The mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) is commonly used for DNA barcoding in animals. However, most of the COI barcode nucleotides are conserved and sequences longer than about 650 base pairs increase the computational burden for species identification. To solve this problem, we propose a decision theory-based COI SNP tagging (DCST) approach that focuses on the discrimination of species using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as the variable nucleotides of the sequences of a group of species. Using the example of 126 teleost mackerel fish species (order: Scombriformes), we identified 281 SNPs by alignment and trimming of their COI sequences. After decision rule making, 49 SNPs in 126 fish species were determined using the scoring system of the DCST approach. These COI-SNP barcodes were finally transformed into one-dimensional barcode images. Our proposed DCST approach simplifies the computational complexity and identifies the most effective and fewest SNPs to resolve or discriminate species for species tagging.
The original concept of DNA barcoding was proposed to identify and discriminate a given species by a unique DNA sequence (Hebert et al., 2003). Such a DNA sequence aims at tagging species like a barcode. It is designed to identify a species from known DNA barcode sequences in a database. The commonly used DNA barcode of animal species is the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) with a length of about 650 base pairs (bps). Meanwhile, COI sequences are also used for evolutionary and ecological studies (Hebert et al., 2003; DasGupta et al., 2005; Meier et al., 2006; Austerlitz et al., 2009; Kress et al., 2015; Park et al., 2018).
However, most nucleotides of the COI gene are conserved among different species except a minor proportion representing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Several disease studies have used specific SNP to predict the predisposition for disease and the effects of therapeutic approaches. This concept has rarely been used for tagging species or improving the information content of DNA barcode sequences. The major benefit of using SNPs is the reduction of computational burden by removing the more abundant, non-informative, identical homologous nucleotides.
As an example, the tagging of fish species is not optimized as yet with respect to informative DNA barcoding. Some fish species have very similar morphology and it is difficult to distinguish those similar species, especially for marketing, conservation, and forensic purposes. Seafood mislabeling or fraud is a common societal and legal problem in fish trading (Sarmiento-Camacho and Valdez-Moreno, 2018) and the seafood economy (Vandamme et al., 2016; Willette et al., 2017). Currently, DNA barcoding is a reliable system for species identification and authentication and it is necessary to apply barcoding to many fish species (Liu et al., 2013; Vandamme et al., 2016; Willette et al., 2017; Sarmiento-Camacho and Valdez-Moreno, 2018). However, the COI sequences (~650 bp) are largely uninformative and too long for an optimized application for the above purposes.
In the present study, we follow the original concept of DNA barcoding to develop a decision theory-based COI SNP tagging (DCST) approach where only the variable nucleotides (SNPs) of a given COI barcode sequence is applied for the tagging of fish species. The Fish Barcode of Life Initiative (FISH-BOL) (Ward et al., 2009) provides a public database for DNA barcode sequences with images, and geospatial information for almost 10,000 fish species (Becker et al., 2011).
We use the idea of decision theory (Quinlan, 1986; Berger, 2013; Fernandez Slezak et al., 2018) to determine which sites (nucleotides) of DNA sequences are selected to discriminate between species. These are used to generate the unique DNA tags for classification. Using the DCST approach, SNPs are extracted from COI sequences to generate a SNP-based COI pattern. Finally, the SNP-COI pattern is transformed into a one-dimensional sequence barcode.
The major aim of our proposed DCST approach is to provide an effective identification tool by generating an SNP-COI barcode. Here we apply this to the example of 126 scombriform fishes.
We retrieved the COI sequences from 126 species of the bony fish (Teleostei) order Scombriformes that include representatives of the following families: Ariommatidae, Arripidae, Bramidae, Caristiidae, Centrolophidae, Chiasmodontidae, Gempylidae, Icosteidae, Nomeidae, Pomatomidae, Scombrinae, Scombrolabracidae, Scombropidae, Stromateidae, Tetragonuridae, and Trichiuridae. The sequence data, ranging from 648 to 685 base pairs (bp) in lengths, were obtained from GenBank. Details of the family name, species name, sequence length, and accession number are shown in Table 1. COI sequences (n = 126) from these scombriform fishes were aligned using the ClustalW tool in MEGA 7 software (Kumar et al., 2016). Subsequently, the 5′ and 3′ protruding sequences were trimmed to gain the same length of COI sequences.
Table 1. 126 COI sequences of the fish order Scombriformes from GenBank.
Decision theory (Berger, 2013) improves a decision-maker's choice among a set of alternatives that need to be considered. Most of decision theory is normative, prescriptive and descriptive that provides a decision that is completely rational, has perfect accuracy and easy understanding. Possible alternatives and outcomes are considered as follows: Step (1) clearly define the given problem, step (2) organize all the possible alternatives, step (3) be aware of all possible outcomes, step (4) consider the benefits of each alternative and outcome, step (5) create a mathematical decision theory rule model, and step (6) make a decision by evaluating the models.
The species can be separated into two subgroups according to the score estimation for each scorep. The remaining subgroups at different levels are separated in the same way, and all the species are assigned a unique tag. The above step generates a pseudocode (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Pseudocode of the DCST approach.
Figure 2. Flowchart of the DCST approach. This is an example to show how DCST approach operates. S1–S8 indicates eight sequences from eight species. In each level, the sequences are subgrouped according to the score system of DCSF approach, i.e., the nucleotides with the highest score are divided into two parts. Sometimes, the nucleotides at the same position may be chosen several times depending on the score performance.
This way we can get all scores of positions p1~p8, shown in Figure 2, and the maximum score in position p1 is calculated in the first group. All sequences are divided into subgroups with "up" and "down" sides as branches related to nucleotides (e.g., C and T). Then, the sub-group follows the same procedure as mentioned above until the end (i.e., 7th group). This way the positions p1, p2, p3, p4, and p7 are found. In this example, the positions, p3 and p4, are chosen twice, i.e., 2nd group/6th group and 3rd group/5th group. Therefore, much shorter informative barcode sequences become available using DCST.
Unique tags are generated when each species gets separated. Here, we use the code 128 (standard) of one dimensional barcodes to display each tag which is generated from a one dimension barcode image creator package called python-barcode 0.8.1. The standard code 128 in a one dimension barcode is an alphanumerical or numerical-only tool to generate barcode images.
In this study, we retrieved 126 COI sequences of the fish order Scombriformes from GenBank. The 126 original COI sequences are shown in Figure 3 (the full original data set is available at http://shorturl.at/ayEJ2).
Figure 3. Original COI sequences (n = 126) of the fish order Scombriformes (Teleostei). This is an example of a group of species and sequences that shows 1st to 10th, 117th to 126th species and 1st to 50th, 640th to 668th position, respectively. The full original sequences for all species are available from http://shorturl.at/tBMVW.
After performing multiple sequence alignments using the clustalW method in MEGA 7 software (Kumar et al., 2016), the resulting 126 aligned COI sequences are shown in Figure 4 (the full aligned data set is available at http://shorturl.at/tBMVW).
Figure 4. 126 aligned COI sequences of the fish order Scombriformes (Teleostei). This is an example of a group of species and sequences that shows 1st to 10th, 117th to 126th species and 1st to 50th, 640th to 668th position, respectively. The full original sequences for all species are available from http://140.127.112.213/DNA_barcode/download/Scombriformes_COI_aligned.tar.
The position 1 to 35 and 673 to 696 of 126 aligned COI sequences are trimmed (i.e., protruding the 5′ and 3′ ends of sequence) that is shown as Figure 5 (the fully trimmed data set is available at http://shorturl.at/tTU04). Counting from the trimmed sequences, 281 SNPs were identified.
Figure 5. Trimmed COI sequences (n = 126) of the fish order Scombriformes (Teleostei). This is an ellipsis of part of species and sequences that shows 1st to 10th, 117th to 126th species and 1st to 50th, 580th to 636th position, respectively. The reference sequence listed at the top one of figure is derived from the accession number KT883659.1 for A. bondi. The 1st position of A. bondi at the top of this figure is the 8th position of KT883659.1 for A. bondi. The full original sequences for all species are available from http://140.127.112.213/DNA_barcode/download/Scombriformes_COI_trimmed.tar.
The decision process was created according the decision rule, and each unique tag was generated from each selected position (shown in Figure 6). Figure 6 shows ith position of nucleotides in each node, and all tags were collected and arranged from each node. Consequently, the original data of COI sequences with 636 bp length were curtailed into specific COI-SNP of only 49 bp length. Accordingly, our proposed DCST approach can effectively obtain shorter tags from COI sequences.
Figure 6. Tree-like structure outcome. This figure shows the selected position number and information of nucleotides for tagging SNP in 126 scombriform fishes. On the left side, the number of position within parentheses refers to the position of the reference sequence (Ariomma bondi; KT883659.1). For example, CT(243) indicates the nucleotide at the 243th position being selected as a node to separate two subgroups. It also shows the shorter tags from DNA COI sequences for each species on the right side. On the right side, the 1st nucleotide of the driftfish A. bondi has the 8th position in the original sequence KT883659.1 of A. bondi.
One-dimensional barcodes were generated from these unique tags (shown as Figure 7, the full tags of one dimensional barcodes for 126 scombriform species are available at http://shorturl.at/szJL1). These one-dimension barcode images of tags allow information retrieval with a barcode scanner for technical and scientific applications.
Figure 7. DNA tag barcode of B. dussumieri. As an example, a DNA tag barcode is generated for the purpose of fast and precise identification in the teleost goby Boleophthalmus dussumieri.
The original concept of "DNA barcoding" was thought to identify and discriminate between species by different genetic tags or markers. After a longer search for a most informative gene sequence, the mitochondrial COI gene was found to be most informative in animals at the species level. Besides for taxonomic identification purposes, it is commonly used recently in evolutionary and ecological studies (Hebert et al., 2003; DasGupta et al., 2005; Meier et al., 2006; Austerlitz et al., 2009; Kress et al., 2015).
Several applications of machine learning were developed in DNA barcoding taxonomy. For example, the BPSI2.0 interface program (Zhang and Savolainen, 2009) was developed by Zhang and collaborators which is based on back-propagation neural network for species identification. Weitschek et al. (2013) proposed a machine learning approach for species classification, called BLOG 2.0 (Barcoding with LOGic) which is based on character-based DNA barcode sequences. The supervised machine learning methods were later applied to DNA barcodes for species classification (Weitschek et al., 2014). They collected eight datasets of DNA barcode sequences and used four classifiers for classification analysis. The above approaches have in common, that the classification model builds up through a training data set, then it verifies testing data to assess the model performance.
However, our proposed DCST is different from the classification model "(Zhang and Savolainen, 2009; Weitschek et al., 2013, 2014) for which a for a large training data set of sequences is necessary to validate the model before it can be applied to the test data." DCST arranges a short DNA barcode into a shorter DNA tag, which comes closer to the barcoding idea originally developed by Hebert et al. (2003). We propose here a DCST approach that generates an evolutionary COI-based identification system that provides even shorter sequences for the species tagging.
As for the decision rule of DCST, we will discuss two extreme cases caused by different designs. In case one, we search each position sequentially when a different nucleotide in pth position is met the first time. This case shows a disordered outcome and indefinite rule leading to uncertainty or imbalance in the number of sequences in the branches of the trees (Figure S1). In case two, we search one of the nucleotides of maximum divergence in each position, its result shows a skewed outcome leading to imbalance tree (Figure S2). Although those two cases can generate unique DNA tags, they cannot segregate the sequence data for generating approximately equally sized subgroups. In contrast, the advantage of the balanced tree in algorithms and data structures area is the simple way to increase efficiency than other types of imbalance trees (Fleischer, 1996). In the present study, we used a balanced tree-based simple decision theory to arrange the species by COI barcoding systematically. Accordingly, the balanced tree algorithm DCST is theoretically more effective than the imbalanced tree methods (Figures S1, S2). Like the decision tree, the computational complexity time of DCST is O(N × M × D), where N is number of samples, M is the length of nucleotides, and D is the depth of tree (number of levels). Using 49 SNPs, the computational time for DCST to generate specific SNP species tags is 0.14693 ± 0.0016 s (mean ± SD; n = 30 runs) executed on an Intel Core i7-8750H 2.20GHz personal computer with 16 GB RAM. The length of sequences range from 648 bp to 685 bp which have approximately 4650 possible ATGC-combinations that would allow over 10 million species with unique DNA tags. Our proposed DCST method can, therefore, efficiently obtain shorter DNA barcode for species tagging. The obtained DNA tags can reduce data storage significantly compared to the full length COI sequence.
It is possible that multiple positions for diffp (formula 7) may have the same score. For example, if there are 3 C, 3 T, and 2 A nucleotides in a node, the score is 1 or 2 where 3 C, 3 T, and 2 A = 8, i.e., diffp = min for midC–fCp = |⌊82⌋- 3| = 1, midT–fTp = |⌊82⌋- 3| = 1, and midA–fAp = |⌊82⌋- 3| = 2. In this case, both C and T have the same score for selection and may be the candidates used for SNP barcoding. Both of them are theoretically suitable for the subsequent step of our proposed DCST method although different SNP barcode patterns may be generated. For convenience, the SNP is selected starting from the lowest to highest order of nucleotide position in the DCST method. Once the SNP is selected, then the procedure stops and goes to the next subgrouping process.
A limitation of the DCST approach for tagging species is that it is only used to discriminate the known species with known barcode sequences. However, DCST can still be applied to any other barcode sequence such as nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (Seifert, 2009; Schoch et al., 2012) for fungi and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) and maturase K (matK) (Dong et al., 2014) for plants. Moreover, the DCST approach can be applied to the sequence data retrieved by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). NGS offers high-throughput nucleotide sequencing for DNA/RNA molecules (Metzker, 2010). Recently, NGS has been applied to metagenomics (Roumpeka et al., 2017). NGS-profiling metagenomics may identify all species existing in a given environment. Using our proposed DCST approach, species-specific sequences may be processed to generate species-specific SNP barcodes for tagging species in metagenomics. Suitable SNPs from different positions are selected for species tagging in our proposed DCST system. However, the DCST system does not consider the distances between the selected SNPs. Therefore, the DCST system fails to calculate the evolutionary distance and is unsuitable for phylogenetic analysis. The tree generated in Figure 6 was just to demonstrate that the species in the collected data set have very close relationships with very similar sequences.
The practical application of this DCST system in a laboratory situation is to provide a platform for SNP arrays which allows fast and specific SNP genotyping. Here, SNPs belonging to COI-SNP based species-tags can be genotyped individually and simultaneously. These allow species identification by comparison with DCST-generated COI-SNP based species-tags. For example, Arrayed Primer Extension (APEX) is an array-based detection and can analyze thousands of SNPs in candidate region (Pullat and Metspalu, 2008). After processing to array scanner, the SNP pattern is generated and the species may be recognized immediately by checking the species-specific SNP pattern. In contrast, single gene PCR followed by sequencing needs a DNA sequencing machine and perform bioinformatics BLAST searching. Although both full sequence of a single locus and array assay of DCST-generated SNP can identify a species, DCST-generated SNP barcode is more suitable for species-tag barcode generation because few SNPs (~49 bp) are needed rather than full length of COI sequences (~650 bp). In other words, 49 SNPs only take 49 line codes but full length needs 650 line codes. Moreover, SNPs may spread out in different genes for the advanced species tagging in future. In this case, full length sequencing of different genes cannot be performed in the same reaction, however, array detection is allowed.
The COI sequence with full length provides commonly accepted information for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. However, the full length sequence contains mostly non-variable nucleotides and only a few SNPs. Our for the first time proposed DCST approach ignores the non-variable nucleotides by a scoring system and provides a format for the arrangement of SNP pattern for the identification of different fish species. This way we provide a decision-based COI SNP tagging (DCST) approach where the COI nucleotide sequence (~650 bp) is effectively reduced to a shorter COI-SNP barcode (49 bp) for the most informative discrimination of 126 scombriform fish species.
L-YC and H-WC conceived and designed the research and wrote the paper. C-HY instructed K-CW for algorithm processing. K-CW also contributed to sequence retrieval. C-HY and H-WC revised the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was supported by funds of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 106-2221-E-214-043, MOST 106-2221-E-151-009-MY2, MOST 105-2221-E-151-053-MY2, and MOST 107-2320-B-037-016).
Figure S1. Sequential searching for SNP is designed to subgroup the COI sequences at each level. In this case (case I), sequential searching is designed to find the diallelic type of SNP at each homologous position and perform subgrouping based on alternative nucleotides at this SNP. However, this case does not consider the nucleotide distribution compared to our proposed DCST method. For example, we found the nucleotide at the first position (nt 1) was a SNP and these sequences were separated into two subgroups based on this SNP (T/C) at 1-level, i.e., S1, S2, S4 (T) are allocated to the top side and S3, S5, S6, S7 (C) are allocated to the bottom side. In the top side of 2-level, the second nucleotide (nt 2) is not a SNP and is skipped. Then, the third nucleotide (nt 3) is a SNP and these sequences were separated into two subgroups based on this SNP (C/T) at 2-level, i.e., S2 (C) are allocated to the top side and S1 and S4 (C) are allocated to the bottom side. Subgrouping for the other levels follows the same rule as mentioned above.
Figure S2. Unique searching for SNP is designed to subgroup the COI sequences at each level. In this case (case II), unique searching is designed to find the SNP with only unique nucleotide for one unique subgroup and the other sequences are processed for next unique searching. For example, the first nucleotide (nt 1) does not show one unique nucleotide, i.e., 3 T and 5 C. Subsequently, the unique searching goes to the second nucleotide. We found the second position (nt 2) of S3 (T) is unique compared to others (C) at the 1-level, i.e., S3 (T) is allocated to the top side and others (C) are allocated to the bottom side. Subgrouping for the other levels follows the same rule as mentioned above.
Berger, J. O. (2013). Statistical Decision Theory and Bayesian Analysis, 2nd Edn (Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer).
Copyright © 2019 Yang, Wu, Chuang and Chang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


text:
Bolivia is a country in South America.

Bolivia may also refer to:

Places
Bolivia, New South Wales, a village in Australia
Bolivia, Cuba in the province of Ciego de Ávila
Bolivia, Illinois, U.S.
Bolivia, North Carolina, U.S.

Other uses
Bolivia (film), directed by Israel Adrián Caetano in 2001
Bolívia (footballer) (born 1986), Anderson Rodrigues Cardoso, Brazilian footballer
"Bolivia" (Walton song), a jazz standard by Cedar Walton
Bolivia (Gato Barbieri album), a 1973 jazz album by Gato Barbieri
Bolivia (Freddie Hubbard album), a 1991 jazz album by Freddie Hubbard
A character from the television series Fringe
A card game that is a variant of canasta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Warner Bros. and DC Comics have typically produced better-than-average animated series based on some of their most iconic characters - but for older fans, the cumbersome restrictions of network television were often all too apparent. With the release of Superman: Doomsday in 2007, it was exciting to realize that the burgeoning line of DC Universe Animated Original Movies could use the direct-to-video format to tell more adult-oriented stories.
From the onset of these films, a large number of Batman fans were clamoring for an animated adaptation of Frank Miller's seminal origin story Batman: Year One. The original four-issue comic book series details Bruce Wayne's return to Gotham, the beginnings of his war on crime, and his initial encounters with a noble police lieutenant named James Gordon. This arc was clearly a major influence on Batman Begins, but the desire to see a more straightforward interpretation has not dissipated - and now we're finally getting our chance.
Batman: Year One is the latest addition to the growing library of DCU animated films and directors Sam Liu and Lauren Montgomery (Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths) have promised that the film will be incredibly faithful to the source material. It features the voices of Ben McKenzie (Southland) as Batman/Bruce Wayne, Bryan Cranston (Breaking Bad) as James Gordon, Katee Sackhoff (Battlestar Galactica) as Detective Sarah Essen, and Eliza Dushku (Dollhouse) as Selina Kyle/Catwoman.
Just as the early images we caught a glimpse of back in April indicated, the animators have accurately duplicated David Mazzucchelli's artwork and Richmond Lewis' muted color palette. It's also encouraging to see that they seem to be trying to retain Year One's aggressive nature as well. It always takes some time to get used to hearing a new actor voicing the Caped Crusader, and even if McKenzie's delivery seems a bit soft for Miller's decidedly militant take on the character, the film itself doesn't look like it will be pulling any punches.
As the trailer advertises, a 15-minute short film focusing on Catwoman will also be included with Batman: Year One. Dushku reprises the title role for a story that pits Selina against Rough Cut - a new villain voiced by John DiMaggio (Futurama).
The DC animated movies have been admittedly hit-or-miss, so hopefully Batman: Year One won't succumb to the same fate as something like All-Star Superman - another otherwise faithful adaptation that suffered from an abbreviated running time. At the very least, the film should help hold over Batman fans anxiously awaiting the release of The Dark Knight Rises.
Batman: Year One will be released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Video OnDemand on October 18, 2011. Comic-Con attendees can catch the world premiere of the film on July 22 in Ballroom 20 at 8:00 pm. Boomkark our Comic-Con 2011 Official Coverage page now and be on the lookout for our early review of the film during the convention's run.


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LHockey Club Milano, meglio noto come Hockey Club Milano Saima (dal nome dello sponsor, la Saima Avandero), è stata una squadra italiana di hockey su ghiaccio. Fu fondata nel 1985 da Guido Redaelli (ex portiere) con il contributo di Massimo Moretti (amministratore delegato della Frigoriferi Milanesi del gruppo Cabassi). Sorse dopo la scomparsa dell'Hockey Club Milano, squadra comunque sciolta 30 anni prima.

L'obiettivo della società era riportare la squadra di Milano nella massima serie dopo tanti anni passati in serie C.

Storia

I primi anni in serie B
Redaelli, ex portiere di buon livello, prese in mano la direzione della squadra che militava in serie C e aveva come stadio di casa il Saini. Nella stagione 1985-86 la squadra si iscrisse al campionato di serie B e grazie a Moretti, la società riprese possesso dello stadio Piranesi, arena storica della squadra. Kim Gellert divenne il nuovo allenatore e a rinforzare il roster meneghino arrivarono Fabio Frison, Luca Ghedini e Luca Semola. Dopo tanti anni anche il numero dei tifosi aumentò passando dai soliti cinquecento al migliaio. Da qui ha inizio la storia moderna dell'Hockey Milanese su ghiaccio.

Il 1987 venne definito l'anno della beffa o delle "lacrime di Cavalese". La squadra meneghina, con l'arrivo di Rocky Pagnello (nazionale italiano ai mondiali dell'anno prima) si sentiva pronta per la scalata in serie A. Inoltre grazie al "settimo uomo", ovvero tifosi più attivi e chiassiosi che mai, il team si sentiva molto motivato e la massima serie sembrava già in cassaforte. Purtroppo, a causa di un infortunio, Pagnello non fu in grado di disputare la finale decisiva contro il Fiemme. La finalissima di Cavalese terminò 5-4 a favore del Fiemme e al Saima non bastò la rimonta dal parziale 5-1.

La stagione successiva vide Il Milano ripartire cercando di dimenticare le amarezze del campionato precedente. Vi fu un cambio in panchina con Ron Ivany (ex allenatore del Varese e della nazionale Italiana) mentre Kim Gellert fu riconfermato solo come giocatore. Anche il roster milanese risulta rafforzato con giocatori facenti parte della nazionale: in particolare spiccano Geroge Cava, Mario Cerri e Tony Fiore.
La squadra domina il campionato dimostrando di essere pronta per la massima serie. Nella regular season il cammino del Saima è impressionante; 17 vittorie su diciotto partite, centossesantanove gol fatti contro cinquantasette subiti.

Nella seconda fase del campionato (che prevede qualificate prime sei squadre) la formazione meneghina comincia a perdere colpi perdendo il doppio confronto con il Gardena e il derby contro il Como. Il Saima, scavalcato dal Gardena, perde il fattore campo in un'eventuale finale contro la formazione alto-atesina. Infatti, battendo il Como e staccando il biglietto della finale, i Milanesi perdono 3-1 la gara 1 ad Ortisei e, in un primo momento sembra che si ripeti la disfatta dell'anno precedente. Ma a Milano i padroni di casa superano i Ladini per 9-1 in gara 2.

La gara decisiva ad Ortisei risulta facile al Saima: un gol di Guido Tessari porta in vantaggio il Saima che poi chiude la partita sul 3-1 grazie a un net gol di Tony Fiore. la squadra meneghina approda in serie A quasi dieci anni dopo il fallimento dei Diavoli.

La serie A: il primo ed unico scudetto
In occasione della promozione nella massima serie la squadra era stata rivoluzionata: molti nuovi arrivi quali Bruno Campese, Maurizio Catenacci, Daniel Fascinato, Angelo Maggio, William Steward, Maurizio Vacca, Rodolfo Caldart, Craig Levie e Denis Houle (questi ultimi due di Nazionalità canadese). Non mancarono però i problemi, come un attacco poco incisivo che portò a casa un bottino di soli 5 punti alla fine del primo girone d'andata, aumentati a 13 alla fine del primo girone di ritorno. I play-off erano una garanzia per i Milanesi; il Saima migliorava a vista d'occhio tanto che i punti conquistati nei secondi gironi di andata e ritorno furono 25. Quest'anno fu resa ufficiale la nascita del derby lombardo Saima- Mastini Varese, importato dalle sfide cestistiche Ignis-Simmenthal.

Nascerà una rivalità storica tra le due tifoserie che farà di questo incontro il derby per antonomasia. La squadra conquistò il quinto posto in campionato battendo il Brunico, inizialmente in gara 1 per 8-3 al Piranesi e successivamente, riconfermandosi vittoriosa in Val Pusteria vincendo la gara 2 ai rigori per 6-5.

Lo scudetto arriverà al termine della stagione 1990-91. Esso arriverà al Forum di Assago davanti a più di undicimila spettatori.

La rivalità coi Devils e lo scioglimento del 1992
Dal 1990 le squadre milanesi in massima serie erano due: oltre al Saima, c'erano infatti anche i Devils Milano di Silvio Berlusconi. Si riproponeva così, anche nei colori sociali e nelle denominazioni, il derby tra HC Milano e Diavoli Rossoneri Milano che aveva caratterizzato l'hockey italiano dal 1933 al 1956.

Con il munifico presidente alle spalle, i Devils riuscirono a vincere i due scudetti successivi a quello del Saima. Al termine della stagione 1991-92, chiusa al secondo posto dietro ai Devils, la squadra fu sciolta dal presidente Giovanni Cabassi (subentrato proprio in quella stagione a Massimo Moretti, che aveva lasciato il gruppo Cabassi).

La rinascita nel 1993: l'SG Milano Saima
Per una stagione, 1992-93, i rossoblu rimasero dunque inattivi. Molti dei giocatori si accasarono ai rivali dei Devils, divenuti Milan Hockey (e vincitori anche di quello scudetto); ma la cosa non coinvolse la tifoseria, che anzi caratterizzò quella stagione per il costante tifo-contro i cugini. Al termine di quella stagione si tenne una partita amarcord con i protagonisti degli anni del Saima.

L'ex presidente Moretti ed Alvise Di Canossa si convinsero a far rinascere la squadra, sebbene con la denominazione ufficiale modificata in Sportivi Ghiaccio Milano, ancora sponsorizzata Saima. La nuova Saima giocò per due sole stagioni, con un 5° ed un 4º posto in campionato. La società fu poi ceduta da Moretti a Umberto Quintavalle, che la trasformò nellHockey Club Milano 24, squadra che rimase nell'hockey su ghiaccio per due stagioni prima di passare all'hockey in-line.

Giocatori

Note


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Home › News › Here's why Microsoft's passwordless ecosystem is just a pipe dream
Here's why Microsoft's passwordless ecosystem is just a pipe dream
by Milan Stanojevic
Microsoft recently revealed their plans for a passwordless Windows 10 OS. The tech giant aims pretty high as it's planning to use a PIN code, fingerprints, and Windows Hello face authentication to create a passwordless Windows 10 ecosytem.
The company is currently testing the passwordless authentication system in the Fast Ring. These changes are expected to go live in the Spring of 2020.
As a quick reminder, Microsoft plans to remove passwords from Microsoft Accounts and Windows 10 next year.
Not only this, but the company is planning to extend this passwordless authentication system to business users as well.
They will be able to login via Windows Hello, the authenticator app or security keys. Although the news seems interesting, it still raised many questions and concerns.
Many users don't think Microsoft is ready to adopt a passwordless ecosystem.
Got too many passwords? Install one of these password managers for peace of mind.
Businesses are not yet ready
We can not deny the importance of passwords. A password is generally considered to be an inexpensive authentication solution that fits the needs of many individuals and organizations.
As a matter of fact, there are many other authentications solutions that work better than passwords.
We can not ensure that a passwordless authentication system is unhackable. Still, it offers more security as compared to the traditional system.
It relies on multiple ways to ensure that access is granted to a legit account holder.
QUICK FACT: Microsoft admits Windows password expiration policy is ineffective
Some organizations have already taken steps to adopt the passwordless authentication. However, many are still facing problems while adopting it.
There are many devices that do not support FIDO and biometrics capabilities. Therefore, it is a major challenge for both Microsoft and businesses to deal with.
It is important to understand that there are many hurdles on the way. We can not get the most out of a passwordless authentication system at the front end until or unless the passwords at the back-end are removed.
That is the only way to get rid of passwords related vulnerabilities.
Moreover, people have a false image in their mind about the cost of passwordless authentication system. They think that simply buying a device with a built-in passwordless authentication system is enough.
If we look at the internal details, companies still need to spend a significant cost to support new devices, users, and to manage complexities.
We can say that cost is a major hurdle in the implementation of a passwordless ecosystem in the first place.
RELATED ARTICLES YOU NEED TO CHECK OUT:
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/ Senate votes to end shutdown
The U.S. Senate voted Monday to end the government shutdown, with the immigration debate at the center of the negotiations. After Republicans promised to continue to discuss a legislative solution for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, Democrats agreed to pass a stopgap spending measure.
The Senate measure, which requires approval by the House, will fund the government until Feb. 8. The House is expected to approve the measure Monday afternoon.
The impasse broke after Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell promised Democrats a vote on an immigration bill to protect the estimated 800,000 undocumented youths, known as Dreamers. Democrats and Republicans will have three weeks to negotiate a deal on the Dreamers before the temporary funding measure expires. McConnell promised that if they cannot reach a deal by Feb. 8, "it would be my intention to take up legislation here in the Senate that would address DACA, border security and related issues as well as disaster relief."
BAL Analysis: Federal agencies and immigration-related services affected by the shutdown should resume after the Senate measure is approved by the House. While the government shutdown may end for now, lawmakers will need to reach an agreement within three weeks or pursue immigration legislation after Feb. 8. BAL will be providing legislative updates shortly.
USCIS begins issuing premium processing receipt notices for...


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ABOUT PLANETARIA
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An easier way to search for life on Europa
August 5, 2018 August 5, 2018 by Paul Scott Anderson
Artist's concept of a plume from Europa's subsurface ocean. Radiation from space has the potential to destroy organic molecules that have made their way via plumes like this one to the surface of Europa. New research now shows scientists where to look for such organics. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
When it comes to the question of what places in the Solar System would be the best to search for alien life, Europa immediately comes to mind. This small moon of Jupiter seems to have everything necessary – a global subsurface ocean and likely sources of heat and chemical nutrients on the ocean floor. But looking for evidence isn't easy; the ocean lies beneath a fairly thick crust of ice, making it difficult to access. That would require drilling through many metres or even several kilometres of ice, depending on the location.
But there may be ways around that problem. It is almost certain now that plumes of water vapour can erupt from the surface, originating from the ocean below, where they could be sampled and analyzed by a flyby or orbiting probe. And now there is another potential solution – a new study, described in Space.com on July 23, 2018, shows that a lander on Europa (now in preliminary concept studies) might only have to dig a few centimetres/inches into the ice to search for evidence of active or past biology, such as amino acids.
It all depends on radiation, which Europa receives a lot of, from Jupiter. The study, led by NASA scientist Tom Nordheim, modeled the radiation environment on Europa in detail, showing how it varies from location to location. That data was then combined with other data from laboratory experiments documenting how quickly various radiation doses destroy amino acids.
Europa as seen by NASA's Galileo spacecraft. Photo Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute
The results, published in a new paper in Nature Astronomy, showed that equatorial regions receive about 10 times more radiation dosage than middle or high latitudes. The harshest radiation zones appear as oval-shaped regions, connected at the narrow ends, that cover more than half of Europa.
According to Chris Paranicas, a paper co-author from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland:
"This is the first prediction of radiation levels at each point on Europa's surface and is important information for future Europa missions."
The good news from this is that a lander in the least-radiated locations would only have to dig about 0.4 inches (1 centimeter) into the ice to find viable amino acids. In more radiated areas, the lander would need to dig about 4 to 8 inches (10 to 20 cm). Even if any organisms were dead, the amino acids would still be recognizable. As Nordheim told Space.com:
"Even in the harshest radiation zones on Europa, you really don't have to do more than scratch beneath the surface to find material that isn't heavily modified or damaged by radiation."
Artist's concept of a future lander on Europa. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
As Nordheim also noted:
"If we want to understand what's going on at the surface of Europa and how that links to the ocean underneath, we need to understand the radiation. When we examine materials that have come up from the subsurface, what are we looking at? Does this tell us what is in the ocean, or is this what happened to the materials after they have been radiated?"
Kevin Hand, another co-author of the new research and project scientist for the potential Europa lander mission, elaborated a bit more:
"The radiation that bombards Europa's surface leaves a fingerprint. If we know what that fingerprint looks like, we can better understand the nature of any organics and possible biosignatures that might be detected with future missions, be they spacecraft that fly by or land on Europa.
Europa Clipper's mission team is examining possible orbit paths, and proposed routes pass over many regions of Europa that experience lower levels of radiation. That's good news for looking at potentially fresh ocean material that has not been heavily modified by the fingerprint of radiation."
Data from the Hubble Space Telescope in 2013 showing the location of a water vapour plume. Image Credit: NASA/ESA/L. Roth/SWRI/University of Cologne
Nordheim and his team used data from the old Galileo mission (1995-2003) and electron measurements from the even older Voyager 1 mission (Jupiter flyby in 1979).
Since material from the subsurface ocean is thought to be able to come up to the surface through cracks or weaker areas of ice, it should be possible to sample it right on the surface without needing to drill. That would be a huge advantage, and it would be possible to send a lander to a location where there is a relatively fresh deposit not yet completely degraded by radiation. Right now, the images of Europa's surface are not high enough resolution, but the ones from the upcoming Europa Clipper mission will be. As noted by Nordheim:
When we get the Clipper reconnaissance, the high-resolution images – it's just going to be a completely different picture. That Clipper reconnaissance is really key.
Artist's concept of the Europa Clipper mission at Europa. Image Credit: NASA
Europa Clipper is tentatively scheduled to launch sometime in the early 2020s, and will be the first mission back to Europa since Galileo. It will perform dozens of close flybys of the moon, studying both the surface and the ocean below. Mission concepts for the lander to follow Europa Clipper are also being devised, using data from Clipper to select a landing spot. Both missions should be able to bring us closer to knowing if any kind of life exists in Europa's dark ocean.
Bottom line: Europa's subsurface ocean offers the tantalizing possibility of alien life elsewhere in our solar system. Drilling through the thick ice crust on top of it for a sample would be difficult though. But now new research shows that a future lander might only have to "scratch the surface" to access any organic molecules deposited from the ocean below, in areas where there is less radiation exposure. Looking for life on Europa may actually be easier than we thought.
This article was first published on EarthSky.
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Pluto backlit by the Sun, as seen by New Horizons in 2015
Planetaria (formerly The Meridiani Journal) is a chronicle of planetary exploration, both in our own Solar System and beyond. Many continuing discoveries, such as the geysers of Enceladus, the subsurface ocean of Europa, the methane rivers, lakes and seas of Titan, the mountains and glaciers of Pluto, the cold but beautiful deserts of Mars and the thousands of exoplanets orbiting other stars make this an exciting time of exploration and discovery.
I publish Planetaria as a personal blog, a complement to my other freelance space writing for EarthSky and AmericaSpace.
- Paul Scott Anderson
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Jenšíkové z Ježova jsou česká vladycká a později rytířská rodina. Přídomek odvozovala od vesnice Ježov (okres Pelhřimov) u Humpolce.Podle Haladova Lexikonu české šlechty pocházel původně vladycký rod rytířů Jenšíků ze vsi Ježova severozápadně od Humpolce, zatímco v Erbovníku 2 Milana Myslivečka se píše, že česká novoštítná rodina Jenčíků pocházela ze svobodnického rodu, žijícího původně na Bechyňsku, jejíž pojmenování bylo odvozeno od Velkého Ježova, ležícího 8 km východně od Mladé Vožice. Oba autoři se kupodivu shodují v popisu erbu, nesoucího na modrém štítě zlatého jelena ve skoku s nožem zabodnutým do krku. Podle Českomoravské heraldiky Augusta Sedláčka majestátem 9. února 1574 dáno (císařem Maxmiliánem II.) povolení Matouši Mládkovi a Adamovi Jenšíkovi, aby se psali z Ježova a dán jim výše uvedený erb. Byli stejného původu jako Jenšíkové z Radvanova, se kterými se v 16. století rozdělili.

Historie
V roce 1597 koupil Adam Jenšík z Ježova půdu v Rašovicích. Jenšíkové se účastnili stavovského povstání jako zemská hotovost, roku 1629 jim byl udělen tzv. pardon. Později drželi Křtěnovice, Malovice u Miličína, statky na Berounsku, dům v Mladé Vožici a rozvětvili se na několik linií. Sloužili na královských úřadech i v armádě.

Vilém Kryštof Jenšík z Ježova, pravnuk Adama Jenšíka z Ježova, si vzal Polyxenu Sádlovou z Vražného, držel rodinný statek Rašovice, dále pak Sedlečko a Svrabov. Zemřel v roce 1744 v čtyřiaosmdesáti letech.

Koncem 18. století žilo deset nositelů rodového jména, současně je znám   potomek Vojtěška Hošková (rozená Jenšíková), dcera Karla Jenšíka.
Dále žijí přímí potomci Karla Jenšíka ,který se svojí rodinou obýval do roku 1959 nový zámek v Děpoltovicích, dcera Jenšíková Jiřina žijící v Itálii, syn Jenšík William žijící v Česku, který má dva syny, staršího Williama,který má dceru Lauru Jenšíkovou a mladšího Ondřeje.Syn Ondřej má 2 děti - syna Patrika Jenšíka a dceru Viktorie Jenšíková .Karel Jenšík zemřel v Praze.

Erb
V modrém štítu stál zlatý jelen ve skoku s nožem v krku. Kopii erbu vlastní Jiřina Jenšíková a Vojtěška Hošková.
Originál Erbu vlastní William Jenšík.

Příbuzenstvo
Spojili se s Pecinovskými, Sobětickými ze Sobětic, Radeckými z Radče, Chlumčanskými z Přestavlk či Jeníky z Bratřic.

Související články
 Seznam českých šlechtických rodů

Literatura

České šlechtické rody


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Residencies at The Studio
Home » Glassmaking » The Studio » Residencies
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Martin Janecký
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Biography: Martin Janecký
Martin Janecký began his career with glass at the age of 13 and later explored sculpting methods in the Czech Republic. By the time he was 20, he was employed by leading artists and designers around the world to assist and to execute specific works. Janecký teaches and demonstrates around the world, including at The Studio.
In March 2016, Janecký worked at The Studio as an Artist-in-Residence, during which time he experimented with opaline glass made at The Studio to further his figurative sculptural work. Following the residency, he spent a week as a Guest Artist in the Amphitheater Hot Shop, and created a body of work inspired by the Mexican holiday Día de Los Muertos (the Day of the Dead).
"Día de los Muertos has been haunting me for quite a while," Janecký said. "On my first trip to Mexico City, I fell in love with the culture and people, and it left me with huge inspiration."
Last fall, he traveled again to Mexico City to experience the Day of the Dead and study Mexican folk art. In February and March of 2017, Janecký returned to The Studio as an Artist-In-Residence to further explore this work, attempting to translate his fascination with the Mexican celebration into glass. The work was exhibited in Mexico City on the Day of the Dead in fall 2017.


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FLESH AND THE DEVIL (director: Clarence Brown; screenwriters: from the novel The Undying Past by Hermann Sudermann/Benjamin F. Glazer; cinematographer: William Daniels; editor: Lloyd Nosler; music: Carl Davis; cast: John Gilbert (Leo von Harden), Greta Garbo (Felicitas von Rhaden), Lars Hanson (Ulrich von Eltz), Barbara Kent (Hertha von Eltz), William Orlamond (Uncle Kutowski), George Fawcett (Pastor Voss), Eugenie Besserer (Leo's Mother), Marc McDermott (Count von Rhaden); Runtime: 109; MPAA Rating: NR; producer: Irving Thalberg; MGM; 1926-silent)
"Garbo makes love!"
Basically a film that has nothing more to say than Garbo makes love! It's based on the novel The Undying Past by Herman Suderman. Swedish beauty Greta Garbo was only 21 when she made her third American silent film for MGM, which came after the Torrent (1926) and The Temptress (1926). This one became her breakout film, where she became recognized as a big star. Flesh and the Devil became a big commercial hit, known for its steamy love scenes (relatively tame by modern standards). Greta was teamed with the 29-year-old John Gilbert, the twice married man and number one silent romantic lead. The two sizzled together on and off-screen, which became the film's primary reason for its huge success. Otherwise this is only a glossy soap opera that suffers from being corny and not having much to say about romance in its lightweight presentation. It's a shame the talented Garbo got on the track of making too many such fluff films in her abbreviated career, whereby she retired from acting after the poorly received Two-Faced Woman (1941). The affluent Greta became a semi-recluse dividing her time between Switzerland, the Riviera, and an East Side New York apartment This was Clarence Brown's ("National Velvet") first film for MGM, and the studio liked it so much he made seven more with Garbo.
Warning: spoiler to follow in the next paragraph.
Upper-crust best friends since childhood Leo von Harden (John Gilbert) and Ulrich von Eltz (Lars Hanson) come home from military leave together and are met at the railroad station by Leo's mother (Eugenie Besserer) and Ulrich's 15-year-old sister Hertha (Barbara Kent), who has a secret crush on Leo. Also at the station is the radiantly beautiful married Countess Felicitas von Rhaden (Greta Garbo), whom Leo falls in love with at first sight. They meets at the Stoltenhof Ball and become lovers. Felicitas's hubby the Count (Marc McDermott) catches them in a compromising position and challenges Leo to a duel, which is said to be over a card game to stop a public scandal. Leo slays the Count, but is punished by the military to serve five years in exile in Africa. Before Leo leaves for his new post he tells Ulrich, who knows nothing about the affair, to look after the widow. His Majesty intervenes and Leo returns home after only three years, but is shocked to find that Felicitas remarried his best friend. Leo is warned by Pastor Voss (George Fawcett), who knows of the affair, to never see Felicitas again because his love for her would ruin his friendship with Ulrich. The Pastor also lays on him a 'hell and brimstone rant,' telling him "the Devil uses the Flesh of women to try and tempt men." But Leo makes no such promise to not see her, but for a long time refuses to visit the couple. Felicitas manages to get him to visit her castle when Ulrich is not in, as she tells him Ulrich is despondent that their friendship soured and needs to see him. When she makes a pass at Leo, he starts choking her in the bedroom. At that time Ulrich returns and she lies, saying Leo broke in and when she wouldn't leave with him he choked her. When Leo doesn't deny this, it leads to Ulrich challenging him to a gun duel on the Isle of Friendship, which evokes memories when they as children made a blood pact on the Isle to be friends forever. It reaches its climax when the heroine meets her death on an ice floe while rushing to stop the duel.
IT'S A DISASTER


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Online culture has contributed in socially constructed gender roles, pressuring women to conform to these expectations. The rise in social media has created more objectification towards women and the gender-bias nature of online crime supports this behaviour.
It's 2019 and women still have an unestablished role in the gaming industry, making it hard to take full advantage of these platforms. The rise in social media has created additional platforms for activity and opportunities, encouraging gender equal participation and interaction globally. Aside from the developing opportunities, women no longer feel entirely safe or protected online. We see how the access to technology provides more opportunity for objectification against women.
Amnesty International conducted a study in 2017 on cybercrime against UK women. 59% of women said their perpetrator was a stranger, compared with 27% who personally knew the offender.
The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) say there's a pandemic of Cyber Violence against Women and Girls (VAWG). These crimes include cyberstalking, non-consensual pornography ('revenge porn'), gender-based slurs and harassment, 'slut-shaming', rape and death threats, electronically enabled trafficking. "The CPS has continued to engage across government on this work, recognising that online trolling and abuse can often disproportionately target women."
Kate Allen, Amnesty International's UK Director, communicates the common way social media is used in regards to women. "What we're seeing in social media is a space where violations of women's human rights continue to emerge, where perpetrators can be violent, sexist, racist and homophobic whilst hidden behind the comfort of a screen… Violence and abuse of women are as real online as it is offline. Policy-makers and social media companies need to wake up to this and ensure that women can feel safe to communicate online."
The disturbing nature of online activity against women is often focused around these pre-existing gender stereotypes; the pressures that society has created for women to conform to. This mindset has generated more scope for predatory men to oppress and harass women publicly, causing psychological and physical distress, whilst also depriving females of potential opportunities in the digital age.
The social construction of gender conflicts against the traditional behavioural expectations of women. Online magazine The Mediated Culture discusses the power of social media for promoting gender issues and inequalities. "Social media is the most prevalent technological intervention in today's society; and thus, it is responsible for the most powerful movements in society." These social constructions are derived from standard beliefs in society and although gender definitions and feminist movements developing over time, females still remain inferior.
The male gaze emphasises these socially constructed gender roles, something that is taken advantage of on the media. "As these negative depictions are repeated in the media, they become more accepted as appropriate and expected behaviours from women. These commercials dehumanise women, presenting them as fantasy objects." With the media re-defining what it means to be a woman, we become conditioned to think about ourselves through the male gaze. Against these pressures, women would typically define herself as less than a woman in toxic comparison. More equality of gender representation in the industry would encourage women to use the media more actively and highlight the means of a woman through female lenses.
A Forbes article discusses social media and the potential it has in being more harmful to women than men, based on the nature and way girls use these platforms. Women and girls are more likely to make comparisons between themselves and others, trying to keep up with the expectations they see online that is supported through the media. This online culture has created gender expectations for women in society and the nature online activity is becoming toxic. The most commonly used platforms (particularly Instagram) are focused around self perception, which encourages egotistical thinking and the growing obsession around physical appearance.
We can reflect on the growing community of influencers and how they may be having a more negative effect than positive, especially when women have for so long been told that their physical appearance is all they are good for. Encouraging a superficial way of life around the nature of social media idealises this way of living. The rise in plastic surgery reinforces the social expectations of what women should look like, what has been shown as the must-have body, the current 'fashion' for body type. "It's a culture based on validation from complete strangers. Being online should be used to enhance your life and your opportunities, it shouldn't be your whole existence," said Jennie Leighton, feminist blogger.
The Inquisitive Mind, an online Magazine, has focused on the relationship between dissatisfaction and social media in women specifically. Essena O'Neill, a 19-year-old Australian influencer, quit social media in 2015 to highlight that "Social media is not real life." With over 600,000 followers, Essena aimed to prove to her audiences that online culture is just a means of fake self-promotion. It's common knowledge that social media doesn't positively impact mental health and the addictive tendencies that come with social media are consuming women into this digital world in negative ways.
These pressures leave women dedicating extensive amounts of time questioning their every social action, "which in turn increased their own insecurities." A study conducted by psychologist Jean Twenge "found that teens who spend more than a few hours a day on social media had an increased risk for depression, compared to those who spend less. Here, too, the connection was stronger for girls than boys." The dangers of these platforms are ongoing but have gender specific impacts.
The World Wide Web Foundation found that "women around the world report being bombarded by a culture of misogyny online, including aggressive, often sexualized hate speech, direct threats of violence, harassment, and revenge porn involving the use of personal/private information for defamation." Cybercrime towards women transcends social hierarchy and goes further than industry inequality. The nature of the online crime is often focused around misogynistic beliefs that have been socially constructed.
Amnesty International highlights that more than a quarter (27%) of UK women had received direct or indirect threats of physical or sexual violence, leaving more than half (55%) with stress and anxiety. "Tackling and protecting women against online violence and abuse requires decisive and coordinated action from social media companies, government and the police."
The nature of online behaviour towards women is designed to intimidate, manipulate and control, commonly by perpetrators who often are unlikely to be identified or punished. The development of technology has created an opportunity for platforms to be used and taken advantage of, creating different potentials for cybercrime. Women need to be more educated on cyber victimisation and how to prevent or respond to this.
This can happen to anyone, by anyone and is so easily done with how much information people put out there. The biggest lesson learnt here is that social media is a platform being used to exploit and target women and it's happening more than we think.
female empowermentgender stereotypesonline crime
Emma Tarabay
Social Media and Editorial Manager at Cohorted Communications / Cohorted Cult 98% of the time you will find me in my pj's, looking at photos of sloths and wishing I had a dog, whilst drinking endless amounts of tea and mango juice. https://emmatarabay.wixsite.com/ejtlifestyle
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The Elephone A5 6GB/128GB Global Version comes with a big screen of 6.18 inch with 1080 x 2246 pixels resolution and 403 PPI. The display is protected by a 2.5D curved glass screen. Moreover, the display of the product supports 5 point multi touch. Elephone A5 smartphone is based on one of the most successful chipset from Mediatek Helio P60 (MT6771) with the excellent performance of energy consumption. As for the camera, it included 12.0MP + 5.0MP + 0.3MP triple rear camera and dual front camera. The networks found on the Elephant A5 are 2G, 3G and 4G. It comes at different speeds of internet connectivity. 4G is the fastest. Other network components include Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Direct, Mobile Hotspot, and Type C.


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100 romantic things you can say to a girl/boy 1) When giving her a dozen roses, 11 real and 1 fake, say "I will love you until the last rose dies." 2) Last night I looked up into the stars and matched each one with a reason why I love you.... You can see that both "pretty" and "handsome" describe someone's face. But we use "features" to talk about a man's face instead of the word "face". But we use "features" to talk about a man's face instead of the word "face".
The literal translation of "You look very pretty today" in Spanish language is"te ves muy bonita hoy."... If you check out our extensive market penetration guide, you'll notice that we stress the importance of website localization. And under that same subheading we point out how a website should look and feel native to a local audience. It should seem like it was made by locals for locals.
4/01/2009 · You would respond with jejeje which is equivalent to lol in Spanish. Lol is an English slang term therefore it does not exist. Lol is an English slang term therefore it … how to make lemon slice candy 100 romantic things you can say to a girl/boy 1) When giving her a dozen roses, 11 real and 1 fake, say "I will love you until the last rose dies." 2) Last night I looked up into the stars and matched each one with a reason why I love you.
27/10/2008 · Just like the English language, you can say this a few ways. Most people try to interpret Spanish word for word, but it is best not to te ves (v sounds more like bes (you … how to say as you can see above Choose the Right Synonym for pretty. Adjective. beautiful, lovely, handsome, pretty, comely, fair mean exciting sensuous or aesthetic pleasure. beautiful applies to whatever excites the keenest of pleasure to the senses and stirs emotion through the senses.
Do You Know How to Say Pretty face in Spanish?
Let's say eg. in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, if you use these cusses, you might look like a total jerk. But whereas in Spain, you could use them anywhere and everywhere (even in front elderlies). Enjoy!
If you check out our extensive market penetration guide, you'll notice that we stress the importance of website localization. And under that same subheading we point out how a website should look and feel native to a local audience. It should seem like it was made by locals for locals.
It would be "Tienes unos ojos increíbles", but it's more common to say "Tienes unos ojos hermosos" (meaning 'You have beautiful eyes', lit. 'You have some beautiful eyes').