There have been few reports of patients with bilateral cervical facet dislocations that remain untreated for eight weeks or more. We report the case of a 76-year-old man with an old bilateral cervical facet joint dislocation fracture that was treated by posterior-anterior reduction and fixation.
A 76-year-old Asian man was involved in a road traffic accident. He presented with neck pain and arm pain on his right side, but motor weakness and paralysis were not observed. He was treated conservatively; however, instability and spondylolisthesis at the C5 to C6 joint increased eight weeks after the injury. We performed a posterior-anterior reduction and fixation. After surgery, bony union was achieved, and his neck pain and arm pain disappeared.
We recommend reduction and fixation surgery if a patient has an old bilateral facet joint dislocation fracture in the cervical spine.
Several authors have reported failures to correctly diagnose cervical spine injuries. The rate of misdiagnosis ranges from 5% to 20% [1–3]. Of missed spinal injuries, misdiagnosis of an injury to the cervical spine has been most frequently reported . The use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can improve the accuracy of cervical spine injury diagnosis. However, an analysis of the clinical records of 367 patients with cervical spine injuries revealed a diagnostic failure rate of 4.9% .
Treatment for acute cervical dislocation fracture includes conservative treatment and surgery. Whether conservative treatment is sufficient is controversial [5–7]. Recently, the incidence of surgical treatment to reduce dislocation and for fixation has increased compared with conservative treatment.
An injury is considered as 'old' when the interval between the accident and correct diagnosis is longer than three weeks . There are several reports on the management of old dislocations of the subaxial cervical spine in the English literature [9–13]. Among these, only three articles were found in which the delayed treatment of bilateral cervical facet dislocations is described after a diagnostic delay of more than one month [9–11].
Here, we report a case of a 76-year-old man with an old bilateral cervical facet joint dislocation fracture that was treated by posterior-anterior reduction and fixation.
A 76-year-old Asian man was involved in a road traffic accident. He presented with neck and arm pain on his right side, but motor weakness and paralysis were not observed. His arm pain corresponded to the right C6 and C7 dermatomes.
We carried out an X-ray image examination of our patient's cervical spine and diagnosed a slight cervical spondylolisthesis (Figure 1a). CT and MRI were not performed. Because our patient did not show motor weakness or paralysis, his neck and arm pain were treated conservatively. However, the pain did not change over the six weeks following the injury. We conducted further X-ray imaging, MRI and CT eight weeks after the injury (Figures 1a,b,c, 2 and 3). Plain X-ray film images obtained at this time showed increased instability at the C5 to C6 joint when compared with those taken immediately after the accident (Figure 1a,b,c). MRI revealed central spinal canal stenosis at the C5 to C6 joint and high signal intensity in the spinal cord on T2-weighted imaging (Figure 2). A sagittal CT showed bilateral dislocation of facet joints (Figure 3).
Plain X-ray film images showing slight spondylolisthesis of C5 immediately after a traffic accident. (a) The extent of the spondylolisthesis increased over the following eight weeks. (b) Flexion position; (c) extension position.
Magnetic resonance imaging showing spinal canal stenosis and swelling of the spinal cord eight weeks after the traffic accident. (a) T1-weighted sagittal image; (b) T2-weighted sagittal image; (c) T2-weighted axial image.
Sagittal computed tomography performed eight weeks after the traffic accident showing dislocation of both facet joints at C5 to C6. (a) R: right side (arrow). (b) L: left side (arrow).
We planned posterior-anterior surgery eight weeks after the injury. We performed a partial resection of both C5 to C6 facet joints for reduction, using a posterior approach. Half of the C5 to C6 facet joint was resected on the right side, and one quarter of the C5 to C6 facet joint was resected on the left side.
Lateral mass screws on the left side were used for fixation, and bilateral local bone was grafted between the posterior surface of the C5 and C6 laminae. Lateral mass screws on the right side were not used for fixation because most of the lateral bone mass was resected. Because fixation was insufficient, we added an anterior approach by removing the C5 to C6 intervertebral disc, and grafted iliac bone into the C5 to C6 space. We used a titanium plate for fixation.
Our patient gradually became symptom-free after surgery. He presented with a transient C5 palsy on his right side; however, he had recovered three months after the surgery. Plain X-ray film images obtained six months after surgery showed good stability (Figure 4). MRI revealed recovery of the central spinal canal stenosis at the C5 to C6 joint and showed normal intensity in the spinal cord on T2-weighted imaging (Figures 2 and 5).
Plain X-ray imaging and computed tomography scans obtained six months after surgery. We performed surgery to remove a part of both sides of the facet joints at the C5 to C6 joint, and posterior fusion with lateral mass screws on the left side. After posterior fusion, anterior fusion using a plate and screws was performed. (a) X-ray anterior-posterior view; (b) X-ray lateral view; (c) computed tomography scan of C5; (d) computed tomography scan of C6. R: right side. L: left side.
Magnetic resonance imaging three months after surgery. Space in the spinal canal has increased, and swelling of the spinal cord has decreased three months after surgery. (a) T1-weighted image; (b) T2-weighted image.
We present the case of an old bilateral cervical facet joint dislocation fracture found in a 76-year-old man, treated by posterior-anterior reduction and fixation. After surgery, bony union was achieved, and our patient's neck pain and arm pain disappeared.
In one study, cervical spine injuries were identified in 740 patients and the diagnosis was delayed or missed in 34 patients (4.6%). Ten of the 34 patients (29%) developed permanent sequelae as a result of these delays . In another study, 1331 patients were evaluated following blunt trauma injury; recognition of their cervical spine injury was delayed in 8% of patients . In a review of 253 patients with 274 spinal injuries, delays in diagnosis were documented in 22.9% of cervical injuries and 4.9% of thoracolumbar injuries . We therefore carefully consider the potential misdiagnosis of cervical injury before therapy. In our patient, even with slight cervical spondylolisthesis, plain X-rays were not sufficient for a proper diagnosis. In general, such a finding requires further diagnostic efforts including a CT scan.
Currently, there is evidence in several articles that closed reduction in an awake and alert patient is relatively safe [14, 15]. There is, however, no agreement regarding whether such a maneuver is safe in an obtunded or intubated patient. Most surgeons would agree that an open reduction with or without a decompression should be considered in patients where there is MRI evidence of a failed closed reduction or what is considered to be a dangerous herniated disc before reduction . We had attempted closed reduction while our patient was awake, but this failed. We therefore selected open reduction.
A few authors have reported surgical treatment for old dislocations of the subaxial cervical spine, including bilateral facet joint dislocation. The fusion rate and improvement in symptoms after surgery were excellent in all but one of 16 surgically treated patients who had sustained an old injury of their lower cervical spine, including dislocation . Reduction and fusion surgery was performed in 12 patients with an old dislocation of the lower cervical spine, including bilateral dislocation of the facet joints, and all patients developed bone fusion and showed neurological improvement . There has been a report of three patients who had older (>8 weeks) untreated bilateral cervical facet dislocation. All three patients were surgically treated . In a neurologically intact 51-year-old patient, surgical treatment was performed 10 weeks after the trauma upon diagnosis of bilateral cervical facet dislocation at the C5 to C6 joint. That patient remained neurologically intact and radiographic fusion was observed . In our case, our patient with an old bilateral cervical facet joint dislocation fracture underwent surgery; complete reduction was performed, and bony fusion was observed. We therefore recommend reduction and fixation surgery if the patient has an old bilateral cervical facet joint dislocation fracture.
Several authors have reported surgical methods for patients with old bilateral cervical facet joint dislocation fractures using anterior and posterior approaches, and a combination of the two with instrumentation [9–11]. The use of pedicle screws for patients with old bilateral cervical facet joint dislocation fractures has not been frequently reported. Yamazaki et al. reported a case of an old fracture-dislocation unilaterally at a C4 to C5 facet joint. Reduction of the deformity and spinal fusion were successfully performed using a pedicle screw-rod system . Lee et al. reported that, when patients were neurologically intact, an anterior approach was more commonly chosen than a posterior approach, and combined approaches were more commonly chosen for bilateral facet injuries . In our case, we selected a bilateral posterior facetectomy, unilateral lateral mass screws and anterior plating for our patient. To reduce the facet joint, half of the C5 to C6 facet joint was resected on the right side, and one quarter of the C5 to C6 facet joint was resected on the left. We considered an anterior plate to be insufficient for stabilization. Furthermore, half of the C5 to C6 facet joint was resected, so we could not use lateral mass screws on the right side.
Several surgical methods are recommended for old bilateral cervical facet dislocation fractures. We recommend these methods be further investigated to identify those that achieve good reduction and fixation without complications.
We have reported a case of an old bilateral cervical facet joint dislocation fracture found in a 76-year-old man, treated by posterior-anterior reduction and fixation. After surgery, his neck pain and arm pain disappeared and bony union was achieved. We recommend reduction and fixation surgery for patients with an old dislocation fracture of the cervical spine.
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal. The protocols for human procedures used in this study were approved by the ethics committee of our institution.
SO, TS and GI performed the surgery. HSs and KT evaluated the imaging. The other authors were key contributors in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


Rehab television shows: intervention or exploitation?
Leif Garrett didn't want to go to rehab — or at least not "Celebrity Rehab."
"I didn't want to have a camera stuck in my face while I was trying to kick," said Garrett, the 1970s teen idol once as famous for his singing and acting as his sun-kissed mane of blond hair. "I thought, 'It's nobody's freaking business.' But I finally came to the realization: It's everybody's business, because it's been in the papers. Instead of paying to go to rehab, why not get paid for it? And show the world, at the same time, that I am no longer using?"
After the arrest, he was approached numerous times by VH1, the network that produces the reality show "Celebrity Rehab "With Dr. Drew," to see if he might consider joining a cast comprising mostly of B-list actors and reality television stars at a Pasadena rehabilitation center run by Dr. Drew Pinsky. There, members of the group would be forced to tackle his or her addictions —- pain pills, alcohol, marijuana, even love — while a camera crew documented the emotional journey.
Being a part of "Celebrity Rehab," Garrett concluded, was the best shot he had at regaining sobriety and his reputation. Most of the cast members on the fourth season of the show — which includes actor Eric Roberts and Tiger Woods' alleged mistress Rachel Uchitel — said a similar line of thinking propelled them to participate: What do I have to lose?
But some professionals in the rehab field worry that programs about addiction — a genre that also includes HBO's documentary series "Addiction" and A&E's popular "Intervention," now in its 10th season — are exploiting patients in their most vulnerable moments. Sure, participants are getting free treatment, but there's also a concern that cameras interfere with the process.
VH1 says "Celebrity Rehab" is designed to help people, but good television also requires intense drama. And since many of the participants are celebrities hoping to rescue their image, playing to the camera may distract them from focusing fully on therapy.
"People who are sharing the most intimate details of their life are going to change the way they relate to their therapist on camera," said Dr. David Sack, the chief executive of Malibu's Promises Treatment Center. "It becomes a performance — not treatment."
"Intervention," meanwhile, centers on noncelebrity addicts. The show, which has become one of A&E's most successful programs since its inception in 2005, trails those in particularly dire situations — in one episode, a man who is a crystal methamphetamine addict is also shown snorting OxyContin and is described as having snorted up to 40 of the pills a day.
The subjects are told they are being filmed for a TV documentary, but unlike "Celebrity Rehab" patients, they are not paid to participate. What they don't know is that friends and family are secretly planning an intervention, during which they are asked to go to treatment. If they agree, A&E finds rehabilitation centers that will cover the bill for a minimum 90-day stay for the patient.
The appeal of both programs relies at least partly in voyeurism. On "Celebrity Rehab," cameras trail the cast members to therapy sessions. They capture the fights that inevitably transpire between addicts and often catch patients vomiting or writhing in pain from withdrawal.
In this season's opening episode, Janice Dickinson, a former supermodel and reality TV star, had been weaned off of benzodiazepines, which resulted in a massive panic attack. Sobbing to one of the hospital's staff members, she revealed she was contemplating going to the bathroom to hang herself. The moment was teased endlessly in previews leading to the premiere.
It's exactly the kind of moment that Sack says those who sign up for the show don't realize might later haunt them.
"Our concern is that people who are in the throes of an addiction should not be signing a release for something that will be shown on TV over and over," he explained. Most reality television shows, he explained, require subjects to sign an irrevocable release contract which states that all footage filmed of them may be used on air, even if they change their mind midway.
Garrett, for one, insisted he was not "coerced" into signing a contract to appear on "Celebrity Rehab." "I was a functioning addict," he explained. "I'd made many decisions in business meetings outside of doing this show."
Still, he said that a couple of weeks before entering the Pasadena Recovery Center, he attempted to get a head start on his sobriety and was four days clean when VH1 producers approached him with a request. "They asked to get some footage of me using, and I said, 'I haven't been using,'" he recalled. "They said, 'We really have to get footage of you using.' Anyway, I was easily talked into showing them."
"The show's producers would never ask anyone to use...PERIOD," said Scott Acord, vice president of VH1 Communications, in an e-mail.
Pinsky, a board-certified internist, addiction medicine specialist and television and radio personality who hosts "Celebrity Rehab," declined to participate in this story. But Jeff Olde, VH1's executive vice president of original programming and production, defended the ethics of "Celebrity Rehab."
"You're dealing with addicts first and foremost, so whatever it takes to get them into treatment — treatment is a good place," said Olde. "I feel very comfortable saying we're a show that actually helps people."
Indeed, a number of those who graduated from the rehab program featured this season said they are celebrating nearly half a year of sobriety.
Dickinson put it plainly: "Dr. Drew saved my life."
"I needed to get some help kicking these prescription meds — Ambien and Xanax — and the show went along for the ride," Dickinson said. She is comforted that her struggle is "helping millions of women watch the transformation."
It's unclear, however, what effect "Celebrity Rehab" has on its audience, which has dropped about 37% from Season 1, when the program averaged 1.65 million viewers per episode, according to Nielsen.
Despite the decline, the show remains a pop culture touchstone. Watching other people's addictions is addictive — especially when those people thrive on attention and will go to extreme lengths to get it. Even some in the industry, like filmmaker Judd Apatow, have been sucked into the phenomenon. "Why bother writing when nothing I write will ever be as good as Celebrity Rehab?" he wrote on his Twitter page in December. "I need a drug habit so I can get life help from Dr. Drew."
Pinsky himself is a polarizing figure. He recently signed on to host his own prime-time show on HLN and has been lauded as an example of "TV giving itself a moral center."
But some industry figures, like Promises' Sack, question whether Pinsky's attraction to the spotlight could cloud his good intentions. "It's not that Dr. Pinsky doesn't know how to treat people. It's that when you create this context of paying people to participate, it doesn't work," argued Sack.
Garrett said that before "Celebrity Rehab," he too questioned how "legit" Pinsky was but now believes he's "100% the real deal."
Other "Celebrity Rehab" alum, like actor Jeff Conaway, have more mixed feelings about the show.
Conaway, best known for his roles in the movie "Grease" and the sitcom "Taxi," was an imposing presence on the show's first season. After undergoing back surgery, Conaway said he developed an addiction to cocaine and pain pills, and as he attempted to quit those drugs on the program, he threw tantrums, shouted and blacked out.
He now says he ramped up his antics for the cameras.
"We all knew we were on TV. I think everybody, like myself, made choices. Sometimes we would go a little bit further than maybe we normally would," said the actor, who also appeared on the program's second season. "You can't help it. There are cameras sitting in front of your face, and we're paid to be dramatic. That's what we do."
Conaway said the show's producers frequently requested he "give them drama." He played along, until the end of the first season.
"I was in so much pain, I thought, 'When I get out of here, I'm going back on pain pills,'" he said. Show executives urged him to stay on the program. "The producer said, 'Can't you just lie? Can't you just not talk?'" he recalled. "I don't think producers ever have actors' best interest at heart. Their first allegiance is to the show."
VH1's Acord said that if "producers asked him to stay, they wanted him to continue to work on his sobriety for as long as possible."
Dan Partland, executive producer of "Intervention," said he understands why viewers are intrigued by "Celebrity Rehab" but ultimately feels "the conceit of the show is counterproductive to the ultimate outcome of the clients."
"You put the audience in the uncomfortable position of perversely hoping for failure, because those are the most dramatic moments," he said.
"Intervention" also has its critics, who charge that misleading addicts into an intervention is unethical.
"Listen, any time you're bringing cameras in the real world and aiming at disempowered people, exploitation is gonna come up. But we're very careful to only pursue stories where people are really interested in participating," Partland insisted.
He acknowledged there have been a few instances where recovering addicts have been embarrassed by their behavior on "Intervention," and in those cases, individual episodes have been retired.
More commonly, though, Partland and VH1's Olde said, these series serve as an incentive to stay clean. "We're finding that having the cameras there in the process is almost like an added element in their desire to stay sober," Olde said.
Olde said everyone who goes on "Celebrity Rehab" is urged to enter sober living after the 21-day program ends and that Pinsky remains in close contact with many of his former patients. "You see these flawed humans in a lifeboat, and I think there's something universal there, like you want to see them win," said Olde.
Conaway, who suffered a setback last January when he fell and broke his hip and arm, fractured his neck and had a brain hemorrhage, said support from those who've watched his journey is one of the few things that propels him forward.
"I got a lot of love from people, and when people stop me on the street and say, 'Man, your story touched me so much,' it just makes all this pain worthwhile, you know?" he said, beginning to weep. "Because I don't know where actors go after they die, but I know people who help other people have a nice place to go. And I would like to go there if I can."


What is God's Will Concerning Financial Giving?
This is Part 3 of "How can I know God's will my life?" This column discusses biblical principles of financial giving. God's will begins with personally accepting the gift of eternal life through Christ's payment on the cross. The next step is allowing God to define our priorities.
If we want to avoid becoming enmeshed in materialism, we need to cultivate a godly way to handle our money and material possessions. Our perspective on material and spiritual things is important. "For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also." (Matthew 6:21). Much of this material is abstracted from our Christian Principles Unit 4 class outline.
1. Giving is motivated by grace (2 Corinthians 8:1-4, 9; 9:15).
Wrong motivations characteristic of other religions include,"I give in order to be accepted by God." Unlike a resentful duty, God wants us to enjoy the privilege of giving. Rather than giving the least we can to keep God and others off our back, under grace we give as much we can.
2. Christians Are Stewards (2 Cor. 8:5).
Everything we have is God's and not ours. (Psalm 24:1.) We should manage God's money to advance his kingdom. We will give an account to God for how we spent his money (Matthew. 25:19, 21.).
3. Our financial giving is an index of our spiritual vitality and maturity (2 Corinthians 8:7).
While giving is not sufficient for spiritual maturity, not having a sacrificial giving ministry robs us of spiritual vitality. This is why New Testament church leaders must demonstrate consistent and generous giving (1 Timothy 3:3b,8b), be free from the love of money, and be people of dignity.
4. Give according to what you have (1 Corinthians 8:12).
Financial situations vary widely due to many factors–earning power, family size, previous money management. Therefore, it's impossible and unbiblical to set a monetary standard for what constitutes significant giving. God prizes our readiness to give, not the amount we give.
Choose an amount that affects your lifestyle. An excellent plan is: live NOW in a way that if God called you to full-time ministry, you could do it. Although the tithe is no longer in force, 10 percent of our gross income is a good rule of thumb and feasible for many of us as a starting point.
Discuss this with the family.
Incorporate your giving as a definite part of your budget — give "off the top" at the beginning of the month or pay period (1 Corinthians 16:2).
Be faithful to this commitment even when unexpected needs arise (unless impossible).
5. The needs of others should have a moral bearing on our finances (2 Corinthians 8:13-15).
We have no right to hoard money or possessions. On the other hand, we shouldn't let lazy Christians take advantage of others' generosity (2 Thessalonians 3:6-12; 1 Timothy 5:8,16).
Live a simple lifestyle. This also applies to DINKS (Dual Income, No Kids). If you unnecessarily put yourself in a position that requires both incomes, you may compromise your relationship with God.
Learn the plight of the poor. Xenos has ministries like Urban Concern, Youth For Christ and short-term missions trips. Read books by authors who write about poverty. Before you give to an organization, check it out for integrity, amount of overhead, etc.
6. God abundantly blesses the giver (2 Corinthians 9:6, 8-14).
We may reap increased financial resources to enable us to give more (vs 10a).
We will reap increased effectiveness for God (vs 10b).
We will reap the privilege of seeing others affected for Christ (vs 11b-13).
We will reap increased friends who love us and pray for us (vs 14).
We will reap increased eternal reward (1 Timothy 6:19).
7. Our first responsibility is to support our local church.
There is a moral obligation to support those from whom you regularly benefit spiritually. (Galatians 6:6; 1 Timothy 5:17,18).


A great aperitif style single malt from Macduff distillery. This has been matured in refill American hogsheads and has a creamy/fruity character.
Aromas (with water) Hints of ripe banana, pineapple and mango. Sweet honey notes develop with a touch of dried apricot.
Aromas (without water) Stewed pear and peach aromas with a touch of sweet vanilla. Sweet honey with a subtle aniseed note.
Palate (with water) Creamy with fresh fruit flavours, lime, banana and grapefruit. A delicate charred oak edge lingers.
Palate (without water) The palate is sweet and peppery with green apples and a dark chocolate edge.
Types of Barrel used for Aging Refill American Hogsheads.


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Home page > From the Field > Coping with crowdedness in mass transportation
Coping with crowdedness in mass transportation
The role of emotions in the Paris metro
by Martin Aranguren & Stéphane Tonnelat & translated by Oliver Waine, on 26 February 2014
Tags: public space | public transportation | density | métro | mass transit | metro | subway | tube | underground | emotions | antisocial behaviour | sociabilities | rapid transit | France | Paris
Riding overcrowded metros, tubes or subways with dozens of strangers in varying moods is routinely viewed as a trying experience. Yet we know very little about the discreet but crucial emotional work that passengers do every day in order to facilitate the smooth functioning of urban mass transportation.
Crowded train on Line 5 of the Paris metro, at République station © S. Tonnelat
In Paris, annual metro ridership increased from 1.2 billion journeys in 2000 to 1.5 billion in 2011, or 5.16 million trips per weekday. [1] This roughly 25% growth in passenger numbers has made travel conditions increasingly difficult. [2] Surveys conducted by polling organisations (TNS Sofres for RATP 2012) have reported a rise in antisocial behaviour, as well as in the number of complaints relating to delays and discomfort due to the high passenger density (heat, odours, groping, etc.). If these reports are to be believed, the situation has become unbearable.
And yet more and more people take the metro! How do they cope with these difficult conditions? We tried to find an answer to this question by considering the role played by emotions (for a more detailed account, see Aranguren and Tonnelat 2014). We were interested not in the sporadic spectacular scenes, caused by a fight or a panic attack, but rather in the frequent, discreet emotions of metro users who are simply caught up in the mass of other passengers. We were more particularly interested in what happens when riders get on and off the train, always a delicate part of the metro journey. By examining riders' reactions to unexpected physical contact, we found that the emotions involved were crucial to the smooth operation of the system. Emotions help passengers minimise intrusions into their most personal territory – their bodies and their clothes – and thus also potential damage to their "face" or self-esteem (Goffman 1973). They quickly and discreetly express discomfort and enable the victims of such intrusions to obtain reparation or issue silent judgements about their offender. And, contrary to the conventional wisdom, neither outcome involves "making a scene" or disrupting the regular functioning of the metro.
Analysing passengers' facial expressions
We know that emotions are rarely expressed in the metro, an environment largely governed by fleeting non-verbal exchanges and by "civil inattention" (Goffman 1973) – a means of making privacy possible in situations of close proximity by paying no more attention than is necessary to the other people present (for example, by refraining from staring; see Tonnelat 2012). Therefore, in order to examine the relationship between passengers' emotions and rider density, we needed to adopt a protocol for data collection that would enable us to record the behavioural cues that partially escape individuals' control and betray their mostly controlled emotions that are otherwise largely contained. For this reason, we decided to use inconspicuous portable video cameras to document passengers' facial reactions to physical contact, which we then described using the Facial Action Coding System [3] (Ekman and Friesen 1978). What did we find? [4]
The following description provides an initial preview of our findings.
Friday 6 July 2012, around 6 p.m., République station, on the Line 5 northbound (Bobigny) platform, level with the middle doors of the last carriage of the train.
It is rush hour. On the platform, a lot of people are waiting for the next train. When it arrives, a minute or so later, and the doors open, the passengers on the platform have a little difficulty separating themselves into the usual two lines, one on each side of the doors. Six people get off the train. As soon as the second-to-last person steps off, the flow of incoming passengers begins on the right-hand side, while on the left-hand side a white man in his thirties, with a suitcase and rucksack, is slow to get out of the way. In all, 22 passengers get on the train in two lines, adding to the 11 riders already standing in this section of the car, sharing the 6 m² (65 sq. ft) space between the doors and the folding seats (making an average of more than 5 passengers per square metre).
When the signal warning of the closure of the doors sounds, the last passengers to get on the train have to make do with the space between the central vertical pole and the doors. A tall, thin black man, with small round spectacles and short hair, dressed in dark clothes and wearing headphones around his neck, steps on to the train while looking to the side, shoulder first. Pushed by a plump young white woman, with her hair in a large bun and wearing fashion earrings, who gets on the train at the last second, he twice jostles another passenger, a small young woman of East Asian origin with long black hair and spectacles, who he had already pushed a little when getting on the train. He then turns his head towards the woman who pushed him, as if to protest about the treatment he has suffered, and perhaps also about what she had made him do. A few seconds later, arching her back to draw in her body and avoid the closing doors, she opens her mouth wide in an "O", highlighting, somewhat in the manner of a toreador, her dexterity and the fact that she only just made it. Concluding her gestures with a broad smile, she receives in return a sign of approval from the young man in the form of a nod and a few inaudible words.
Behind him, at the same time, the woman he jostled frowns and raises her eyebrows, while turning towards the source of the contact, trying to catch the young man's gaze. But, occupied by the scene unfolding behind him, he does not notice her silent reproach. He even repeats the offence, his small rucksack once again making contact with the woman's shoulder. Again, she raises her eyebrows and turns her head and eyes towards him, but still without successfully making eye contact. Finally, she tightens her lip corners inwards and ceases to be concerned about the source of this unwelcome physical contact. As the train starts to move off, her face regains a neutral expression.
Crowded trains and a variety of reactions to physical contact
First, the analysis of many sequences of passengers getting on and off metro trains at two stations (over 700 on–off observation units on the platforms of Line 5 at République and Line 13 at Montparnasse–Bienvenüe) enabled us to measure the passenger density on platforms and in trains during the morning and evening rush hours. Density varied between 2 (little contact) and 6.5 persons per square metre (very crowded) inside the cars (see Figure 1). These figures are probably even higher for some trains on suburban RER [5] lines A and B, for which we did not obtain permission to film. We also found that the stop time at stations, which varied between 22 and 35 seconds (excluding unusually long technical incidents), is directly related to the passenger density at the busiest carriage doors.
Figure 1: Frequency of passenger densities in metro trains, based on measurements taken on 436 Line 5 trains at République station, northbound (towards Bobigny), between 5.30 p.m. and 7.00 p.m., in June 2012
Next, we measured the probability of a passenger reacting to unexpected physical contact while getting on or off a train. We called this a contact incident, consisting of physical contact followed immediately by a facial movement on the part of the person touched. These facial movements include, in particular, activity of the muscles of the forehead and mouth. At the start of our research, we found that the response to physical contact, even rough contact, between people who know each other or are helping each other is limited to a movement of the eyelids (blinking or opening the eyes). Conversely, when passengers are not in a situation of mutual acquaintanceship, we observed an additional movement of the forehead or mouth that we interpreted as a sign that this physical contact was appraised as a territorial violation (Goffman 1973), that is to say an intrusion into the passenger's personal space.
We then measured, at various passenger density levels, the probability of a contact incident occurring. The results show that the likelihood of such an incident increases steadily with density on the platform and in the train, reaching certainty once the density reaches the high levels characteristic of peak times. We interpret this result as evidence of lack of habituation to contact. Even though passengers cannot ignore the fact that contact will occur at peak times, they nevertheless continue to consider it offensive, regardless of gender, age, skin colour, etc. In other words, passengers evaluate contact between strangers negatively even when it is inevitable.
Furthermore, as density rises, incidents of physical contact also tend to involve more passengers, as many riders push not one but two others, who in turn push someone else, and so on. In the end, we were therefore able to establish not only that there is a high density of passengers and of contact between them, but also that the discreet emotions that these incidents trigger are omnipresent.
In parallel, this probability analysis also highlighted the very small proportion of emotional scenes, that is to say negatively evaluated contacts that escalate into open conflict (1 episode in 700 units) or, conversely, that are resolved through public reparation, i.e. a verbal apology audible to the other passengers present. This first stage of the research therefore left us with a paradox: how is it that so many emotional departures lead to so few acts of communication and conflict? In other words, how do passengers manage to remain so calm?
Two recurring emotional trajectories: repair and disapproval
In the second stage of our work, we used two cameras – one on board the train and the other on the platform – to monitor the ways in which passengers who were victims of unwanted contact managed the situation beyond the first noticeable facial reaction. The procedure allowed us to identify two common emotional trajectories. [6] The first emotional path repairs the offence, while the second expresses a form of contempt for the person who caused the contact. Both trajectories begin in the same way: following a contact incident, the victim frowns and raises their eyebrows. [7] They then direct their gaze towards the origin of the physical contact, as if to verify what just happened and, at the same time, indicate to the offending party that they are well aware of the wrong done. At this point, the offending party (who jostled the victim) will often catch the gaze of the victim and immediately look down, in a gesture researchers on emotions consider the prototypical expression of embarrassment (Keltner 1995). The sequence reaches closure as the victim looks away and their face returns to a neutral expression.
Without a word, and without even needing to know what each other thinks of the incident, a form of peaceful resolution has been found. The non-verbal repair work functions as an apology, without the offender actually having to formulate a verbal apology or admit fault.
Sometimes, when the victim tries to make eye contact with the offender, the field of vision may be blocked, or the offender may have their head turned in the opposite direction. In this case, non-verbal repair work cannot take place. In most cases, the absence of eye contact is followed by another incidence of physical contact (a repeat offence), causing the victim to once again frown and raise their eyebrows. This time, however, instead of trying to catch their offender's eye, they simply tighten their lip corners inwards, in a typical expression that researchers associate with contempt (Ekman and Heider 1988; Izard and Haynes 1988), before returning to a neutral face. This form of disapproval is another common way to close a contact incident by discharging the emotional tension caused by the contact. Although no repair is accomplished, victims render the situation acceptable by adopting the moral high ground with regard to their offender. Surveys and spontaneous accounts by passengers confirm this finding as they show that users of the Paris metro deem the absence of an apology after a physical contact incident to be an offence. [8] One can only speculate about the silent judgements that riders pass on certain categories of people ("Oh, young people today!").
The diagram below illustrates the typical trajectories of non-verbal repair and disapproval. "P" stands for the "patient" (victim) and "A" for the "author" (offender) of the physical contact incident.
Figure 2: Typical emotional trajectories: non-verbal reparation and contempt
Emotions help calm down the situation
To conclude, it appears that certain emotions are important means of managing problematic situations, rather than occasional uncontrolled outbursts. The expression of such emotions allows passengers to communicate and release the tension caused by unwanted physical contact. More simply – and somewhat counter-intuitively – in the metro, emotions contribute to calming the situation. The two emotional trajectories presented here both serve to maintain the normality of appearances. The small-scale emotions triggered by density and physical contact therefore constitute an extremely robust base for social order in the metro. This is what we believe explains the remarkable restraint of all these passengers who, instead of hitting one another, remain stoical, in all seasons and weathers, both on the platforms and in the train cars. Accordingly, in a nod (FACS code 59!) to a famous social network theory (Granovetter 1973), this research underscores the strength of weak emotions. It remains to be seen whether these small-scale emotions are still effective at passenger density levels even higher than those observed here. Up to what point do they still work?
Aranguren, Martin and Tonnelat, Stéphane. 2013. "Les visages du métro (la force des émotions faibles) : contacts physiques, transactions émotionnelles et densité de voyageurs dans le métro de Paris", Rapport RATP, Mission Prospective, no. 170, 200 pages.
Aranguren, Martin and Tonnelat, Stéphane. 2014. "Emotional transactions in the Paris subway: combining naturalistic videotaping, objective facial coding, and sequential analysis in the study of nonverbal emotional behavior", Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, forthcoming.
Ekman, Paul and Friesen, Wallace. 1978. Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement, Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Ekman, Paul and Heider, Karl. 1988. "The Universality of a Contempt Expression: A Replication", Motivation and Emotion, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 303–308.
Goffman, Erving. 1973. La Mise en scène de la vie quotidienne. Volume 2 : Les relations en public, translated by Alain Khim, Paris: Éditions de Minuit.
Granovetter, Mark. 1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties", American Journal of Sociology, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 1360–1380.
Izard, Carroll and Haynes, Maurice. 1988. "On the Form and Universality of the Contempt Expression: A Challenge to Ekman and Friesen's Claim of Discovery", Motivation and Emotion, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–16.
Keltner, Dacher. 1995. "Signs of Appeasement: Evidence for the Distinct Displays of Embarrassment, Amusement, and Shame", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 441–454.
TNS Sofres for RATP. 2012. Top 10 des incivilités constatées, Paris: Observatoire des Incivilités dans les Transports.
Tonnelat, Stéphane. 2012. "Confiance et émotions dans le métro de New York", in Le Mouël, Éloi and Espinasse, Catherine (eds.), Lieux et Liens. Tome 1 : Des lieux qui créent des liens, Paris: L'Harmattan, pp. 205–217.
[1] This article is based on research conducted by the CNRS–LAVUE research laboratory for the "Mission Prospective" (Futures Department) of the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens – RATP – which operates the Paris metro. This research is presented at length in a report for the Mission Prospective (Aranguren and Tonnelat 2013). The main results and the details of the methodology are now available in English in a scientific article (Aranguren and Tonnelat 2014, forthcoming).
[2] Of course, RATP makes every possible effort to absorb the rising numbers of passengers – for example, by increasing the frequency of trains or using higher-capacity rolling stock. When these measures reach their limits, the next step is to install automatic platform-edge doors on the busiest lines, such as Line 1 (the main east–west line, from La Défense to Vincennes via Châtelet) or Line 13 (a very busy north–south line running from Saint-Denis and Asnières–Gennevilliers to Châtillon–Montrouge via Saint-Lazare and Montparnasse). In addition, "passenger traffic agents", recognisable by their fluorescent orange jackets, are in charge of limiting density in the cars by preventing passengers from boarding trains that are already full at peak hours. Despite their effectiveness, these measures are struggling to contain ever higher passenger volumes in trains and on the metro network in general. Furthermore, as ridership continues to increase, the number of "accidents involving passengers" quite logically increases, causing traffic delays that are especially difficult to manage given that the system is already at capacity.
[3] FACS (Facial Action Coding System) is an anatomically based method for objectively describing facial activity, which associates visible changes on the surface of the face with the action of the underlying muscles. What we call "expressions" of emotions are compounds of facial action units as defined by FACS. This system uses nearly 30 "action unit" codes (AUs) for appearance changes due to the action of specific facial muscles or groups thereof, plus a number of additional codes to describe head and eye movements, along with "gross behaviours" (e.g. head shaking, shrugging shoulders). Each code is identified by a number; compound facial configurations are denoted by series of single codes connected with "+" signs (see Figure 2).
[4] The data-collection protocol was declared to the Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL, the French national data-protection commission) under registration number 2‑12024. Posters were displayed on the platforms selected for data collection. Leaflets were also printed for distribution by investigators and RATP staff to members of the public interested in the research. These materials briefly explained the purpose of the research, and provided contact details so that passengers could request a copy of the videos in which they appear and/or their removal from the database. The poster and flyer also specified that recognisable images of faces would be seen by members of the research team only, and in any event would not be disclosed outside the research laboratory without first being anonymised.
[5] Translator's note: the RER (réseau express régional – "regional express network") is a rapid cross-city rail system that covers a much wider area than the metro network (which only serves the city of Paris proper and certain very close suburbs) and which has much longer intervals between stations. Unlike conventional suburban rail lines, RER lines cross central Paris (mostly underground) rather than terminating at one of the central mainline stations.
[6] We used a piece of software called Theme to estimate the degree of correspondence between successive facial expressions in 45 observed courses of action. The level of statistical significance for the analysis was set at 0.0001.
[7] The correct FACS terminology would be "lowers and raises their eyebrows". We have kept the expression "frowns" here for better legibility.
[8] See (in French): www.chervoisin2transport.fr.
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Martin Aranguren & Stéphane Tonnelat & translated by Oliver Waine, "Coping with crowdedness in mass transportation. The role of emotions in the Paris metro", Metropolitics, 26 February 2014. URL: https://www.metropolitiques.eu/Coping-with-crowdedness-in-mass.html
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text:
Theme Hospital je počítačová hra z nemocničního prostředí. Byla vyvinuta společností Bullfrog a v roce 1997 vydána pro DOS společností Electronic Arts.

Theme Hospital je budovatelská strategie, kde v každé misi na hrou daném území musí hráč postavit prosperující nemocnici. Hráč staví různorodé ordinace, od obvodní GP's office až po speciální vyšetřovny jako Scanner nebo operační sál. K dispozici je možnost postavit i oddechovou a školící místnost pro zaměstnance. Hra jde i do takových ekonomických detailů, jako je počitadlo na lavičkách, aby každý mohl zvážit veškeré vynaložené náklady spojené s provozem nemocnice a praktičnost rozmístění jednotlivého vybavení. Hráč najímá lékaře a může je dále vzdělávat a dodávat jim jednu nebo všechny ze tří specializací, chirurg, psychiatr a vědec. V nemocnici pracují také zdravotní sestry, uklízeči a recepční. Celá hra je pojata velmi vtipnou formou, takže i jednotlivé nemoci v této hře jsou legračního charakteru, jako třeba nafouknutá hlava, chlupatost, mdlý jazyk nebo neviditelnost. Navíc má každý zaměstnanec ukazatel morálky, únavy a odbornosti, na které je nutné dohlížet. Pokud je např. zaměstnanec nespokojený, začne hrozit výpovědí, a hráč má možnost mu přidat nebo ho vyhodit, pokud nemá dostatečnou způsobilost, může operaci zkazit ap.

Společnost Electronic Arts také později vydala populární sérii The Sims, která je této hře velmi podobná, ale místo simulace nemocnice se jedná o rozšířenější simulaci celkového života.

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Videohry od Electronic Arts
Hry pro DOS
Videohry z roku 1997
Obchodní simulátory
Hry pro macOS
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Hry pro PlayStation
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text:
Q: How can I get Outlook to restore previously-open message windows when restarting? So Outlook crashed on me yesterday...
...Ok, so that's not terribly interesting. But what happened next was: there was a "Restart" option on the resulting crash dialog. When I clicked it, Outlook re-opened along with all of my previously-open messages!
Well, surprise, surprise - Outlook missed an opportunity to annoy me!
But now I'm curious: is there a way to make this happen intentionally? I do enjoy closing Outlook now and then, to reboot or just to get it out of my hair. But losing track of the messages I'd been reading isn't much fun. I suppose I could flag them or something, but that's tedious - I'd rather just close the app on a whim, knowing I could pick back up where I left off later.
So: is there an option for this somewhere, buried deep within the bowels of Outlook's labyrinthine Options dialog? Or failing that... Any good tips on making Outlook crash on demand?

A: 1) make a shortcut to the Outlook application on your desktop (you may already have one there)
2) right-click the shortcut and choose the last menu item "Properties"
3) in the field labeled "Target" you should see a file path to where Outlook is installed on your PC. Click to the end of that path and add /restore
It should look something like this:
"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Office\Office14\OUTLOOK.EXE" /restore
Now when you launch Outlook via that shortcut it will restore all open items. Really useful if your machine crashes or Windows force restarts based on a critical update.

A: Perhaps use the /restore switch on the command line:
http://www.quora.com/Is-there-a-way-to-restore-open-email-windows-in-Outlook-after-a-crash-like-Firefox-restores-tabs-and-windows

A: There is a new Outlook setting that does this, under General->Start up options: "When Outlook opens" - available options are:

*

*Ask me if I want to restore previous items (default)

*Never restore previous items (old behavior)

*Always restore previous items (what you want)

I was looking for it and stumbled across this post. The link is here: https://office-watch.com/2020/outlook-gets-better-restart-and-reopen-options/

A: You can attempt to hibernate the process to disk.
If it works, you get your messages. If it doesn't work and crashes, you get your messages back.
Unless it completely doesn't work, this should be a win-win situation... :)

A: I closed a window where I prepared a calendar appointment and by mistake chose "Don't save".
Amazingly this helped:
Go to Deleted items in Outlook, then on top there was an option "Recover items recently removed from this folder", it had a list of all kinds of stuff dating several months back. My closed appointment (basically an unsent email) was there.

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Create DVD disc/DVD folder/DVD ISO file with MP4, MOV, AVI, MTS, and FLV on Mac.
ImageBurner is a front-end for the MacOS X "hdiutil" command-line tool.
CDRevolution has a straight forward, easy to use drag and drop interface which makes copying standard audio and data CDs simple. * Audio CDs are copied with the same fidelity as the original.
The disk burning support built into Mac OS X burns the entire CD, even if you have only used a small portion of it.
BurnItAgainSam lets you burn files to a CDR multiple times, and the resulting CDR shows all the files ever burnt together, as if you would have burnt them at once (and not in multiple sessions).
Launch it, setup the microphone and record to a QuickTime Movie file.This is an example of what you can do using Realbasic and the Monkeybread Software Realbasic Plugin. Source code is included.
Xilisoft iPhone Magic Platinum for Mac helps you back up iPhone music, videos, movies and photos to Mac and copy files from iPhone to iTunes.
Burn your files onto CDs and DVDs has never been easier!
ImTOO DVD to Apple TV Converter for Mac is smartly designed DVD to Apple TV software for Mac users.


text:
Home Economy Singapore predicts slower growth
Singapore predicts slower growth
Singapore is forecasting weaker demand from key Asian markets next year, reducing economic growth as the US-China "trade war" starts to take effect.
Growth is forecast at 1.5-3.5 per cent next year from 3-3.5 per cent this year, according to the Ministry of Trade and Industry.
Singapore's growth is tied to the outlook for the global economy amid US-China trade tensions.
The weakening outlook for the city-state is a bellwether for global growth because international trade dwarfs the domestic economy. The forecast also reflects shaken confidence in the financial markets in recent months as investors worry about international trade, investment and corporate earnings.
It said the "external demand outlook for the Singapore economy in 2019 is slightly weaker as compared to 2018" and "risks to the global economy are tilted to the downside".
The economy grew by 2.2 per cent on a year-on-year basis in the third quarter, slower than the 4.1-per-cent growth in the preceding quarter, said Singapore's Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI).
"We did expect industrial production growth to moderate. But the pace of moderation was more prominent than initially thought," said UOB economist Alvin Liew.
On a quarter-on-quarter, seasonally adjusted annualised basis, the economy expanded by 3 per cent, faster than the 1-per-cent growth in the second quarter, said the ministry.
On a sectoral basis, manufacturing grew by 3.5 per cent year on year, moderating from the 10.7-per-cent growth in the second quarter.
The construction sector contracted by 2.3 per cent year-on-year, a more gradual pace of decline as compared to the 4.2-per-cent contraction in the preceding quarter.
The MTI said construction output in the third quarter was hampered by weakness in public-sector construction.
Selena Ling of the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation in Singapore said prospects for the second half of 2019 were weak, given the combination of rising US interest rates and the looming trade war.
"The external demand outlook for the Singapore economy in 2019 is slightly weaker as compared to 2018. At the same time, risks in the global economy are tilted to the downside," said Loh Khum Yean, Singapore's permanent secretary for trade and industry.
"There is the risk of a further escalation of the ongoing trade conflicts between the US and its key trading partners, which could trigger a sharp fall in global business and consumer confidence," Loh said.
Singapore's status as a trading hub makes it a valuable indicator about the strength of the global economy. Picture credit: Flickr
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Indonesia to curb coal output to protect price


Purchase and install ABC type fire extinguishers for your kitchen and garage. Show everyone in the household where and how to turn off the water, gas and electricity. Shut off the water valves once a year so the valves won't get stuck in the open position. If a valve is stuck we recommend hiring a licensed, insured plumber to free the valve.
The water meter by the street.
Immediately outside your house by the exterior wall.
On top of the hot water tank.
Under the kitchen sink for "instant-hot" or drinking filter systems.
Replace water supply lines to prevent leaks. Flexible water lines are located: underneath sinks, underneath toilets, behind your washing machine and behind your dishwasher. Flexible water lines should be changed every 5 years or every 10 years at the latest.
Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Sensors: test the batteries every month, change batteries every year and replace the sensors every 10 years.
Purchase a gas shut-off wrench and wire it to your gas valve for emergency use. Clean the dryer lint trap weekly. Clean the dryer lint vent duct regularly. Clean the chimney flues annually.
Install a spark arrester screen on top of the chimney to prevent sparks from escaping and keep birds out of the chimney.
If a tub, toilet, shower or sink drains slower than normal, immediately have a plumber snake out all of your drain lines.
When installing "instant hot", drinking filter kits or refrigerator ice/water dispenser water lines, insist that the installer use water lines that have threaded connections. Do not accept "pressure connection" fittings as they will eventually vibrate loose and leak.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on February 4, 2014 by admin.


On March 25, 2019, members of Governor Doug Ducey's executive staff conducted interviews for the candidates who applied for a judicial vacancy on the Superior Court in Yuma County. The interviews were held at the Yuma County Courthouse and were open to the public and the media. To listen to the public comment on the candidates, click here. To listen to the interviews of the candidates, click here.
To complete this form, first select the judicial vacancy and then select the nominee(s) for which you would like to submit comments. Enter your contact information and submit your comments for the nominee(s) selected.
Please note that fields marked with an asterisk (*) are required in order to submit the form.
Select the nominee(s) for which you would like to submit comments.
You may either type your comments in the Commentary/Recommendation field OR attach a file containing your comments.
To attach a file, leave the Commentary/Recommendation field blank and upload your document using the file upload field.
Click the "Choose File" button to locate the file. You MUST click the Upload button to attach the file.
Your submission may be subject to production under Arizona's public records law.


The Government of Saskatchewan is reviewing trespass legislation to determine if changes are needed to better address the balance between rural landowners and the public.
These different rules may contribute to confusion on what legally constitutes trespassing.
As part of the review, the Ministry of Justice is asking Saskatchewan citizens for their input.
Should all access by members of the public to rural property require the express advance permission of the rural land owner regardless of the activity?
If so, how should permission be sought and granted?
The questionnaire can be found at https://www.saskatchewan.ca/residents/justice-crime-and-the-law/review-of-trespass-related-legislation.
Or by email at LSBQuestionnaire@gov.sk.ca.


text:
Ethiopian Shipping and Logistics Services Enterprise Transports 7.2 miln Tons of Dry Cargo
Addis Ababa August 23/2022/ENA/ Ethiopian Shipping and Logistics Services Enterprise (ESLSE) has transported 7.2 million tons of dry cargo despite all the challenges in the concluded fiscal year which ended on June.
In his media briefing today, CEO of the enterprise, Roba Megersa said the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Russia-Ukraine war among others have been interrupted the industry at the international level during the stated period.
He mentioned about the unprecedented trade distortion created due to several factors including congestion of ports, shortages of containers and hiking of cargo prices.
The international trade distortion has affected the transportation of soil fertilizer, petroleum, wheat, maize among others cargos, according to the CEO.
Despite all the challenges encountered during the concluded fiscal year, Ethiopian Shipping and Logistics Services Enterprise has provided 7.2 million tons of dry cargo services to several customers.
Roba said the enterprise achieved 92 percent of its plan despite the adverse impacts of COVID-19, the Russia-Ukraine war, inflation at the international level among other issues including security that hit the industry at the global level.
The enterprise has also secured 51.4 billion Birr from the services it rendered during the stated period, it was indicated.
It was also revealed that the enterprise was able to provide the cargo services by sea, transporting cargo between foreign ports, transporting containers and vehicles to the country by multimodal, transferring goods by unimodal and handling containers and vehicles at domestic ports.
The plan of the Ethiopian Shipping and Logistics Services Enterprise (ESLSE) for the concluded fiscal year was to transport over 10 million tons of shipment and cargo.


A new type of environmental education, Conservation Education, emerged as a result of the Great Depression and during the 1920s and 1930s. Then, in 1971, the National Association for Environmental Education now known as the was created to improve environmental literacy by providing resources to teachers and promoting environmental education programs. Each issue requires consideration of the political, social, and economic concerns, in addition to a scientific understanding. Knowingly and unknowingly one receives informal training in personal hygiene, problems of food and water contamination. Environmental planning is the process of evaluating how social, political, economic and governing factors affect the natural environment when considering development. She wrote the Handbook for Nature Study in 1911 which used nature to educate children on cultural values. Even though technology is available to enable the world's population to live within the capacity of one planet, our parasitic greed is proving more attractive.
The out of doors experience, while not strictly environmental in nature, often contain elements of teaching about the environment. First, is the current status of the natural environment. So we find huge crowds at all social places like markets, railway or roadways bus stations, courts, police stations, hospitals, government and municipal board offices, schools, colleges, universities and similar other places. Lower Secondary Stage: At this level objective must be real life experience, awareness and problem identification. Examples of environmental planning and decision making include evaluating flood plains before development of an area and industrial symbiosis, which is the process by which industries share services, energy and by-products to decrease costs and improve the environment. Phi Delta Kappan, 51, 26-28. The contents are supplemented with general science.
The school field trip: Where you go makes the difference. By these actions, environmentally literate citizens will help ensure an ecologically and economically sustainable environment. There are numerous ways children can learn about the environment in which they live. We often learn many new things every day. New estimates indicate that about 10% of all bird species are likely to be extinct by 2100. Thus, environmental education policies fund both teacher training and worker training initiatives. Preserving our natural resources will become even more important due to growing populations and increasing industrialization.
The challenge of environmental education. Conservation Education was a major scientific management and planning tool that helped solve social, economic, and environmental problems during this time period. Role of Teacher in Providing Environmental Education : The need to have personnel who will be able to integrate environmental education into formal and non-formal education programmes and further implement these programmes calls for the training of teachers in Environmental Education. Various types of industries have polluted drinking water, air, rivers, fields and nearby human inhabitances. It encompasses programs, activities and projects in which the garden is the foundation for integrated learning, in and across disciplines, through active, engaging, real-world experiences that have personal meaning for children, youth, adults and communities in an informal outside learning setting. School Camping was exposure to the environment and use of resources outside of the classroom for educational purposes.
It is one thing to discuss the importance of compostable goods and recycling with children; it is quite another when children actually observe these products and actions in their own homes. Hence, formal environmental education can be introduced with the subjects like hygiene, study of nature, population education and values. The legacies of these antecedents are still present in the evolving arena of environmental education. Both disciplines complement environmental education yet have unique philosophies. Seek out local opportunities for children to become involved in their communities in meaningful ways.
Another obstacle facing the implementation of environmental education lies the quality of education itself. If an individual does not know about these units of society—, his life will become difficult, similarly, he should know various things about his natural environment. Just as major environmental catastrophes, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, can affect us, our actions can have major impacts on the environment. To-day we are finding revolutionary changes in our environment. In short, it will help you look at any situation that you may be in and it will assist you in being able to make a decision that is beneficial for the environment. These fields of education complement environmental education yet have unique philosophies.
The relationship between environmental concern and participation in a selected high adventure program. Environmental policies are rules and regulations created by the government to set standards that cannot be exceeded. Principles of Environmental Education 3. The Belgrade Charter was built upon the and adds goals, objectives, and guiding principles of environmental education programs. However, in their role as environmental educator they must remain neutral; there is no room for personal beliefs to take center stage. This means hands-on learning, which encourages gentle observation.
Later that same year, President Nixon passed the National Environmental Education Act, which was intended to incorporate environmental education into K-12 schools. Deep Ecology In Western-style environmental education, the focus is mostly on understanding ways in which humans and human systems impact on the environment and non-human natural systems goals i, ii, iii and iv. Through the medium of consequences the environment teaches man that by disturbing the balance in the environment he harms himself. Contemporary environmental education strives to transform values that underlie decision making from ones that aid environmental and human degradation to those that support a sustainable planet. So, environmental education is actually an incredibly important part of running a business, company, or organization.
Conservation Education was a major scientific management and planning tool that helped solve social, economic, and environmental problems during this time period. From a scientific perspective, we know that the entire state is facing drought conditions due to low amounts of rain and snowfall over the past few years. Our commitment to providing children with an environmental education will help them become environmental citizens that will be the thought leaders of tomorrow. The Declaration was established with the intention of increasing environmental stewardship, awareness and behavior, which paved the way for the rise of modern environmental education. Research shows that by 2020, the snows of Kilimanjaro may exist only in photographs, and by 2050, the Arctic Sea may be completely ice-free during summertime.


(Reuters) - Subtropical Storm Joyce could transition to a tropical storm in the next day or two over the Atlantic, the U.S. National Hurricane Center said on Thursday.
Joyce was located about 980 miles (1,575 kilometers) west-southwest of the Azores with maximum sustained winds of 40 miles per hour (65 km/h), the Miami-based weather forecaster said.
"Little change in strength is forecast during the next 48 hours," the NHC added.


CAN YOU HANDLE THE TRUTH? – WRITE THEM ALL.
We are always looking for the truth, whether we like it or not. We think that this will eradicate our suspicions, our troubled mind, jumbled feelings, to the point that we believed the truth will straighten out everything to rightness.
The question is, can you handle the truth, the circumstances after knowing the truth? Can you accept it? Like it will strip all the lies you believed in and clean out all intoxicated madness you are feeling? Are you ready to believe it and never be confused again? Are you going to forgive?
Let us be reminded, to know the truth is not always to put you in a situation where you can acknowledge everything at one time. It's more than widening your mind and heart. But when you attain it, then it will set you free or else you will be wrecked into pieces-again.
We use words like honor, code, loyalty…we use these words as the backbone of a life spent defending something. You use 'em as a punchline. I have neither the time nor the inclination to explain myself to a man who rises and sleeps under the blanket of the very freedom I provide, then questions the manner in which I provide it! I'd rather you just said thank you and went on your way. Otherwise, I suggest you pick up a weapon and stand a post. Either way, I don't give a damn what you think you're entitled to!


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Australian Defence Force should not let the years condemn our veterans
Vietnam Veterans Day
John Hood AC, editor writ large (acting) April 25, 2014 6 min read
Australian Defence Force personnel, the very instant they graduate, deserve national government recognition of their commitment to duty, service and country.
Every single one of our Australian Defence Force personnel, irrespective of corps, role, rank, contractual obligation, posting, hours per week, deserves our national government's support and backing financially.
Quite simply, immediately if you as an Australian Citizen, volunteers to sign up unconditionally to serve in the Australian Defence Force, then instantly you and your direct dependents need to be comprehensively, generously and unconditionally insured by the Australian Government in LIFE/TPD/income protection insurances.
In the event of injury, illness or death howsoever caused while enlisted, any Australian military serving person deserves full comprehensive insurance coverage for themselves and for their direct dependents for the duration of their lives. Properly and honourably, the level of financial coverage must reflect the inherent occupational risk as a combatant and presume a military life career of income at each advanced rank, role and risk.
The military term "illness" must be medically holistic and necessarily include mental illness, howsoever caused, including any time post-enlistment.
The term "active service" undertaken by Australian Defence Force personnel needs to triggers a whole new degree of national government recognition and commitment financially.
The very instant a member of the Australian Defence Force signs up for active service needs to deem that member a "veteran", thus automatically triggering comprehensive financial protection under a new national government-guaranteed Military Pension to properly support that member and his/her direct dependents for the term of their lives.
This is the accepted value of serving one's country, which may involve risk of injury, illness and death. Such government standards of respect for our Defence Force personnel are proper Australian moral standards.
But a current official study into the mental health status of ADF personnel in 2012 has found:
Twenty-two per cent of the ADF population (11,016), or one in five, experienced a mental disorder in the previous 12 months.
Approximately 6.8% (760) of this number experienced more than one mental disorder at the same time.
Anxiety disorders were the most common mental disorder type in the ADF, with higher prevalence among females.
Post-traumatic stress disorder was the most prevalent anxiety disorder, with highest rates among ADF males.
ADF males experienced higher rates of affective disorders than the Australian community sample. This was mostly accounted for by the experience of depressive episodes.
Officers were as likely as other ranks to experience affective disorders.
Navy and Army were significantly more likely than Air Force to experience alcohol harmful use disorder.
ADF personnel reported thinking of committing suicide and making a suicide plan at a higher rate than the Australian community sample.
Those ADF with deployment experience were 10% more likely to seek care for mental health or family problems.
In the previous 12 months, 17.9% of ADF members sought help for stress, emotional, mental health or family problems.
Being treated differently (27.6%) and harm to career (26.9%) were the highest rated perceived stigmas.
The highest rated barrier to seeking help was concern it would reduce deployability (36.9%).
ADF members reported more partial rather than total days out of role due to psychological distress compared to the Australian community sample.
Panic attacks, depressive episodes, specific phobias and post-traumatic stress disorders accounted for the greatest number of days out of role.
Source: http://www.defence.gov.au/health/dmh/docs/MHPWS_report-Full_Report.pdf
But the Military Superannuation and Benefits Act is so insubstantial and archaic as to be demeaning for Australian military personnel that it should be immediately revoked. The Australian Defence Force (Army, Navy Airforce) compulsorily deducts 5% from the wages of serving personnel to pay into the Military Superannuation and Benefits Scheme. This does not happen in civilian life, so why do ADF personnel have to? It is only to fund the MSBS with cashflow, almost like a blood bank monopoly.
The marketing by the Australian Defence Force (Army, Navy, Airforce) is that it contributes superannuation of between 18% and 28% per year of your salary, averaged out over your last three years of service. But who actually gets this as a payout?
Our Australian Defence Force personnel deserve exceedingly better than a commercially vulnerable superannuation scheme, subject to market fluctuations in shares, property and interest rates. Superannuation was initially imposed upon Australians by Keating Labor's 'Superannuation Guarantee' in 1992 as a budgetary cop-out to avoid government responsibility to honour paying Australian pensions including to the Defence Force and veterans.
For Tony Abbott to talk of just indexing taxation to military super schemes is an arrogant Liberal snub to Australia's military. His Liberal Government has politically in the lead up to ANZAC Day just announced that from July 1, 2014 the following:
"Defence Force Retirement Benefits Scheme (DFRS) and Defence Force Retirements and Death Benefits Scheme (DFRDB) superannuants aged 55 and over will have their benefits indexed in line with age and service pensions."
Well how mean, thankless and hypocritical? All Australian parliamentarians (members and senators), who are the ones who vote to despatch Australian Defence Force personnel into combat zones, are themselves comfortable covered under the Parliamentary Contributory Superannuation Scheme.
Ordinary Australians are lucky to get 9% superannuation if they are an employee and their employer actually pays. But then their superannuation is subject to the vagaries of market commerce.
Serving Defence Force personnel MilitarySuper pensions are considered to be taxable income by the Australian Taxation Office. How so?
Whereas Australian politicians currently pay themselves an annual allowance of $185 000 per annum. They receive superannuation contributions by the Australia taxpayer of 11.5% of their annual allowance, and after 18 years parliamentary service they get an additional 5.75% on top.
After eight years parliamentary service, they automatically get a lifetime pension of 65% of their annual allowance. This is received irrespective of age or additional income.
This is all legislated under the Parliamentary Contributory Superannuation Act 1948 and the Parliamentary Superannuation Act 2004, which both need to be scrapped as an aristocratically unconscionable self-serving privilege and unfair.
Immediate action should be taken in the Australian parliament to correct what can only be seen as one of the more shameful episodes in the ongoing poor treatment of the men and women of Australia who volunteer to defend their country.
Before Prime Minister Tony Abbott signs off on his just announced $40 billion taxpayer-funded acquisitions of dozens of Joint Strike Fighter aircraft from American multinational Lockheed Martin in Fort Worth Texas, he should live up to the respect deserved of Australian military personnel.
Abbott needs to honour our Diggers before honouring Labor's Lockheed Martin contract.
Superannuation for Australian Defence Force personnel should be government controlled and guaranteed as a Military Pension for the natural life of all who have graduated within the ADF. The pension rate needs to be generous and above that of parliamentarians. The pension rate needs to be commensurate with service duration, the nature and extent of any active service, rank, role, duties, citations, as well as with the case needs of direct dependents.
Abbott needs to immediately and generously pay out properly and decently to all Australian veterans and their direct dependents who remain unpaid of fair compensation – including those of AHS Centaur in 1943, those of HMAS Warrnambool in 1947, those exposed to radiation during atomic testing in the 1950s, those of the Melbourne-Voyager Disaster in 1964, those victims of Agent Orange in the Vietnam War (1961-1972), those RAAF LAMEs who fixed FIII fuel tanks (1973-2000), the 3000 aboard HMAS Supply and HMAS Melbourne exposed to beryllium dust (1950s-1985), those with symptoms of Gulf War Syndrome (1990-91), Major Martina Jewell, Chief Petty Officer Kurt MacKenzie, amongst other ignored claimants of Veterans Affairs.
Abbott needs to immediately and generously recognise in law that each and every member of the Australian Defence Force deserves Australia's national government's full support and backing financially.
Until then, is it any wonder why traditionally and today Australians have immeasurable respect for our Diggers, but none for our politicians?
Previous ANZAC Day is about remembering, but more importantly about respect and recognition
Next Vietnam Veterans must be remembered and respected


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Gessica is the Italian and Portuguese equivalent of the English Jessica. Notable people with the name include:
Géssica do Nascimento (born 1991), Brazilian footballer
Gessica Morlacchi (born 1987), a member of the Italian band Gazosa
Gessica Rostellato (born 1982), Italian politician
Gessica Turato (born 1984), Italian road cyclist

Italian feminine given names
Portuguese feminine given names


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Wastewater Management
Urban Environment Improvement
Intellectual Resources
Infrastructural Resources
Water Sector
Implementation Support for Achieving 24 Hours Water Supply In Delhi Phase I -Distribution Improvement (World Bank Funded Project)
The project was undertaken jointly by the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) and Delhi Jal Board (DJB). It involved a systematic and sustainable improvement in the water distribution system of South II and South III zones, essentially by converting from intermittent to continuous supply ("24/7") through the introduction of appropriate infrastructure, operating and management practices, and a supporting institutional and policy framework. ACE was associated with Poyry Environment, GmbH (Formerly GKW Consult, Germany) as engineering consultants. We were engaged in field investigation, identification of system deficiency, preparation of rehabilitation budgetary estimate and implementation plan for works and engineering services for water supply and sewage network system.
Flood Mitigation and Resilience Project in Ibadan City, Oyo State, Nigeria.
The Federal Government of Nigeria on behalf of Oyo State Government has applied for financing from the World Bank toward the cost of 200 Million USD for the Ibadan Urban Flood Management Project (IUFMP). IUFMP was initiated from Dec 2014 to improve the capacity of Oyo State through developing a long-term flood risk management framework by initiating risk assessment, community awareness, and providing enough flexibility in the project design to make changes based on learning. The project also supports capacity building for flood risk management in the city of Ibadan. It would reinforce Oyo State government's early warning and response capabilities and leverages existing World Bank projects (such as the Community and Social Development Project, CSDP) in Oyo State in support of the IUFMP.
ACE is engaged by IUFMP for Flood Mitigation and Resilience project in Ibadan city. ACE has developed the methodologies to address the flood hazard impacts, result framework and produced baseline data through flood site investigations surveys and household surveys covering the 6000 samples in the city area and developed the geo-spatial database. The outcome of the study provides the information about the selection of investments by identifying vulnerable sites and households and serves as benchmark for evaluating how the project improves the capacity of Oyo state to effectively manage flood risk in Ibadan City throughout the lifecycle of project. It also enablesthe Client to track progress over time, the ability to compare the vulnerability status at IUFMP project completion, evaluate any impacts of future events, and facilitate learning.
Environment Sector
Preparing the Orissa Integrated Irrigated Agriculture and Water Management (ADB TA-4815(IND) Environmental Assessment
The project includes rehabilitation and improvement of selected irrigation systems within four major river basins namely, Subernarekha, Burhabalang, Baitarani and Brahmani. It covered two major irrigation systems, three medium scale irrigation systems and six drainage schemes within the selected river basins, plus 466 minor flow irrigation schemes and 3111 minor lift irrigation schemes. ACE prepared the environmental assessment and review procedure (EARP) and compiled the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), reports including the environmental management and monitoring plans.
EIA of Oil Explorations in Mukokchung, District Nagaland
The project was a joint undertaking of Canoro Resource Limited (CRL), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) and Assam Company Ltd. (ACL) with the Government of India. The project was for exploration of oil and gas involving drilling in the Block AA- ON/7, Mukokchung, district Nagaland. Based on prediction, identification and evaluation of significant impacts from drilling and testing activities, ACE has prepared an Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP).
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Developing 4th Container Terminal in Jawaharlal Nehru Port (J4), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
The Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNP) is located on the eastern part of Mumbai harbor near to Elephanta Island, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. JNP handles 60% of the total cargo handled by the major ports of India. It is ranked as 24thport among the world wide ports having container terminal.
In order to handle the increasing container as well as liquid traffic, development of a new Fourth Container Terminal was proposed and Port of Singapore Authority (PSA) will be the operator. The proposed works includes development of Fourth Container Terminal as an extension of BPCL jetty and a Marine Chemical Terminal on BOT basis. PSA has appointed ACE for conducting the ESIA studies. ACE has conducted the terrestrial and marine monitoring as well as to Stakeholder Consultations and Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) in compliance with IFC's performance standards and drafting the Environmental and Social Management Plans and prepared the ESIA report.
List of Remote Sensing & GIS Projects:
Land Use Land Cover Pattern for Kamorta Island
Land use land cover pattern map and linear feature maps created using
Remote Sensing and GIS for Coal Bed Methane Project, Sohagpur, District Sahdol, Madhya Pradesh
Satellite Image classification for Rajmahal CBM Block, Jharkhand
GIS Maps for the Kerala Water Supply Project
Land Use land Cover maps of Bambooka island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Land use land cover maps for Mand-Rajgarh
Land use land cover maps of Block CY-ONN-2002/1, Tamilnadu
Forestry Mapping for Changlang, Arunachal Pradesh
© 2005-2019 Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd., All Rights Reserved.


Claudia Yusef is named Talent Develepment Executive for the Scottish Film Talent Network.
The Centre for the Moving Image (CMI), DigiCult and Hopscotch Films have announced the appointment of Claudia Yusef as Talent Development Executive for the Scottish Film Talent Network (SFTN).
Yusef had been development executive at 42 Management & Productions, where she worked on films including Welcome To The Punch and Monsters: Dark Continent, and she takes the new post at SFTN in November.
Her remit will include identifying film talent and projects suitable for funding or development support, working across feature film script development, and short film development and production.
SFTN is a consortium comprised of CMI, DigiCult and Hopscotch Films, representing Scotland in the UK wide BFI NET.WORK initiative.


Welcome to the online home of sundnn.com Software Solutions. when you purchase our modules, you don't just get a module. You get superior service and support from us. Just ask any of our customers and they will tell you, we excel in helpful and knowledgeable support for our products. We answer support requests promptly and we resolve problems quickly and courteously.
We also provide a variety of DotNetNuke Module Development and Consulting services, including custom module, skin.If you can't find an off the shelf module that does 100% of what you need, we can help you get that 100% completion for functionality, either through customizing existing modules, or developing ground up solutions for your organization.
SunDnn eCommerce Suite 5 has released on May 1,2017.
Feel free to contact us at sundnnstore@gmail.com with any questions.


The KöR Whitening Deep Bleaching System is a reliable and effective way to whiten your smile. KöR Whitening helps to restore the ability of your teeth to absorb oxygen. The oxygen from its whitening gel is absorbed deep into the tooth, dissolving stain molecules, and can lighten even the most stubborn coffee stains and discoloration. Combined with simple periodic home maintenance, you can keep your new, brighter smile without future office visits.
Teeth whitening is by far the most popular cosmetic dentistry treatment. One option for whitening your teeth is a product called Nite White® from Discus Dental®. Nite White offers a long line of gentle, effective teeth whitening products for use at home.
As with any professional teeth whitening product, your dentist must first ensure that your teeth are healthy and free of cavities before you begin to use Nite White. Your dentist will make a custom fit appliance for you to wear while you sleep in tandem the with Nite White product.
Nite White's active ingredient is carbamide peroxide; this ingredient breaks down into hydrogen peroxide. This allows oxygen to enter the enamel and dentin (hard tissue of the tooth) to loosen tooth stains. The other active ingredient is ACP. Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (ACP) is a proven technology that "rebuilds enamel and aides in the prevention of dental caries."
Nite White is a great option for people with all different types of sensitivity, tooth staining and even taste preference. It can be an amazing tool to capture that dazzling smile you desire.
ClearCorrect "invisible" braces are a simple, easy alternative to metal braces. ClearCorrect requires no uncomfortable wires or brackets, and it allows you to go about your normal routine without the self-consciousness brought about by conventional metal braces. With ClearCorrect, your dentist or orthodontist can straighten your teeth using a series of virtually invisible, removable aligners. Each custom aligner moves your teeth a small amount at a time until you eventually get straight teeth.


Developing a file without recognizing the style makes us extremely confused and also asks whether the document we made is appropriate?
so that you are aided in working with the papers that you will produce.
There are different formats that are all correct, you could choose one among several layouts and also layouts from the photo below. If you assume the design of the file layout is not intriguing you can seek other styles in this message.


Really lovely apartment in Luxury Resort ( 5 stars rating) Very nice modern apartment, spotlessly clean with everything you need for a great holiday including Wi-Fi & TV. Fantastic views of Med & golf course from terrace which is a real sun trap. Nice big communal swimming pool is 60 seconds walk (we had it to ourselves a lot of the time). There is a private parking space right outside the door. Apartment had a comfortable bed and good air conditioning & a very nice bathroom with excellent shower.
The Village Square is 3 minutes walk and provides some great restaurants ( Zimi Italian Trattoria, Pithari Greek, Gate to India, Ladi & Rigani kebabs, Haagen Dazs Ice cream parlour and Costa coffee shop.) Our favourite was the Indian, but the live music and Meze on the Friday night was a close second. There is a supermarket too, but is a bit expensive. We only used it for the fresh bakery. There is also a brilliant golf course onsite (played it twice), clubhouse is only a 2 minute walk.
There is a Tennis Academy and horse riding near the Village square. The Retreat Spa was probably the highlight of my wife's stay. She rated it as the best she has visited anywhere. Overall, this is a great apartment in a 5 Star resort which is a few minutes walk to all the facilities.
We had a great holiday staying at this apartment in Adonis Village, Aphrodite Hills. The apartment is clean and modern, with a fantastic balcony. The views of the hills, sea and golf course are sensational and we enjoyed many hours sitting out in this very spacious area. The pool area is excellent and very well kept and there is easy access to shops, a selection of restaurants and evening entertainment.
Thank you Jane. We'll be back soon!