since its establishment, including opening a branch in northern Manhattan on 2009. In 2010, the Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone Development Corporation closed on a $500,000 loan and $125,000 grant to allow Grameen America to expand its platform in Harlem, Washington Heights and Inwood.
"For nearly 15 years, our organization has been lending much-needed financial and other assistance to new and existing small businesses in upper Manhattan which we believe are the backbone of our city's neighborhoods," said the group's CEO, Kenneth J. Knuckles. "That's why we were pleased to provide this funding to Grameen America which shares our goal of providing loans to those businesses which are too often considered 'unbankable' by many of the traditional commercial banks."
This branch has grown to nearly 400 borrowers with a growth strategy to increase to over 4,000 borrowers over the next five years according to Knuckles. He added that most of the borrowers have used their loans to start food carts, hair salons, as well as home-based child care services and selling beauty products door-to-door.
Borrowers form a group of five people who go through a five-day business training program and open a savings account after which they can take out their loans. Once they start generating an income, they begin repaying loans and deposit savings. Once they have fully repaid their loans, they have the option to take out another.
Chan Xue Liu has lived in New York for 25 years. But the only English words she knows are "Hello," "Goodbye," "How much?" and a few basic numbers. Chan lives in Flushing and has insulated herself within the Chinese community.
Chan immigrated from Hong Kong with her two children and husband in the mid 1980's. With only a high school degree, the only job she could find was in a textile factory. After a few years of living in Flushing, some of Chan's best friends decided to venture into mid-town Manhattan during a Saturday afternoon. Chan visited a shopping mall for the first time. "I was browsing through the clothes, and I was shocked to see the clothes I helped to make were sold at more than $100 dollars each. I only got $2.25 for each piece of clothing I made. I knew I had to stop working at the factory," she said.
Chan decided to make some Asian style clothing in her own home and sell them to local stores in Flushing. With barely any savings, she turned to her family to borrow money. She managed to borrow $1,000 from her family, but that was not even enough to buy a good sewing machine. Chan tried to apply for loans from a traditional bank.
"I got the application form and I couldn't even understand the questions on the form. It was intimidating and I walked out of the bank within 5 minutes," Chan said.
Chan pawned off some of her wedding gifts and also turned to local Chinese money-lenders to borrow money.
"The interest rate of these money lenders is really high, sometimes more than 100%. But I had no choice. I don't speak any English, so I can only rely on the Chinese community," she said.
Chan has never heard about microfinance, and doesn't think that she would borrow from outside the Chinese community because she "just doesn't know who to trust."
While the microfinance movement has gained significant traction around the world, many immigrants still choose not to rely on microfinance firms. Jeffrey Ashe, the director of community finance at Oxfam America, explains that while the microfinance movement is growing, there are simply not enough microfinance firms to serve immigrants.
Also, many immigrants tend to just rely on their own communities for borrowing money for their businesses. This stems from immigrants' lack of trust with organizations outside of their community, as well as being intimidated by the language and cultural barriers.
Rotating Savings and Credit Association (ROSCA) are a thriving way for immigrant communities to save and lend each other money, Ashe said. ROSCA is an informal program initiated by group of individuals who agree to meet for a few months in order to save and borrow together. Each member contributes the same amount at each weekly or monthly meeting, and the whole sum is lent to each member until all members have received the fund. At that point, the club is disbanded to minimize risk. The simplicity of the program makes it suitable for immigrants with low levels of literacy.
"ROSCAs are popular among all types of immigrant communities in the U.S. from Nepalis to Bolivians. They are informal devices that they bring back from their home countries to the US," said Ashe.
ROSCAs were very popular in the Asian America community before World War II and have continued to flourish in the US among different ethnicities. This form of borrowing and saving money is mainly used for helping immigrants to start-up their funds, but can also be used for other large investment needs.
The movement for financing women immigrant businesses has not only been left to non-profits. Across the United States, various state governments have been launching loan programs for women immigrants as a critical tool to create jobs and stimulate the economy. The Wisconsin Housing and Economic Development Authority has a loan subsidy program that is dedicated for minority women businesses. The Ohio Department of Development has targeted 50 percent of their Minority Direct Loan funds program exclusively for minorities and women.
Ashe is currently working on helping disadvantaged communities save, rather than provide loans.
"In the U.S., only 10 percent of people are self-employed. You can only reach a small group of disadvantaged by focusing on providing loans. By focusing on savings, you can reach everyone," Ashe said.
Abdur-Rahman's cart was nominated by New Yorkers for the Vendy Award, an award given to the best street vendors. She was nominated for the Vendy Award because the food was "fresh" and "the healthiest thing ever eaten from a street cart."
However, the long lines – even on rainy cold days – suggest that the food sets it apart from the rest.
One of the customers in the line during a cold December afternoon said, "I'd cry if she wasn't out here."
Tagged: ACCION, business, Grameen Bank, immigration, microfinancing, microloans, women
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'Killing Oswald' -- What Really Happened?
What do we really know about Lee Harvey Oswald's killing?
By my count, there have been 44 documentaries, docu-dramas and news specials that have aired during this 50th anniversary of the JFK murder.All 44 have somehow "concluded" that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone nut assassin of President Kennedy.
Here's a sign of the times. The word, "alleged," which until this year had been used by the media in reference to the solo JFK assassin, has strangely been dropped from current media vernacular. Now, Mr. Oswald, a man about whom Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry said in 1969: "We don't have any proof that Oswald fired the rifle, and never did. Nobody's yet been able to put him in that building with a gun in his hand," is simply referred to as "the assassin of JFK."
The stunning new documentary, Killing Oswald, just might be the real smoking gun of JFK assassination cinema. Shane O'Sullivan, (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0642811/) a 44 year-old filmmaker from Ireland, has finally put together many of the jagged pieces of the JFK assassination jigsaw puzzle into one powerful, non-fiction film.
That's why it seems rather odd that there were no airings of any JFK conspiracy-based documentaries on American television this fall. With 60-75% of the American public believing in such conspiracies, it would seem counter-productive for American commercial television to not feed the ratings beast.
Shane O'Sullivan's new documentary, Killing Oswald is simple in design and stunning in its veracity. It assembles some of the top JFK assassination scholars and authors and lets them speak. This is something the American media is apparently too reluctant or simply too terrified to do. Possibly both.
Anyone who watches this film will come away from it never again believing in the Warren Commission, Bill O'Reilly, NatGeo, CNN or the tooth fairy in regards to the conspiracy to kill JFK.
You will begin to understand the truth of the matter.And isn't that all we ever wanted?
For fifty years all we ever wanted was the truth. Killing Oswald (2013) by Shane O'Sullivan is a major piece of documentary cinema that'll give you some.


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