text:
\section{Introduction}

 A  multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) radar system, as  originally proposed in \cite{Fishler:04}-\cite{Chen:08}  transmits  multiple
independent waveforms via its antennas.
 Consider a MIMO radar  equipped with $M_t$ transmit and $M_r$
receive antennas that are close to each other relative to the
target. The phase differences induced by transmit
and receive antennas can  be exploited to form a long virtual array
with $M_tM_r$ elements. This enables the MIMO radar system to
achieve superior spatial resolution as compared  to a traditional
radar system.
 MIMO radar transmitting correlated signal waveforms  in
 order
to achieve a desired beampattern has also been proposed \cite{Stoica:07}-\cite{Fuhrmann:08}. This is useful in cases
where the radar system wishes to avoid certain directions, because
they either correspond to eavesdroppers, or are known to be of no interest.

Compressive sensing (CS) has  received considerable attention recently,
and has been applied successfully in diverse fields, e.g., image
processing \cite{Romberg:08} and wireless communications
\cite{Bajwa:06}. The theory of CS states that a $K$-sparse signal
$\mathbf{x}$ of length $N$ can be recovered exactly with high probability from
$\mathcal{O}(K\log N)$ measurements via
linear programming. Let $\Psi$ denote the basis matrix that spans
this sparse space, and let $\Phi$ denote a measurement matrix. The  convex
optimization problem arising from CS is formulated as follows:
\begin{eqnarray}
\min\|\mathbf{s}\|_1,\ \  \text{subject}\ \text{to}\ {\bf
y}=\Phi{\bf x} =\Phi \Psi {\bf s}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mathbf{s}$ is a sparse vector with K principal elements and
the remaining elements can be ignored;  $\Phi$ is an $M\times N$
matrix incoherent with  $\Psi$ and $M\ll N$.

In this paper, we propose a distributed MIMO radar system, where  transmit and receive antennas belong to nodes of a wireless network that are uniformly distributed on a disk or a certain radius.
 located wireless network nodes.
The readings of the receive nodes are transmitted to a central node for DOA estimation.
Energy efficiency is an important issue in such a wireless network as the nodes operate on battery.
We employ the idea of compressive sampling in order to save in energy
consumed during data transmission to the central node.
Recently, the work of \cite{Gurbuz:08} considered DOA estimation of
signal sources using CS. In \cite{Gurbuz:08}, the basis matrix
$\Psi$ is formed by the discretization of the angle space. The
source signals were assumed to be unknown, and an approximate version of
the basis matrix was obtained based on the signal received by a
reference vector. The signal at the reference sensor would have to be sampled at a very
high rate  in order to construct a good basis matrix. Here, we extend the
idea of \cite{Gurbuz:08} to  the problem of  DOA estimation  for
MIMO radar.
Since the number of targets is typically
smaller than the number of snapshots that can  be obtained, DOA
estimation  can be formulated as the recovery of a sparse vector
using CS. Unlike the scenario considered in \cite{Gurbuz:08}, in
MIMO radar the transmitted waveforms are known at each  receive
antennas. This enables each receive antenna to construct the basis
matrix locally, without knowledge of the received signal at a reference sensor or any
other antenna.
 We consider the more general case of correlated signal waveforms.
We
provide analytical expressions for the average signal-to-jammer ratio (SJR)
for the proposed approach. Simulation results
show that the proposed approach can accomplish the super-resolution of
MIMO radar systems while using far fewer samples than existing methods,
such as Capon, amplitude and phase estimation (APES) and generalized
likelihood ratio test (GLRT) \cite{Xu:06}.
 In particular, the proposed approach can enable each
node to obtain a good DOA estimate independently. Further, it
results in much less information to be transmitted to a fusion center,
thus enabling savings in terms of transmission energy.

\section{Signal Model for MIMO Radar}
We consider a MIMO radar system with $M_t$ transmit nodes and $M_r$
receive nodes that are uniformly distributed on a disk of radius
$r$.
 For simplicity,
we assume that targets and nodes lie on the same plane. Further, we
assume that each node in the network knows which are the nodes that
serve are transmit  and receive antennas and what their coordinates
are relative to a fixed point in the network. This information can
be provided by a higher network layer.  Let us denote the locations
in rectangular coordinates of the $i$-th transmit and receive
antenna by $(x^t_i, y^t_i)$ and $(x^r_i, y^r_i)$, respectively (see Fig.\ref{mimo_radar}).

The location of the $k$-th target is denoted by the polar coordinates $(d_k,\theta_k)$,
where $d_k$ is the distance between this target and  the origin,
and $\theta_k$ is the azimuthal angle, which is the unknown
parameter to be estimated in this paper.  Under the far-field
assumption
 $d_{k} \gg \sqrt{(x^t_i)^2+(y^t_i)^2}$ and $d_{k} \gg\sqrt{(x^r_i)^2+
 (y^r_i)^2}$, the distance between the $i$th transmit/receive
 antenna and the $k$-th target
 $d^t_{ik}$/$d^r_{ik}$ can be approximated as
$d^{t/r}_{ik} \approx d_k - {\eta_i^{t/r}(\theta_k)} $, where
$\eta_i^{t/r}(\theta_k)={x^{t/r}_i \cos(\theta_k)+y^{t/r}_i
\sin(\theta_k)}$.

Let $x_i(n)$ denote the discrete-time waveform transmitted by the
$i$-th transmit antenna.  Assuming the transmitted waveforms are
narrowband and the propagation is non-dispersive, the received
baseband signal at the $k$-th target equals \cite{Li:07}
\begin{eqnarray}
y_{k}(n)&=& \beta_k\sum_{i=1}^{M_t} x_i(n) e^{-j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}
d^t_{ik}} \nonumber\\&=&\beta_ke^{-j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}d_k}{\bf
x}^T(n){\bf v}(\theta_k)\ \ k=1,\ldots, K
\end{eqnarray}
where $\lambda$ is the transmitted signal wavelength,
\begin{eqnarray}
{\bf
v}(\theta_k)&=&[e^{j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\eta^t_1(\theta_k)},...,e^{j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\eta^t_{M_t}(\theta_k)}]^T\\
{\bf x}(n)&=&[x_1(n),...,x_{M_t}(n)]^T.
\end{eqnarray}

Due to reflection by the target, the $l$-th antenna element
receives
\begin{eqnarray}
z_{l}(n)&=&\sum_{k=1}^{K}e^{-j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}d^r_{lk}}y_k(n)+\epsilon_{l}(n),\
l=1,\ldots, M_r
\end{eqnarray}
where $\epsilon_{l}(n)$ represents independent and identically distributed  (i.i.d.) Gaussian noise with
variance $\sigma^2$.

On letting $L$ denote the number of snapshots, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
{\bf z}_{l}&=&\left[
                \begin{array}{c}
                  z_l(0) \\
                  \vdots \\
                  z_l(L-1) \\
                \end{array}
              \right]=
\sum_{k=1}^{K}e^{-j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}d^r_{lk}}{\bf
y}_k+{\bf e}_l\nonumber\\
&=&\sum_{k=1}^{K}e^{-j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}(2d_k-
\eta^r_{l}(\theta_k))}\beta_k{{\bf X}}{\bf v}(\theta_k)+{\bf e}_l
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\bf y}_k=[y_k(0), \ldots, y_k(L-1)]^T$, ${\bf
e}_l=[\epsilon_{l}(0), \ldots, \epsilon_{l}(L-1)]^T$ and ${\bf X}=[
{\bf x}(0), \ldots, {\bf x}(L-1)]^T $.

By discretizing the angle space as
$\mathbf{a}=[\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_N]$, we can rewrite
(\ref{received signal}) as
\begin{eqnarray}\label{received signal}
{\bf z}_{l}=\sum_{n=1}^{N}e^{j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}
\eta^r_{l}(\alpha_n)}s_n{{\bf X}}{\bf v}(\alpha_n)+{\bf e}_l
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{equation*}
s_n = \left\{
\begin{array}{rl}
e^{-j\frac{4\pi}{\lambda}d_{k}}\beta_k &  \text{if there is target at}\ \alpha_n \\
0  & \text{otherwise}
\end{array} \right.  \ .
\end{equation*}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
     \scalebox{0.25}{\includegraphics{mimo_radar_new.eps}}\end{center}
 \caption{MIMO Radar System}\label{mimo_radar}
\end{figure}

\section{Compressive Sensing for MIMO Radar}
Assuming that there exists a small number of targets, the DOAs are
sparse in the angle space, i.e., $\mathbf{s}=[s_1,\ldots,s_N]$ is a
sparse vector. A non-zero element with index $j$  in ${\bf s}$
indicates that there is a target at the angle $\alpha_j$.

By CS theory,  we can construct a basis matrix $\Psi_l$ for the
$l$-th antenna  as
\begin{eqnarray}
\Psi_l=[e^{j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda} \eta^r_{l}(\alpha_1)}{{\bf X}}{\bf
v}(\alpha_1),\ldots,e^{j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}
\eta^r_{l}(\alpha_N)}{{\bf X}}{\bf v}(\alpha_N)] \ .
\end{eqnarray}

  Ignoring the noise,  we have
$\mathbf{z}_l=\Psi_l\mathbf{s}$. Then we measure linear projections
of the received signal at the $l$-th antenna as
\begin{eqnarray} \label{receive_sig}{\bf
r}_l=\Phi_l\mathbf{z}_l={\Phi_l\Psi_l}\mathbf{s},
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Phi_l$ is an $M\times L$ random Gaussian matrix which has
small correlation with ${\Psi}_l$. Combining  the output of  $N_r$
receive antennas, we have
\begin{eqnarray}\label{cs}
{\bf r}=\left[
          \begin{array}{c}
            {\bf r}_1 \\
            \vdots \\
            {\bf r}_{N_r}\\
          \end{array}
        \right]
=\underbrace{\left[
          \begin{array}{c}
           {\Phi_1\Psi_1}  \\
            \vdots \\
           \Phi_{N_r}\Psi_{N_r}\\
          \end{array}
        \right]}_{\Theta}\mathbf{s},\ 1\leq Nr\leq M_r \ .
\end{eqnarray}
Therefore, we can recover $\mathbf{s}$ by applying the Dantzig selector
to the convex problem in (\ref{cs}) as in  \cite{Candes:07}:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{Dantzig}
\hat{{\bf s}}= \min\|{\bf s}\|_1\ \ \ s.t. \|{\Theta}^H({\bf
r}-\Theta{\bf s})\|_{\infty}<\mu.
\end{eqnarray}
According to \cite{Candes:07}, we can recover the sparse vector
${\bf s}$ with very high probability if we select
$\mu=(1+t^{-1})\sqrt{2\log N\sigma^2}$, where $t$ is a positive
scalar and  $\sigma^2$ is the noise power.

\section{Performance Analysis in the presence of a jammer signal}

In the presence of a jammer at location $(d,\theta)$ the signal received at the $l$-th
receive antenna can be represented as
\begin{eqnarray}
{\bf r}_{l}&=&\Phi_l\sum_{k=1}^{K}e^{-j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}(2d_k-
\eta^r_{l}(\theta_k))}\beta_k{{\bf X}}{\bf
v}(\theta_k)\nonumber\\&&+\Phi_le^{-j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}(d-
\eta^r_{l}(\theta))}\beta{{\bf b}}+\Phi_l{\bf e}_l \ .
\end{eqnarray}
where  $\beta, \ \bf b$ denote respectively the reflection amplitude
and waveform of this jammer. Since $\bf b$ is uncorrelated with the
transmitted waveforms $\bf X$, the effect of the  jammer signal is
similar to that of  addictive noise. Let ${\bf A}_l=\Phi_l^H\Phi_l$
and
 ${\bf D}_l={\bf X}^H{\bf A}_l{\bf X}$, where ${\bf
D}(i,j)$ denotes the $(i, j)$th element of ${\bf D}$. We assume that
the TX/RX nodes are uniformly distributed on a disk with the radius
$r$. Thus, the average power of the desirable signal $P_s(l)$  can
be represented by
\begin{eqnarray} P_s(l)&=&
E\{\sum_{k,k'=1}^{K}\underbrace{e^{j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}[2(d_k-d_{k'})-(\eta^r_l(\theta_k)-\eta^r_l(\theta_{k'}))}}
_{\rho_{l}(k,{k'})}\beta_k^*\beta_{k'}\nonumber\\&&\times\underbrace{{\bf
v}^H(\theta_k) {{\bf X}}^H{\bf A}_l {\bf
X}{\bf v}(\theta_{k'})}_{Q_{kk'}}\}={E\{\sum_{k=1}^{K}|\beta_k|^2 Q_{kk}\}}\nonumber\\
&&+ E\{\sum_{k\neq k'}\rho_{l}(k,{k'})\beta_k^*\beta_{k'} Q_{kk'}\}
\end{eqnarray}
where $Q_{kk'}=\sum_{i,j}{\bf D}_l(i,j)e^{j\frac{2\pi
r}{\lambda}(\eta_j^t(\theta_{k'})-\eta_i^t(\theta_k))}$.

Following \cite{Ochiai}, we know that
$f_h(h)=\frac{2}{\pi}\sqrt{1-h^2},-1<h<1$ if
$h=\frac{\tilde{r}}{r}sin(\Psi)$, where
$f_{\tilde{r}}(\tilde{r})=\frac{2\tilde{r}}{r^2}, 0<\tilde{r}<r$ and
$f_{\psi}(\psi)=\frac{1}{2\pi}, -\pi<\psi<\pi$. Then $E\{e^{j\alpha
h}\}=2\frac{J_1(\alpha)}{\alpha}$, where $J_1(\cdot)$ is the
first-order Bessel function of the first kind. Using this property
and letting
$a_{ij}=\eta_j^{t/r}(\theta_{k'})-\eta_i^{t/r}(\theta_k)$, we have
 \begin{eqnarray}
E\{e^{j\frac{2\pi r}{\lambda}a_{ij}}\}= \left\{
\begin{array}{rl}
\eta(4\sin(\frac{\theta_{k'}-\theta_k}{2}))& i=j\\
\eta^2(2) &  i\neq j
\end{array} \right.
 \end{eqnarray}
where $\eta(x)=2\frac{J_1(x\frac{\pi r}{\lambda})}{x\frac{\pi
r}{\lambda}}$.

Therefore, the average power of the desirable signal $P_s(l)$ taken
over the positions of TX/RX nodes can be found to be:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{signal_power1}
P_s(l)&=&\sum_{k=1}^K |\beta_k|^2 [\sum_{i}{\bf D}_l(i,i)+
\sum_{i\neq j}{\bf
D}_l(i,j)\eta^2(2)]\nonumber\\
&+&\sum_{k\neq k'}\beta_k^*\beta_{k'}e^{j\frac{4\pi}{\lambda}(d_k-d_{k'})}\underbrace{\eta(4\sin(\frac{\theta_{k'}-\theta_k}{2}))}_{\eta_{kk'}}\nonumber\\
&\times&[\eta_{kk'}\sum_{i}{\bf D}_l(i,i)+ \sum_{i\neq j}{\bf
D}_l(i,j)\eta^2(2)].
\end{eqnarray}

Similarly, the power of the jammer signal is given by
\begin{eqnarray}\label{jammer_power}
P_j(l)&=& (e^{-j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}(d-\eta^r_l(\theta))}
\beta)(e^{-j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}(d-\eta^r_l(\theta))} \beta)^*\nonumber\\
&&\times{\bf b}^H{\bf A}_l{\bf b}=|\beta|^2{\bf b}^H{\bf A}_l{\bf b}
\ .
\end{eqnarray}

The SJR given the node locations is the ratio of the power of the
signal over the power of the jammer. Since the denominator does not
depend on node locations, the average SJR equals the ratio of
(\ref{signal_power1}) and (\ref{jammer_power}).

Since the jammer signal is uncorrelated with the transmitted signal,
the SJR can be improved by correlating the jammer signal with the
transmitted signal. Combining this with CS, the measurement matrix
in (\ref{receive_sig}) is modified as
\begin{eqnarray}\label{measurement_matrix}
\tilde{\Phi}_l=\Phi_l{\bf X}^H \ .
\end{eqnarray}
Moreover, since  $\Phi_l$ is a Gaussian random matrix, $\tilde{\Phi}_l$ is
still Gaussian; therefore it satisfies the restricted isometry
property (RIP)  and is incoherent with
 $\Psi_l$, thus guaranteeing a stable solution to
(\ref{Dantzig}). Based on (\ref{measurement_matrix}),
the average power of the desirable signal $P_s(l)$ is equal to
(\ref{signal_power1}) except ${\bf D}_l={\bf X}^H{\bf XA}_l{\bf
X}^H{\bf X}$. The average power of the jammer signal using
$\tilde{\Phi}_l$ is rewritten as  $P_j(l)= |\beta|^2{\bf b}^H{\bf
X}{\bf A}_l{\bf X}^H{\bf b}$.

Approximating ${\bf X}^H{\bf X}\sim {\bf I}_{M_t}$ and using ${\bf
b}^H{\bf b}=1$, the SJRs based on $\Phi_l$ and $\tilde{\Phi}_l$ can be
approximated as $\frac{M_t\sum_{k=1}^K |\beta_k|^2}{|\beta|^2} $ and
$\frac{L\sum_{k=1}^K |\beta_k|^2}{|\beta|^2}$, respectively.
Therefore, the SJR using (\ref{measurement_matrix}) can be generally
improved by a factor of $L/M_t$
 since $L\gg M_t$.  the DOA estimates can be improved by the increase in $L$.  However,
the time duration of the radar pulse might need to be longer as
well.

As simulation results show (see Section \ref{simulation}),
the proposed method can yield  good performance even using a single
receive antenna. With a good initial estimate of DOA, the receive
nodes can adaptively refine their estimates by constructing  a
higher resolution basis matrix $\Psi_l$ around that DOA.
 Restricting the candidate angle space,
 may reduce the samples in the angle space that are required
for constructing the basis matrix, thus reducing the complexity of
the $\ell_1$ minimization step. On the other hand, the resolution of
target detection can be improved by taking the denser samples of the
angle space around the intimal DOA estimate. Furthermore, the
transmit node can design the correlated waveforms for transmit
beamforming as well based on the good initial estimate.

\section{Simulation Results }\label{simulation}

In this section, we consider a MIMO radar system with the
transmit/receive antennas uniformly distributed on a disk of radius
$10$m.  The number of transmit nodes is fixed at $M_t=50$. The
carrier frequency is 8.62 GHz.
 A maximum of $L = 512$ snapshots are
considered at the receive node. The received signal is
 corrupted by  zero mean Gaussian noise.
 The SNR is
set to 20 dB .

 There are two targets located at
$\theta_k=-1\textordmasculine,\ 1\textordmasculine$, with reflection
coefficients $\beta_k=1, k=1,2$. A jammer is located at
$15\textordmasculine$ and transmits an unknown Gaussian random waveform and
with amplitude 20, i.e., 26 dB above the target reflection
coefficients
 $\beta_k$. We sample the angle space by increments of $0.5\textordmasculine$
from $-8\textordmasculine$ to $8\textordmasculine$, i.e., ${\bf
a}=[-8\textordmasculine,-7.5\textordmasculine,\ldots,7.5\textordmasculine,8\textordmasculine]$.

 First, we compare the performance of DOA estimation using
the proposed method and three approaches \cite{Xu:06}, i.e., the
Capon, APES and GLRT techniques. Fig. \ref{rec_unco} and Fig.
\ref{rec_co} show the modulii of the estimated reflection
coefficients $\beta_k$, as functions of the azimuthal angle for
$N_r=1$ and $10$ receive antennas, respectively. In Fig.
\ref{rec_unco}, we use the uncorrelated QPSK waveforms; while in
Fig. \ref{rec_co}, we use correlated waveforms designed according to
the desired beampattern $P_d(\alpha_n)$ as
 \begin{eqnarray}\label{beam_des}
P_d(\alpha_n)= \left\{
\begin{array}{rl}
1 & -3\textordmasculine \leq \alpha_n\leq 3\textordmasculine\\
0  &  -8\textordmasculine\leq \alpha_n < -3\textordmasculine \
\text{and}\  3\textordmasculine< \alpha_n \leq 8\textordmasculine
\end{array} \right.  \ .
 \end{eqnarray}
Based on that beampattern, the method of \cite{Stoica:07}  was
followed to design ${\bf R}$. Then the transmitted waveforms  can be
constructed  as ${\bf x(n)}={\bf R}^{\frac{1}{2}}{\bf w}$, where
${\bf w}$ is a $\text{i.i.d}$ random vector with zero mean and
$E\{{\bf w}{\bf w}^H\}={\bf I}/L$.

 In both (a) and (b), the top
three curves correspond to the azimuthal estimates obtained via
Capon, APES and GLRT, using $512$ snapshots. The bottom curve is the
result of the proposed approach, obtained using $35$ snapshots only.
One can  see that in the case of using only one receive node, the
presence of the two targets is clearly evident via the proposed
method based on $35$ snapshots only using both independent and
correlated waveforms. The other methods produce spurious peaks away
from the target locations. When the measurements of multiple receive
nodes are used at a fusion center, the proposed approach can yield
similar performance to the other three methods. However, the
comparison methods would have to transmit to the fusion center $512$
received samples each, while in the proposed approach, each node
would need to transmit $35$ samples each.

The threshold $\mu$ in (\ref{Dantzig})  affects DOA estimation for
the proposed method. The increase in $\mu$  while
keeping $M_t$ and $N_t$ constant  can reduce the ripples of DOA
estimates at the non-target azimuth angles at the expense of
 the accuracy of the target-reflection-coefficient
estimates.  The increase in $\mu$ can also reduce the complexity of
(\ref{Dantzig}) because the constraint is  looser than that of
smaller $\mu$. If $\mu$ is too large, however, the $\ell_1$-norm
minimization does not work. In Fig.\ref{rec_unco} and \ref{rec_co},
 relatively large thresholds, i.e.,  $\mu=12,10$, were used for the
single receive node case. As a result, the CS method yielded less
accurate estimates of the reflection coefficients magnitude
 than the Capon and APES, but with
 very few ripples.

Finally, we discuss the effect of $L$, $N_t$ and $M_t$  on the
performance of the Capon, APES, GLRT and CS. Fig. \ref{com_N_r_L}
compares the performance of these four approaches using
independent waveforms for different combinations of $N_r$ and $ L$,
whose product is fixed at $512$.  In order to quantify the
performance of DOA estimation, we define the ratio of the square
amplitude  of the DOA estimate at the  target azimuth angle to the
sum of the square amplitude of DOA estimates at other angles as the
peak-to-ripple ratio (PRR). Fig. \ref{com_peak_ripple_ratio}
compares PRR  as a function of $L$ for  these four approaches using
uncorrelated signal waveforms. We consider the scenarios in which
$N_r=1,5,10,30$. For fixed $N_t$ and $M_t$, the increase in $L$ can
improve the performance of these four methods. In the presence of a
moderate jammer, APES and CS can yield  relatively accurate DOA
estimates even with a small $L$.
 For Capon and
GLRT, $N_r$ must be greater than $L$ in order to obtain a
nonsingular sample covariance matrix  of the received signal
$\tilde{\bf R}$. This is because Capon and GLRT need to calculate
the inverse of $\tilde{\bf R}$.  On the other hand, an increase
 in both  $M_t$ and $N_r$ can also improve the performance of the
Capon, APES, GLRT and CS while $L$ is fixed. If either  $M_t$ or
$N_r$ is too small, even a significant increase in the other
parameter cannot improve performance of the first three approaches.
However, CS can yield the desired DOA estimates even with a single
receive antenna with a sufficient $L$ and $N_t$. In the senecios
considered in our simulations where $L=2^9$, for instance, $M_t$ and
$N_r$ are required to  be greater than $8$ to yield the desired DOA
estimates using the Capon, APES and GLRT. With a single receive
node, CS requires at least $20$ transmit nodes, while in the cases
of multiple receive nodes, the requirement of $M_t$ and $N_r$ for CS
is the same as in the other three methods.

\section{Conclusion}
We proposed a distributed MIMO Radar system implemented by  a small
size randomly dispersed wireless network. There are several advantages in using
the proposed distributed approach as opposed to using a standard
linear array. The radar system can be easily deployed;  no pre-existing infrastructure is required.
In a high density network there are many degrees of freedom to design the beampattern as desired around the look direction, which is important for clutter reduction or for reduction of scanning time. By randomizing the set of transmitters and receivers we can used the network power efficiently. By selecting well separated nodes we can increase spatial diversity. The resolution can be easily adjusted by employing more or less transmit nodes. The radar system is robust; should some nodes be deactivated the system performance will not be affected.

For the proposed MIMO
radar system,  a compressive sensing method has been exploited to
estimate the DOAs of targets  using both independent and  correlated
waveforms. The DOA of targets can construct a sparse vector in the
angle space. Therefore, we can solve for this sparse vector by
$\ell_l$-norm minimization with many fewer samples than conventional
methods, i.e. the Capon, APES and GLRT techniques. The proposed
method  is superior to these conventional methods when one receive
antenna is active. If multiple receive antennas are used, the
proposed approach can yield similar performance  to the other three
methods, but by using far fewer samples.

\bigskip
\centerline{\bf Acknowledgment} The authors would like to thank Dr.
Rabinder Madan of the Office of Naval Research for bringing the possibility of using compressive
sampling for angle-of-arrival estimation to their attention.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \scalebox{0.28}{\includegraphics{rec_unco_new.eps}}\end{center}
 \caption{DOA estimates of two targets with $1$ (left column) and $10$ (right column) receive antenna using independent waveforms. The top three curves were obtained using $512$ snapshots.
 The bottom curve was obtained using $35$ snapshots only.
  }\label{rec_unco}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
      \scalebox{0.28}{\includegraphics{rec_co_new.eps}}\end{center}
 \caption{DOA estimates of two targets with close azimuthal angles using $1$ (left column) and $10$ (right column) receive antenna using independent waveforms. The top three curves were obtained using $512$ snapshots.
 The bottom curve was obtained using $35$ snapshots only. }\label{rec_co}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
     \scalebox{0.30}{\includegraphics{com_N_r_L.eps}}\end{center}
 \caption{DOA estimates with different sets of $N_r$ and $L$ }\label{com_N_r_L}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
     \scalebox{0.28}{\includegraphics{com_peak_ripple_ratio.eps}}\end{center}
 \caption{Peak-to-ripple Ratio vs. $L$ with different $N_r$  }\label{com_peak_ripple_ratio}
\end{figure}

\bibliographystyle{IEEE}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The recent closure of Long Island Bridge represents a long-awaited occurrence that provides the city of Boston with the unique opportunity for economic responsibility.
Boston Mayor Marty Walsh inherited this dilapidated bridge from the prior administration. He has also shown his commitment to helping the homeless by the recent opening of the Southampton Street homeless shelter.
The Long Island Bridge is a two-lane, 3,450-foot-long monstrosity that only hosts approximately 400 cars of traffic per day. The Massachusetts Department of Transportation reports that there are 447 structurally deficient bridges statewide, most of which have a drastically higher volume of traffic than Long Island – some in the range of 150,000 vehicles per day. Forty-nine of these structurally deficient bridges are in the city of Boston, and most of the larger bridges in need of repair would not come close to the $100 million-plus estimates to repair Long Island Bridge.
The Long Island Bridge, which was once a public safety issue, has now become primarily an economic and environmental one, with convincing evidence showing that rebuilding the bridge is fiscally irresponsible. The most logical solution to this transportation problem is the implementation of a ferry service.
As widely reported in the news media, Long Island itself is owned by the city of Boston, yet the bridge is located in the city of Quincy. For years, Quincy residents and officials who witnessed this deteriorating bridge first-hand have been advocating for alternative means of transportation to Long Island. Commercial fishermen and recreational boaters had witnessed falling debris from the corroded bridge. This bridge has proven to be a safety hazard to those who drive on it, as well as the boaters who navigate under it.
Before any decisions are made on the future of Long Island Bridge, a comprehensive cost-feasibility study is warranted to determine the most cost-effective means of transportation to the island.
The cost to rebuild Long Island Bridge could go over $100 million, including a $12 million to $15 million engineering design. These figures do not factor in tearing down the current structure, which we now know will begin shortly and will cost $20.6 million. Additionally, according to the MBTA, approximately $3.7 million has been spent annually on bus transportation to and from the city services on Long Island.
Meanwhile, it is estimated that it would only cost $2 million to construct a pier for Long Island that could handle a ferry service. Using published data from the most recent ferry pilot programs in Massachusetts, estimates show that operating a daily ferry to and from Long Island would be $300,000 to $400,000 per year.
Perhaps what is most encouraging is that there is already an existing launch location in South Boston that provides services to Thompson Island – which is not even a quarter-mile away from Long Island. The Thompson Island ferry only runs on weekends, therefore a daily ferry service to Long Island from the same launching location would not interfere with current ferry routes.
The lower costs associated with providing a ferry service are supplemented by the fact that the money that may be spent on rebuilding Long Island Bridge would be better spent on improving vital transportation and public safety services across the Commonwealth.
With the passage of Question 1 in November's general election, Massachusetts voters were loud and clear: they want their representatives to take votes when allocating funds to fix our roads and bridges, not tie the gas tax to inflation. This holds Beacon Hill to maintaining a consistent level of accountability.
Gov. Baker and incoming Transportation Secretary Stephanie Pollack, along with state legislators, have a responsibility and an obligation to the taxpayers of the Commonwealth to ensure that our roads and bridges are safe and are conducive to our commerce and our economic stability. Given the limited city and state transportation budgets, the people deserve to know how their money is being spent, and they deserve to know when it may not be spent wisely.
Bruce J. Ayers, a Quincy resident, is the state representative for the 1st Norfolk District.


text:
Jennifer Hall Lee Raises Consciousness Levels
Join Amy Levy PR client Jennifer Hall Lee, renowned author and feminist filmmaker for "The Consciousness Raising Project: From Islamabad to Los Angeles" this July 10-21 in Los Angeles.
Ms. Lee is serving as the U.S. Coordinator for a State Department-funded cultural exchange trip. The program provides nine female Pakistani students and academics from Islamabad, Pakistan with the opportunity to join discussions about subjects ranging from religion, peace and fashion to green spaces in urban areas. They will also study media images of women.
All of the events are FREE and open to the public.
Join their first panel, "USA+ Pakistan: Seeing Each Other and Expanding Our Vision" at the Mark Taper Auditorium at the Los Angeles Public Library from 2:00pm-4:00pm onSunday, July 10th.
Below is the schedule. You can get more information by clicking here:
USA and Pakistan: Images of Women in Media and Reality
7/16 West Hollywood Library from 6:30 pm- 8:30pm
Pakistani Women: Religion and Peace
7/17 from 6:30 pm-8:00 pm at the Santa Monica Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
Observing Fashion in the Post Feminist Era: Global Trends from Pakistan to the United States.
7/19 from 2:45 pm-3:30 pm at the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising
5. Creating Urban Green Spaces: From California to Islamabad. 7/21 from 4:00 pm - 6:00 pm
Cottonwood Canyon, Pasadena (This is an outdoor event)
#JenniferHallLee #feminist #LosAngeles #FreeLAEvent #feministfilmmaker #LAPRfirm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Human League The Virgin Years
5LP (Coloured vinyl: Turquoise/Trans Lime/Yellow/Trans Red/Crystal)
Formed in Sheffield in 1977 The Human League are one of the most renowned English synth-pop bands. Initially an experimental electronic outfit, the group signed to Virgin Records in 1979 and attained widespread commercial success with their third album Dare in 1981. The album contained four hit singles, including the UK/US number one hit "Don't You Want Me".
Under Oakey's leadership, the Human League have evolved into a commercially successful New Pop band, with a line-up including female vocalists Joanne Catherall and Susan Ann Sulley.
Since 1978, the Human League have released nine studio albums, two remix albums, one live album, six EPs, 30 singles and several compilation albums. They have had five albums and 15 Top 20 singles and had sold more than 20 million records worldwide by 2010.
This set contains their albums from their time with Virgin Records and all records come in coloured vinyl (chosen by the band) and in tip on sleeves, all housed in a sturdy box with a poster. The band have just completed a sold-out UK tour playing Dare in its entirety.
DARE - Side A
The Things That Dreams Are Made Of
The Sound of The Crowd
DARE - Side B
Get Carter
I Am the Law
Love Action (I Believe in Love)
Don't You Want Me
FASCINATION - Side A
(Keep Feeling) Fascination (Extended Version)
Mirror Man
FASCINATION - Side B
I Love You Too Much
You Remind Me of Gold
(Keep Feeling) Fascination (Improvisation)
HYSTERIA - Side A
I'm Coming Back
Rock Me Again and Again and Again and Again and Again and Again (Six Times)
The Lebanon
HYSTERIA - Side B
So, Hurt
Life On Your Own
Don't You Know I Want You?
CRASH – Side A
Are You Ever Coming Back?
CRASH – Side B
I Need Your Loving
Love On the Run
Love Is All That Matters
ROMANTIC? - Side A
Kiss The Future
A Doorway?
Men Are Dreamers
Mister Moon and Mister Sun
ROMANTIC? - Side B
Soundtrack To a Generation
The Stars Are Going Out
Let's Get Together Again
Get It Right This Time


Sole Goujons with homemade chunky chips in a paper cone with lemon tartar sauce.
Salmon and Dill tarts with Asparagus.
Home made mini ham burgers, in a sesame bun with Sweet pickles and tomato chutney.
Thai fish cakes with a sweet chili and coriander dip.
Thyme and pistachio chicken Goujons with a basil aioli.
Poppy seed bagels with Confit of red onion and creamed fresh goats cheese and chives.
Tender marinated lamb skewers with a yoghurt and mint dip.
Dark and white chocolate brownies.
Prices: 8 choices for £18 per head, 12 choices £22 per head.


text:
The nomination submission deadline is in January.
Past Government Award Recipients
Engineer of the Year
The nominee shall be a citizen of the United States, a resident of the State of Mississippi, a registered engineer, and a member in good standing of the Mississippi Engineering Society. Eligibility shall be restricted to engineers whose sustained contributions have been to public welfare, the advancement of the profession, and/or service to mankind. He/she shall not be an officer or director of the Society, nor hold or be a candidate for an elective public office at the time the award is made.
Nominees for the award shall be weighed in the following particulars:
Professional integrity shall be beyond question
Professional reputation shall extend beyond the engineering, architectural, and/or construction fields
Preference should be given nominees who have consistently promoted the welfare of the engineer and of the engineering profession.
Young Engineer of the Year
Restricted to engineers who have not attained the age of 35 by the time the award is to be presented. Qualifications will be generally the same as for the Engineer of the Year. However, it will be recognized that his/her professional accomplishments are necessarily limited by age; therefore, his/her accomplishments in college years will also be given consideration. The engineer shall be either an engineer intern or a registered professional engineer.
Distinguished Engineering Service
Restricted to retired or deceased engineers (and to engineers who have not been honored before by receiving the Engineer of the Year Award).
Retired Engineers - Qualifications generally same as those for the Engineer of the Year. Engineers who have retired from one career and are actively pursuing another career are not eligible.
Deceased Engineers - Qualifications applicable to their lifetime generally the same those for the Engineer of the Year.
Philip C. Gee College of Fellows
The MES Philip C. Gee College of Fellows recognition program honors those licensed members of MES who have demonstrated exemplary service to the profession, the Society, and the community as a whole.
Philip C. Gee was an instrumental member in making MES the organization it has become. His dedication to the health, safety and welfare of the public was beyond reproach. As a humble man, he was determined and kept his goals and ethical obligations in sight. Phil was committed to his calling and was an excellent steward of the profession in his numerous roles with the Mississippi Engineering Society.
The Philip C. Gee Fellow designation is given annually to those members who embody the dedication, commitment and ethical discipline that Phil Gee exhibited in his years of service to the Mississippi Engineering Society.
Honor Chapters
Scorecard Information
Each year, chapter information is compiled by the MES State Office and a chapter is awarded the Honors Chapter Award for a job well done. The chapter president is presented with an awards certificate at the MES Winter Meeting Awards Luncheon, and the chapter has "bragging rights" for an entire year.
Government Engineer of the Year
Industrial Professional Development Award
Construction Professional Development Award
Private Practice Professional Development Award


Waistlines, watch out! The Girl Scouts have started selling their cookies again this year.
After all, 74% of Adults have at least a somewhat favorable opinion of Girl Scout cookies, while 20% view them unfavorably. This includes 32% with a Very Favorable view of the cookies the scouts have been selling as a fundraiser for 80 years and just six percent (6%) with a Very Unfavorable view.
Asked their favorite type of Girl Scout cookie, 26% pick Thin Mints, while 19% opt for Samoas instead. The others trail in terms of popularity - Do-si-dos (6%), Trefoils (5%), Tagalongs (4%) and Lemon Chalet Cremes (1%). Two percent (2%) prefer one of the other types of cookie the Girl Scouts have available. Thirty-two percent (32%) say they don't eat the cookies at all.


Highster mobile for pc free download. " What is actually the best way to tap your spouse' s mobile phone? Created for Android Phones Hoverwatch is an individualized all round spy phone tracking app that is used to monitor , Mac Operating Systems, Windows Pc record all your phone activities. A PC World report claims:.
Highster Mobile What You Need To Know Before You Buy Highster Mobile - Duration: 0: 55. The readable prose size is 91 kilobytes. My fiancé well he at first he use to leave his phone in the car, he refused, after awhile I let it go, we argued cause of it, so I ask him to let me see his phone, we met back in april of but it still bothered me!
Highster Mobile is the leading cell phone spy software for a cell phone or any mobile. Track SMS WhatsApp , email, calls more. That' s why im trying to find a software an app that I can have access to his calls text. Phone spy how to install cell phone spy software, how to download spy software on cell phone .
It is compatible with more phones than any other out there and works on every provider in the world. How to highster mobile free download for iphone 🔥 Shrek the Third ( 1) Silver Items ( 3) Silver highster. Highster mobile for pc free download.
Free lifetime upgrades! Do you need a free download spy phone application?
Cell phone spy software is a mobile app that secretly monitors , also known as spy app obtains information from target phones. Basic installation is done in 2 ways: ( A) By typing directly into the target phone' s web browser.
Jan 05 well he at first he use to leave his phone in the car, he refused, we met back in april of, so I ask him to let me see his phone, · my fiancé , we argued cause of it, after awhile I let it go but it still bothered me! Apr 13, · # 2 – Highster Mobile ( Best Spy App for Android). Spy Phone App is the next generation of smartphone surveillance software. Android Keylogger is an app you can use to silently monitor spy Android mobile tablet.
That' s why im trying to find a software is a mobile app that secretly monitors , · Cell phone spy software, an app that I can have access to his calls , also known as spy app obtains information from target phones. How to get highster mobile spy app for free Farhan Haq.
MSpy is the best and Cheapest Spy Software among all the spy software competitor. Today social networks , there are many free phone tracker apps available online for download on their official sites file sharing services. Being sick & tired of this question professional creative app developers have established special programs aimed to monitor activities of other mobile devices.
# 2 – Highster Mobile ( Best Spy App for Android). How to highster mobile free download for iphone 🔥 Salami salmon filet salmon fillets salt Salt black pepper Salt , ground black pepper to taste Salt , Pepper Salt , black highster mobile free download for iphone pepper to taste salt pepper taste. Highster Mobile could be the solution to a number of concerns for parents companies even. Highster mobile for pc free download.
Jan 09, · Track Phone Using Spy Apps. First it will be words about Highster Mobile free download then I will also.
( B) By transferring the installed program from your computer to the phone that you want to monitor through. Mobile Phone Tracker - hidden tracking app that secretly records location camera, SMS, Facebook, Viber, WhatsApp, call audio, internet activity highster mobile free download for iphone Hoverwatch needs to be WATCHED - No services after payment. Free to try User rating.
This is the beginner' s guide to how to spy on a cell phone. May 25, · Need to find out how to spy on a cell phone without having it? PROTECT YOUR KIDS WITH FREE INVISIBLE CELL PHONE SPY APP.
IOS jailbreaking is privilege escalation for the purpose of removing software restrictions imposed by Apple on iOS tvOS typically does this by using a series of kernel patches. Live customer support and a lifetime of free upgrades.
Christmas Remembered. Over 500, 000 Downloads. While there are many software that claim to be the best in monitoring employees, Highster Mobile is incomparable. Highster mobile 3 0 free download keylogger, internet dangers, REFOG Personal Monitor review child protect, key logging, internet control .
It is available for Android Windows macOS. Publisher: PocketOne.
Our seven day trial download allows you to fully use software for free before. Hoverwatch is powerful convenient surveillance works in the stealth mode , provides a wide range of monitoring features the full scope of which you can gain in this Hoverwatch.
People face a challenge of determining which app is the best. Jan 14, · mSpy Review. For parental control employee monitoring protecting your own computer. It records phone calls text messages other sensitive information.
The hacker can steal a company' s vital corporate secrets as well as gain access to critical client information– information the hacker uses in order to. Highster mobile for pc free download. View logs online in real time from any computer or mobile web browser. This mobile tracker application records the incoming messages from applications like Whatsapp, tracks gps locations, sms , outgoing phone calls, Viber, Skype , Facebook, the browser activity Line.
Well, let' s find out if there exists any free Highster Mobile version at all. This app is designed for the secret cell phone spying in the article you could see that there is the way to get it for free. How to spy on a cell phone? You can download it on PC Laptop, tablet , phone iPad.
This is a common question of people who think that their spouses are cheating on them. MSpy offers a wide range of products for mobile tracking and PC tracks. With the free trial that we offer, you can also test the application.
How to Download Highster Mobile Cell Phone Tracking Software for Free? How do I program my phone to receive my kids texts without them knowing? There are various cell phone spying apps method tricks to spy someone' s Cell phone.
Highster mobile for pc free download. Link, which means you do not require to physically connect the device to the computer. Highster mobile spy free download Click here to download Highster Mobile; http: / / / highstermobilespyfree Highster Mobile Remote. Find out the top cell phone spy apps and tracking apps for cell phones.
If you need to track phone without installation of any apps, you need to get a GPS Phone Tracker. As always, highster mobile 3 0 free download is our pleasure to provide you with a positive highster mobile 3 0 free download cabin rental experience. The easiest way to do it is using Highster Mobile — just download install it onto the phone you want to spy on, enter your license key you' re all set.
Mobile Spy cell phone monitoring software monitors your child employee' s smartphone activity on Android- based smartphones tablets. The Mobile' s I Installed Highster On And How It Worked. Sometimes we are unable to provide you better services because we have a lot of hacking requests If you have taken a lot of time on site, we will just replace your files with blank document files so we suggest you to do all the steps quickly As you can.
Easy to Hack iPhone track Android Phone Monitors mobile phone with best spyware. Posted on April 11 Written by Lana 1 Comment Highster Mobile is one of the most popular relevant cell phones spying applications on the modern market.
This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Want to spy on an Android phone? How to highster mobile free download for iphone 🔥 Christmas in the Wildwood. With this trick you will make free download use this free cell phone program for 30 days. Highster mobile 3 0 free download Hoverwatch is a computer mobile monitoring software developed by Refog. Well, I too was in the same boat until I explored some of the best cell phone e the World' s Most Powerful Cell Phone Spy Software to Start Tracking on any Cell Phone. Play Flash content on your Pocket PC. Highster mobile for pc free download. Aug 21 · Alert: Hacking has become a concern inside of many traditional small to mid- range organizations.
Although highster mobile free download for iphone can be hard to remember now with LaVar making threats from across the globe the Lakers always wanted to be supportive of the Ball family' s business. We appreciate you taking the time to give us this nice review. Unsubscribe from Farhan Haq? Go to the Android Market to get a free app called ' App Installer'.
This review presents you with the best cell phone tracking apps to choose from. An Easy Step- by- Step Guide on How to Spy on any Android or iPhone. If your company' s expense tracking process represents a monthly nightmare of spreadsheets little bits of receipt paper then prepare to be happy.
Jailbreaking permits root access to iOS, allowing the installation of software that is unavailable through the official Apple App Store. Highster mobile 3 0 free download Hoverwatch is one of the best cell phone is multifunctional can be used for tracking all activities of the owner of the. Please consider splitting content into sub- articles condensing it adding subheadings. Before you purchase Win- Spy check out our mSpy review first.
You can search it on an online portal where you will find software with full guidance but some of them are working and some of them are just to enhance their advertisements. | Best IDEA🔥 |.
So, can someone hack my phone camera? It has a lot of advanced Features that its competitors don' t have. So the best way to get Highster Mobile free download is to use a simple trick I explain you above.
This was the article about Highster Mobile free download and getting the free mobile spy app that can help you in discovering the truth. Thank you Kenneth! Hello, my name is Pat Stanley.
There are few track applications that let you find and track any phone signal by using its special data. We test nine low- cost cloud services that can. This is the beginner' s guide to how to spy on a cell v 08 · So can someone hack my phone camera? Hoverwatch tracks Android phones: record their calls geolocation, camera snapshots, track SMS messages, contacts, calendar SIM.
Apple publicly disapproves of jailbreaking, stating that it can. Everything is easy. Highster Mobile latest version: A Mobile Phone Monitoring Software that Stays Discreet Throughout. Highster Mobile is the most trusted and reliable cell phone spy software.
Flexispy also provides a very detailed installation manual with detailed screen shots to help you every step of the way their live support can help you through this process so you should not have any problems even if you are a total newbie to installing software on a cell phone. Highster mobile free download - PUBG Mobile Flash Player Mobile, Mobile Messenger many more programs. Highster Mobile Free Download.
In 30 days you can try all its features and working stability. Tag Archives: free cell phone spy software without installation.
A Florida community will join together on Thursday to mourn the 17 victims of highster mobile free download for iphone a suspected lone gunman, as officials seek to discover how the. Highster mobile for pc free download. We hope you will return for more Smoky Mountain memories in the future! Collections Sunshine.
The pest part about Highster Mobile is that it works on every cell phone tablet iPad in existence. So check out this True mSpy Review and Buy with an extra discount with our mSpy Coupon Codes. Highster Mobile for Android free safe download. Need to find out how to spy on a cell phone without having it? Phone Tracking Reviews gives you ★ the definitive Win- Spy review. Highster Mobile is a hidden spy phone app for both iPhone and android devices. Highster mobile for pc free download.
Popular free Alternatives to Highster Mobile for Android Android Tablet, iPhone . How to download and install highster mobile - a step by step guide. My company too, the trial ended, had a great experience with the trial, decided to pay for a 1- year subscription now Hoverwatch.
Highster Mobile Download And Installation. First and foremost, the installation of Highster Mobile on any phone takes just about a minute or two ( downloading and installing).
The Installation Process. Basic installation is done in 2 ways:. Since the advent of mobile phones, the cell phone spying has always been a curious topic.


text:
Key Votes
Nov. 21, 2013 National S 1197 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (51 - 44)
Nov. 19, 2013 National S Amdt 2175 Authorizes the Use of Funds for the Transfer or Release of Guantanamo Detainees to the United States Amendment Rejected - Senate (52 - 46)
Nov. 19, 2013 National S Amdt 2255 Prohibits the Use of Funds for the Transfer or Release of Guantanamo Detainees Amendment Rejected - Senate (43 - 55)
Oct. 10, 2013 National H J Res 79 Border Security and Enforcement Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Joint Resolution Passed - House (249 - 175)
Oct. 3, 2013 National HR 3230 Pay Our Guard and Reserve Act Bill Passed - House (265 - 160)
Sept. 18, 2013 National H Amdt 463 Amends the Definition of "Strategic and Critical Minerals" Amendment Rejected - House (187 - 241)
Sept. 18, 2013 National H Amdt 466 Requires Mine Operators to Include the Cost of Cleanup in Financial Insurance Amendment Rejected - House (191 - 235)
Sept. 18, 2013 National HR 761 National Strategic and Critical Minerals Production Act of 2013 Bill Passed - House (246 - 178)
Sept. 12, 2013 CA AB 60 Authorizes Driver's License for Undocumented Immigrants Concurrence Vote Passed - House (55 - 21)
Sept. 12, 2013 CA AB 60 Authorizes Driver's License for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - Senate (28 - 8)
Sept. 10, 2013 CA AB 4 Prohibits Law Enforcement from Detaining Individuals Solely Based on Immigration Status Concurrence Vote Passed - House (48 - 25)
Sept. 9, 2013 CA AB 4 Prohibits Law Enforcement from Detaining Individuals Solely Based on Immigration Status Bill Passed - Senate (25 - 11)
Aug. 8, 2013 CA AB 817 Amends Poll Worker Eligibility Requirements Concurrence Vote Passed - House (49 - 25)
July 24, 2013 National H Amdt 413 Prohibits the National Security Agency from Collecting Records Under the PATRIOT Act Amendment Rejected - House (205 - 217)
July 24, 2013 National HR 2397 Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2014 Bill Passed - House (315 - 109)
July 23, 2013 National H Amdt 375 Prohibits the Use of Funds to Appoint Chaplains Without an Endorsing Agency Amendment Adopted - House (253 - 173)
July 8, 2013 CA AB 817 Amends Poll Worker Eligibility Requirements Bill Passed - Senate (22 - 10)
June 27, 2013 National S 744 Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act Bill Passed - Senate (68 - 32)
June 18, 2013 National S Amdt 1197 Requires the Completion of the Fence Along the United States-Mexico Border Amendment Rejected - Senate (39 - 54)
June 18, 2013 National S Amdt 1228 Requires US-VISIT System to be Established at Every Port of Entry Amendment Rejected - Senate (36 - 58)
June 14, 2013 National HR 1960 Authorizes Military Sexual Assault Victims to Decide who Determines Their Case Bill Passed - House (315 - 108)
June 14, 2013 National H Amdt 167 Prohibits the Use of Funds for the Transfer or Release of Guantanamo Detainees to Yemen Amendment Adopted - House (236 - 188)
June 14, 2013 National H Amdt 168 Establishes Framework for the Closing of the Detention Facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by December 1, 2014 Amendment Rejected - House (174 - 249)
June 14, 2013 National HR 1960 Authorizes Military Sexual Assault Victims to Decide who Determines Their Case Motion Rejected - House (194 - 225)
June 11, 2013 National S 744 Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act Cloture Invoked - Senate (82 - 15)
June 6, 2013 National H Amdt 136 Prohibits the Enforcement of the Immigration Executive Order Amendment Adopted - House (224 - 201)
June 6, 2013 National HR 2217 Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2014 Bill Passed - House (245 - 182)
June 4, 2013 National H Amdt 84 Authorizes Funds for the Construction of United States Prison for Prisoners from Guantanamo Bay, Cuba Amendment Rejected - House (170 - 254)
May 29, 2013 CT HB 6495 Authorizes Driver's Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - Senate (19 - 16)
May 29, 2013 CA AB 60 Authorizes Driver's Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (55 - 20)
May 27, 2013 NV SB 303 Authorizes Driver Authorization Cards for Non-Citizens Bill Passed - House (30 - 9)
May 23, 2013 CA AB 817 Amends Poll Worker Eligibility Requirements Bill Passed - House (49 - 23)
May 22, 2013 National H Amdt 75 Requires All Oil and Refined Fuels Transported Through the Keystone XL Pipeline to be Used Only in The United States Amendment Rejected - House (162 - 255)
May 22, 2013 National H Amdt 69 Requires Threat Assessment of Pipeline Vulnerabilities to a Terrorist Attack Amendment Rejected - House (176 - 239)
May 22, 2013 CT HB 6495 Authorizes Driver's Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (74 - 55)
May 16, 2013 CA AB 4 Prohibits Law Enforcement From Detaining Individuals Based Solely on Immigration Status Bill Passed - House (44 - 22)
May 8, 2013 MO SB 265 Prohibits Compliance with United Nations Agenda 21 Bill Passed - House (118 - 37)
May 7, 2013 CO SB 251 Authorizes Driver's Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (20 - 15)
May 7, 2013 CO SB 251 Authorizes Driver's Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (34 - 31)
May 4, 2013 TX HB 852 Prohibits the Sale of Shark Fins Bill Passed - House (87 - 42)
May 1, 2013 MN SF 723 Authorizes In-State Tuition and Financial Aid for Undocumented College Students Bill Passed - Senate (41 - 23)
April 30, 2013 OR SB 833 Authorizes Drivers Licenses for Individuals Without Legal Proof of US Residence Bill Passed - House (38 - 20)
April 30, 2013 ME SP 550 Alleges Support For Comprehensive Immigration Reform Joint Resolution Passed - House (88 - 55)
April 30, 2013 ME SP 550 Alleges Support For Comprehensive Immigration Reform Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (22 - 12)
April 30, 2013 AL HB 8 Requires Courts to Apply "Strict Scrutiny" to Certain Firearm Regulation Laws Bill Passed - House (76 - 22)
April 25, 2013 CA AB 1401 Authorizes Non-United States Citizens to Serve on Juries Bill Passed - House (45 - 26)
April 23, 2013 MT HB 297 Prohibits the Employment of Undocumented Immigrants Conference Report Adopted - Senate (29 - 21)
April 23, 2013 OR SB 833 Authorizes Drivers Licenses for Individuals Without Legal Proof of US Residence Bill Passed - Senate (20 - 7)
April 22, 2013 IN SB 207 Authorizes Certain Undocumented Students to Receive In-State Tuition Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (34 - 15)
April 20, 2013 MT HB 297 Prohibits the Employment of Undocumented Immigrants Conference Report Adopted - House (63 - 37)
April 18, 2013 National HR 624 Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act Bill Passed - House (288 - 127)
April 15, 2013 IN SB 207 Authorizes Certain Undocumented Students to Receive In-State Tuition Bill Passed - House (70 - 23)
April 5, 2013 MD SB 715 Amends Driver's License Requirements for Undocumented Individuals Bill Passed - House (82 - 55)
April 4, 2013 MO SB 265 Prohibits Compliance with United Nations Agenda 21 Bill Passed - Senate (24 - 9)
March 26, 2013 OK HB 1999 Authorizes the Slaughter of Horses Bill Passed - Senate (32 - 14)
March 25, 2013 MD SB 715 Amends Driver's License Requirements for Undocumented Individuals Bill Passed - Senate (29 - 18)
March 23, 2013 National S Amdt 139 Prohibits the United States From Entering into the United Nations Arms Trade Treaty Amendment Adopted - Senate (53 - 46)
March 21, 2013 National HR 933 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 Concurrence Vote Passed - House (318 - 109)
March 21, 2013 OR HB 2787 Authorizes In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - Senate (19 - 11)
March 20, 2013 National HR 933 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 Bill Passed - Senate (73 - 26)
March 13, 2013 OK HB 1412 Prohibits Compliance with United Nations Agenda 21/Sustainable Development Bill Passed - House (67 - 17)
March 13, 2013 WA HB 1817 Authorizes Undocumented Students to Apply for State Financial Aid Bill Passed - House (77 - 20)
March 11, 2013 KY SB 1 Establishes an Electronic Ballot Transmission System for Military and Overseas Voters Bill Passed - House (57 - 42)
March 8, 2013 CO SB 33 Authorizes In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (40 - 21)
March 7, 2013 National PN 48 Nomination of John Brennan to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Nomination Confirmed - Senate (63 - 34)
March 6, 2013 National HR 933 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 Bill Passed - House (267 - 151)
March 4, 2013 GA HB 125 Amends State Immigration Policy Bill Passed - House (116 - 49)
Feb. 26, 2013 National PN 34 Nomination of Charles Timothy Hagel to be Secretary of Defense Nomination Confirmed - Senate (58 - 41)
Feb. 26, 2013 National PN 34 Nomination of Charles Timothy Hagel to be Secretary of Defense Cloture Invoked - Senate (71 - 27)
Feb. 26, 2013 IN SB 207 Authorizes Certain Undocumented Students to Receive In-State Tuition Bill Passed - Senate (35 - 15)
Feb. 25, 2013 CO SB 33 Authorizes In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - Senate (23 - 12)
Feb. 22, 2013 SD HB 1214 Authorizes Prenatal Care for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (39 - 28)
Feb. 22, 2013 OR HB 2787 Authorizes In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (38 - 18)
Feb. 20, 2013 OK HB 1999 Authorizes the Slaughter of Horses Bill Passed - House (82 - 14)
Feb. 20, 2013 OK SB 375 Authorizes the International Sale of Horse Meat for Human Consumption Bill Passed - Senate (38 - 6)
Feb. 14, 2013 National PN 34 Nomination of Charles Timothy Hagel to be Secretary of Defense Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (58 - 40)
Feb. 14, 2013 KY HB 131 Authorizes Immigrants to Remain Enrolled in High School up to Age 23 Bill Passed - House (71 - 26)
Jan. 8, 2013 IL SB 957 Authorizes Temporary Driver's Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (65 - 46)
11/21 S 1197 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (51 - 44)
11/19 S Amdt 2175 Authorizes the Use of Funds for the Transfer or Release of Guantanamo Detainees to the United States Amendment Rejected - Senate (52 - 46)
11/19 S Amdt 2255 Prohibits the Use of Funds for the Transfer or Release of Guantanamo Detainees Amendment Rejected - Senate (43 - 55)
10/10 H J Res 79 Border Security and Enforcement Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Joint Resolution Passed - House (249 - 175)
10/03 HR 3230 Pay Our Guard and Reserve Act Bill Passed - House (265 - 160)
9/18 H Amdt 463 Amends the Definition of "Strategic and Critical Minerals" Amendment Rejected - House (187 - 241)
9/18 H Amdt 466 Requires Mine Operators to Include the Cost of Cleanup in Financial Insurance Amendment Rejected - House (191 - 235)
9/18 HR 761 National Strategic and Critical Minerals Production Act of 2013 Bill Passed - House (246 - 178)
9/12 AB 60 Authorizes Driver's License for Undocumented Immigrants Concurrence Vote Passed - House (55 - 21)
9/12 AB 60 Authorizes Driver's License for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - Senate (28 - 8)
9/10 AB 4 Prohibits Law Enforcement from Detaining Individuals Solely Based on Immigration Status Concurrence Vote Passed - House (48 - 25)
9/09 AB 4 Prohibits Law Enforcement from Detaining Individuals Solely Based on Immigration Status Bill Passed - Senate (25 - 11)
8/08 AB 817 Amends Poll Worker Eligibility Requirements Concurrence Vote Passed - House (49 - 25)
7/24 H Amdt 413 Prohibits the National Security Agency from Collecting Records Under the PATRIOT Act Amendment Rejected - House (205 - 217)
7/24 HR 2397 Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2014 Bill Passed - House (315 - 109)
7/23 H Amdt 375 Prohibits the Use of Funds to Appoint Chaplains Without an Endorsing Agency Amendment Adopted - House (253 - 173)
7/08 AB 817 Amends Poll Worker Eligibility Requirements Bill Passed - Senate (22 - 10)
6/27 S 744 Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act Bill Passed - Senate (68 - 32)
6/18 S Amdt 1197 Requires the Completion of the Fence Along the United States-Mexico Border Amendment Rejected - Senate (39 - 54)
6/18 S Amdt 1228 Requires US-VISIT System to be Established at Every Port of Entry Amendment Rejected - Senate (36 - 58)
6/14 HR 1960 Authorizes Military Sexual Assault Victims to Decide who Determines Their Case Bill Passed - House (315 - 108)
6/14 H Amdt 167 Prohibits the Use of Funds for the Transfer or Release of Guantanamo Detainees to Yemen Amendment Adopted - House (236 - 188)
6/14 H Amdt 168 Establishes Framework for the Closing of the Detention Facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by December 1, 2014 Amendment Rejected - House (174 - 249)
6/14 HR 1960 Authorizes Military Sexual Assault Victims to Decide who Determines Their Case Motion Rejected - House (194 - 225)
6/11 S 744 Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act Cloture Invoked - Senate (82 - 15)
6/06 H Amdt 136 Prohibits the Enforcement of the Immigration Executive Order Amendment Adopted - House (224 - 201)
6/06 HR 2217 Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2014 Bill Passed - House (245 - 182)
6/04 H Amdt 84 Authorizes Funds for the Construction of United States Prison for Prisoners from Guantanamo Bay, Cuba Amendment Rejected - House (170 - 254)
5/29 HB 6495 Authorizes Driver's Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - Senate (19 - 16)
5/29 AB 60 Authorizes Driver's Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (55 - 20)
5/27 SB 303 Authorizes Driver Authorization Cards for Non-Citizens Bill Passed - House (30 - 9)
5/23 AB 817 Amends Poll Worker Eligibility Requirements Bill Passed - House (49 - 23)
5/22 H Amdt 75 Requires All Oil and Refined Fuels Transported Through the Keystone XL Pipeline to be Used Only in The United States Amendment Rejected - House (162 - 255)
5/22 H Amdt 69 Requires Threat Assessment of Pipeline Vulnerabilities to a Terrorist Attack Amendment Rejected - House (176 - 239)
5/22 HB 6495 Authorizes Driver's Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (74 - 55)
5/16 AB 4 Prohibits Law Enforcement From Detaining Individuals Based Solely on Immigration Status Bill Passed - House (44 - 22)
5/08 SB 265 Prohibits Compliance with United Nations Agenda 21 Bill Passed - House (118 - 37)
5/07 SB 251 Authorizes Driver's Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (20 - 15)
5/07 SB 251 Authorizes Driver's Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (34 - 31)
5/04 HB 852 Prohibits the Sale of Shark Fins Bill Passed - House (87 - 42)
5/01 SF 723 Authorizes In-State Tuition and Financial Aid for Undocumented College Students Bill Passed - Senate (41 - 23)
4/30 SB 833 Authorizes Drivers Licenses for Individuals Without Legal Proof of US Residence Bill Passed - House (38 - 20)
4/30 SP 550 Alleges Support For Comprehensive Immigration Reform Joint Resolution Passed - House (88 - 55)
4/30 SP 550 Alleges Support For Comprehensive Immigration Reform Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (22 - 12)
4/30 HB 8 Requires Courts to Apply "Strict Scrutiny" to Certain Firearm Regulation Laws Bill Passed - House (76 - 22)
4/25 AB 1401 Authorizes Non-United States Citizens to Serve on Juries Bill Passed - House (45 - 26)
4/23 HB 297 Prohibits the Employment of Undocumented Immigrants Conference Report Adopted - Senate (29 - 21)
4/23 SB 833 Authorizes Drivers Licenses for Individuals Without Legal Proof of US Residence Bill Passed - Senate (20 - 7)
4/22 SB 207 Authorizes Certain Undocumented Students to Receive In-State Tuition Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (34 - 15)
4/20 HB 297 Prohibits the Employment of Undocumented Immigrants Conference Report Adopted - House (63 - 37)
4/18 HR 624 Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act Bill Passed - House (288 - 127)
4/15 SB 207 Authorizes Certain Undocumented Students to Receive In-State Tuition Bill Passed - House (70 - 23)
4/05 SB 715 Amends Driver's License Requirements for Undocumented Individuals Bill Passed - House (82 - 55)
4/04 SB 265 Prohibits Compliance with United Nations Agenda 21 Bill Passed - Senate (24 - 9)
3/26 HB 1999 Authorizes the Slaughter of Horses Bill Passed - Senate (32 - 14)
3/25 SB 715 Amends Driver's License Requirements for Undocumented Individuals Bill Passed - Senate (29 - 18)
3/23 S Amdt 139 Prohibits the United States From Entering into the United Nations Arms Trade Treaty Amendment Adopted - Senate (53 - 46)
3/21 HR 933 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 Concurrence Vote Passed - House (318 - 109)
3/21 HB 2787 Authorizes In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - Senate (19 - 11)
3/20 HR 933 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 Bill Passed - Senate (73 - 26)
3/13 HB 1412 Prohibits Compliance with United Nations Agenda 21/Sustainable Development Bill Passed - House (67 - 17)
3/13 HB 1817 Authorizes Undocumented Students to Apply for State Financial Aid Bill Passed - House (77 - 20)
3/11 SB 1 Establishes an Electronic Ballot Transmission System for Military and Overseas Voters Bill Passed - House (57 - 42)
3/08 SB 33 Authorizes In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (40 - 21)
3/07 PN 48 Nomination of John Brennan to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Nomination Confirmed - Senate (63 - 34)
3/06 HR 933 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 Bill Passed - House (267 - 151)
3/04 HB 125 Amends State Immigration Policy Bill Passed - House (116 - 49)
2/26 PN 34 Nomination of Charles Timothy Hagel to be Secretary of Defense Nomination Confirmed - Senate (58 - 41)
2/26 PN 34 Nomination of Charles Timothy Hagel to be Secretary of Defense Cloture Invoked - Senate (71 - 27)
2/26 SB 207 Authorizes Certain Undocumented Students to Receive In-State Tuition Bill Passed - Senate (35 - 15)
2/25 SB 33 Authorizes In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - Senate (23 - 12)
2/22 HB 1214 Authorizes Prenatal Care for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (39 - 28)
2/22 HB 2787 Authorizes In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (38 - 18)
2/20 HB 1999 Authorizes the Slaughter of Horses Bill Passed - House (82 - 14)
2/20 SB 375 Authorizes the International Sale of Horse Meat for Human Consumption Bill Passed - Senate (38 - 6)
2/14 PN 34 Nomination of Charles Timothy Hagel to be Secretary of Defense Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (58 - 40)
2/14 HB 131 Authorizes Immigrants to Remain Enrolled in High School up to Age 23 Bill Passed - House (71 - 26)
1/08 SB 957 Authorizes Temporary Driver's Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants Bill Passed - House (65 - 46)


8:30 a.m. & 5:00 p.m.
St. Teresa of Avila 0.7 mi.
St. Mary Gate of Heaven 0.9 mi.
Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary 1.3 mi.
St. Clement Pope 1.3 mi.
St. Mary Protectress [Ukrainian] 1.4 mi.
St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr 1.4 mi.


text:
Vol 63 (2019) /
The extent, nature, and nutritional quality of foods advertised to children in Lebanon: the first study to use the WHO nutrient profile model for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lara Nasreddine
Mandy Taktouk
Massar Dabbous
Jad Melki
Keywords: food marketing, children, Lebanon, nutrient profiling, Eastern Mediterranean Region, media literacy
Objective: Exposure to food marketing may influence children's food preferences and consumption patterns and may increase the risk of childhood obesity. The WHO Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) has recently released a regional nutrient profile model (WHO EMR) for the purpose of regulating the marketing of food and beverages to children. This study aimed at 1) analyzing the frequency and types of food and drink advertisements during children's viewing time in Lebanon; 2) examining the nutritional content of the advertised food products in reference to the nutrient thresholds specified by the WHO EMR model; and 3) assessing the proportion of food advertisements that included health messages.
Design: This study consisted of a cross-sectional content analysis of food advertisements on local TV channels, during children's viewing time. Setting: Three local Lebanese channels with the highest viewership among 4- to 14-year-olds were selected. Recorded broadcasts (September 2016 through January 2017) were analyzed between 3 pm and 10 pm on weekdays and between 8 am and 10 pm on weekend days.
Results: Approximately 31% of advertisements were for foods or drinks. The proportion of food advertisements was the highest during children's programs (43%) compared to general viewing (32%) and parental guidance (29%) programs. Approximately 8 out of 10 food advertisements were for products that did not meet the standards of the WHO EMR model. Of concern was the heavy advertisement of alcoholic beverages during programs for general audiences. The majority of the advertisements that comprised a health claim were for foods that did not meet the WHO EMR's nutritional standards (79%).
Conclusions: The findings of this study, which is the first to utilize the new WHO EMR profile model, should be viewed as a foundation for the development of food marketing policies aimed at reducing children's exposure to TV food advertisements in Lebanon, a country that harbors a high burden of childhood obesity.
World Health Organization. Global status report on non-communicable diseases. 2014. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/148114/9789241564854_eng.pdf [cited 10 December 2018].
World Health Organization. Roadmap of WHO's work for the Eastern Mediterranean Region 2017–2021: September 2017. 2017. Available from: http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/EMROPUB_2017_19695_EN.pdf? [cited 10 December 2018].
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Nutrient profile model for the marketing of food and non-alcoholic beverages to children in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Cairo; 2017. Available from: http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/255260 [cited 30 May 2017].
Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Fahimi S, Shi P, Powles J, et al. The impact of dietary habits and metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular and diabetes mortality in countries of the Middle East and North Africa in 2010: a comparative risk assessment analysis. BMJ Open 2015; 5(5): e006385. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006385.
Cecchini M, Sassi F, Lauer JA, Lee YY, Guajardo-Barron V, Chisholm D. Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost-effectiveness. Lancet 2010; 376(9754): 1775–84. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61514-0.
Nasreddine L, Naja F, Akl C, Chamieh MC, Karam S, Sibai A-M, et al. Dietary, lifestyle and socio-economic correlates of overweight, obesity and central adiposity in Lebanese children and adolescents. Nutrients 2014; 6(3): 1038–62. doi: 10.3390/nu6031038.
Collison KS, Zaidi MZ, Subhani SN, Al-Rubeaan K, Shoukri M, Al-Mohanna FA. Sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption correlates with BMI, waist circumference, and poor dietary choices in school children. BMC Public Health 2010; 10(1): 234. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-234.
Ali HI, Ng SW, Zaghloul S, Harrison GG, Qazaq HS, El Sadig M, et al. High proportion of 6 to 18-year-old children and adolescents in the United Arab Emirates are not meeting dietary recommendations. Nutr Res 2013; 33(6): 447–56. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.03.008.
Sayegh A, Dini E, Holt R, Bedi R. Food and drink consumption, sociodemographic factors and dental caries in 4–5-year-old children in Amman, Jordan. Br Dent J 2002; 193(1): 37–42. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4801478a.
Al-Rewashdeh A. Assessment of the nutritional status for preschool children in Jordan. Bull Faculty Agriculture Cairo Univ 2009; 60(4): 423–32.
De Onis M, Blössner M, Borghi E. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92(5): 1257–64. doi 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29786.
Abarca-Gómez L, Abdeen ZA, Hamid ZA, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Acosta-Cazares B, Acuin C, et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128 9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 2017; 390(10113): 2627–42. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3.
Batada A, Seitz MD, Wootan MG, Story M. Nine out of 10 food advertisements shown during Saturday morning children's television programming are for foods high in fat, sodium, or added sugars, or low in nutrients. J Am Diet Assoc 2008; 108(4): 673–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.01.015.
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Marketing of foods high in fat, salt and sugar to children: update 2012-2013. 2013. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/191125/e96859.pdf [cited 31 May 2017].
Institute of Medicine. Food marketing to children and youth: threat or opportunity? Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006.
Hobbs M, Pearson N, Foster PJ, Biddle SJ. Sedentary behaviour and diet across the lifespan: an updated systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2014; 49(18): 1179–88. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093754.
Sadeghirad B, Duhaney T, Motaghipisheh S, Campbell N, Johnston B. Influence of unhealthy food and beverage marketing on children's dietary intake and preference: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Obes Rev 2016; 17(10): 945–59. doi: 10.1111/obr.12445.
Melki J. Media habits of MENA youth: a three-country survey. 2010. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.359.6133&rep=rep1&type=pdf [cited 3 July 2017].
Jari M, Qorbani M, Motlagh ME, Heshmat R, Ardalan G, Kelishadi R. A nationwide survey on the daily screen time of Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV study. Int J Prev Med 2014; 5(2): 224.
World Health Organization. Set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children. 2010; Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44416/1/9789241500210_eng.pdf [cited 23 May 2017].
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Framework for action to implement the United Nations Political Declaration on Noncommunicable Diseases, including indicators to assess country progress by 2018. 2015. Available from: http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/Framework_action_implement_UN_political_declaration.pdf [cited 23 May 2017].
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. WHO Regional Office for Europe Nutrient Profile Model. Denmark: WHO; 2015. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/270716/Nutrient-children_web-new.pdf [cited 4 May 2017].
World Health Organization. Guiding principles and framework manual for the development or adaptation of nutrient profile models (in press).
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Vienna declaration on nutrition and noncommunicable diseases in the context of health 2020. 2013. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/events/events/2013/07/vienna-conference-on-nutrition-and-noncommunicable-diseases/documentation/vienna-declaration-on-nutrition-and-noncommunicable-diseases-in-the-context-of-health-2020 [cited 5 May 2017].
IPSOS. IPSOS: global market and opinion research specialists; 2017. Available from: https://www.ipsos.com/en-lb [cited 6 September 2016].
IPSOS. Reference document and financial report. 2017. Available from: https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/2018-03/ipsos_document_de_reference_en_2017.pdf [cited 19 December 2018].
Zuppa JA, Morton H, Mehta KP. Television food advertising: counterproductive to children's health? A content analysis using the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Nutr Diet 2003; 60(2): 78–85.
Romero-Fernandez MM, Royo-Bordonada MA, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Evaluation of food and beverage television advertising during children's viewing time in Spain using the UK nutrient profile model. Public Health Nutr 2013; 16(7): 1314–20. doi: 10.1017/S1368980012003503.
Pellet PL, Shadarevian S. Food composition tables for use in the Middle East. 3rd ed. Beirut, Lebanon: American University of Beirut; 2013.
United States Department of Agriculture. USDA food composition databases. 2017. Available from: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list [cited 5 June 2017].
The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. REGULATION (EC) No 1924/2006 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods. 2006. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:404:0009:0025:EN:PDF [cited 20 December 2018].
The European Commission. COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1047/2012 of 8 November 2012 amending Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 with regard to the list of nutrition claims. 2012. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:310:0036:0037:EN:PDF [cited 20 December 2018].
Prathapan S, Wijewardena K, Low WY. Content analysis of food and beverages advertisements targeting children and adults on television in Sri Lanka. Asia Pac J Public Health 2016; 28(1_suppl): 86S–92S. doi: 10.1177/1010539515620481.
Calvert SL, Kotler JA. Lessons from children's television: the impact of the Children's Television Act on children's learning. J Appl Dev Psychol 2003; 24(3): 275–335. doi: 10.1016/S0193-3973(03)00060-1.
Corfield J. Network vs. Netflix: a comparative content analysis of demographics across prime-time television and Netflix Original Programming. Master's thesis. South Carolina, United States of America: University of South Carolina; 2017.
Royo-Bordonada M, León-Flández K, Damián J, Bosqued-Estefanía M, Moya-Geromini M, López-Jurado L. The extent and nature of food advertising to children on Spanish television in 2012 using an international food-based coding system and the UK nutrient profiling model. Public Health 2016; 137: 88–94. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.001.
Jenkin G, Wilson N, Hermanson N. Identifying 'unhealthy' food advertising on television: a case study applying the UK Nutrient Profile model. Public Health Nutr 2009; 12(5): 614–23. doi: 10.1017/S1368980008003029.
Adams J, Tyrrell R, Adamson AJ, White M. Effect of restrictions on television food advertising to children on exposure to advertisements for 'less healthy'foods: repeat cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2012; 7(2): e31578. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031578.
Bugge AB. Food advertising towards children and young people in Norway. Appetite 2016; 98: 12–18. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.008.
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Evaluating implementation of the WHO set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children: progress, challenges and guidance for next steps in the WHO European Region. 2018. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/384015/food-marketing-kids-eng.pdf [cited 18 December 2018].
PAOS Code. Code of co-regulation of advertising of food products and beverages directed to children, prevention of obesity and health. 2012. Available from: http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/AECOSAN/docs/documentos/nutricion/Nuevo_Codigo_PAOS_2012_ingles.pdf [cited 18 December 2018].
Advertising Standards Authority-New Zealand. ARCHIVE: children's code for advertising food; 2017. Available from: http://www.asa.co.nz/codes/codes/childrens-code-for-advertising-food/ [cited 18 December 2018].
Office of Communications-UK. Television advertising of food and drink products to children: final statement. 2007. Available from: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0028/47746/Television-Advertising-of-Food-and-Drink-Products-to-Children-Final-statement-.pdf [cited 18 December 2018].
Amini M, Omidvar N, Yeatman H, Shariat-Jafari S, Eslami-Amirabadi M, Zahedirad M. Content analysis of food advertising in Iranian children's television programs. Int J Prev Med 2014; 5(10): 1337–42.
Guran T, Turan S, Akcay T, Degirmenci F, Avci O, Asan A, et al. Content analysis of food advertising in Turkish television. J Paediatr Child Health 2010; 46(7–8): 427–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01753.x.
World Cancer Research Fund International. Nourishing framework. Restrict food advertising and other forms of commercial promotion. 2018. Available from: https://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Restrict-advertising.pdf [cited 18 December 2018].
International Food and Beverages Alliance (IFBA). Turkey pledge. 2012. Available from: https://ifballiance.org/uploads/regional/turkeypledgeboth.pdf [cited 18 December 2018].
Turkish Radio and Television Supreme Council. New regulation on commercial communication of food products that are not recommended for excessive consumption; 2018. Available from: https://www.rtuk.gov.tr/duyurular/3788/5536/asiri-tuketimi-tavsiye-edilmeyen-gida-maddelerinin-ticari-iletisimine-iliskin-yeni-duzenleme.html [cited 18 December 2018].
Australian Communications and Media Authority. Children's television standards 2009. 2009. Available from: http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/1035_children.pdf [cited 18 December 2018].
Gupta S, Kalra S, Kaushik JS, Gupta P. Content of food advertising for young adolescents on television. Indian J Community Med 2017; 42(1): 43. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.199800.
Powell LM, Szczypka G, Chaloupka FJ, Braunschweig CL. Nutritional content of television food advertisements seen by children and adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics 2007; 120(3): 576–83. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3595.
Kelly B, Chapman K, King L, Hebden L. Trends in food advertising to children on free-to-air television in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2011; 35(2): 131–4. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2011.00612.x.
Cairns G, Angus K, Hastings G, Caraher M. Systematic reviews of the evidence on the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary. Appetite 2013; 62: 209–15. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.04.017.
Boyland EJ, Harrold JA, Kirkham TC, Halford JC. The extent of food advertising to children on UK television in 2008. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011; 6(5–6): 455–61. doi: 10.3109/17477166.2011.608801.
Akl C. Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of Lebanese children 5 to 12 years old. Master's thesis, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
Kelly B, Hebden L, King L, Xiao Y, Yu Y, He G, et al. Children's exposure to food advertising on free-to-air television: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Health Promot Int 2014; 31(1): 144–52. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dau055.
Center for Science in the Public Interest. Guidelines for responsible food marketing to children. Washington, DC.; 2005. Available from: https://cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/marketingguidelines.pdf [cited 17 December 2018].
National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity. Local school wellness policy. Available from: http://www.schoolwellnesspolicies.org/ [cited 17 December 2018].
US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans. 2005. Available from: https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/default.htm [cited 17 Dec 2018].
Adams J, Hennessy-Priest K, Ingimarsdóttir S, Sheeshka J, Østbye T, White M. Food advertising during children's television in Canada and the UK. Arch Dis Child 2009; 94(9): 658–62. doi: 10.1136/adc.2008.151019.
Lovdata. Law on control of marketing and contract terms, etc. (Marketing Act); 2009. Available from: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2009-01-09-2#KAPITTEL_4 [cited 6 July 2017].
Vijayapushpam T, Maheshwar M, Rao DR. A comparative analysis of television food advertisements aimed at adults and children in India. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng 2014; 2(6): 476–83.
Kim H, Lee D, Hong Y, Ahn J, Lee KY. A content analysis of television food advertising to children: comparing low and general-nutrition food. Int J Consum Stud 2016; 40(2): 201–10. doi: 10.1111/ijcs.12243.
Warren R, Wicks RH, Wicks JL, Fosu I, Chung D. Food and beverage advertising on U.S. television: a comparison of child-targeted versus general audience commercials. J Broadcast Electron Media 2008; 52(2): 231–46. doi: 10.1080/08838150801992037.
Outley CW, Taddese A. A content analysis of health and physical activity messages marketed to African American children during after-school television programming. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160(4): 432–5. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.160.4.432.
Ashton D. Food advertising and childhood obesity. J R Soc Med 2004; 97(2): 51–2.
Büttner OB, Florack A, Serfas BG. A dual-step and dual-process model of advertising effects: implications for reducing the negative impact of advertising on children's consumption behaviour. J Consum Policy 2014; 37(2): 161–82. doi: 10.1007/s10603-013-9250-0.
Anderson P, De Bruijn A, Angus K, Gordon R, Hastings G. Impact of alcohol advertising and media exposure on adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Alcohol Alcohol 2009; 44(3): 229–43. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agn115.
Morgenstern M, Li Z, Li Z, Sargent JD. The party effect: prediction of future alcohol use based on exposure to specific alcohol advertising content. Addiction 2017; 112(1): 63–70. doi: 10.1111/add.13509.
Marshall EJ. Adolescent alcohol use: risks and consequences. Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 49(2): 160–4. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agt180.
McCambridge J, McAlaney J, Rowe R. Adult consequences of late adolescent alcohol consumption: a systematic review of cohort studies. PLoS Med 2011; 8(2): e1000413. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000413.
Popovici I, French MT. Binge drinking and sleep problems among young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 132(1): 207–15. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.001.
Richards G, Smith A. Caffeine consumption and self-assessed stress, anxiety, and depression in secondary school children. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29(12): 1236–47. doi: 10.1177/0269881115612404.
Cairns G, Angus K, Hastings G. The extent, nature and effects of food promotion to children: a review of the evidence. Geneva; 2009. Available from: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/Evidence_Update_2009.pdf [cited 6 July 2017].
Wiecha JL, Peterson KE, Ludwig DS, Kim J, Sobol A, Gortmaker SL. When children eat what they watch: impact of television viewing on dietary intake in youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160(4): 436–42. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.160.4.436.
Baird J, Jacob C, Barker M, Fall CH, Hanson M, Harvey NC, et al. Developmental origins of health and disease: a lifecourse approach to the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Healthc 2017; 5(1): 14. doi: 10.3390/healthcare5010014.
Naja F, Hwalla N, Itani L, Karam S, Sibai AM, Nasreddine L. A Western dietary pattern is associated with overweight and obesity in a national sample of Lebanese adolescents (13–19 years): a cross-sectional study. Br J Nutr 2015; 114(11): 1909–19. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515003657.
Nasreddine L, Naja F, Chamieh MC, Adra N, Sibai A-M, Hwalla N. Trends in overweight and obesity in Lebanon: evidence from two national cross-sectional surveys (1997 and 2009). BMC Public Health 2012; 12(1): 798. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-798.
Nasreddine L, Naja F, Tabet M, Habbal MZ, El-Aily A, Haikal C, et al. Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and components of the metabolic syndrome in Lebanese adolescents. Ann Hum Biol 2012; 39(2): 122–8. doi: 10.3109/03014460.2012.655776.
Hachem D. Determining body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, percent body fat, and conicity index cut-off values associated with metabolic abnormalities in Lebanese children and adolescents. Master's thesis, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, 2013.
Sidani SI. Body fat and its relationship with metabolic syndrome indicators in overweight children and adolescents in Lebanon. Master's thesis, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, 2007.
Magnus A, Haby M, Carter R, Swinburn B. The cost-effectiveness of removing television advertising of high-fat and/or high-sugar food and beverages to Australian children. Int J Obes 2009; 33(10): 1094–102. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2009.156.
World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva; 2000. Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/WHO_TRS_894/en/ [cited 29 May 2017].
Office of Communications. HFSS advertising restrictions. Final review. London: Ofcom; 2010 Available from: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/31857/hfss-review-final.pdf [cited 10 July 2017].
Silva A, Higgins LM, Hussein M. An evaluation of the effect of child-directed television food advertising regulation in the United Kingdom. Can J Agr Econ 2015; 63(4): 583–600. doi: 10.1111/cjag.12078.
BankMed Market and Economic Research Division. Analysis of Lebanon's media and advertising sector-May 2014. 2014. Available from: http://www.databank.com.lb/docs/advertising.pdf [cited 3 July 2017].
Melki J, Maaliki L. Maneuvering entrenched structures of Arab education systems: the agency of Arab media literacy educators and activists. J Media Lit 2017; 64: 56–60.
Melki J, Maaliki L. Helping Arab digital and media literacy blossom: three years of the Media and Digital Literacy Academy of Beirut (MDLAB). University of Gothenburg, Sweden: The International Clearinghouse on Children Youth and Media; 2016.
World Health Organization. Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children. 2015. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149782/9789241549028_eng.pdf [cited 30 May 2017].
Nasreddine L, Taktouk M, Dabbous M, Melki J. The extent, nature, and nutritional quality of foods advertised to children in Lebanon: the first study to use the WHO nutrient profile model for the Eastern Mediterranean Region. fnr [Internet]. 2019Feb.19 [cited 2019Jul.17];630. Available from: https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/1604
Copyright (c) 2019 Lara Nasreddine, Mandy Taktouk, Massar Dabbous, Jad Melki
Authors retain copyright of their work, with first publication rights granted to SNF Swedish Nutrition Foundation.


text:
Trump Tweets Multiple Videos of Random Black Men Attacking People
'SO TERRIBLE!'
Senior Political Reporter
Published Jun. 23, 2020 12:05AM ET
Nicholas Kamm/AFP/Getty
Just after 10:30 p.m. ET on Monday night, President Donald Trump began tweeting out videos of random Black men attacking people in America.
"So terrible!" Trump posted to Twitter, sharing a video from late last year of a woman who was violently shoved by Black man into the side of a subway car in New York City. (The NYPD said in October that the man in question had been arrested.)
Less than two minutes after sending that tweet, the president shared another video clip, posting, "Looks [sic] what's going on here. Where are the protesters? Was this man arrested?" This video went viral earlier this month and shows a Black man punching a white male inside a Macy's in Michigan.
Shortly after that one, Trump tweeted about Monday arrests "in D.C. for the disgraceful vandalism, in Lafayette Park [near the White House], of the magnificent Statue of Andrew Jackson, in addition to the exterior defacing of St. John's Church across the street. 10 years in prison under the Veteran's Memorial Preservation Act. Beware!"
The White House did not immediately respond to The Daily Beast's request for comment.


text:
Q: Getting rid of clouds from Landsat using ArcMap? I want to calculate deforestation using Landsat 2 images. Right now I am using the raster calculator to generate a NDVI image and then the reclassification or Iso Cluster Unsupervised classification tool. However, since they are old Landsat images, a lot of them have clouds and it messes with the final deforestation image (difference between classified images).
Is there a way I can get rid of the clouds using the same Landsat for different dates in the same year?
What I am thinking is that it may be possible to overlay the rasters and somehow get an optimal raster for the year, using input from different dates.
Does that make sense?
Is there another way?

A: Clouds are serious problem in optical remote sensing, but using other images from different dates to substitute the regions with clouds will reduce the accuracy of your work, especially if you are calculating NDVI which depends totally on dates (seasons).
However, it might be acceptable if the difference between cloudy images and non-cloudy images is just few days as you are still in the same season. The more efficient way to keep your analysis in safe side is when you classify your images you put a class named 'cloud' that can be excluded from your calculation, or mask the clouds from you images and do the NDVI and classification calculations with the masked clouds images.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange