Offered September – May. Registration for the upcoming school year opens on August 1.
As a field trip destination, Manatee Lagoon welcomes school and camp groups to help educate youth about manatees and Lake Worth Lagoon.
Manatees and Me (K-1) – Little ones will learn about manatees by making comparisons to themselves and other animals, and by exploring some of the survival needs of these marine mammals through interactive activities.
Manatee Lagoon Observers (2-5) – Youngsters will explore the biology and ecology of manatees and Lake Worth Lagoon, making their own observations of these amazing creatures (if present) and the lagoon along the way.
Marine Food Web (3-5) – Upper elementary students will delve into marine food webs while learning about some of the adaptations and needs of local aquatic life ranging from small (e.g. plankton) to large (e.g. manatees).
Understanding Manatees, Inside and Out! (6-8) – Middle school students will explore the resources manatees rely on to survive and examine challenges these gentle giants face, including factors that threaten their survival.
Manatee Adaptations (6-8) – Middle school students will be introduced to the anatomy of manatees, learning how they are classified and how manatee anatomy compares to that of other mammals.
Properties of Seawater (9-12) – High school students will take a closer look at the environment in which manatees live by learning about and testing various properties of water.
Cost – Free, including parking.


Kathleen Gross completed her undergrad program at Wayne State University, Detroit, receiving a BFA in painting in 1975. She began graduate school, but soon moved from painting to photography. She was attracted to the hard, industrial look of the changing Detroit landscape and began to shoot chromes to project in the studio to paint. But the instant gratification of capturing the light as well as the image, brought on the love of photography. She began printing from color slides, but found a job shooting real-estate, which provided an endless supply of black and white film, she sold her engagement ring to buy an old 35mm Nikon and was never without it. Everyone she knew was used to the "click" and hundreds of portraits were soon taped all over her apartment walls.
In 1981 she moved to San Francisco, on a road trip that never went back. It was easy to find work here, in photo labs. She had no interest in becoming a commercial photographer, just making a living and affording the supplies to produce her art. She did, however, carry her brushes and paints, always planning resume painting.
She soon found employment with a multi-image company in San Francisco. She worked with a tight group of media artists to produce multi-projector slide presentations for corporate events. As a camera operator, she experimented with film effects in her spare time and developed a method for producing bright, abstract imagery in 35mm chromes. She continued shooting black and white negs and spend thousands of late nights in the darkroom.
By 1990, the digital world and computer graphics was closing the slide production houses. Kathleen, and her fellow media workers, went freelance. She took classes in design graphics and photoshop. She also moved an old animation camera into her commercial living space and continued to find work with the last of the film world, mainly duplicating slides and shooting artwork. She bought her first, of many, digital cameras and closed up her darkroom in 2005. She began designing powerpoint presentations which provided a living, but spend countless hours scanning and digitizing her slides and negatives.
In 2013, she took a drawing class, working with pastels. 2014, she packed up her paints, brushes and all she could carry and joined a small group of painters from the East Coast on a 2-week program on a Greek island. Here, she picked up the brush for the first time in 35 years and re-discovered her love of painting with oils. She is trying to retire from the world of corporate graphics and paint full time, drawing inspiration from the many years of photography.
Kathleen is a realist painter and works every day. She paints slowly, studying the light, shadow effects, color and mood. She also continues to print from her thousands if photo images. All prints are now done using a Canon Pro-10 printer and 100% museum quality rag paper.
Please visit her website and view the history from early black and white photos to current paintings. She is very interested in showing recent work in painting and photography.


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Otoboke Beaver, Say Sue Me, Breakfast MUFF at CCA, 3/5/17
May 12, 2017 ravechild	Leave a comment
Allegedly this is the only time tonight's headliners get to tour, it being Golden Week, Japan's longest national holiday, but Otoboke Beaver are the band that will set aside these rules, these guys are destined to play much further than Japan and not just on the holiday's from their day jobs.
Glasgow's Breakfast MUFF open proceedings tonight and they're a suitably fitting opening act blending elements of DIY pop and punk much like tonight's headline act, albeit in a much more lo-fi sense.
This endearing trio's constant instrument swapping and three way vocals are engaging as ever, however there's something a bit awry about tonight's set, the crowd seem too static early on and as the result the band seem drained of their usual addictive energy.
Still, even if the venue's tall ceilings don't particularly suit their lo-fi aesthetic, all the usual charms are there and as Eilidh Mcmillan takes lead vocal duties on final track, and one half of recent single, 'R U A Feminist' all faith is restored and the crowd are left wondering why they didn't get into it from the start.
Korean darlings Say Sue Me are up next and bring a much more mellow sound to proceedings as they meld 60s surf sounds with the summery end of the C86 era vibes to produce a truly enchanting performance.
The label mates of tonight's headliners produce endlessly lovable harmonies and will surely have won over the hearts of many in the audience tonight.
Then it's Otoboke Beaver's turn, and with a deft "shhh" to the audience frontwoman Accorinrin let's loose a high pitched scream and they're off it a haze of flailing limbs, crazy guitar poses and highly addictive, break neck tracks, all delivered in their native Kyoto slang and dressed up like 60s party girls.
There's something very special about this four-piece, when they play they carry an energy that you can't help but get carried away on, not to mention the high level of musicianship on display, and with acts like the legendary Shonen Knife suggesting they could be the act to carry the flag for Japanese music worldwide you can't help but stand up and pay attention.
And their seniors at Kyoto University's music club might just be right; Otoboke Beaver's garage punk sound is loud and fast, and although the lyrics are in a different language you can't help but feel you're on the same page as these girls.
Each member looks the part as they catapult about the stage and later on into the crowd.
It's a performance that it's difficult to draw any comparisons too, the band claim take their influences from 70s/80s Japanese alternative acts, although without the familiarity it's hard to confirm, what we can confirm is Otoboke Beaver are a gobsmacking live proposition and you should see them as soon as you possibly can.
Breakfast MUFFOtoboke BeaverSay Sue Me
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« First Jan 6 rioter to be sentenced on felony charges gets (below-guideline) sentence of eight months in federal prison | Main | "The Evolving Standards, As Applied" »
New York Times reporting Biden Justice Department agrees with OLC memo stating prisoners transferred to home confinement must return to prison after pandemic ends
As reported in this new New York Times article, headlined "Biden Legal Team Decides Inmates Must Return to Prison After Covid Emergency," it appears that the US Department of Justice is not changing its view of the limits of congressional authority to move people to home confinement under the CARES Act. Here are the details:
The Biden administration legal team has decided that thousands of federal convicts who were released to home confinement to reduce the risk of spreading Covid-19 will be required by law to return to prison a month after the official state of emergency for the pandemic ends, officials said on Monday.
The administration has come under pressure from criminal justice reform activists and some lawmakers to revoke a Trump-era memo by the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel, which said inmates whose sentences lasted beyond the "pandemic emergency period" would have to go back to prison.
But the Biden legal team has concluded that the memo correctly interpreted the law, which applies to about 4,000 nonviolent inmates, according to officials who spoke on condition of anonymity about sensitive internal deliberations. Several officials characterized the decision as an assessment of the best interpretation of the law, not a matter of policy preference.
The official state of emergency is not expected to end this year because of a rise in new infections caused by the coronavirus's Delta variant. But the determination means that whenever it does end, the department's hands will be tied.
That leaves two options if those prisoners are not to be sent back into cells: Either Congress could enact a law to expand the Justice Department's authority to keep them at home beyond the emergency, or President Biden could use his clemency powers to commute their sentences to home confinement.
The Biden team is said to be wary of a blanket, mass commutation, however, both because it would represent an extraordinary intervention in the normal functioning of the judicial system and it could create political risks if any recipient who would otherwise be locked up commits a serious crime. Another option is case-by-case assessment for commutations, but the volume of work required to individually evaluate so many people is daunting.
When asked for comment, the White House responded with a general statement about the administration's support for policies that can reduce incarceration. "President Biden is committed to reducing incarceration and helping people to re-enter society," said Andrew Bates, a White House spokesman. "As he has said, too many Americans are incarcerated, and too many are Black and brown. His administration is focused on reforming our justice system in order to strengthen families, boost our economy and give people a chance at a better future."...
The disclosure of the Biden legal team's internal decision came as an ideologically broad range of advocacy groups — nearly two dozen organizations, including the American Civil Liberties Union, Amnesty International, FreedomWorks and the Faith and Freedom Coalition — stepped up pressure on the Biden administration not to recall inmates from home confinement when the emergency ends.
Notably, however, those organizations issued a letter framing their request in terms of Mr. Biden using his clemency powers to resolve the issue. "On the campaign trail and during your presidency, you have spoken about the importance of second chances," according to the letter. "This is your opportunity to provide second chances to thousands of people who are already safely out of prison, reintegrating back into society, reconnecting with their loved ones, getting jobs and going back to school. We urge you to provide clemency now to people under CARES Act home confinement."
I do not find this news especially surprising; if there was any considerable legal wiggle room here, I think the Justice Department would have spoken some time ago. And, as this article highlights, I have sensed that a number of advocates have been talking up blanket clemency as the most fitting way to resolve this issue. But I am always eager to highlight the point I made in this recent post, titled "Why aren't there much stronger calls for CONGRESS to fix post-pandemic home confinement problems?," that Congress readily could (and I think should) enact a statute that provides for the home confinement program to be extended beyond the end of the pandemic.
In addition, as I highlighted in this recent post, another option for case-by-case relief is through compassionate release motions. This is how Gwen Levi got relief, and such motions have the potential to reduce sentences and not just allow these sentences to be served at home. Of course "the volume of work required" for so many CR motions would be considerable, but the Justice Department could (and I think should) support and even bring sentence reduction motions under the (so-called compassionate release) statutory provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A).
Some prior recent related posts:
Notable OLC opinion on "Home Confinement of Federal Prisoners After the COVID-19 Emergency"
Spotlighting effectiveness of home confinement under CARES Act and concerns about OLC memo disruption
Might Prez Biden use his clemency power relatively soon?
New detailed polling reveals broad support for broad use of clemency power to commute sentences
Effective review of (just some) issues surrounding home confinement for the Biden Justice Department
FAMM urges AG Garland to prevent those on home confinement during pandemic from being returning to federal prison
Why aren't there much stronger calls for CONGRESS to fix post-pandemic home confinement problems?
Hoping grandmothers and others on home confinement get compassionate consideration
July 19, 2021 at 06:48 PM | Permalink


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AIN'T DONE WITH THE FUN (featuring Chris Gantry)
Lyric Credits: Sam Cooper, Chris Gantry
Music Credits: Sam Cooper, Chris Gantry
Publisher Credits: Jerricat Music (SESAC), Chris Gantry (BMI), Studio 33 Music (BMI)
Performance Credits: Chris Gantry (lead vocals), Sam Cooper (all other tracks)
It's about living life to the fullest!
The very first story/song written by Sam and Chris in 2008. We wanted to express that life ain't over until you're dead and gone.
Primary Genre Unique-General
Tempo / Feel Jazz-General
Subject Matter 1 Luck/Coincidence
Subject Matter 2 Happiness
Mood 1 Cheerful
Mood 2 Joyful
Similar Artist 2 Louis Prima
AIN'T DONE WITH THE FUN
music and words by Chris Gantry and Sam Cooper © 2008
615-469-4067 jericat@yahoo.com
(verse)
Brandon was branded with the good times from the day that he was born.
Well, the other kids wanted to be just like him, he was wild as a Texas storm.
As soon as he was old enough to climb on board, he was riding them bikes and bulls,
He was a handsome buck, he had all the luck, and the girls all loved his curls.
Well, at the Fort Worth rodeo he was thrown by a bronco called Hot Flash.
All the nurses and the girls got to fightin' with each other,
Who was gonna sign his cast?
(chorus 1)
Well, he ain't done with the fun, he just got started, oh yeah.
And the good times will keep a rollin' along until he's dearly departed.
Just look at him layin' in the hospital bed, getting' all that sugar and then some.
He's his daddy's son, the chosen one, and he ain't done with the fun.
His mom and I were still in high school, when Cupid did his thing.
Whoever thought underneath the bleachers on prom night would lead us to the wedding rings?
We slept on floors in rooms with no doors, no stove, no heat, no cash,
Going against the tide, diggin' the ride, makin' memories we knew would last.
Bill collectors at our front door, and we'd be out the back,
But when Brandon arrived with that sweet little smile,
Made up for everything we lacked.
No, no, we ain't done with the fun, we just got started, oh yeah.
And the good times will keep rollin' along, until we're dearly departed.
Just look at us still in the prime of life, goin' at it like we were young.
Baby, living a dream like we were seventeen, we ain't done with the fun.
(bridge)
Grandmas, grandpas, in-laws, outlaws, all the boys and girls,
Let's put a smiley face on the human race,
How 'bout a big ol' hug for the big ol' world?
We ain't done with the fun, we just got started, oh yeah.
'Cause when the trumpet blows, I'm ready to go when this whole sh'bang is done,
I'll be here in spirit, if you listen, you'll hear it,
When my lights go out, you'll still hear me shout,
We ain't done with the fun, no, no, no, no, Baby,
We ain't done with the fun.


*A course on teaching or teaching practicum within the student's department may be substituted to fulfill this requirement, but if so, an additional elective must be taken so that all 9 credits for the minor are out of department. Students using this option would be taking 12 credits for the minor, 3 in department and 9 in Higher Education and Student Affairs.
If all three required courses are taken, no elective courses are needed. If a student does not need to take C675, the student needs to take one elective course.
The doctoral minor in College Pedagogy does not require a minor qualifying exam.


The airsoft body from "CYMA" used for this AKS 74U laser tag gun is very reliable. It has an all-metal body, magazine from deactivated gun, frame folding buttstock and wooden forestock just like in a real combat gun. If you take this game set into your hands, everything becomes clear: the metal parts are high quality, the trigger is smoother; the buttstock has no backlashes. Even the breechblock's movement is more rigid. However, we did not take risks and made recharging with the button.
AKS 74U laser tag can be switched on by turning the key in an anti-vandal lock. The power source of this tagger is a lithium battery with 3 Ah capacity that provides up to 30 hours of continuous play. The optical system that is specially developed for assault rifles will hit opponents at a distance of up to 650 feet (200 meters). The weight of this game set is 5.5 lb (2.5 kilograms), and it is slightly lighter than the previous version of this tagger. The length of the set did not change. It is 34 in (86 centimeters) with a not folded buttstock and 24.5 in (62 centimeters) with folded buttstock. As before, we definitely recommend this AKS-74U "Falcon" practical series for rental use. The combination of deactivated gun and airsoft body combined with low cost makes it an excellent option for any laser tag renting business.


Jacques Reymond has always been on my to do list but unfortunately, I never had a chance to. So, I decided to check out his gastropub instead, L'Hotel Gitan located in Prahan. I made a reservation on a Saturday night with Mr D and Miss Pear and boy, does this place get busy! There's heaps of parking in the front so another thing to not worry about. Anywho, walking in we were greeted by friendly staff and was shown to our table.
It was Mr Burberry's birthday and he wanted to try Phillipe since he's been hearing great things about it so onward we went for some french cuisine. Phillipe is located on Collins Street tucked away and when you enter the restaurant, you're greeted by friendly staff and the smell of rotissoired chicken (mmmmmMMMMmm!).
Our mummy and daddy bears were due for a date so we took both sets out for some French food. Luckily for us, Mr D was one step ahead of us and booked in Bistro Thierry in Toorak. Stepping into the eatery, it transports you back to France. All the staff were french and it was very warm and cosy. We sat down and started ordering off the menu since we only had 2hours to eat.
I haven't seen the two stooges in quite a while and I needed to hand out their wedding invitations (oh my gosh so close now) and I've always wanted to come back to Entrecote to check out their menu after sampling their awesome sauce desserts. So we got our tooshies into the Entrecote in the CBD and started ordering everything in sight.
After a night of fried chicken, we explored Fitzroy for some desserts. Walking down Brunswick Street we walked by a french creperie called Breizoz. With such a good find, we had to run inside and satisfy our sweet tooth. Luckily for us, a party of 9, we were able to get a table since it was later in the night. The staff were absolutely lovely and best of all, they speak french too! We sat down and start to order to our hearts delight.
Food is usually the way to a man's heart and it's usually the same for ladies too. I know for sure that a way to my heart are goodies full of sweetness and when I heard that Laduree had popped up in Melbourne, I made sure to let Mr D know that my heart was aching. We made the road trip to Chaddy and located the cutie patootie store, right in front of H&M. It's an open store and you could even have tea if you had an inkling. I opted for macarons on the go. There were quite a few flavours to choose from and don't rush because nothing good ever results in rushing.
When we finished wondering beach of Noosa, we decided to have coffee and just relax and people watch. We saw heaps of seats outside of Rococo and decided to plonk our tooshies down here.
I'm a huge fan of anything french so when I heard that reknown celebrity chef Gontran Cherrier is opening up a boulangerie in Melbourne, boy was I super duper over the moon excited. What's even better was that he was here to also promote his new opening (27th worldwide) right here in Melbourne.


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How to Take Back Your Privacy in the Cloud with File Encryption Software
31 Jan 2017 | Michael Waksman
If you've ever touched a computer, chances are that by now, you've used the cloud for storing files. It's not just IT pros like me that are relying on the cloud — kids and grandmas alike know all about it. Sadly, this awareness also includes data breaches and millions of your passwords and files being opened to the public.
The bottom line? Whether you're an IT professional, the owner of a coffee shop or a grandma, secure encrypted cloud storage is of paramount importance if you plan to share sensitive files.
Why is the cloud vulnerable?
Most cloud storage providers use some kind of encryption. You can check their Terms of Service to learn more.
Yet as it turned out with some popular tools — such as Dropbox and iCloud — despite their encryption, hackers still found ways to get access to your files with your online password. The best way to protect against this kind of theft is to have your own 'keys' to your files and take back control of your privacy with file encryption software.
Online passwords vs. your own 'keys' — What's the difference?
Imagine you don't own the keys to your house. Whenever you want to enter your house, you have to submit a request from whoever owns them. They don't ever hand you the keys, but instead unlock the door for you and also lock it when you leave. Where do they keep your keys? What do they do with your keys while you're away? How do they know it's really you asking for the keys? What if the keys get stolen or made available to the public?
This idea is not so far-fetched. The landscape of cloud storage and online passwords looks just like this. Do you want secure your private files beyond online passwords? Take back your 'keys' and add file encryption software!
Cloud storage before & after file encryption — How does it work?
First, why is all this encryption so important? Relying on file encryption software allows you to:
Control what others can and cannot see
Create added layers of privacy protection beyond vulnerable online passwords
Ok, I want to encrypt files for cloud storage — What's next?
There are many file encryption software options on the market. A quick search will prove it. But these abundant choices can lead to confusion… 'Which tool should I select?'. Here are 3 easy questions to help you define your needs:
How many encryption passwords do you need to remember?
When you are active online, there are 2 common methods for encrypting files — locking down each individual file one-by-one or storing many files in encrypted containers or folders. The first requires superhuman memory skills — a unique password for each of your files; the second is much easier on the brain, requiring just one password per container or folder.
"If there's something weird
And it don't look good
Who you gonna call?"
Whether you're an IT admin, a lawyer or a home user, software comes with 'ghoulish mysteries'. Contacting professional tech support is always a plus — from friendly advice when setting up your tool to professional support in case of 'paranormal activity'.
For free, or not for free? That is the question
True, some encryption tools are available for free. Yet the cost is quite minimal for a reliable commercial solution including professional tech support — from 15 to 30 cents a day.
Take back your 'keys' by using a solution you trust
I understand — encryption keys may raise concerns about trust. Even if secure encrypted cloud storage tools are designed to not store 'keys', they have the capability to build in a 'backdoor' — just what it sounds like, a way for unauthorized people to sneak in and access your files without your permission.
To ensure your encryption provider is not fooling you, one way is to inspect their source code. If you haven't a clue about source codes, no worries… Look for an official statement from the company about backdoors, or simply contact them to learn more about their policy.
BestCrypt Container Encryption for Files & Folders by Jetico
Jetico provides pure and simple file encryption software for National Security, Compliance and Personal Privacy. To protect stored data, Jetico's BestCrypt delivers an encryption solution with no backdoors (check the source code), that works seamlessly on encrypted files and folders. BestCrypt Container Encryption users can also rely on professional technical support.
For people accessing encrypted files on the go from different devices and operating systems, BestCrypt offers cross-platform capability on Windows, Mac, Linux and Android. This ability is extended by BestCrypt Traveller, which allows users to access their data even where BestCrypt Container Encryption is not installed.
Get started now with a free trial
Technical or commercial questions? Contact us
Looking for an alternative to Boxcryptor? Read 3 reasons why you should choose BestCrypt.
Michael Waksman
Michael Waksman has been serving as CEO of Jetico since 2011, more than doubling the size of the company during his tenure. He brings more than 20 years of communications, technology and leadership experience.
At Jetico, Waksman has lead creation of the corporate identity, raising global brand awareness, building a more commercially-driven team and initiating enterprise customer relations. Jetico has maintained a wide user base throughout the U.S. Defense community, in the global compliance market and for personal privacy.
Waksman served as vice-chairman of the Cyber Group for the Association of Finnish Defense and Aerospace Industries. Recognized as a security and privacy advocate, he is a frequent speaker at international events, occasionally on behalf of the Finnish cyber security industry. In 2012, Waksman was honored with The Security Network's Chairman's Award for fostering collaboration between the United States and Finland. As dual citizen, he is a native New Yorker and has been living in the Helsinki region for over 15 years.
JeticoJeticoSoftware18 hours 5 minutes ago
Don't have a #NewYearsResolution? Make it to manage your privacy settings. In 2023, check the privacy settings on your online accounts: https://t.co/7JGuPLLyEm Boost your privacy further by using our free tool to stop Windows tracking: https://t.co/nJPrsrNm4G#DataPrivacyWeekhttps://t.co/Q0iiFuDudK


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Senior returns to diving boards after studying abroad
FERNANDO FERRAZ/THE ITHACAN
Senior Nickie Griesemer practices Nov. 7 in the Athletics and Events Center. She qualified for the NCAA Championships in the 1-meter and 3-meter diving events in the first meet of the year.
By Lauren Murray — Assistant Sports Editor
Last fall, senior Nickie Griesemer spent her time roaming the streets of Barcelona, Spain. This year, the two-time NCAA national qualifier is back on the diving boards for the Bombers for her third season.
Griesemer joined the women's swimming and diving team as a freshman and was named the Empire 8 Diver of the Year that year. Griesemer also made trips to the NCAA Championship during her freshman and sophomore seasons, earning All-American honors both years.
After studying abroad last year in Barcelona, Griesemer decided it was not worth it to use her third year of NCAA eligibility the following semester. As a senior in her third year in the NCAA, she will be able to use her fourth and final year as a graduate student.
Griesemer said studying abroad was always a plan of hers and that she was lucky enough to extend her diving career.
"It had always been my dream to go abroad," Griesemer said. "I always wanted to go to a different country and visit as many places as I could."
Diving coach Chris Griffin said not having Griesemer on the team was a big loss but that the team was able to recover without her presence.
"She was a huge contributor to our team," Griffin said. "She was one of our top divers. We lost an excellent athlete, but fortunately for the state of where this team is, we were able to make up the ground with the talent and depth that we already have."
After a season away from the water and the team, Griesemer said the adjustment was not easy. She said it was difficult to revert back to her old schedule.
"It was hard," she said. "I was definitely rusty, and I am still rusty. I am still trying to get everything back to where it was before, and it was difficult. It was definitely mentally and physically challenging."
Despite the frustration, her first meet back was successful, as she qualified for the NCAA Championships in the 1-meter and 3-meter diving events. In her second meet, she won both diving events by about 12 and 23 points, respectively.
Griffin said Griesemer's struggles throughout preseason did not outweigh her chances of qualifying.
"You spend a year away from a sport, getting back into it takes some time," he said. "Obviously, based on the results of the first meet, though, rust on an All-American is still an All-American."
Junior diver Alyssa Wishart said she was excited to see Griesemer back on the roster.
"She's always positive and encouraging, which keeps practice fun," she said. "She is such a hard worker with such a strong work ethic that not only allows her to improve but pushes everyone else to be the best they can be."
Despite the break from the pool, Griesemer said her goals have remained the same since joining the team.
"I would like to be at the same level I was before I went abroad," she said. "The goal is to make nationals, and I would love to place better than I did two years ago, so we will see how far I make it."
Staff Writer Max O'Neill contributed reporting to this article.
Lauren Murray can be reached at lmurray4@ithaca.edu or via Twitter: @LaurenMurray_25
IC athletes team up with One Love to end relationship violence
By Vinica Weiss | Nov 7, 2016
Women's swimming and diving aims to continue winning streak
By Alyssa Curtis | Nov 9, 2016
Swimming and diving defeats Cortland in third meet of year
By Becky Mehorter | Nov 6, 2016
All-AmericanAlyssa WishartChris GriffinNCAA ChampionshipNickie Griesemer


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- сочинение в 50 свитках, составленное в Японии в 927 году и содержавшее законодательный свод «Ёро рицурё» и указы императора (кяку). Сохранился почти полностью, единственный из документов того времени. В первых десяти свитках описывается деятельность Палаты небесных и земных божеств (Дзингикан). В Энгисики содержится список около 3000 синтоистских храмов, которые регулярно получали подношения от императора. Является одним из древнейших источников по синто, его ритуалам и государственном аппарате того времени. Свод вступил в силу в десятом месяце 967 года.

Примечания

Синтоизм
Период Хэйан в литературе

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in: All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links from November 2014, Articles with hCards,
Superintendents of the United States Military Academy
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army lists
Lists of people by institutional affiliation
Superintendent of the United States Military Academy
Logo of the Military Academy
The commanding officer of the United States Military Academy is its Superintendent. This position is roughly equivalent to the chancellor or president of an American civilian university. The officer appointed is by tradition a graduate of the United States Military Academy, commonly known as "West Point".
The Superintendency has often been often a stepping stone to higher prominence in the Army. Three Superintendents became Chief of Staff of the Army: Douglas MacArthur, Maxwell Davenport Taylor, and William Westmoreland. The list of Superintendents includes five Medal of Honor recipients: Oliver Otis Howard, Douglas MacArthur, Albert Leopold Mills, John McAllister Schofield, John Moulder Wilson. Many Superintendents later became Commanding Generals, such as Joseph Gardner Swift and Hugh L. Scott. The post is now a terminal assignment in the Army; as a condition for detail to the position, officers are required by law to acknowledge that they will retire at the end of their appointment.[1] This formulation was meant to secure the independence of Superintendents from undue command influence; however, in practice the resulting "lame duck" status restricts their power and influence in the Army. There has been discussion about reverting to the previous system or recalling a retired officer to fill the post.
The billet carries the rank of lieutenant general, and is not counted against the Army's statutory limit on the number of active-duty officers above the rank of major general. For example, General Andrew Goodpaster originally retired from active duty as a full general, was recalled to assume the superintendency as a lieutenant general, and reverted to his four-star rank upon his second retirement.
1 Superintendents
Note: "Class year" refers to the alumnus's class year, which usually is the same year they graduated. However, in times of war, classes often graduate early.
A "—" in the Class year column indicates a Superintendent who is not an alumnus of the Academy.
1 1801 1803 Williams, JonathanJonathan Williams — Colonel; Chief of Engineers; he vacated (rather than resigned) in June 1803, returning to the Superintendency in April 1805; elected to the Fourteenth United States Congress in 1815 [2][3][4]
1.5 !(acting) 1803 1805 Wadsworth, DeciusDecius Wadsworth — Colonel; invented Wadsworth's cipher in 1817 [5][6][7]
2 1805 1812 Williams, JonathanJonathan Williams — Colonel; Chief of Engineers; he vacated (rather than resigned) in June 1803, returning to the Superintendency in April 1805; elected to the Fourteenth United States Congress in 1815 [2][4]
3 1812 1814 Swift, Joseph GardnerJoseph Gardner Swift 1802 Brigadier General; first graduate of the Academy; Chief of Engineers a[›][4]
4 1814 1817 Partridge, AldenAlden Partridge 1806 Captain; served as Acting Superintendent and Dean of Mathematics; his administration was regarded as unsatisfactory and negligent to duties; when Sylvanus Thayer was appointed, Partridge refused to relinquish command and was court-martialed; he was sentenced to be cashiered in November 1817, and resigned from the Army in April 1818 a[›][8]
5 1817 1833 Thayer, SylvanusSylvanus Thayer 1808 Brigadier General; "Father of West Point"; emphasized engineering; founded engineering schools; helped found the Academy's Association of Graduates; Sylvanus Thayer Award created by the Academy in his honor a[›][9][10]
6 1833 1838 De Russy, René EdwardRené Edward De Russy 1812 Brigadier General; military engineer; Union Army veteran a[›][11]
7 1838 1845 Delafield, RichardRichard Delafield 1818 Major General; Chief of Engineers; American Civil War veteran; served as 7th, 11th, and 13th Superintendents a[›][4]
8 1845 1852 Brewerton, HenryHenry Brewerton 1819 Brigadier General; military engineer; Union Army veteran a[›][12]
9 1852 1855 Lee, Robert E.Robert E. Lee 1829 Colonel USA, General CSA; graduated second in his class at the Academy, without demerits; son George Washington Custis Lee, class of 1854, graduated second in class; Commander, Army of Northern Virginia (1862–1865); General-in-Chief, Confederate States Army (1865); President, Washington and Lee University (1865–1870) a[›][13]
10 1855 1856 Barnard, John GrossJohn Gross Barnard 1833 Major General; military engineer; Union Army veteran a[›][14]
11 1856 1861 Delafield, RichardRichard Delafield 1818 Major General; Chief of Engineers; Union Army veteran; served as 7th, 11th, and 13th Superintendents a[›][4]
12 1861 1861 Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant (P.G.T.)Pierre Gustave Toutant (P.G.T.) Beauregard 1838 General CSA; military engineer; ordered the firing of shots at Fort Sumter, South Carolina that started the Civil War a[›][15]
14 1861 1864 Bowman, Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton Bowman 1825 Lieutenant Colonel; military engineer; son Charles Stuart Bowman graduated from the Academy, class of 1860 a[›][16]
15 1864 1864 Tower, Zealous BatesZealous Bates Tower 1841 Major General; military engineer; Union Army veteran a[›][17]
16 1864 1866 Cullum, George WashingtonGeorge Washington Cullum 1833 Brigadier General; military engineer; wrote Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y. in 1891 and developed the Cullum number system a[›][18]
17 1866 1871 Pitcher, Thomas GambleThomas Gamble Pitcher 1845 Brigadier General; veteran of Battle of Harper's Ferry, Mexican–American War, and the Civil War a[›][19]
18 1871 1876 Ruger, Thomas H.Thomas H. Ruger 1854 Major General; military engineer and lawyer; veteran of Civil War; military engineer and lawyer; military Governor of Georgia (1868) a[›][20]
19 1876 1881 Schofield, John McAllisterJohn McAllister Schofield 1853 Lieutenant General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions leading an attack at the Battle of Wilson's Creek; Superintendent of the Academy (1876–1881); Commanding General of the United States Army (1888–1895) a[›][21]
20 1881 1882 Howard, Oliver OtisOliver Otis Howard 1854 Major General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions leading an attack at the Battle of Seven Pines despite wound which resulted in the loss of his right arm; led the campaign against Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce tribe; founder of Howard University a[›][22]
21 1882 1887 Merritt, WesleyWesley Merritt 1860 Major General; veteran of the Civil War and Spanish–American War; first Military Governor of the Philippines a[›][21]
22 1887 1889 Parke, JohnJohn Parke 1849 Major General; military engineer; Union Army veteran a[›][23]
23 1889 1893 Wilson, John MoulderJohn Moulder Wilson 1860 Brigadier General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for his for actions at the Battle of Malvern Hill though acutely ill; Chief of Engineers (1897–1901) a[›][4]
24 1893 1898 Ernst, Oswald HerbertOswald Herbert Ernst 1864 Major General; military engineer; Union Army and Spanish–American War veteran a[›][24]
25 1898 1906 Mills, Albert LeopoldAlbert Leopold Mills 1879 Major General; recipient of the Medal of Honor for continuing to lead his men at the Battle of San Juan Hill despite being shot in the head and temporarily blinded; appointed Superintendent to West Point by President McKinley, which carried automatic promotion from First Lieutenant to Colonel a[›][25][26]
26 1906 1910 Scott, Hugh L.Hugh L. Scott 1876 Major General; learned to speak many western Native American languages; Chief of Staff of the Army (1914–1917) a[›][27]
27 1910 1912 Barry, Thomas HenryThomas Henry Barry 1877 Major General; cavalry and infantry officer; veteran of Indian Wars, China Relief Expedition, and Philippine–American War a[›][28]
28 1912 1916 Townsley, Clarence PageClarence Page Townsley 1881 Major General; coastal artillery officer; commanded 30th Infantry Division during World War I a[›][29]
29 1916 1917 Biddle, JohnJohn Biddle 1881 Major General; military engineer; World War I veteran a[›][30]
30 1917 1919 Tillman, Samuel EscueSamuel Escue Tillman 1869 Brigadier General; recalled from retirement during World War I to serve as superintendent; refused to add military aviation to the curriculum; instructor at the Academy for more than 30 years; author of numerous books on chemistry and geology a[›][31]
31 1919 1922 MacArthur, DouglasDouglas MacArthur 1903 General of the Army, Field Marshal in the Philippine Army; United States occupation of Veracruz; Second Battle of the Marne, Battle of Saint-Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne Offensive during World War I; commander of the 42nd Infantry Division; brigade commander in the Philippine Division; commander of the Philippine Department; Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1930-1935); recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions during the Battle of Bataan, commander of the South West Pacific Area during World War II; Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers during the Occupation of Japan; Korean War; grandson of Wisconsin Governor Arthur MacArthur, Sr.; son of Lieutenant General and Medal of Honor recipient Arthur MacArthur, Jr. a[›][32][33]
32 1922 1925 Sladen, Fred WinchesterFred Winchester Sladen 1890 Major General; Superintendent of Fort McHenry National Monument (1931–1932) a[›][34]
33 1926 1928 Stewart, Merch BradtMerch Bradt Stewart 1896 Brigadier General; infantry officer; Spanish–American War veteran; commander 175th Infantry Brigade during World War I a[›][35]
34 1928 1928 Winans, Edwin BaruchEdwin Baruch Winans 1891 Major General; instructor at military schools; commened for leadership of the 10th Cavalry Regiment a[›][36]
35 1929 1932 Smith, William RuthvenWilliam Ruthven Smith 1892 Major General; artillery and infantry officer; commanded 36th Infantry Division during World War I a[›][37]
36 1932 1938 Connor, William DurwardWilliam Durward Connor 1897 Major General; awarded two Silver Stars; Commandant of Army War College a[›]
37 1938 1940 Benedict, Jay LelandJay Leland Benedict 1904 Major General; artillery and staff officer; Army General Staff during World War II a[›][38]
38 1940 1942 Eichelberger, Robert L.Robert L. Eichelberger 1909 General; American Expeditionary Force Siberia; commanded Eighth United States Army in World War II a[›][39]
39 1942 1945 Wilby, Francis BowditchFrancis Bowditch Wilby 1905 Major General; Chief of Staff of First United States Army (1939–1941) a[›][40]
40 1945 1949 Taylor, Maxwell DavenportMaxwell Davenport Taylor 1922 General; instituted the Cadet Honor Code at the Academy; commander of 101st Airborne Division (1944–1945); Chief of Staff of the Army (1955–1959); Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1962–1964); United States Ambassador to South Vietnam (1964–1965) a[›][41]
41 1949 1951 Moore, Bryant EdwardBryant Edward Moore 1917 General; commanded 8th Infantry Division killed in a helicopter crash on 24 February 1951 while commanding the IX Corps during the Korean War a[›][42]
42 1951 1954 Irving, Frederick AugustusFrederick Augustus Irving 1917 Major General; commander 24th Infantry Division during World War II a[›][43]
43 1954 1956 Bryan, Blackshear M.Blackshear M. Bryan 1922 Lieutenant General; commanded Prisoner of War Division for all the United States during World War II; commanded First United States Army (1957–1960); his son, Blackshear M. Bryan, Jr., class of 1954, was killed in Vietnam a[›][44]
44 1956 1960 Davidson, Garrison H.Garrison H. Davidson 1927 Lieutenant General; Academy football coach (1933–1937); combat engineer during World War II and the Korean War; helped construct The Pentagon a[›][45]
45 1960 1963 Westmoreland, WilliamWilliam Westmoreland 1936 General; Distinguished Eagle Scout; given the Pershing Sword for the most able cadet upon graduation from the Academy; commander 101st Airborne Division; commander Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (1964–1968); Chief of Staff of the Army (1968–1972) a[›][46]
46 1963 1966 Lampert, James BenjaminJames Benjamin Lampert 1936 Lieutenant General; combat engineer during World War II; early pioneer of nuclear weapons and nuclear power, served as General Leslie Groves' executive officer as part of the Manhattan Project after World War II; his father, James G. B. Lampert, class of 1910 was killed in World War I a[›][47]
47 1966 1969 Bennett, Donald V.Donald V. Bennett 1940 General; Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (1969–1972); commander United States Army Pacific (1972–1974) a[›][48]
48 1969 1970 Koster, Samuel WilliamSamuel William Koster 1942 Major General but demoted to Brigadier General and denied a promotion to Lieutenant General for covering up the My Lai Massacre a[›][49]
49 1970 1974 Knowlton, William AllenWilliam Allen Knowlton 1943 General; World War II and Vietnam War veteran; his daughter married General David Petraeus who was a cadet while Knowlton was Superintendent; Chief of Staff for United States European Command (1974–1976) a[›][50]
50 1974 1977 Berry, Sidney BryanSidney Bryan Berry 1948 Lieutenant General; Korean and Vietnam War veteran, wounded twice in Vietnam; Superintendent during the time women were first admitted to the Academy; Commissioner of Public Safety for the state of Mississippi (1980–1984) a[›][51]
51 1977 1981 Goodpaster, Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson Goodpaster 1939 General; 8th Infantry Division (1961–1962); Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (1969–1974); Commander in Chief of the United States European Command (CINCEUR) (1969–1974); retired then became Superintendent, then retired a second time a[›][52]
52 1981 1986 Scott, Jr., Willard WarrenWillard Warren Scott, Jr. 1948 Lieutenant General; commander 25th Infantry Division (1976–1978); commander V Corps (1980–1981) a[›][53]
53 1986 1991 Palmer, Dave RichardDave Richard Palmer 1956 Lieutenant General; military historian; instructor at the Academy and the Vietnamese National Military Academy [54]
54 1991 1996 Graves, Howard D.Howard D. Graves 1961 Lieutenant General; Rhodes Scholar; military engineer; Chancellor of Texas A&M University (1999–2003) [55]
55 1996 2001 Christman, Daniel WilliamDaniel William Christman 1965 Lieutenant General; graduated first in his class in 1965; Senior Vice President for International Affairs, U.S. Chamber of Commerce; four-time recipient of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal. [56]
56 2001 2006 Lennox, Jr., William JamesWilliam James Lennox, Jr. 1971 Lieutenant General; artillery and staff officer; Deputy Commanding General Eighth United States Army; doctorate in literature from Princeton University [57]
57 2006 2010 Hagenbeck, Franklin LeeFranklin Lee Hagenbeck 1971 Lieutenant General; commander 10th Mountain Division (2001–2003) [58]
58 2010 2013 Huntoon, David H.David H. Huntoon 1973 Lieutenant General; Director of the Army Staff; Former Commandant of the U.S. Army War College [59]
59 2013 2013 !present Caslen, Robert L.Robert L. Caslen 1975 Lieutenant General; chief of staff for Combined Joint Task Force- 180 (CJTF-180) in Afghanistan from May through September 2002; Chief of the Office of Security Cooperation for Iraq [60]
Jonathan Williams (1801–1803), (1805–1812)
Joseph Swift (1812–1814)
Sylvanus Thayer (1817–1833)
Robert E. Lee (1852–1855)
Richard Delafield (1856–1861)
George Cullum (1864–1866)
John Schofield (1876–1881)
Douglas MacArthur (1919–1922)
Maxwell Taylor (1945–1949)
Garrison Davidson (1956–1960)
William Westmoreland (1960–1963)
Daniel Christman (1996–2001)
Franklin Hagenbeck (2006–2010)
List of Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy
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^ a: Special Collections: Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy. West Point, NY: United States Military Academy Library. 1950.
Inline citations
↑ Dwyer, Jim (3 January 2009). "Willard W. Scott Jr. Is Dead at 82; Led West Point Through Change". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/03/us/03scott.html. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
↑ 2.0 2.1 "Williams, Jonathan, (1750–1815)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000523. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
↑ "Williams, Jonathan Mss.". Lilly Library Manuscript Collections. Indiana University. http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/lilly/mss/html/williamsjonathan.html. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 "Commanders of the Corps of Engineers". United States Army Corps of Engineers. http://www.usace.army.mil/History/Pages/Commanders.aspx. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
↑ Cohen, Fred (1995). "A Short History of Cryptography". Fred Cohen & Associates. http://all.net/edu/curr/ip/Chap2-1.html. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
↑ Ambrose, Stephen E. (1969). Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 28–29, 34. ISBN 0-8018-6293-0. http://books.google.com/?id=SC5wr5A_hbkC&dq=ambrose+duty,+honor,+country&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
↑ Crackle, Theodore (2003). West Point: A Bicentennial History (Illustrated ed.). Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. pp. 60–66. ISBN 0-7006-1294-7.
↑ "Alden Partridge". United States Military Academy. 31 January 2002. http://www.dean.usma.edu/math/people/rickey/dms/DeptHeads/Partridge.html. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
↑ "Sylvanus Thayer (1785–1872) Class Of 1808". West Point in the Making of America. Smithsonian Institution. http://americanhistory.si.edu/westpoint/history_1a1.html. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
↑ "The Sylvanus Thayer Award". West Point Association of Graduates. http://www.westpointaog.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=946&srcid=945. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
↑ "Civil War Defenses of Washington". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/cwdw/historyculture/fort-derussy.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
↑ Boatner III, Mark Mayo (1959, revised 1988). The Civil War Dictionary. New York: McKay. pp. 84. ISBN 0-8129-1726-X.
↑ Freeman, Douglas S. (1934). R. E. Lee, A Biography. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 301, 375–95, 425, 476, 602,. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Robert_E_Lee/FREREL/home.html. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
↑ "Civil War Defenses of Washington". National Park Service. https://ncrcms.nps.gov/cwdw/historyculture/john-gross-barnard.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
↑ Williams, T. Harry (1955). P.G.T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 2–47, 91–168, 203–07. ISBN 0-8071-1974-1.
↑ Johnson, Frederick Charles (1889). The Historical Record. 3. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania: Press of the Wilkes-Barre Record. pp. 111–112. http://books.google.com/?id=bzEUAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
↑ "Zealous Bates Tower". Aztec Club. http://www.aztecclub.com/bios/tower.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
↑ "Culllum Society". West Point Association of Graduates. http://www.westpointaog.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=3207. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
↑ "Thomas Gamble Pitcher". Arlington National Cemetery. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/tgpitcher.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
↑ "Georgia Governors' Gravesites Field Guide, 1776 - 2003" (PDF). Georgia Historic Preservation Division. http://www.gashpo.org/assets/documents/ga_govs_graves_field_guide.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
↑ 21.0 21.1 Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 472–473. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
↑ "Medal of Honor Recipients, Civil War (A–L)". Army Center of Military History. http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/civwaral.html. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
↑ "Col. John G. Parke" (PDF). The New York Times. 18 December 1900. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D0CEED8153DE433A2575BC1A9649D946197D6CF. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
↑ Leonard, John W.; Marquis, Albert Nelson (1913). Who's who in America. III. Chicago, IL: A. N. Marquis & Co.. pp. 655–656. http://books.google.com/?id=sUUzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA655. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
↑ "Medal of Honor Recipients War With Spain". Army Center of Military History. http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/warspain.html. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
↑ "Gen. A.L. Mills, Ill 12 Hours, Dies" (PDF). The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D06E6DE143BE633A2575AC1A96F9C946796D6CF. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
↑ "Hugh Lenox Scott". Arlington National Cemetery. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/hlscott.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
↑ "General T. H. Barry Dies In Washington" (PDF). The New York Times. 31 December 1919. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D05E6DE1131E03ABC4950DFB4678382609EDE. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
↑ "Past USMA & WPAOG Leadership" (PDF). West Point Association of Graduates. http://www.westpointaog.org/NetCommunity/Document.Doc?id=476. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
↑ "Col. Biddle To West Point". The New York Times. 18 May 1916. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0DE0DE1031E733A0575BC1A9639C946796D6CF. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
↑ "Tillman, Samuel Escue". The Mineralogical Record. 2009. http://www.minrec.org/libdetail.asp?id=1383. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
↑ "Medal of Honor Recipients World War II (M-S)". Army Center of Military History. http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/wwII-m-s.html. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
↑ Thompson, Paul (24 July 2005). "Douglas MacArthur: Born to Be a Soldier". Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2005-07/2005-07-24-voa2.cfm. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
↑ Sladen, Joseph Alton; Sweeney, Edwin Russell (1997). Making Peace With Cochise: The 1872 Journal of Captain Joseph Alton Sladen. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. xiii. ISBN 0-8061-2973-5. http://books.google.com/?id=QEfmx_CoN9YC&pg=PR13&lpg=PR13&dq=Fred+Winchester+Sladen+west+point. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
↑ "At West Point". 17 October 1927.
↑ "Major General Edwin B. Winans". Brigham Young University. http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI2-16.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
↑ "Smith, William Ruthven". Texas State Historical Association. 18 January 2008. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/SS/fsm74.html. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
↑ "Jay Leland Benedict". Arlington National Cemetery. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jlbenedict.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
↑ "Robert Lawrence Eichelberger". Arlington National Cemetery. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rleichelberger.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
↑ "Gen. Francis B. Wilby, 82, Dies; Headed West Point During War". The New York Times. 21 November 1965.
↑ Krebs, Albin (21 April 1987). "Maxwell D. Taylor, Soldier and Envoy, Dies". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/21/obituaries/maxwell-d-taylor-soldier-and-envoy-dies.html. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
↑ "Death on the Han". Time. 5 March 1951. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,805732,00.html. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
↑ "Frederick Augustus Irving" (PDF). Bowdoin College. http://library.bowdoin.edu/arch/subject/bowdoin/honors/Irving52.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
↑ "New Command Team In Korea". Time. 5 March 1951. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,805734,00.html. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
↑ Ray, Max (1980). The History of the First United States Army From 1918 to 1980. Fort Meade MD: First United States Army. pp. 120, 124.
↑ "Obituary: General William Westmoreland". The Independent. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050720/ai_n14777626. Retrieved 2009-04-24. [dead link]
↑ Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan (2001). Keystone: The American Occupation of Okinawa and U.S.-Japanese Relations. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 185. ISBN 0-89096-969-8. http://books.google.com/?id=wrTWnHuNNUcC&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185&dq=james+lampert+academy. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
↑ Bartelt, Eric S. (9 December 2005). "Former Superintendent dies". United States Military Academy. http://www.usma.edu/publicaffairs/PV/051209/bennett.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
↑ Stout, David (11 February 2006). "Gen. S.W. Koster, 86, Who Was Demoted After My Lai, Dies". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/11/national/11koster.html?_r=1. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
↑ "Hollister Knowlton Betrothed To David H. Petraeus, a Cadet". The New York Times. 12 May 1974. p. GN57. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40C12FE3A5F107A93C0A8178ED85F408785F9. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
↑ "What Price Honor?". 7 June 1976. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947701-2,00.html. Retrieved berry.
↑ "General Andrew J. Goodpaster , USA". NATO. http://www.nato.int/shape/bios/saceur/goodpaster.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
↑ "United States Army, V Corps Leaders". V Corps. 27 June 2008. http://www.vcorps.army.mil/leaders/default.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
↑ "2005 Distinguished Graduate Award: David R. Palmer". West Point Association of Graduates. http://www.westpointaog.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=588. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
↑ Eric Pace (16 September 2003). "Gen. Howard D. Graves, 64; Led West Point and Texas A&M". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/16/nyregion/gen-howard-d-graves-64-led-west-point-and-texas-a-m.html?fta=y. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
↑ "Lieutenant General Daniel W. Christman". West-Point.org. http://www.west-point.org/family/mem2001/ring/bio.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
↑ Hamburger, Andrea (19 July 2002). "USMA celebrates St. Cyr's bicentennial". United States Military Academy. http://www.usma.edu/Bicentennial/StCyrGrad.asp. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
↑ John Doherty (28 February 2006). "New Point leader named". http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060228/NEWS/302289997. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
↑ "Lt. Gen. David H. Huntoon Jr. Becomes New Superintendent of West Point". 22 July 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/07/22/lt-gen-david-h-huntoon-jr-new-superintendent-west-point/. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
↑ Mike Strasser (17 July 2013). "Caslen assumes command of West Point". U.S. Army. http://www.army.mil/article/107608/. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
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A tropical paradise with sweet aromatic plants and trees, and known for their unforgettable and unique blends of herbs, spices and cuisine. This 2,600-mile chain of islands, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the ports of Venezuela, has developed tremendously due the presence of a plethora of ethnic groups. Beginning with the primitive Indians to the indentured oriental servants, the Island's food has grown for the best and the mix of tastes has flourished inevitably.
Even though the "blends of the earth" settled well, the government of these islands have change many times. Mostly, the islands have been singled-owned. Jamaica, for instance, was owned firstly by Spanish powers, then by English authorities, next by France, followed by Holland, Denmark, and the United States. Despite the flip-flop of regime, the Island's uniqueness has yet to be disrupted. Their special techniques and equipment have developed into modern-aged necessities in most household kitchens, such as the egg beater originated in the 18th century. As the "meeting rooms of the seas", the islands represent the place of infusion and holds a legacy unlike no other.
Within this long chain of islet lies a special island dear to all natives of this area nicknamed the "Spice Island", Also known as the Grenada Island. The "Spice Island", Grenada is an independent, three-island nation. Grenada has more spices per square mile than any other place in the world: cloves, cinnamon, cocoa, mace, Tonka beans, ginger, and a third of the world's supply of nutmeg. "Drop a few seeds anywhere," the locals will tell you, "and you have an instant garden." The central area is like a jungle of palms, oleander, bougainvillea, purple and red hibiscus, crimson anthurium, bananas, breadfruit, birdsong, ferns, and palms. The main ingredient used by most Caribbean Islanders is the hot pepper, otherwise known as the chili pepper (Wolfe 46). Good island cooks recognize, however, that even their favorite peppers must be handled with discretion if they are to enhance, not annihilate, other flavors.
On the island of Jamaica, the scotch bonnet and the country pepper are used more often but still used with respect to the other flavors of the dish. Its innumerable varieties range from the familiar bell and sweet red peppers to the little fiery habaneros and others so hot that their oil is literally lethal (Wolfe 46). The best dishes, most islanders concur to, are the dishes consumed with spicy mixtures of island flavor. The dishes are blended with tomatoes, and of course the hot peppers. Some of the indigenous dishes to the many islands include vegetable fritters, blood pudding, and stuffed land-crab backs. The vegetable fritters produced in the Caribbean Islands are made up of mashed black-eyed peas or beans perked up with hot peppers. And so finely ground and thoroughly beaten before it is deep-fried, the fritters, that it seems to be doubled in bulk like yeast cake (Wolfe 21).
And finally, the inter-island specialty, the stuffed land crab backs; which is superior in flavor to the local sea crab. This tantalizing crab is boiled, minced, and sautéed with hot peppers and herbs, spices and bread crumbs then stuffed invitingly back into their shells (Wolfe 23). In Trinidad, where the Indian influence is strong, Dry or wet massala, which is curry powder or paste, and ghee, which is butter oil, is found most frequently in most delights.
A strong French influence can be seen in the use of seasoning, especially on island which change hands between Britain and France innumerable times, persisting even when island ended up English (Ortiz 1). Along with the unique dishes come the unique techniques of the Caribbean. The Jamaicans use coconut oil in the sautéing process of many dishes, while like many, the Haitians use butter and olive oil.
Also, unlike many starters, many Caribbean chefs serve hot soups. But tourist prefer something cool to start their meals, so to suit them a rainbow of new cold soups has been devised from local ingredients (Wolfe 24). Some of the most popular soups are the chilled orange soup and the chilled avocado soup. Going back to their culture, many chefs of the islands naturally cook how they know, but in the sake of exploring new-comers, they seemingly hold back on a few of their local cuisine.
Certain techniques used in Caribbean cooking are what give their characteristic flavors to many of their dishes. In the Spanish-speaking Island, Sofrito, a highly-seasoned tomato-sweet pepper sauce, adapted from the original Spanish version, is widely used. (Ortiz 1). During the Caribbean's early years, all cooking preparations were done by hand, or by man-made products, but overall kept simple. In the 19th century, worker of the local plantation would squeeze juice from the sugar cane in a wind-powered mill. Since sugar was a major export, the discovery and design of the mill played an important role in economic advancement.
Slaves that worked on these plantations were 250, the minimum amount. A century earlier, the wooden egg beater was invented. The egg beater, then, was no more than a bowl with a horizontal rod that would be pushed and pulled through pegs, allowing the metal beater tip to revolve rapidly. Another piece of equipment would be the herb mill. Fresh or dried herbs would be placed at the bottom of the elongated canoe-like base, and then the wooden toothed disk would crush and pulverize the herbs place at the bottom. These simple items helped the tedious work of cooking and creating that much easier and allowed for quicker prep time for spices and such.
Mainly, the islanders of the Caribbean keep their equipment very simple, but efficient. In Puerto Rico, the Caldero, basically a cauldron, is a heavy cast-aluminum or iron casserole, round or oval with a tight fitting lid. This dish is used for many of their delightful meals. A couple of dished prepared in great success in the Caldero is Fillet of Beef and Arroz con Pollo.
Traditional island cuisine results from a mélange of cultural influences. The islands have been fought over and owned by various European powers – mainly the British, French, and Spanish. All of these cultures, as well as their respective culinary traditions, have played a role in forming the multi-national cuisine of the Caribbean (Beatty 3). Minute and casual influences have been made by Holland and Denmark, but not worth giving kudos to in conjunction with the impressively made cuisine. Originally, two Native American tribes occupied the islands – the Arawaks and Caribs. Food historians claim that the Caribs began the institution of spicing food with chili peppers, a culinary feature maintained today. The Caribs were also cannibals, a gastronomic trend that fortunately did not carry through to present (Beatty 3).
The one tribe, the Arawaks, were said to be the ones who started the cooking technique known today as barbequing. This was established by fabricating grills with native green sticks called barbacoa. The influences of the islands are a mix of many, because the islands are multicultural there are distinct regional differences in the authentic cuisines of the Caribbean. Islands like Puerto Rico and Cuba have distinct Spanish-influenced food. Guadeloupe and Martinique are French-owned Islands. Their native cuisine has obvious ties to France. Jamaica, which was once a major slave-trading center, is rich in African culture even though it was a British owned (Beatty).
The Caribbean islands are the "Garden of Eden" here on earth. This place is blended nicely with many textures, styles, flavors, and cultures; this goes not only for the food, but for the people. The truth of the matter is, all cultures mix at one time or another, but to say that these group of islands had the same effect as everywhere else would be an insult to the isles. This blessed place is the cornucopia of the seas.
Beatty, Theresa M. Food and Recipes of the Caribbean.
Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The complete Book of Caribbean Cooking. New York: Ballantine books, 1973.
Wolfe, Linda. The Cooking of the Caribbean Islands. New York: Time-Life Books, 1970.


text:
Nick Has Wesen Problems on Grimm: A Reptile Dysfunction
umataro42
Filed to: TV RECAPFiled to: TV RECAP
A Reptile Dysfunction
Nice Pun
Who's The Real Monster?
Nick learns more about the organization Trubel works for, and the Black Claw, and also gets called in to help out on a case outside his jurisdiction, and calls in some help of his own to deal with it. Spoilers after the break.
There are 2 main stories, Nick learning more about what Trubel, Meisner and Eve are up to, and a legendary lake monster that might actually be real. But first, Nick fills in Renard, Wu and Hank on his meeting with Eve and what happened. And after mentioning Meisner, Renard tells Nick he was part of the resistance.
They have pictures of the guy Eve (the hexenbiest formerly known as Juliette) killed, and the 2 body guards Nick took out, but no idea who they are. Luckily, Trubel shows up at the station and tells them. Names, where they're from, what they do, all the good stuff. Then she invites Nick for a tour of the secret headquarters her, Meisner and Eve have been staying in.
After meeting in the same tunnel she met Meisner in last week, they take an elevator and Nick gets the tour. As Meisner explains, they're well funded but he doesn't know by who, and they're working for a branch of the federal government but don't try to find out which one because they don't exist. They also seem to have cameras everywhere, and every gets a bunker style room to stay in.
And it doesn't take to long for them to identify their new visitor from his face. This is Trubel's room by the way. Not very spacious but pretty cool otherwise.
Nick then gets to talk to Eve again, who explains part of what he was being tested on is if he would let his emotions cloud his judgement. She reminds him again that she's not Juliette, and tells him her only regret is that he didn't get to bury Juliette, who once again isn't her.
Nick then gets a tour of their command center, and is told that what the Black Claw wants is a world ruled by wesen. Meisner shows him a map of all the hot spots of their activity, which is basically all the places in real life where bad things are happening, but on this show it's caused by wesen.
For the last part of the tour, Nick is shown to a spot where his mother has been given a proper burial, after her body and head were recovered by Chavez's team.
In another part of Oregon, a couple is driving to Diamond Lake, where they've rented a boat to do some fishing. This lake is known for being home to a local legend.
After they're out on the water, and the husband has caught a fish, his wife spots something big in the water. And since she's had her phone out taking pictures the whole time, she takes one that might actually be useful.
The husband's reaction when it comes back around is to fire every bullet in the gun he brought at it.
After that doesn't work, the lake monster knocks the boat and he ends up in the water, and then he ends up dead.
The brothers who rented the boat run out to the lake after hearing her continued screaming, and are met by the lake monster, who unwoges and demands his money.
It turns out the shop owner brothers, Wayne and Oliver, had been paying him to woge, swim in the lake so people see him, and the legend grows. Plus they happen to sell souvenirs of the creature. He's not supposed to actually hurt anyone but decided to kill the guy after he started shooting at him, and considered it self defense. So after he leaves, they call 911. Back at the shop, Oliver is feeling very guilty for what happened but Wayne feels it's not their fault. And then a reporter comes in to rent a boat and her camera man starts buying souvenirs.
And now they're on the news. Which could be good for business.
After Nick is back at the precinct from his tour of secret headquarters, Renard calls him and Hank into his office to show them the very same news report.
It seems Nick and Hank have earned a reputation for closing some weird cases, so the Diamond Lake police have asked for their help. Hank suggests the wife could have shot her husband and blamed it all on the lake monster, but they're both open to the idea there's something wesen-related going on.
After they talk to her, the man who killed her husband stops by to tell her he heard what happened and he's sorry. At least he seems to feel bad about it.
Once they enter the boat rental store and see business is booming after the stories of the lake monster killing someone, Nick and Hank have some more possible suspects.
And then they get confirmation that it's wesen-related, when Oliver drops a mug and woges, revealing himself as a Luissant-Pecheur.
So they decide to head to the Spice Shop and see if there's anything in the books that resemble the picture the wife of the victim took.
But before Nick and Hank get there, Trubel stops by for a visit, and after a group hug, fills in Monroe and Rosalee on what she knows about the Black Claw and her group's efforts to stop them.
After she's left, Nick shows up and Monroe and Rosalee tell him Trubel stopped by and also said she needs their help, in addition to Nick's. Which is good, because I was starting to wonder why they'd want to recruit Nick but not Monroe, Rosalee, or especially Renard. Or even humans who know about wesen and can deal with them like Hank and Wu. Then they identify the lake monster as a Wasser Zahne.
Nick figures the brothers are working with him to drum up business, and asks Trubel to help. Which is good because Wayne has decided to ask the monster to get back out there and kill someone else because it's good for business. So before Nick can get back to Diamond Lake, the monster kills a kid who went for a swim in the lake at night, because a girl he liked told him too. I'd like to pause for a minute here and just point out how stupid it is for anyone to get into that lake, especially at night, after someone was just killed in it the other day. Seriously stupid.
So we have a second victim, and business is booming even more for the boat rental and souvenir shop, and now there's an armed boating mob forming.
But Nick and Hank can't arrest anyone so he asks Trubel for help. The brothers have received a call from the monster, who wants half of all their merchandise money, by midnight. Wayne decides they'll give it to him but then shoot him and claim he tried to rob them. Which is when Trubel shows up at the shop after hours and pretends to be a bounty hunter who also happens to be a grimm.
After scaring both brothers, and snatching a gun from Wayne after warning him not to do anything stupid, Wayne tells her the monster's real name is Logan Cobb and it was all his idea. If she shows up at 11:30, she can get her bounty. Once she has a name Trubel lets Nick know and they find that he has a few priors, mostly violent.
Then Wayne meets Logan at a bar and tells him his brother Oliver hired a girl to kill him, so he should kill Oliver. I think we know who the real monster is in this.
Since Nick, Hank and Trubel have been staking out the shop, they see Logan show up early, and when Trubel asks what she should do, Nick makes it clear that Logan has killed 2 so far but can't be arrested since he did it while woge'd. Trubel gets the message and goes in after them. As you can see in this clip.
For anyone unable to view this, Wayne does his best to get both Logan and his own brother Oliver killed, but Trubel takes care of Logan, by breaking his neck.
Wayne still tries to pay Trubel to kill Oliver, but Nick and Hank show up to arrest the brothers. Wayne makes a run for it, and woges and dives into the lake.
And then he gets shot by the boat mob.
Case closed. Hank implies that the reason Wayne may have gone for swim at night was to make people think he was the monster to drum up business. And the other guy with the broken neck found in the lake will just have to remain a mystery.
Time to go back to Portland.
Now leaving Diamond Lake.
There was another side story, about the guy running for Mayor. Renard was practicing his endorsement speech with Rachel Wood, who was there when Renard filmed a commercial for the candidate. After making some suggested changes to his speech, she says they may need to run through it a few times, wink wink (she practically says the words "wink, wink").
And Renard doesn't seem to have a problem with that.
It would be nice if she's just a regular person who doesn't have any ulterior motives, but just happens to find the guy charming and attractive, like most people seem to. So here's hoping.
Notes/thoughts.
I'm glad that whatever organization Meisner works for doesn't just want Nick, because most of the main cast would be valuable allies, including Hank and Wu, not just because they already know about wesen but because they're also cops.
Diamond Lake is real, but the monster legend doesn't seem to be. Looks like a nice place though.
There was another side story about someone who knows Rosalee sending her letters and planning to visit, who was apparently an ex. I don't really remember the details of that, but I wouldn't be surprised if it ends up having to do with the Black Claw or the secret government agency fighting them.
While I like the character, it was nice to get a break from Adalind because I don't like where they're going with her and Nick.
What did you all think?
(Woge Gif, character and wesen names courtesy of the Grimm Wiki).
(Eve gifs courtesy of guintolid.tumblr)
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Master of Science (MSc) in Forensic Science, orientation Physical Identification
Video in French
The Master of Science (MSc) in Forensic Science, orientation Identification offers in-depth training, both theoretical and practical, in the identification of people or objects. Transdisciplinary teaching covers the main areas of identification: fingerprinting, DNA analysis, biometrics, toolmarks, firearms and handwriting/signatures. It lays particular emphasis on probabilistic methods of interpretation.
The Master of Science in Forensic Science, orientation Identification, is designed to lay the foundations of legal expertise in the field of identification. Practical teaching is therefore strongly oriented towards the resolution of fictitious cases and case analysis. Students are encouraged to consider problems relating to research, detection and identification in investigative and evaluative mode and to conduct their research in the manner of an expert's report intended for civil or criminal courts.
School of Criminal Justice
Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration
Degree awarded
Master of Science (MSc) in Forensic Science, orientation Identification
ECTS credits
French. Recommended level : C1. A good understanding of English is necessary since most of the literature is published in English and a few courses may be taught in English.
The candidate must be a holder of a Bachelor of Science in Forensic Science affiliated to the "Forensic Science" study branch (swissuniversities).
Another degree or university title may be judged to be equivalent and give access to this Master's degree course, with or without further conditions. The School of Criminal Justice is competent for the final decision on equivalence (info.esc@unil.ch), subject to the candidate's formal admissibility to the Master's degree course.
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The degree course begins in the autumn semester only.
Applications must be submitted to the Admissions Department before the deadline.
Final enrolment date: 30 April. Candidates needing a visa to study in Switzerland: 28 February.
Course description
University studies develop, in addition to specific academic skills, a great many transverse skills such as: communication, critical, analytical and summarising faculties, abilities in research, and so on. This panoply of skills, combined with specialist knowledge acquired in the course of studies, is excellent preparation for a wide range of employment opportunities such as:
Forensic science laboratories in Switzerland or abroad
Technical and scientific police services in Switzerland or abroad
Institutes of legal medicine in Switzerland or abroad
Police services at the cantonal and federal levels
Administrative services dealing with questions of identity
Academic and research careers in the forensic field
Service companies active in biometrics
Alumni move into a wide variety of roles, for example as a specialist in identification documents for the Federal Police.
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Last update: 6 April 2020
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Version: April 2020
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Santiago Nasar
Angela Vicario
Pedro Vicario
Pablo Vicario
Bayardo San Roman
Main Character Analysis
Gabriel García Márquez and Chronicle of a Death Foretold Background
Characters Angela Vicario
Angela Vicario is in many ways the main character of the story. She is the most quoted character in the novel, and has the strongest narrative voice. In addition, she is center of the mystery that the narrator is trying to unravel, since she is the only one who knows whether or not Santiago was truly the one who took her virginity, and she remains enigmatic at the end of the story because she never reveals whether or not he was guilty.
Angela Vicario is a distant cousin of the narrator. As a young girl, she was the most beautiful of her four sisters. However, the narrator says she had a "helpless air and a poverty of spirit that augured an uncertain future for her." She used to sit in the window of her house, making cloth flowers, and the narrator thought she looked more and more destitute every year. He says that her "penury of spirit had been aggravated by the years," so much so that when people discovered that Bayardo San Roman wanted to marry her, they thought it was an outsider's plan.
Angela says she did not wish to marry him because he seemed like too much of a man for her. She thought he was stuck up, and that he was a Polack. She also felt that he did not court her, but merely ingratiated himself with her family, and that also irritated her. However, her parents would hear none of her objections; her mother told her that love could be learned.
Her mother appears to have been right, though not in the sense that either she or Angela expected—Angela fell in love with Bayardo San Roman after he returned her to her house. When the narrator went to visit her years later, she answered all his questions "with very good judgment and a sense of humor." He says that "she was so mature and witty that it was difficult to believe that she was the same person." When he asks he once again if Santiago Nasar was the guilty party who had taken her virginity, she replied, "Don't beat it to death, cousin. He was the one."
Her inexplicable obsession with Bayardo San Roman takes the form of a ritual: she begins writing letters to him, and it becomes a weekly habit of hers for seventeen years. The fact that he ultimately returns to her is no stranger than the act of writing a letter a week to someone who does not respond. Because he does come back to her, Angela Vicario triumphs in a sense-she has found the resolution she desired in her life. However, the conclusion of her love affair with Bayardo does not shed any light on the murder of Santiago Nasar-in terms of him, she would never say anything save to name him as the one who took her virginity. Though she seems like an honest person, it is difficult to tell whether she would have been willing to reveal the name of the man who truly took her virginity, especially if she still had feelings for him.
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Book bias gets magnified between shortlists and winners—some data
Data suggest that the step from literary prize shortlist to winner might be an important inflection point in the operation of unconscious bias against women in the publishing ecosystem.
My recent focus on literary prize diversity has been aimed squarely at gender, both that of a book's author and its main characters (those characters through whose perspective the narrative is funnelled; point-of-view characters).1 Due to the valiant efforts of the Literary Prize Data group, we now have data for the Man Booker Prize and the Edgar Allen Poe Award for Best Novel going back to 2000.
For the Man Booker we looked at longlist, shortlist, and winners. The Edgar does not publish longlists, so we could quantify only the shortlist and winners.2
Here's the Edgar shortlist3 (usually 6 novels):
Women who write novels that are shortlisted for the Edgar write more about women than about men. Some men write about women, too (though they write about themselves nearly 10 times as often). Of the shortlisted novels, women make up 35 of the 111 point-of-view characters, or about 31.5%
Now look at what happens when the 90 shortlisted novels are whittled to 15 winners.
The overall proportion of women writers falls and those remaining write as often about men as about women. No men write about women. Of the 19 point-of-view characters, only 2 are women. In other words, the leap in prestige from Edgar shortlist to Edgar winner is mirrored by a drop in the number of female perspectives–women's voices–from about 31.5% to 10.5%.
Here's what the Man Booker longlist looks like4:
Note that the number of women writing about women, and men writing about women, are exactly equal, both 60 of the 322 total protagonists. Women's points of view add up to 37% of the total.
Then the longlist is shortened from 13 books to 65
The change is relatively small. The proportion of women writing about women and those who are writing about men stay equal at 22 out of 109, or about 20%. The proportion of men writing about women falls in comparison, to 18 of 109, or about 18.5%. In other words, the total percentage of female perspectives actually goes up a little, to 38.5.
But, oh, look what happens when the jury has to come up with the One Book to Rule Them All:
[Note: this chart changed 9/1/2015. Thanks to Casey for pointing out my error.]
Women writing about men increases. No men write about women. And the number of women writing about women drops. In other words, the enormous leap in prestige, from being able to label your book Man Booker Shortlisted to Winner of the Man Booker Prize, is mirrored by a corresponding plummet in the proportion of in women's perspectives from 38.5% to 16.66%.
Edgar shortlist to winner: women's voices drop from 31.5% to 10.5%
Man Booker shortlist to winner: women's voices drop from 38.5% to 16.66%
So when we're talking about prestigious book awards, whether for crime fiction or literary fiction, it appears that the step from shortlist to winner is where women's voices fall most alarmingly. This is where women's voices are throttled.6
Looking at how and why might prove fruitful.
1 This can be subjective, which is why we're building a searchable database. When it's up, we will welcome input and corrections.
2 We've changed the way we count: instead of "About women," "about men" and "about both" we're now totting up the total number of POV characters. So if the book under discussion is a linked collection of stories written by a woman with, say, 4 stories written from the POV of women and 7 from those of men, we count 11 protagonists in all, and assign 4 to "Women by women" and 7 to "Men by women." (These will probably be relabelled "Female by female" and "Male by male" for the simple reason that the notation F/M is less error-prone than, say, W/M. Also, "Female" and "Male" cover both adults and children.) In addition, you'll see that the two sets of charts are marginally different. I'll standardise it at some point soon.
3 The Edgar calls their shortlisted novels Nominees.
4 The yellow and green segments are, respectively, Non-binary and Other. The latter includes animals, aliens, and other non-human protagonists. Note that for the longlist we begin in 2001 when the longlists were first published.
5 The longlist is currently 13 books, the shortlist 6. This has not always been the case.
6 This drop is not as shocking as my initial (wrong) assessment. But it's still sharp. 9/1/2015
Tags: gender bias, litprize data, women and writing
Posted on August 31, 2015 by Nicola Griffith in Uncategorized
11 thoughts on "Book bias gets magnified between shortlists and winners—some data"
Am I somehow reading your graph for Booker winners 2000-2014 wrong? The graph shows only one female winner in those years, but anyone who follows the Bookers knows that that isn't true. Margaret Atwood won in 2000 (The Blind Assassin), Kiren Desai in 2006 (The Inheritance of Loss), Anne Enright in 2007 (The Gathering), Hillary Mantel in 2009 (Wolf Hall) and 2012 (Bring up the Bodies), and Eleanor Catton in 2013 (The Luminaries).
Nicola Griffith says:
What I'm measuring is the books *about* women/from a woman's POV. Lots of women win for writing about men. Women who write about women don't win. See my original post.
Looking back I see I misinterpreted M/W to mean "men writing about women", instead of "men written by women". My apologies. Still the graph is off, as it should read W/W=3, M/W=3 (Atwood, Desai, and Enright were all writing about women in their Booker winning novels).
ejensenEppu says:
Wow, really interesting data. Thank you all for collating this!
(P.S. Did anyone notice already that the Man Booker Prize Winners graphic has a typo? >> 2000-2104 instead of 2014.)
Casey, what I'm counting is women's POV.
The Inheritance of Loss is written from Sai's POV, The Blind Assassin in written from Iris' POV, The Gathering is written from Veronica's POV. Unless you're only counting first person accounts as POV, in which case ALL the novels written in the third person need to be discounted from the data.
I really don't mean to be argumentative, I understand and appreciate the point being made in your post, it's just that the numbers are off.
Casey, you're absolutely right about the Atwood and Enright, but I've counted the Desai as from 2 POVs–Sai's and the judge's. (I haven't read that one so had to take my best guess based on a sample and reviews. Should I correct it?)
I'm scratching my head a bit. Clearly there's been a slip-up somewhere. When I relied on my own data I originally got this chart. But the most recent chart is derived from numbers put together by others in the group. I'll investigate.
Many thanks for being persistent!
It's been a few years since I read The Inheritance of Loss; there are several POVs but it was Sai who really stuck with me, to the point where I feel the book really is Sai's story. It's perfectly fair to list it as being about both men and women, but that wasn't represented on the chart. Also, I'd recommend you read it, for no other reason than that it is a beautiful novel.
I'll leave it as one of each for now, until I can get a better notion. And, yep, it's one of the zillion or so books on my TBR-one-day pile…
To take the premise of this post one step further, I'll name two novels about women that really should have won the Booker.
2005: Kuzuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go. Nothing against John Banville's The Sea, it was a really great book, but Never Let Me Go was better.
2012: Deborah Levy's Swimming Home. To be fair I didn't read Mantel's Bring Up the Bodies, I did read her Wolf Hall though, and while impressed by the prose I was left a little cold by the novel as a whole. The 2012 shortlist was one of the best in Booker history, an Swimming Home was the most profoundly affecting novel on the list.
It's hard to say that those two novels lost due specifically to a bias against women's perspectives (in Ishiguro's case he may have suffered just as much from a bias against Sci–Fi, while Mantel was the presumptive winner in 2012 from the moment the long list was announced and just kind of steamrolled the competition), but your post has made me realize that the two novels in the last decade and a half that I really think got robbed are both from a woman's POV. And if we go back even farther (1986) it is an absolute crime that Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale didn't win (again, nothing against Amis' The Old Devils, but come on).
I hear you! I've talked elsewhere (Facebook?) about what happens with groups making subjective decisions. This is where the bias really happens, I think.