In our old house with all of its charming characteristics, unseen openings allow entrance for mice. The first time I noticed pieces of oatmeal in a little trail leading to the door of the attic, I thought "How precious." I imagined the animated mice Jaq and Gus in Cinderella with their cheek pouches bulging and front paws overloaded with snacks, dropping a few bits as they scurried up the stairs to their furnished attic apartment.
It wasn't a bit charming when I happened upon one. And yes, I screamed and screamed like I was being attacked by the Tasmanian devil.
Much of what I've perceived in watching animals in the wild I first saw in cartoons. Like the time I watched from our kitchen window Hunter-Cat toying with a mouse by the lake. It was straight out of Tom and Jerry. The mouse–or was it a rat?–stood high (okay, it was a tall rat and not so sweet now) on its haunches, and it actually batted its paws in defense. Hunter-Cat lounged and nonchalantly batted the rat around until HC got bored.
Hunter-Cat can be a bully. A sleek tiny black panther much like Bagheera in The Jungle Book, Hunter Cat bravely marched out of the woods and right up to me, willing to assume a domesticated plush lifestyle with healthcare as long as he could continue to hunt.
I was rooting for the rat's escape, thinking more of my favorite rat Ratatouille than Templeton the rat with the Paul Lynde voice in Charlotte's Web.
The only vultures I'd ever seen were the lurking cartoon figures featured whenever a sense of foreboding was needed. That was until I saw real carrion-loving buddies pecking at a dead beaver across the cove of the lake.
"Could they be turkey vultures?" he said, offering a "bless her city heart" look to his son beside him.
And yes, they were, or so my internet search revealed. We had three turkey vultures hunkering close together, guarding their bundle of e-coli. A few yards away, three black vultures hovered, probably conspiring how they'd lure the turkeys away for their share of the putrified scruffy-haired meat, medium rare under the noonday sun. Buzzard cliques they were, letting their crooked beaks scout for odors of decaying flesh that waft their way. And yes, they looked just like the animated ones!
When I spotted what looked like a road runner landing on our dock, I realized road runners not only fly but travel beyond the canyon walls where the road runner I'm familiar with is adept at dropping boulders on one wily coyote.
Okay, I confess I am (was) a city girl, at one time a reb deb—a rebel debutante, who recognized if I had to sit around hosting parties all day I'd simply shrivel up and die. Only now having moved to our seven acres I am a city girl in the wild, guarded by mountainous magnolias, shored-up by a private 30-acre lake, dripping in wild wisteria.
Our first summer in Searcy nineteen years ago, I forged my own paths around our extraordinary land. Here I have more than an outstretched oak outside my bedroom window. I'm now in the midst of an aviary of sorts, a botanical garden untamed. The fenced-off city folk in Bill and me has transformed us into curious children. We awaken each morning to watch through our 42" by 72" flatscreen–our kitchen window–a world of nature that cycles as we humans do. The parallels are uncanny.
It was because of my lifelong love for animals but my disdain for blood (which washes me in shuddering nausea), I gave-up my dream in junior high to become a veterinarian. I had also concluded years ago I could never work for National Geographic, Discovery Channel or any other program that lets nature take its course.
I've stood in front of the television sobbing irrepressible tears for a lioness who had adopted a baby gazelle. In her mothering, the lioness could no longer hunt for food since her new baby would also be hunted. Cameras encircled the odd couple, recording their agonizing deaths from starvation.
"Give them some food! Intervene!" I wanted to scream aloud, confused how the filmmakers allowed the circle of life to cease. Or were they letting the circle of life live on unimpeded?
During another program, I mourned for an orphaned polar bear cub, that was suffering mere meters outside the Arctic research center with a camera crew filming it. Throughout the hour I kept praying for a different ending, as if my present plea had power to change the prerecorded denouement.
Once my husband Bill and I moved into our house in this woods, I determined never to abide by such rules. I'd let my compassionate heart rule. I easily evolved into an activist-intervener. I would gather this untamed world into my domesticated circle of multiple cats and one dog.
My husband and four grown children soon graced me with the title: Mother Nature.
I wore my crown honorably, setting out to prove Utopia existed amidst the purity of nature. We only had to deal wisely with the shadows that lurked, shedding beams of light on predators, offering them more than enough to sustain them. The weak shouldn't have to compete with the strong; they'd complement them.
The first phase of my kingdom developed in our backyard. Outside our kitchen's picture window, Bill created a food court with a ring of four birdfeeders. Morning and night we distributed buckets of fresh manna in the form of dry dog food and corn kernels down the slope towards the lake for the water fowl and four-legged critters. Often I filled the bird-feeders to overflowing with pricey black oil sunflower seeds.
Day and night, we watched the animal kingdom assemble, drawn by free food. Some evenings driving home, we had to slow our car for squirrels crossing the highway and scampering down our driveway to eat at our all-you-can-eat buffet. Other species also relinquished their territorial and nocturnal instincts for an easy meal. We counted eighteen raccoons one night. On another, six feet between them, a raccoon and a coyote guardedly munched their meals. The raccoon was clearly calling the shots.
With each dawn I sang my aubade, watching the Great Blue Heron fish off our dock. When it alighted into its day with its six-foot wingspan, so also did I. Mourning doves gathered under the bird feeders, cooing and pecking on fallen seeds, and I breathed in the air of prevailing peace.
It only took a few months before I established my own rules of hierarchy. My biased sentiments expressed zealous devotion to Cardinals, woodpeckers, finches and chickadees. My delight with the clamoring waterfowl, gabbing geese in charge with a neat row of quaking ducks all named followed, had me officially dubbing them my court jesters.
An unremarkable day evolved into a remarkable one whenever I glimpsed an animated groundhog, sitting on its haunches; a plush red fox, stealthily slipping through the underbrush; or a tender-footed rabbit, possessing all that was gentle and kind.
I proclaimed all were welcome to eat freely. Well, almost all. Except how does one inform a skunk it isn't welcome? When I proposed an edict to "Ban the Bully Blue Jays!" I drew counsel from Bill, my chief advisor.
"You know, Blue Jays have to eat too," he said moving beside me at our kitchen window. His shoulder pressed into mine proved more persuasive than words, as we viewed through our picture window a world in swift flight. Childishly I rolled my eyes, even though I knew he was right. Guidance was all that was needed. For the Blue Jays, that is.
When hundreds of black birds swooped down and dominated the slope, edging out the other birds, a slight tap on the window pane whooshed them all away. A sharper knock redirected our Sheltie, Sage, from herding the flock of Canada geese. A stronger rap was issued for crows to disperse.
Upside-down squirrels gorging on seeds from squirrel-proof bird feeders required a rowdy spectacle at the sunroom door. Squirrels are obstinate, especially those in our neck of the woods. I assume it's their flouncy bushy tails that add to their being overly vainglorious. Several years ago when visiting Muir Woods, Bill and I noted the Californian rodent was humbled by its scrawny bristle of a tail. Our region's fluffed-out version assumes a stuffed animal persona (or vice versa), but not so much I'd want one sitting on our bed.
That was affirmed one quiet winter evening when Bill had to work late, saving a dying man (or at least the man believed he was) from a minuscule kidney stone. I had snuggled into bed, only to have to crawl out to make one more trip to the bathroom. I heard a thud in the bedroom and assumed it must be Bill. Except Bill usually called out my name, so maybe not.
I piddled a while longer until I actually heard Bill coming up the stairs. Once he opened our bedroom door, I sashayed out of the bathroom in my long flowing nightgown, crossing the bedroom and draping my arms around his tired neck for a hug. The scene surely rivaled any soap opera scene, especially since Bill seemed distracted, peering over my shoulder, eyes widening. My hand on his neck felt him tensing, as though we weren't alone.
Shrieking obviously alarms baby squirrels. More shrieking while running and jumping on top of the toilet seems to trigger a baby squirrel to run and jump too. Thank goodness, since I, Mother Nature, was stuck standing on top of the toilet, that Bill jumped into action, chasing the little rodent around in its circular frenzy. I'm guessing he planned to catch it bare-handed, anything so I'd quit screaming.
Horror upon horrors, the squirrel did the objectionable when it shimmied under our bedroom door into the land of endless hiding places. What next? In this old house being renewed, we had two rooms under deconstruction. One bedroom was filled with stacked boxes of bathroom cabinets, fixtures and a new tub still to be installed in our other second-floor bathroom.
Inside that closed-up bathroom were piles of broken-up tile, concrete and sheetrock. Add that to the other bedroom and a first floor full of couches and bookcases, nooks and crannies, a squirrel could live undiscovered for days.
With no presence of mind, I locked our bedroom door and wedged a blanket into the getaway gap. Bill and I went through the motions of our evening Bible study before I finally faced reality.
"How can we sleep with images of this darling little varmint running loose all over our house?" I asked, obviously rhetorically since Bill's eyes were slowly closing. Could he actually be falling asleep in this time of crisis?
"Well, I'm hungry!" I announced, hopping up, hoping to stir him a bit. His eyes closed again. This squirrel hunt was now mine alone. With great caution I ventured downstairs to the kitchen for a stress-relieving snack. Nuts, perhaps?
Alert, as only Mother Nature could be, I inspected the downstairs rooms with no signs. Tiptoeing back up the stairs, I rounded the stairwell and spotted the squirrel's wild bulbous eyes peering out from under the door of the demolished bathroom. It didn't want to stay in there either.
Brave Bill entered the bathroom with a three-foot cube of cardboard box. Behind the closed door I heard repetitive "skritch, skritch, clunk" sounds. Ten minutes later Bill emerged with a live box and broad smile. Success.
Ceremoniously we stepped out into the freezing night. Bill unfolded the top of the box, tilting it away from us. The muscular ball burst out and scampered into the dark to a quieter, sounder world, probably to tell of the woman in the flowing gown who believed squirrels have special powers to nibble an ankle to death.
Another daybreak. I'm sipping coffee at the kitchen window and watching two squirrels on the patio, frolicking as squirrels tend to do. Without warning, a red-tailed hawk swooped down, talons stretched, and clutched the back of one of the squirrels, carrying it off to some unknown feeding ground. I'm paralyzed, helpless and horrified. Its buddy squirrel, frozen on the patio ledge.
A few weeks later, I found the remains of mangled ducks, most likely killed by coyotes or a fox. A twelve-foot alligator found its way from the river into the lake. Beloved waterfowl and turtles disappeared. His Thanksgiving buffet filled him for a winter's rest.
Late nights I hear the squeals of tender-footed rabbits with the howling coyote pack yelping and barking at their own, vying for their lion's share. Two of our adolescent cats disappeared during the day, possibly prey for the owl whose hooting once soothed me to sleep.
How was it I had overindulged these creatures, proven those times I'd left a trash bag for the compost pile outside our basement door. The next day I'd find it ripped open. Remains of lettuce, apple cores, carrot peelings and tomatoes dotted the ground. The fine fingers of raccoons had filtered through the bag, rejecting the vegetable scraps in their search for a soggy peppermint or fatty piece of meat. How could I worry about them starving, for when given healthy choices, they snubbed the nutritious for the quick and easy and tasty?
How like us they are!
I finally acknowledged my naïveté. And, worse, I'd become a reckless nature enthusiast. In Bill's and my childlike zeal, wanting to draw out the wild for our enjoyment, we'd even left pizza slices—pepperoni and Hawaiian—at the base of the bird feeders. At 2:00 A.M. the next morning Bill awakened the boys and me to watch the raccoon family arguing over who ate first. The fiercest won—Papa, then Mama, only for the children to grab the remaining triangular pieces.
In my earnest hope to create a kinder, safer world, I allowed my ignorance to ultimately be no one's bliss—nature's miss. Those attempts proved only a temporary salve with no real power to excise nature's ways in the wild.
God knew what he was doing when he set up the circle of life, predator and prey. Who was I to devise new rules?
When we finally stopped throwing out food for the wild, several townships of raccoons didn't get the email or twitter post. During the middle of the night I was awakened to scratching outside a second floor window.
With the onslaught of social media and reality programs, we have to fight to keep our voice which means unplugging with a different beep, beep. I realize not everyone is called to live in the woods with herds and flocks of domesticated and undomesticated critters. So I'm sharing my biophilia to ease your days when the evening news weighs heavy.
I breathe in life's goodness and the nature of it all.
Follow-up note: This Utopia I had attempted to create was meant to construct a safer world, a microcosm of how I wanted the real world to be. I hoped for a place where I had some control spreading the good to eliminate the bad. Except now I realize in the midst of my forest, I can see the trees and how powerless I am in the huge scheme of things.
One person at a time, we can work to expose predators and protect children and adults who are abused. We can feed the hungry and help set them on a path to work in a world where they can be respected. We learn to deal with the bullies in others' lives until they figure out how to stand taller and stronger.
Maybe we'll never have a Utopia here on this earth, but we can create a land dripping with love and compassion, kindness, patience and strength to live with ever-enlargening awareness, a reality so worth living.
The beauty of roses–thorns and all.
Follow-up: We continue to fill our bird feeders to overflowing. Thus, squirrels, raccoons, chipmunks and opossums congregate.
We just no longer throw out buckets of corn and dog food, feeding the wild animals. Our dollars are better invested helping others through our Child Safety Center of White County, the White County Domestic Violence Prevention–Hope Cottage, homeless shelters like Jacob's Place, and foster home programs, places where innocent children find safety. They deserve safe places.
All photographs are originals I took around our yard. The butterfly and azaleas are next to our mailbox. Both are show-offs every spring because of their great beauty.
I photographed the roses outside Dublin at Powerscourt Castle. The cover page lake and mountain scene is from a trip to Bellagio, Italy, on Lake Como. Yes, it is surely a heaven on earth.
← What Makes a Story Compelling to You?
Thank you, Kathy, for reading. God did good with nature and the way we can learn from it.
Just as a surgeon would help an injured person, we might feed the birds when the whole world is 3′ deep in snow and they cannot find food. It's a thing of mercy and pity. But if we leave it alone the rest of the time, we allow it to grow stronger, just as the surgeon does not do the learning-to-walk-again chore. That is left to the patient to get up and go.
So does struggling and competing and failing. And learning.
Your mercy shines so brightly!
Oh, Katharine, yes, we will always feed our little feathered friends. For selfish reasons, really, because we love their beauty and grace in flight. Once we lost our band of waterfowl to an alligator, we no longer had to throw out food that also fed the skunks, raccoons and coyotes. Thank you for your beautiful words.
Your piece invited me in and I shared in your joy in nature. Your wrap up reflects a profound sense of self-understanding and how we fit in the universe. It gently brought home real truth. Good job!
Mary, I love your nature stories and understand with you how we want to invite them in. Their sort just doesn't know all the rules we bring with it! I'm sure like us you two are children enchanted. I love knowing you are an anmivert, too. You'd like the book Quiet by Susan Cain. It explains so much and how we need to value all the ways God constructed our individual brains. Yes, those are photos I had on my computer. I need to pull out some favorites, but I didn't have time. Thank you for reading, and I appreciate your encouragement.
I have to chant that to myself sometimes when I see (and KNOW in my heart of hearts) that someone else is making a BIG MISTAKE and that LIFE IS UNFAIR but I am good and fair and could fix all of that. If. Only. People. Would. Listen.
Because we personify nature, we think that we could just convince her to be different if we imposed our concepts of righteousness and fairness.
You say all of these things so clearly.
Your children are still at those precious ages where your husband and you are the center of their worlds (and vice versa). Such a rich time of life. That love gets buried deep for them to always know that they know in spite of what goes on around them, they have your love, unconditional love. I will definitely check the podcast. Bill and I were just talking and laughing about his thoughts when he walked in and saw the squirrel posed on our bed. "Anything you want to tell me?" He doesn't even like domesticated pets in the house, so a squirrel was really a wild idea for him to grasp! I'm so glad you like it.
Ann, we did the same thing when we moved to our farm. We quickly realized, as you did, that nature is nature and their path set long before us. It's hard to deal with at times, but I have learned to accept it. I do share your aversion to mice. I've had snakes and scorpions in my house and, yes they scare me, but I deal with them quickly. But when a mouse is close by, I FREAK out. You can hardly get me down from a chair, couch, and yes a toilet! The story of the squirrel is priceless, though. Enjoyed this post very much.
I tilled up a turtle the other day and it landed right on my foot. He was fine and I sat him to the side and he was gone before I was done. Always something surprising around here.
Oh, how sweet. A frog or snake would have freaked me out, but a turtle. Well, now that I think about it, the platter-sized turtles I see on the logs in the lake, or the snapping and alligator ones would send me into shock!
You write beautifully. I loved reading your piece. Thanks for sharing.
Thank you for reading and commenting,that means much!


text:
Grace A. Jamra
Basel G. Jamra
Michael B. Hanasab
Late-in-Life Divorce
Child Custody and Visitation Modification
Spousal Support Modifications
Domestic Partners
Pre & Post Marital Agreements
High Networth / Celebrity / Discrete
Same-Sex Relationships and Family Law
Parental Relocation
Signs a Child Needs Professional Therapy Following Parental Divorce
Five Tips for Co-Parenting
Prenuptial Agreements Can Be Hard To Talk About, But Necessary
When Co-Parenting Is Not An Option
Are At-Home DNA Test Admissible in Court?
Married, Divorced, Married, and Divorced Again – How it Effects The Process
How Custody is Determined When Parents Live in Different Countries
Will Lying in a Custody Case Cause Perjury Charges?
Five Ways to Get Over the Ex
5 Methods of Collecting Past Due Child Support
Abortions (1)
Accidental Death (1)
Alimony Payments (7)
Anger in Divorce (5)
Annulments (1)
Beverly Hills Divorce Lawyers (10)
California Divorce Lawyers (44)
California Domestic Violence Lawyers (3)
Child Support (31)
Cohabitation (6)
Cohabitation Agreements (5)
Co-Parenting (15)
Co-Parenting Agreement (10)
divorce (175)
divorce attorney (17)
Divorce Mediation (29)
Divorce Proceedings (29)
Domestic Violence Restraining Order (2)
Emancipation (1)
Hangry (1)
High Net Worth Divorce (1)
Joint Custody (7)
Los Angeles Divorce Lawyer (34)
Los Angeles Family Lawyer (16)
Migraines in Children (1)
military benefits (1)
Minor Emancipation (1)
Parental Divorce (8)
Paternity (3)
Postnuptial Agreements (2)
pre-nup (4)
Prenups and Pets in California (3)
Prenuptial Agreements (17)
Property Divisions (12)
Remarriage (1)
Restraining Order (2)
Restraining Orders (1)
Same-Sex Relationships Family Lawyers (2)
San Jose divorce lawyer (7)
San Jose Family Lawyers (5)
Senior Couple Divorce (3)
Seperation (9)
Visitation Rights (4)
Family Law Blog
Increase in Divorce Filings in January
Over the holiday season, while many people will be enjoying time with families, there will be quite a few people who will be forcing themselves through one more holiday with their spouse. Unfortunately, the fact is that many people, who are planning to separate from their spouses, have already made up their mind, but do not want to make the announcement just before the holiday season for the sake of the children. However, come January, none of those concerns matter anymore, leading to an increase in divorce filings.
Any Los Angeles divorce lawyer will tell you that the month of January is a hectic and busy one. Divorce filings increase after January 1, as persons who have been waiting for the holiday season to file the papers finally make a decision, and make the move.
There are several reasons why people don't file for divorce during the holidays. Usually, plans for divorce are postponed till after the holidays, and very often, it has to do with the children. No one wants to ruin the holidays for the children by announcing a separation.
Other times, it is financial concerns that can put off divorce plans. During the end of the year, many employees are eligible for holiday bonuses, or year-end bonuses, and these can make the financial pangs of a divorce much easier to bear. Separation can become financially stressful, as you have to move out and start bearing all household expenses on your own. In other cases, people simply wait to see whether the marriage has a chance of working out over the holidays. It's natural to want to wait for a little bit of the holiday magic to be sprinkled over your relationship.
In many cases, waiting out the holiday season is just a formality, and people typically do end up filing for divorce as soon as the new year rolls around.
Jamra & Jamra LLP
Beverly Hills, CA 90212 Phone: 310-278-9001
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Jamra & Jamra represents family law clients throughout the Los Angeles area including Beverly Hills, Bel Air, West L.A., downtown Los Angeles, Santa Monica, Brentwood, Calabasas, Woodland Hills, and many other cities in California.
© 2014 by Jamra & Jamra LLP. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


With the arrival of spring, the warm summer months are not far away. It is a good time to start preparing your RV for the heat so your summertime camping trips will be more enjoyable. You also want to make sure you have adequate ventilation for keeping the inside of your motorhome cool. To that end, the Advent Air Flash Freeze Ducted Ceiling Assembly will make your RV interior more comfortable when traveling in hot weather.
The Advent Air Flash Freeze Ducted Ceiling Assembly will be able to keep cold air coming into your RV. It works with any Advent Air A/C unit and will fit into a standard vent opening. This ceiling assembly features curved vents so it will not take away from the aesthetic appearance of the interior. Having a ceiling vent will help cool the RV more efficiently, as the cooler air will tend to sink downward. The kit includes a digital thermostat and digital relay, so you are able to adjust the inside temperature as you need it. This ceiling assembly is versatile enough to work with other Advent Air thermostats as well, so you don't need to worry about having to replace parts of your system.
Using the Advent Air Flash Freeze Ducted Ceiling Assembly will provide you with more relaxed surroundings. Its ability to fill your RV with cold air will make traveling in hot weather go that much easier. It will be able to help your Advent Air A/C ceiling unit keep the RV cool enough for everyone.


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*Requires macOS 10.12 or higher.
If you love the outdoors, you can plan your next trip with Topo Maps+ so that you can go deeper into the backcountry.
Are you a serious hiker who wants to be prepared when navigating deep in the backcountry?
Topo Maps+ gives you the tools you need to plan and be prepared for you next backcountry adventure.
Easily print custom maps before you head out. To safely navigate in the backcountry, printed maps have magnetic declination and distance scales on them.
All of your data is synchronized between your iPhone, iPad, and Mac. Plan your trip on your mac and then use the data on your iPhone.
Organize all of your trip data in easy to use categories.
Once you have your trip planned, share the data with your hiking partners.
In the wild, trails are not isolated segments between two points, they are a network of interconnected paths with numerous possible routes. Topo Maps+ lets you explore any possible route through a trail network. Don't want to exactly follow the trail? No problem. The trails interact with your own traced routes so you can easily explore custom routes.
View elevation profiles and change details for routes and trails.
Don't interact with static maps, interact with trails. Select trails on the map to see elevation profiles and change how they are visually displayed on the map.
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Unlock all the planning features and maps with Topo Maps+ PRO.
The free version of Topo Maps+ is a great way to get started.
What version of macOS does Topo Maps+ run on?
Topo Maps+ for macOS is built using the latest macOS technologies. You will need to have macOS Sierra (10.12) to run Topo Maps+ on your mac.
Is there a trial version?
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text:
Q: Create a map with clickable provinces/states using SVG, HTML/CSS, ImageMap I am trying to create an interactive map where users can click on different provinces in the map to get info specific to that province.
Example:

*

*archived: http://www.todospelaeducacao.org.br/

*archived: http://code.google.com/p/svg2imap/
So far I've only found solutions that have limited functionality. I've only really searched for this using an SVG file, but I would be open to other file types if it is possible.
If anyone knows of a fully functioning way to do this (jQuery plug-in, PHP script, vector images) or a tutorial on how to do it manually please do share.

A: I think it's better to divide my answer to 2 parts:

A-Create everything from scratch (using SVG, JavaScript, and HTML5):

*

*Create a new HTML5 page

*Create a new SVG file, each clickable area (province) should be a separate SVG Polygon in your SVG file,
(I'm using Adobe Illustrator for creating SVG files but you can find many alternative software products too, for example Inkscape)

*Add mouseover and click events to your polygons one by one

<polygon points="200,10 250,190 160,210" style="fill:lime;stroke:purple;stroke-width:1"
    onmouseover="mouseOverHandler(evt)"
    onclick="clickHandler(evt)" />

*Add a handler for each event in your JavaScript code and add your desired code to the handler

function mouseOverHandler(evt) {};
function clickHandler(evt) {};

*Add the SVG file to your HTML page (I prefer inline SVG but you can use linked SVG file too)

*Upload the files to your server

B-Use a software like FLDraw Interactive Image Creator (only if you have a map image and want to make it interactive):

*

*Create an empty project and choose your map image as your base image when creating the new project

*Add a Polygon element (from the Shape menu) for each province

*For each polygon double click it to open the Properties window where you can choose an event type for mouse-over and click,
also change the shape opacity to 0 to make it invisible

*Save your project and Publish it to HTML5, FLDraw will create a new folder that contains all of the required files for your project that you can upload to your server.

Option (A) is very good if you are programmer or you have someone to create the required code and SVG file for you,
Option (B) is good if you don't want to hire someone or spend your own time for creating everything from scratch
You have some other options too, for example using HTML5 Canvas instead of SVG, but it's not very easy to create a Zoomable map using HTML5 Canvas,
maybe there are some other ways too that I'm not aware of.

A: jQuery plugin for decorating image maps (highlights, select areas, tooltips):
http://www.outsharked.com/imagemapster/
Disclosure: I wrote it.

A: Just in case anyone will search for it - I used it on several sites, always the customization and RD possibilities were a perfect fit for what I needed. Simple and it is free to use:
Clickable CSS Maps
One note for more scripts on a site: I had some annoying problems with getting to work a map (that worked as a graphic menu) in Drupal 7. There where many other script used, and after handling them, I got stuck with the map - it still didn't work, although the jquery.cssmap.js, CSS (both local) and the script in the  where in the right place. Firebug showed me an error and I suddenly eureka - a simple oversight, I left the  script code as it was in the example and there was a conflict. Just change the front function "$" to "jQuery" (or other handler) and it works perfect. :]
Here's what I ment (of course you can put it before  instead of the ):

<script type="text/javascript">
      jQuery(function($){
        $('#map-country').cssMap({'size' : 810});
       });
    </script>

A: Sounds like you want a simple imagemap, I'd recommend to not make it more complex than it needs to be. Here's an article on how to improve imagemaps with svg. It's very easy to do clickable regions in svg itself, just add some <a> elements around the shapes you want to have clickable.
A couple of options if you need something more advanced:

*

*http://jqvmap.com/

*http://jvectormap.com/

*http://polymaps.org/

A: Go to SVG to Script
with your SVG the default output is the map in SVG
Code which adds events is also added but is easily identified and can be altered as required.

A: I have been using makeaclickablemap for my province maps for some time now and it turned out to be a really good fit.

A: I had the same requirements and finally this Map converter worked for me.  It is the best plugin for any map generation.

A: Here is another image map plugin I wrote to enhance image maps: https://github.com/gestixi/pictarea
It makes it easy to highlight all the area and let you specify different styles depending on the state of the zone: normal, hover, active, disable.
You can also specify how many zones can be selected at the same time.

A: The following code may help you:
$("#svgEuropa [id='stallwanger.it.dev_shape_DEU']").on("click",function(){
    alert($(this).attr("id"));
});

Source

A:

<script type="text/javascript">
      jQuery(function($){
        $('#map-country').cssMap({'size' : 810});
       });
    </script>

strong text

A: You have quite a few options for this:
1 - If you can find an SVG file for the map you want, you can use something like RaphaelJS or SnapSVG to add click listeners for your states/regions, this solution is the most customizable...
2 - You can use dedicated tools such as clickablemapbuilder (free) or makeaclickablemap (i think free also).
[disclaimer] Im the author of clickablemapbuilder.com :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Library of Congress > Teachers > Classroom Materials > Presentations and Activities > Immigration
The Nation of Polonia
Thaddeus Kósciuszko
Poles first came to prominence in American life during the Revolutionary War. The colonies' battle for independence from Britain fired the imagination of adventurers and freedom fighters from around the world, and more than 100 Poles came to fight on the side of the rebels. Two of them—Count Kazimierz Pulaski and Tadeusz Kósciuszko—had experience in the independence struggles of their homeland and were recruited by Benjamin Franklin to help lead the fledgling American army. Both played pivotal roles in the colonists' victory and were hailed as heroes of the new republic. Towns and counties throughout the U.S. now bear their names, and Pulaski Day celebrations are held every year in Polish American cities.
The Polish people's own fight for independence was less successful, and their national identity came under harsh attack. By the 19th century, the ancient state of Poland had been conquered and divided up by three imperial powers—the Russian, Prussian, and Austro-Hungarian empires. Although they were separated by distance and political barriers, Poles were unified by a belief in their own independence, in their freedom to worship as Roman Catholics, and in their distinct identity as a people. The difficulty of maintaining this identity under hostile imperial regimes led many Poles to seek freedom overseas.
Farmhouse in Panna Maria,
The first permanent settlement of Poles in U.S. sprang up on the Texas plains, where a few hundred men, women, and children from Silesia founded the town of Panna Maria in 1854. The small farm community grew and thrived, and soon more and more Poles were making their way to the shores of America.
Polish neighborhood in Chicago, 1903
At the turn of the 20 th century, Polish immigration exploded. Imperial repression, land shortages, and chronic unemployment made life more and more untenable for the Poles of Europe, and as the 19 th century waned they left for America by the thousands, then by the hundreds of thousands. Exact numbers are difficult to come by, given the many different routes Poles took to the U.S., but the 1910 census found more than 900,000 new immigrants who spoke Polish. After World War I, Poland regained its independence, and immigration began to slow. Even so, it is estimated that more than 2 million Poles had immigrated by the 1920s.
Not all intended to stay. Many of the earlier Poles were known as za chlebem, or "for-bread" immigrants, who came planning to earn a nest egg and return home. Whatever their intentions, most Polish immigrants ended up remaining in the United States. However, they still kept one eye on their homeland and passionately guarded their language, faith, and sense of themselves as Poles.
Life in Polonia
Polish American tobacco
farmers, Connecticut
As Poles poured into the country, they came together in communities that preserved many aspects of the Polish way of life.
Most Polish immigrants had come in search of a decent livelihood, and so were drawn to the areas of the country where good work was available. In Poland, owning land had been a great source of pride, and many Poles struck out for farm country, founding agricultural towns in the mid-Atlantic states and New England. The Great Lakes region reminded some recent immigrants of home, and Polish names soon dotted the maps of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan.
Polish American children
America's cities were the destination of most Poles, however. Heavy industry had played an aggressive role in recruiting throughout Europe, and new Polish immigrants were drawn to jobs in the factories, steel mills, slaughterhouses, and foundries of the U.S. industrial belt. Chicago, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Milwaukee, Detroit, New York, and Cleveland became anchor cities of the new Polish communities, and Polish was spoken in the mines of Appalachia and the Alleghenies.
Wherever they settled, Polish immigrants went about building communities that were fiercely committed to the preservation of their national heritage and culture. A national network of Polish-language newspapers, social clubs, and, eventually, radio and television stations helped keep the Polish language alive. Parochial schools were built within walking distance of every Polish neighborhood, and more than 900 Polish Catholic churches were founded. Polish music, dance, literature, and folklore were all kept alive through many decades in an English-speaking land. Polish American communities might be widely scattered, from Krakow, Wisconsin, and Wilno, Minnesota, to Bucktown in Chicago and Cleveland's Fleet Avenue. However, Polish Americans always made it clear that, while they were citizens of the United States, they were also loyal to Polonia—the community of Poles worldwide.
Polish American firehouse,
That loyalty was galvanized by the dark decades of the Second World War and by the Cold War tensions that followed it. Millions of Poles in Europe perished or lost their homes during World War II, and thousands fled the Soviet takeover of Poland that followed it. Polish Americans opened their homes to any refugees who were able to escape, and they once more agitated for their country's freedom. When that freedom finally came with the fall of the Soviet Union, countless family reunions took place, as European Poles met long-lost relatives and Polish Americans set foot on Polish soil for the first time.
Leopold Stokowski
Today, Poles are moving to the United States again, as a generation newly freed from foreign domination seeks its fortune overseas. They find a country shaped by the achievements of the Polish Americans that came before them, such as the poet Czeslaw Milosz, the conductor Leopold Stokowski, the baseball player Stan Musial, and the politicians Barbara Mikulski and Edmund Muskie. New Polish American communities are now rising up in New York, Detroit, and Chicago, sometimes occupying the same city blocks as their predecessors did a century before, and keeping the spirit of Polonia alive.
Introduction | Russian Beginnings | Soviet Exiles | The Nation of Polonia
A People at Risk | The Lower East Side | A Cultural Renaissance | view basic version
1868 The 14th Amendment to the Constitution endows African American with citizenship.
1870 The 15th Amendment of the Constitution provides African-American males with the right to vote.
1885 Congress bans the admission of contract laborers.
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson: Supreme Court ruling that "separate but equal" accommodations for African Americans and whites were Constitutional; decision allows legalized segregation.
1929 Congress makes annual immigration quotas permanent.
1941 President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 8802: forbids discrimination in federal hiring, job-training programs, and defense industries.
1948 The United States admits persons fleeing persecution in their native lands; allowing 205,000 refugees to enter within two years.
1952 Immigration and Nationality Act: individuals of all races eligible for naturalization; reaffirms national origins quota system, limits immigration from Eastern Hemisphere; establishes preferences for skilled workers and relatives of U.S. citizens and permanent resident aliens; and tightens security and screening standards and procedures
1953 Congress amends 1948 refugee policy to allow for the admission of 200,000 more refugees
1954 Brown v. Topeka Board of Education: Supreme Court rules that "separate but equal" educational facilities were unconstitutional.
1964 The Civil Rights Acts ensures voting rights; prohibits housing discrimination.
1980 The Refugee Act redefines criteria and procedures for admitting refugees.
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) legalizes illegal aliens residing in the U.S. unlawfully since 1982
1808 Congress bans the importation of slaves but slavery in the United States continues to grow.
1819 Congress establishes reporting on immigration.
1820 The Compromise of 1820 admits Maine and Missouri into the Union as a free and a slave state, respectively. This legislation also prohibited slavery in territories north of Missouri.
1861 Abraham Lincoln takes the presidential oath of office; Southern Confederacy ratifies a new Constitution, elects Jefferson Davis as first Confederate president; Civil War begins.
1862 The Union Army permits black men to enlist as laborers, cooks, teamsters, and servants.
1863 The Emancipation Proclamation abolishes slavery, permits African American men to join the Union Army.
1864 Congress legalizes the importation of contract laborers.


text:
LIVE UPDATES: See the full results of Super Tuesday, with live vote counts and breaking news
Today, March three is Super Tuesday, when 16 other Democratic birthday celebration primaries and caucuses occur at the identical day.
Polls shut in Vermont and Virginia at 7 p.m. ET, North Carolina at 7:30 P.M. ET, Tennessee, Maine, Texas, Alabama, Massachusetts, and Oklahoma at eight p.m. ET, and in Arkansas at eight:30 p.m. ET.
Polls shut in Colorado and Minnesota at nine p.m. ET, in Utah at 10 p.m. ET, and in California at 11 p.m. ET.
We're additionally tracking essential down-ballot Senate and House races in North Carolina, Alabama, Texas, and California.
We'll have up to the moment reside vote counts and effects going down in real-time updating routinely.
Visit Business Insider's homepage for extra tales.
March three or "Super Tuesday" is by means of some distance the largest day within the Democratic essential procedure. Follow alongside for residing effects right here:
Catch up on reside protection from the principle:
Pre-primary:
Here's how Democrats will elect their presidential nominee over the following a number of months
What's at stake on Super Tuesday?
Every state has a definite collection of delegates to allocate, which is decided by means of various elements together with how large the state is, how Democratic they lean after they vote, and in the event that they vote with their neighbors.
Today, 1,357 pledged delegates, accounting for an enormous 35% of the entire delegates allocated all the way through the Democratic nomination procedure, will likely be allotted between 14 states, one territory, and Democrats residing in another country:
Vermont allocates 16 pledged delegates to the conference or zero.four% of the overall. Polls shut at 7 p.m. Eastern Time.
Virginia allocates 99 pledged delegates to the conference or 2.three% of the overall. Polls shut at 7 p.m. ET.
North Carolina allocates 110 pledged delegates to the conference, accounting for two.eight% of the overall. Polls shut at 7:30 p.m. ET.
Alabama allocates 52 pledged delegates to the conference, making up 1.four% of the overall delegates allotted all the way through the principle. Polls shut in maximum Alabama counties at eight p.m. Eastern Time.
Maine allocates 24 pledged delegates to the conference, making up zero.6% of the overall. Polls shut at eight p.m. ET.
Massachusetts allocates 91 pledged delegates to the conference, making up 2.three% of the overall. Polls shut at eight p.m. ET.
Oklahoma allocates 37 pledged delegates to the conference, making up zero.nine% of the overall. Polls shut at 7 p.m. native time and eight p.m. ET.
Tennessee allocates 64 pledged delegates to the conference or 1.6% of the overall. Polls within the Tennessee counties positioned within the Central Time Zone shut at 7 p.m. native time and the ones within the Eastern Time Zone shut at eight p.m. native times.
Texas allocates 228 pledged delegates to the conference, accounting for five.7% of the overall. Polls shut at 7 p.m. native time and eight p.m. ET.
Arkansas allocates 34 pledged delegates to the conference, making up zero.eight% of the overall. Polls shut at 7:30 p.m. native time and eight:30 p.m. ET.
Colorado allocates 67 pledged delegates to the conference, making up 1.7% of the overall. Polls shut at 7 p.m. native time and nine p.m. E.T.
Minnesota allocates 75 pledged delegates to the conference, accounting for 1.nine% of the overall. Polls shut at eight p.m. native times and nine p.m. ET.
Utah allocates 29 pledged delegates to the conference, making up zero.7% of the overall. Polls shut at eight p.m. native times and 10 p.m. ET.
California allocates 415 pledged delegates to the conference, making up 10.7% of the overall. Polls shut at eight p.m. native Pacific Time and 11 p.m. ET, however ultimate effects could also be behind schedule for days as officers absolutely depend on mail-in and absentee ballots.
American Samoa allocates six pledged delegates to the conference. Because American Samoa is six hours at the back of US Eastern Time, we would possibly not have effects till Wednesday.
Democrats in another country vote absentee between March three and March 10 and account for 13 pledged delegates to the conference, making up zero.three% of general delegates.
Democrats allocate maximum in their pledged delegates proportionally by means of the legislative district, along with allocating at-large and PLEO (birthday celebration chief and elected legit) delegates according to the statewide vote breakdown.
Most states allocate their delegates by means of congressional districts, however, some, like Texas and New Jersey, use state legislative districts as a substitute.
While delegates are allotted proportionally, in just about every state the minimal threshold to earn delegates is 15% of the vote. This method applicants should smash 15% of the vote both on the district or state point to earn any delegates in any respect.
At the conference, a candidate will likely be nominated after they earn an easy majority of one,991 out of three,979 general pledged delegates.
DELEGATE COUNT: Here's who is successful the race for the 2020 Democratic nomination
Who does the polling say is forward in every state?
According to FiveThirtyEight's averages of the newest polling information, Sen. Bernie Sanders leads the polls in California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and his house state of Vermont.
Sanders is neck-and-neck with former VP Joe Biden in North Carolina polls whilst Biden and previous Mayor Mike Bloomberg and have led the few contemporary polls of Oklahoma.
There is not sufficient state-level polling information to decide who is main Arkansas, Alabama, and Tennessee going into Tuesday.
According to FiveThirtyEight's essential election forecast, Biden is projected to win essentially the most delegates in Alabama, American Samoa, Arkansas, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.
Sanders is projected to win essentially the most delegates in California, Colorado, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Maine, Utah, and Vermont, whilst neither Bloomberg nor Sen. Elizabeth Warren is projected to win essentially the most delegates in any state.
Read extra:
The 19 election nights you want to understand for the 2020 Democratic and Republican presidential primaries and caucuses
Here are the closing days you'll sign up to vote for the 2020 essential elections in each state and methods to do it
The present Democratic box would produce the oldest president ever – listed here are the ages of each candidate
Kitely
Kitely known as Kitely Parker, I am a writer and an industrialist by profession. My age is 33 years. My aim is to gather the attention of the targeted audience without being boring and unexciting. I like to utilize the free time in writing my views and thoughts for my book lovers or readers. My most preferred articles are usually about services and business,finance; however, I have written various topics in my articles. I do not have a specific genre. I get very creative when I have to express myself, I often sing, write or draw to portray my feelings. When it comes to my free time or you can say 'ME-TIME', I love to play with my cat, sleep an extra hour.
Google once predicted the flu, now it's one of many tech giants the coronavirus has caught off guard
Posted On : February 2, 2020
2nd Death Near Seattle Adds to Signs Virus Is Spreading in U.S.
Posted On : March 2, 2020
Inside Justin Bieber's Romantic 26th Birthday Celebration With Hailey Bieber
Washington state is buying a motel to isolate coronavirus patients
Posted On : January 23, 2020
Coronavirus Live Updates: Disease Caused by Virus Is Deadlier Than the Flu
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Sport is an integral part of life at KPS. We offer a broad range of options from universally popular sports such as football, netball and tennis to more specialist ones including fencing, rowing and climbing. This gives every pupil the opportunity to find one or more sports which he or she will really enjoy.
Upon joining KPS, all students will have an induction into the various sporting activities in order to determine which after-school activity they want to focus on for the term.
All Lower School pupils take part in a targeted strength & conditioning programme during their PE lessons. As well as our own School Hall, we make use of the excellent facilities adjacent to KPS: cross country training takes place in Kensington Gardens, and swimming lessons are held at Porchester Leisure Centre. We follow the ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine) Exercise Testing & Prescription protocols, the guidelines which set the standards for the exercise profession. This allows us to closely monitor pupils' development and to guide them on particular sporting pathways to ensure they achieve their full sporting potential.
All Sixth Form pupils have membership to Imperial College's Ethos Sports Centre, one of the best sporting facilities in central London and a short walk from the Sixth Form Centre. Outside of lessons, pupils can enjoy a swim in Ethos's 25-metre pool complex (complete with sauna, steam room and spa pool) and work out in the Energia gym. This is one of the largest gyms in the capital with state-of-the art equipment including running, cycling and rowing machines, a weights area and a core zone with physiotherapy balls and yoga mats.
In addition to the activities described here, there are many other options which can be activated with local providers subject to sufficient demand from KPS pupils.
For those who join KPS as an elite athlete with a pre-existing track record of success at national and international level, we can support your training programme through our scholarship scheme. For more details visit the Scholarships Page.


RESIDENTS in Trull, Wiveliscombe and Wellington will trial new rights that give people power to bring jobs and homes to their area after Taunton Deane Council won funding to support the Localism Act.
Taunton Deane was one of 108 local authorities to be granted funding in the latest round of bids with £20,000 awarded to each of the Borough's three pilot areas.
Cllr Mark Edwards, who holds the planning policy brief at the Borough Council, said: "There is going to be constant pressure for new housing and development within our communities and neighbourhood planning is one way of making sure that communities share in the decision-making process and have more influence over how communities will shape.


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This RLO defines the term 'confidence intervals' and demonstrates how they can be used to determine the significance and range of possible sizes of a treatment effect.
Solutions and Electrolytes
Examining the mechanisms of chemical solution and how solvents work, and the roles of ions and electrolytes in chemical activity within the body.
How to create subtitles with QuickTime
A tutorial on how to create subtitles with QuickTimePro.
Switcheroo
In this hands-on activity, students construct a simple switch and determine what objects and what types of materials can be used to close a switch in a circuit and light a light bulb.
Militants force girl to wear suicide vest
June 20 - An 8-year-old Pakistani schoolgirl, kidnapped from Peshawar by militants, says her abductors tried to force her wear a suicide vest and attack security forces. (Rough cut - no reporter narration)
Learn about the history of the bicycle
The History Of The Bicycle - The bicycle was first introduced in Europe in the 19th century. Learn more about this environmentally friendly mode of transportation in this VERY short (20 seconds) video.
Kinect Code Camp 2011: Team Chupacabra
Last week we had our Kinect launch with a special Channel 9 Live event. Just prior to this we held a 24 hour Code Camp to allow developers to play with the Kinect SDK for 24 hours and see what they could come up with. I interviewed the teams after the event to take a look at their project and get an idea of the challenges and surprises they found as they worked with the SDK.
Team Chupacabra consists of Rick Barraza, Adam Kinney, and Dennis Delimarsky. The project leverages Kinect on one
Author(s): Larry Larsen
21M.380 Music and Technology: Algorithmic and Generative Music (MIT)
Includes audio/video content: AV special element audio. This course examines the history, techniques, and aesthetics of mechanical and computer-aided approaches to algorithmic music composition and generative music systems. Through creative hands-on projects, readings, listening assignments, and lectures, students will explore a variety of historical and contemporary approaches. Diverse tools and systems will be employed, including applications in Python, MIDI, Csound, SuperCollider, and Pure Da
Author(s): Ariza, Christopher
Protests amid peace talks in Syria
June 20 - Protests gather pace across Syria as demonstrators reject reform plans by President Bashar al-Assad. Deborah Lutterbeck reports.
How to Make a Book for Younger Children
A two minute video on how younger children can write, draw, and decorate a homemade book. Very easy to follow.
Introduction to Multiplication Part 2
This video starts where part 1 left off. They start with using subtraction to find the product of two numbers. For example, 7 x 8 = ?, I know 7 x 10 = 70, then I subtract 14 to get 56, need to look at the pattern that is occuring. Review what multiplication means, repeated addition. Then they move on to two digit numbers mulitplied by a two digit number, using a number line. They do this with a number of different problems. Video is good quality and good for all students as review or initial lea
LL Cool J Goes on an Addition Expedition With Elmo
In this Sesame Street clip, LL Cool J and Elmo sing the Addition Expedition song. Elmo learns how to "add 'em up."(2:09)
Management: Destined to Change
This video discusses some of the changes in the world that is causing the need for changes in the way we manage people. The major forces requiring change are information, culture, knowledge, and technology.
Rural entrepreneurship in Wales
What are the important issues to consider when starting up or running a small business in a rural environment? This free course, Rural entrepreneurship in Wales, will introduce you to some concepts and models that will help you work out what you want to do with your business idea and to consider the impact of living in a rural location. First published on Wed, 09 Mar 2016
Punctuation Review 1
This clips gives a review of punctuation rules. The narrator quickly and briefly goes over rules for periods, apostrophes, question marks and hyphens. (00:44)
Fundy Tides - Scots Bay Time Lapse
Ever wonder what it was like living near the highest tides in the world - reaching a rise of up to 50 feet? This time lapse shot at Scots Bay, NS, in the Bay of Fundy shows twelve hours of tide in only 120 seconds. People have often found themselves facing peril when they did not keep an eye on the clock while beach combing. When the tide is rolling in at an average rate of 8 feet of depth per hour it can be a chore just staying ahead of it. (01:22)
The Cathode Ray Tube
(CRT) is an instrument that showed that there was an invisible force, electrons, that exist in our world and this 2:26 minute video shows how and who discovered it and how it could be used.
How to Make a Water Rocket
A step-by-step guide that shows how to make a water rocket. They can be made in about ten minutes, but only under close supervision. A good way to explain action-reaction (03:24).
This video explains the difference between Web 2.0 and Web 3.0. In Web 2.0 users produce the content. Intelligent and omnipresent 3.0 is a continuation of present techniques. There is reference to some websites and how they have been using smart systems that now are known as web 3.0 (3:57)
RSS in Plain English
This is a short explanation of RSS and how it helps you save time reading the web. There is reference to Google readers a list of other readers. There is an explanation on how to subscribe to news readers. (3:44)
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These 10 ceramic round beads were hand-made and hand-painted by expert Peruvian crafts people. The clay was fired, painted and glazed, then fired a second time for a true ceramic hardness.
These beads are decorated with wine red flowers with yellow stemens on a vine. The designs wrap around the beads, so that they appear different from different angles. Because they are handmade, there are slight variations in the sizes of the beads and their decoration. They are roughly spherical, about 14 mm in diameter, with 4 mm vertical holes.
Copyright Beads of Peru. All Rights Reserved. eCommerce Software by 3dcart.


text:
National Cultural Differences Important To Managers
The purpose of this essay is to explain how national culture differences play a key role in international business management. Cross cultural failures happen most often in alliances, mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures. Statistics tell us that more than half of attended mergers and acquisition fail. (Zweiffel, 2003)
Obviously, the cultural aspects and national specificities impact at the same time the behaviour of the customers, of the Management, of the employees, and the business overall. Through examples, BMW and Rover, Siemens, Pharmacia and Upjohn we will explain how cultural typologies and frameworks (Hofstede, Trompenaars and Globe) may help managers to avoid problem occurring from cultural differences of business, and analyse the limits and weaknesses of these frameworks.
2- National and Business Culture:
It is important to outline the impact of the particular characteristics of individuals or groups influenced by the culture of a specific region. Hofstede and Moon said that "National culture provides an implicit theory relating to behavioural expectations in a variety of situations, including communication" (Hofstede & Bond, 1988; Moon, 1996). Following this affirmation, we have to consider different impacts. The first one address the face to face (communication, negotiations, meeting), the second one, the relationship company to company (Contracts, Alliances, JVs and M&A) and the last, the company to the customers (Product specificity, consumers, marketing…). These characteristics are driven by two complementary levels, psychological and institutional.
Let us start our discussion with some few definitions of culture to understand what business and national culture means.
Authors have different approach to define Culture.
Hofstede present Culture as the whole of value for a group of citizens and "the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another" (Hofstede, 2001, p9) – For Trompenaars, it is the way in which a whole of individuals solve the problems… it is also the context in which the events occur. Mead considers culture as the distinct way in which various social groups answer to similar situations. For her, "the culture of the organization reflects at the same time the national culture and the values transmitted by the shareholders or Management". (Mead, 1962)
In that condition, we have to take in account three categories of organisation:
The Multinational Organisation presents in several countries, but where we find a native culture, which is dominant for the most of its leaders. Secondly, a Company formed by a Merging of two partners from different nationalities and cultures, Merging and Acquisition or Joint venture. And the international organisation, because it has no specific national culture, the leaders are coming from each subsidiary's country.
Another aspect of international business that managers need to address is the relationship with international buyers and suppliers. (Company to customer)
Then, we can distinguish two ways of international management:
The culture of the company prevails on the national cultures, through the standards and guidelines delivered by the headquarters.
The respect of the national cultures is carried out by the freedom, authorized by the general headquarter, to reflect, in each country, its own values;
Now, to continue further our analysis, it is interesting to understand how Hofstede and Trompenaars typologies and frameworks work and may help managers in leading cross-cultural business contexts and potentially avoid cultural clashes.
3- Typologies and Frameworks
Hostede's studies are collected from a well known large multinational firm (IBM) within subsidiaries located in 70 countries. The results of this analysis have contributed to a better understanding of the cultural differences between countries. Hofstede's results are categorised in four dimensions on which country's cultures differ: Individualism and collectivism, Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, and Masculinity – femininity. (p137) (Appendix 1)
Read also Redundancy in New Zealand: Procedural Fairness and Remedies
The evaluation of each dimension permits to position and compare countries and put in place some maps.
Figure 1- Hofstede's power distance against individualism – 1983
Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, on the other hand, classified cultures along a mix of behavioural and value patterns. Their research focuses on cultural dimensions of business culture. Trompennars and HT identify seven dimensions of which some can be regarded as nearly identical to hofstede's: Universalism/particularism, individualism/collectivism, Neutral/emotional, Specific/diffuse, achievement, times and environment. (p139) (Appendix 2)
In the last decades, the Global Leadership and Organisational Behaviour Effectiveness (GLOBE) researchers have built across 62 countries, and 3 industries (telecommunication, food, Banking), a classification of the countries, based on Hofstede and Trompenaars research, with nine key cultural dimension: Assertiveness, future orientation, gender differentiation, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, institutional collectivism, in group collectivism, performance orientation, and humane orientation. (p140) (Appendix 3)
Some tools, based on these different researches, compare the countries together. It is the case for the Global integrator spider graph proposed by Thomas D Zweifel with 8 key cultural dimensions. You can map two countries' culture onto each other, and then you can easily perceive similarities and discrepancies.
The Global integrator spider graph – Thomas D Zweifel (2003)
4- From theories to practice
The international automotive industry in permanent evolution, trying to adapt the products to the market needs, and looking for growing their market share and trying to find solution to reduce cost to gain in profitability, gives us a lot of example of international merging and acquisitions which are all potential Culture clashes.
In the beginning of the 90's, BMW a German company took over Rover from British Aerospace in the United Kingdom. The aim of BMW was to extend its portfolio, and especially with the front wheel drive and four wheels drive technologies (The Economist, 1998). In another hand, Rover was a more volume oriented manufacturer (BMW a niche player), and gave in the same time the opportunity to BMW to spread Fuel and CO2 legislation efficiency to more cars. UK labour rate costs were 60% less than Germany's one. (Mr. Robert Kloss senior finance controller for BMW/Rover)
Rover group was making profits, and particularly known for the quality of its products. Both companies were symbols of national pride and certainly embedded in their own culture.
The strategy of BMW's management was to transfer its own management style to Rover in the UK and the merger was executed rapidly.
– Now, going further to identify what's gone wrong:
If we refer to articles and various analysts studies, it appears that "the transition from a native board and directors to a German was difficult to accept by some stakeholders" (Zweifel 2002). The lack of communication and the velocity of merging are noticed.
What are the main information, that our national culture Typologies and frameworks are giving us regarding Germany and UK?
In Hofstede's researches, UK appears more individualist compared to Germany, with higher uncertainty avoidance.
Trompenaars shows a high level of particularism. Another aspect addressed by its studies is the culture embodied in national institution. It shows that UK is more in pluralism, equality influence than Germany. Germans are identified as Hierarchy, command control that not fit with UK's culture. The World War 2 was still present in the minds.
Societal and emotional aspects are intensified due to the high levels of changes and uncertainty associated with the transaction.
The culture clash has probably exacerbated the difficulties encountered by BMW during the merging. If we address these few dimensions, it underlines that BMW leaders made key mistakes especially in the speed of integration, in management style approach and communication, and overall having ignored national cultural difference.
Read also Working With A Culturally Diverse Team
In that case, Theories and Framework could have help BMW's leaders to anticipate such cultural difficulties.
It is interesting to see now, how the change of management cultural style could have an impact, even without any merging or Cross border business. We will discuss about Siemens, a German multinational enterprise, in the electronic industry.
In the early 2000, Mr Klaus Kleinfled (German) was named CEO of Siemens in Germany, after a long period managing in the US. He was at General Electrics a major competitor for Siemens, and CEO for the US Siemens Branch.
With branches in 190 countries and its market position, the company has long been respected for its engineering capabilities but derided for its sluggishness.
To gain in productivity, Kleinfled has tried to implement the US management style, changing organisation, cutting costs, and in the subsidiaries that not reach their objectives, the managers were resigned…
Many internal surveys have shown a decrease of employee and management welfare and morale. "His tactics have made him a target for German resentment of globalization and the perceived heartlessness of US-style management methods". (Businessweek, 2007)
Looking at the national cultural dimension frameworks, we will try to explain the origin of the problems faced by the CEO.
In this discussion, we will assume that Kleinfled even if a German native; he was culturally influenced by the US.
If we compare Germany to the US, it appears clearly that Germans are less comfortable with risk and uncertainty and highly resistant to change than Americans, associated with a national culture of collectivism, represented by the high power of workers councils.
In the essential aspects of the management, the US style doesn't fit at all with the German Culture and it can explain the most of the problems encountered in Siemens and by Kleinfled.
This case put in evidence the need to address differences in enterprise cultures, whether they are geographic, functional or corporate.
To continue our progression, we will discuss around the Pharmacia and Upjohn merging, reported by Alan Rugman (p130).
In 1995, the Sweden's Pharmacia and the US based Upjohn have decided to merge. The two research centred-companies have merged to become one of the largest MNE in the pharmaceutical industry.
Internally, the executives struggled to resolve the culture clash with offices in US; Sweden; and Italy. Finally Pharmacia & Upjohn decided to create a new Headquarter in New Jersey, and closed its other offices, exacerbating misunderstandings and battles between the American, British, Italian and Swedish executives…
In this case, and if we refer to national characteristics, we can understand better what happened.
If we compare Sweden to US, we find that US culture has a higher power distance, individualistic and performance oriented. Sweden has high uncertainty avoidance, high values of relationship and quality of life (feminism), and these values don't fit with the other countries, which are more masculinity.
By opposition with Italians, Swedes are less group collectivism. Italian are less achievement oriented than Americans and more emotional…
All this major cultural difference seems not have been anticipated by the management before the merging decision, it has certainly conducted to the failure…
5- Limits and Weaknesses of the Stereotypical national culture characteristics:
Going deeper in the various classifications, those are mainly laid of Hofstede's studies, we can identify any particularities.
First, the social and the institutional are defined as consequences of national culture. It doesn't take in account the diversity of the population that may lead national differences. "Hofstede's model is closed to the idea that values might be, or might also be, the consequences of the social/institutional" (Whitley, 1992)
Read also Hofstede Model Strengths and Weaknesses
Secondly, it appears that each individual of a nation is identifiable as a micro group, against heterogeneity. In fact, Hofstede in 1991 has tried to introduce the average and central view in his culture definition.
Third, the national culture influence the questionnaire submitted to the survey and the questionnaire response. It consists on considering the micro group as uniform…
Fourth, the approach of classifying a national culture through a questionnaire makes some philosophical questions. Can we reduce the national culture and a national history to 32 statements and define the differences of the countries through the different responses analysis?
Fifth, the difference between national territory and national culture is not as strict. If we think about Belgium (Wallon / Duch), Spain or Switzerland, we can easily perceive cultural differences starting by the language used.
In fine, the redundancies of characteristics like lower distance and Femisnism for e.g. make the analysis difficult.
6- Conclusion:
Following this essay we have discussed around the characteristics dimensions of the national culture in a Business context. Through specific and known cases, Rover and BMW, Siemens, and Pharmacia and Upjohn, we referred to Hofstede, Trompenaars, and GLOBE researches, and their stereotypes classification, to understand if these theories may help leaders to take opportune decisions in international Business context and avoid the Cultural clashes they have faced.
It is obvious, in a Business context, that the time is the enemy and leaders use to prioritise the financial aspects instead of understanding the Corporate Culture and Human implications. But, failing to conduct a rigorous cultural assessment up front might be considered as a source of cultural clash that may conduce to fail in the business objective…
We have seen that a M&A, JV, international Business organisations can only work efficiently if it its members share the same values. It creates an invisible cement that permit to work effectively.
It seems that to succeed in MNE environment, the leaders coming from the dominant culture especially in acquisition, need to adapt themselves or be bicultural to limit the culture risks from a workplace prospective. In subsidiaries, just the interface leaders with the headquarters need to be bicultural. In international organisation, the problem is more complex as no culture prevails the others. The only way to succeed may be to create an organisational sub culture based on the activity, like corporatism, instead of a National culture identity.
Reference and Bibiography :
Mead, M. National character in S. Tax (Ed.) Anthropology today, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
Zweifel, T.D. Culture Clash: Managing the Global High-Performance Team, Swiss Consulting Group, Inc., 2002
Griffith D.A., Journal of World Business, vol. 37, Dpt of Marketing, college of Business BUSAD C402g, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA, p256-265, 2002
Moon, D. G Concepts of culture: implications for intercultural communication research. Communication Quarterly, 44(1): 70-81,1996
Hofstede, G.and Bond, M. Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Berverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1988
Cardel G. M., Søderberg, A. and Torp J. E., Cultural dimensions of international mergers and acquisitions, De Gruyter studies in organization vol. 85, Ed. Walter de Gruyter, 1998
Whitley, R. The social construction of organizations and markets: the comparative analysis of business recipes, Ed. M. Reed and M. Hughes, Rethinking Organization, 1992.
Ewing, J., Siemens' Culture Clash, CEO Kleinfeld is making changes, and enemies-including within the ranks, Businessweek, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_05/b4019058.htm, January 29th, 2007, accessed on January the 16th, 2010


Here's you favourite and healthy ingredient i.e. Chicken with blend of chinese flavour. Popularly known as Chinese Kung Pao Chicken . So, here are the required ingredients and recipe of Chinese Kung Pao Chicken.


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Chartered Institute of forensic and Investigative Auditors of Nigeria is the world's leading forensic audit and investigation Organization and premier provider of anti-fraud and forensic training and education. Together with our members, CIFIAN is providing forensic audit and investigative skills world-wide and inspiring public confidence in the integrity and objectivity within the profession of forensic auditors. Chartered Institute of Forensic and Investigative Auditors of Nigeria is a Non-Profit Organization. We are professionals from forensic Audit and investigative fields desirous to offer a platform for energetic and practical professionals to learn the techniques that go beyond the basic knowledge of Accounting, Auditing and Finance.
To provide a professional association for forensic auditors/cyber forensic specialists/forensic investigators.
Transparency in advance Auditing systems that engenders integrity, objectivity and trust in accounting and financial reporting process to inspire public confidence in the Nigerian financial and economic systems.
To provide excellent opportunities at national and international level to deliver the skills and technique of forensic and investigative audit for the transparency in audit.


You plan to visit Havana, but would like to have options for your nights where you can listen to live music. Whether it's jazz, pop, fusion, Havana may surprise you with many bar options that offer this type of music.
Cuban music is the expression of the original rhythms and melodies of the island, either native or introduced by the Spanish colonizers and Africans who arrived from the 16th century. A certain Asian influence can also be observed. This last ethnic component can be noticed in the use of the Chinese cornet for "La conga" at the carnivals, a fact that began with the arrival of the first Chinese immigrants to the island. From 1848 onwards, numerous Chinese culíes arrived in Cuba and by 1874, the year in which the hiring of agricultural workers from China ended, there were 132 culíes. in Cuba.
Any intend to classify Cuban music will need to consider the influence of all these cultures.
Located in the Vedado with an excellent environment to spend your nights in Havana. Enjoy the visit of many elite Cuban musicians. It is an splendid place to have a drink with your friends, partner or family.
In spite of being relatively a new bar, it begins to be a space where many well known artists as Pauza, Marypaz or Wadpro Jazz Session make their presentations.
Another of the favorite places of Cuban musicians begins to be Pazillo. A great place, of singular architecture. Don't miss it!
A place to go if you're in Havana. Want more details? Here we leave you article .


A Discourse on the Freedom of the Will - by Ransom Dunn. Written in 1850, this Pastor of a Free Will Baptist Church in Boston provides some cogent insights. A (relatively) brief work that serves admirably (once you get by the archaic language) as an introduction to the issues.
Finney's Ephasis on Freedom of the Will - by Dean Harvey. Explores the concept of Freedom of the will in the writings of Charles G. Finney.
The Incipiency of the Will vs. Determinism - by Harry Conn. What is the true character of freedom of choice and how does it differ from determinism?
Is God Good by Nature or by Choice? - by George (Jed) Smock. A complimentary piece to the Kelly Good article examining the question.
Moral Agency and Accountability - by Wilbur Fisk. An extensive look at the nature of free agency and acountability, comparing the Calvinian and traditional Arminian views. Chapter 9 of Fisk's 1832 book, Calvinistic Controversy: Embracing a Sermon on Predestination and Election; and Several Numbers on the Same Subject.
The Assurance of God's Faithfulness - by Kel Good. The companion piece to the above article examining how we can rely on God being faithful when that faithfulness is voluntary.
The Goodness of God - or Can Voluntary Goodness be Guaranteed? - by Kel Good. An examination as to whether God's goodness is voluntary or necessitated by His nature.
The Love of A Sovereign God - by Jonathan Duttweiler. Does God desire to be freely loved, or to see His "plan" carried out?
The Openness of God - by Julie Short. A provoking book review of the book edited by Clark Pinnock.


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// Copyright (c) Christof Senn. All rights reserved. See license.txt in the project root for license information.

namespace Aqua.Tests.Dynamic.DynamicObjectMapper
{
    using Aqua.Dynamic;
    using Shouldly;
    using System.Linq;
    using Xunit;

    public class When_mapping_int_array
    {
        private readonly DynamicObject dynamicObject;

        public When_mapping_int_array()
        {
            dynamicObject = DynamicObject.Create(new[] { 1, 2 });
        }

        [Fact]
        public void Dynamic_object_should_have_one_property_with_empty_name()
        {
            dynamicObject.Properties.Single().Name.ShouldBe(string.Empty);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void Dynamic_object_type_should_be_array_of_string()
        {
            dynamicObject.Type.ToType().ShouldBe(typeof(int[]));
        }

        [Fact]
        public void Dynamic_object_should_have_one_property_with_object_array_value()
        {
            var array = dynamicObject.Values.Single().ShouldBeOfType<object[]>();
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        }

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        public void Dynamic_object_should_result_in_string_array_when_mapped_back()
        {
            var array = dynamicObject.CreateObject().ShouldBeOfType<int[]>();
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            array[1].ShouldBe(2);
        }
    }
}


Posted October 29, 2015 in Articles about Malta & Gozo, Tags: expats, Malta, working abroad.
Another first for Malta! The island's reputation among expats is flourishing and following the recent survey by the Wall Street Journal which placed Malta as the third best country to retire, Malta has now scored another top position, being voted as the best place to work abroad.
According to InterNations, an information site and social network platform for people who live and work abroad, Malta ranked first in the latest survey for overall job satisfaction out of 64 countries. According to the survey, 7 in 10 expats were generally satisfied at work whilst 27 per cent being completely satisfied.
The Working Abroad Index ranks countries according to a number of factors from three different categories, namely job and career, work-life balance and job security.
Regarding work-life balance, Malta, together with Sweden and Norway is considered to be one of the favorable countries for work-life balance among expats. This factor is a frequent struggle for expats working abroad, but Malta provides an environment which minimizes this common problem, such as short commutes and reasonable working hours.
The most common industries for expats are the IT and gaming industries, which dominate at 22 per cent in Malta, a high amount compared to the average 10% overall. Other popular professions for expats are those in hospitality and tourism, followed by recreation and entertainment.
Overall, two thirds of expats in Malta are 'generally pleased' with their career prospects on the island whilst one in five stated that they 'couldn't be happier'.
It is with good reason that foreign nationals are opting to relocate to Malta. Word travels fast and the island is being pushed to the forefront rapidly, thanks to Malta's excellent lifestyle, low cost of living, innate natural beauty and mild weather all year round. It has undoubtedly become one of the best places to reach that perfect balance between business with pleasure, a difficult feat in other countries, specifically for expats. So if you are considering making the move to another country, do speak to us! We will be more than happy to answer any questions you might have and whilst at it, help you find your new home in Malta.
For more information regarding relocating to Malta, feel free to download Malta Your Island Home.


Human beings from the beginning of time have tried to figure out what God is. They have worshipped nature and idols and everything in between because they haven't had a vital answer to the vital question, "What is God?" But the Bible tells stories that illustrate who God is. The 13 Bible stories explained in Discovering God are full of exciting truths which are the key to knowing God more. Each story gives you a new facet of God's character.


Before you even think about digital CCTV surveillance system installation, it is important to know the requirements of every county or state. You should also seek to know all the notifications in place on the same. The last thing you want is to be on the wrong side of the law and to be fined for it. Also, digital CCTV systems are so effective today, affordable and come with different products, anyone can make use of them. Among the things you should be aiming for, the most important thing is a system you can install with ease, one that you definitely need and can take good care of. There is no need of going for a complex system that you cannot really maintain.
Since the 1970s and right across the late nineties and early 2000, all the systems of CCTV surveillance in place depended highly on the work of experienced technicians to come and install the surveillance camera framework with a special cassette for recording as long lengths of wire ran across the business premises or home from the camera. Soon, everything started being made for the computer and video surveillance entered the world of computing.
Today, the installation of a CCTV system highly affordable is much easier. Once you have received the box, you will just need to open and follow the easy to follow instructions and soon the surveillance system will be working with monitoring take place from your PC. However, if you can have another person helping with the installation on the side of video monitoring as you do the set up, the task can take the shortest time possible.
The first thing you can do is indicate whether you would like the monitoring to take place via the internet. In case this is something you would like, seek static IP address from the internet provider you are using. DVR record or a computer with wireless capability offers recording facility as well if it is something you desire.
It is important to make a quick survey of your area and ascertain the amount of cameras required. There are systems that come with one to four camera systems in so many home and electronic stores. In the same token, lots of one or even two systems of camera expand with ease to accept lots of cameras. For wireless cameras, electrical outlet is required if it is going to work. An easily accessible outlet allows a person to do camera unplugging to remain invisible.
An IP address including a password and username ensures your security has been protected. Follow all the instructions as provided and you will not have any problem. You can have night vision cameras in dark areas or in areas without lighting in the wee hours of the night. After you have done the initial installation ensure you have tested the system by ensuring you have run the software in your PC and you are able to use it to see all the cameras and also look into what has already been recorded.
Mark is a technician who installs security systems for premium properties. He occasionally shares his expertise on choosing a home security camera system and found this buying guide on home security cameras very useful.


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Tag Archives: The New York Times
NY Times: Warren Anderson, 92, Dies; Faced India Plant Disaster
October 31, 2014 Adrian Leave a comment
Original Article: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/31/business/w-m-anderson-92-dies-led-union-carbide-in-80s-.html?_r=0
By DOUGLAS MARTIN
Warren M. Anderson, a Brooklyn carpenter's son who ascended to the top of the Union Carbide Corporation, where he grappled with the ravages of a poisonous gas leak at the company's plant in Bhopal, India, in 1984 that killed thousands in one of history's most lethal industrial accidents, died on Sept. 29 at a nursing home in Vero Beach, Fla. He was 92.
Continue reading NY Times: Warren Anderson, 92, Dies; Faced India Plant Disaster →
The New York TimesUnion CarbideWarren Anderson
NYTimes: Poisoned Water Haunts Bhopal 25 Years After Deadly Accident — Report
NY Times: Poisoned Water Haunts Bhopal 25 Years After Deadly Accident — Report
By SARA GOODMAN of Greenwire – Published: December 1, 2009
Twenty-five years after a toxic gas cloud from a pesticide factory killed thousands of people in Bhopal, India, groundwater at the accident site — a drinking water supply for 15 communities — remains contaminated, according to a report released today by an advocacy group and a medical clinic.
The U.K.-based Bhopal Medical Appeal and the Sambhavna Clinic say water contamination is worsening as chemicals leach through soil into the aquifer.
"A huge proportion of the factory site is full of very toxic waste," said Colin Toogood, the report's author. "There are parts of the factory where the soil you walk on is 100 percent toxic waste, and there are areas where you still see pools of mercury on the ground."
At issue is one of the most famous industrial accidents of all time.
On the evening of Dec. 2, 1984, methyl isocyanate gas escaped from the former Union Carbide pesticide factory in Bhopal, killing at least 3,000 people immediately. Thousands more are said to have since died or been injured as a result of the toxic cloud, although the exact death toll remains unclear.
The government of the Madhya Pradesh state took responsibility for the site in 1998, and Union Carbide is now a subsidiary of Midland, Mich.-based Dow Chemical Co.
Indian officials say the contamination around the factory is largely contained and is not a public health threat. The Indian government announced last week that it would open the site to the public to help people come to terms with the disaster.
And Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan told the BBC today that communities are being supplied with clean drinking water. "There is nothing hazardous to human life. … People should not be worried," Chouhan said. "We have secured the site."
But the new report claims site contamination has had lasting consequences on people exposed to it. "Not surprisingly," the report says, "the populations in the areas surveyed have high rates of birth defects, rapidly rising cancer rates, neurological damage, chaotic menstrual cycles and mental illness."
Researchers collected groundwater samples from 20 locations and sent them to a lab in Delhi, India. The lab did not report finding chemicals in its samples, so researchers sent duplicate samples to a lab in Switzerland, which reported high levels of chlorinated compounds in two of its three samples.
"It would be nice to think the contamination had cleared up, but it does make you wonder," Toogood said. "The Swiss results just confirmed what we were expecting to find. There's absolutely no doubt their [the Indian lab's] samples were flawed, but we're not able to speculate why that is."
Swiss lab results show chloroform concentrations as many as 3.5 times higher than drinking-water guidelines from the World Health Organization and U.S. EPA, and carbon tetrachloride at up to 2,400 times higher than the guidelines.
Because of the highly contaminated samples and the discrepancies between labs, Toogood is pushing for an independent analysis of water quality around the site, including a large-scale groundwater sampling project and a long-term monitoring program.
"We would like to see a complete cleanup in Bhopal, but you can't have that unless you have a full environmental assessment, and that would have to be done by an independent body," Toogood said. "There's too much going on with politics for it to be done by the Indian government. Our tests show that — there are clear discrepancies there."
Advocates like Toogood insist that Dow Chemical, which bought Union Carbide in 2001, is responsible for the cleanup even though the site is now the property of the Indian government.
"Dow bought Union Carbide and inherited all of the assets and liabilities," Toogood said. "One of the liabilities is the Bhopal cleanup. … Dow would like to pass the buck elsewhere, but as far as we're concerned, they're responsible. The Indian government took responsibility of the site, and they may own land, but they're not the polluter."
Union Carbide spokesman Tomm Sprick said in an e-mail that the company never owned or operated the plant because Union Carbide India Ltd. managed and operated the site, and that Union Carbide sold its stake in that company — which continues to operate today under another name — in 1994. Furthermore, he said Union Carbide provided financial and medical aid to the victims of the accident.
Finally, Sprick said the state government is responsible for cleanup activities and should deal with the groundwater contamination.
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