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News and EventsHome Politics, Press Remarks / Press Releases Is Peter Obi Not One of Us? Remarks By Mr Oseloka H. Obaze, PDP Candidate in Anambra 2017 Elections
Is Peter Obi Not One of Us? Remarks By Mr Oseloka H. Obaze, PDP Candidate in Anambra 2017 Elections
Politics, Press Remarks / Press Releases
Remarks By Mr Oseloka H. Obaze, PDP Candidate in the 2017 Anambra State Gubernatorial Elections, at the Emergency Meeting of PDP South-East Zone, held at 3p.m. On 13/10/18, at the Enugu Zonal Office, 16 Iyienu Street, Independence Layout, Enugu.
Mr. Vice–Chairman, we have been summoned here to deliberate on a very important issue. Although, my understanding is that we are gathered to articulate the way forward for Ndiigbo, I suspect that as always, there are some of us here, who will display their skills of pulling their relatives and friends down. What I'm about to say comes from the heart and from my personal experience. In 2017, I ran and lost a governorship election, not because I was a bad or unqualified PDP candidate, but because some within my PDP family in Anambra and beyond worked against me. Today, our state and our party are paying the price, even as I have forgiven those who worked against my candidacy.
On today's agenda, I will resort to a historical narrative. On 6th October 2014, a PDP delegation led by the Deputy Senate President, Sen. Ike Ekwerumadu and Chief Olisa Metuh, the then Publicity Secretary, who represented the National Chairman of the PDP, Mr. Adamu Muazu visited Peter Obi at his residence at 22 Niger Drive, Onitsha to ask him to join our great party, PDP.
In the words of Chief Metuh, the visit was as a "result of the resolution by the entire South-East to pay him a visit and persuade him to join the PDP for more meaningful contribution to national affairs." In his response, Mr Peter Obi, told the PDP party bigwigs that, "I am humbled by the visit." Furthermore, he said, "I thank you for your continued belief and commitment to the welfare of our people and the progress of our country. I have in the past worked closely with all of you and you know my belief about our zone working together. I assure you that we will continue to work even closer as a team in the interest of our people. Regarding your visit of today let me assure you that I heard your kind and passionate requests and that your journey would not be in vain but in the best interest of our people." Thereafter Peter Obi joined PDP.
What Changed? Is Peter Obi not one of us? In our language, "even a mad man has relatives"; whom you may only identify when the mad man is being beaten in public and they come to his defense. Similarly, in American politics, there is an instructive saying; "he is a son-of-a-gun, but he is our own son-of-a-gun." I have not been in partisan politics long, but I am a political scientist by training. And I do research and write, so let me share with you some basic historical realities. We are talking of Zonal consultation on the vice presidential ticket. When did it start? Or is this meant to be a first?
In 1979, Shehu Shagari did not consult south-east NPN before choosing Alex Ekwueme as his running mate. Indeed, Ekwueme who was then resident in London had been introduced to Shehu Shagari by the late Sir Joe Nwankwu. In 1999, Olusegun Obasanjo did not consult the Northeast PDP leaders before he selected Atiku Abubakar. Indeed, Atiku having won the gubernatorial election in his state was driving to Adamawa on the fateful day when he got a call to return to Abuja to meet Obasanjo and become his running mate. In 2007, Umaru YarAdua did not consult the south-south PDP leadership before picking Goodluck Jonathan. Rather,after Peter Odili was blocked as presidential candidate, it was James Ibori that YarAdua wanted as his running mate. It was the trio of Ahmadu Ali, Olusegun Obasanjo and Tony Anenih who decided, without any consultations with the region on Jonathan in order to block some PDP governors who were scheming to nominate another person after the rejection of Peter Odili as presidential candidate.
In these three instances, I mentioned, the respective regionsembraced rather than repudiate or reject their sons. Will the turn of southeast be different? Quo Vadis Ndiigbo? Are we to understand that after we have waited for thirty-five years to get a VP slot on a PDP ticket that is a winning combination, we are about to waste it on account of our not being consulted zonally? Would we rather the VP slot go elsewhere and wait another 35 years? How do we explain our malign attitude and that outsiders have accepted one of our sons, but we are the ones that seek to tag him "an outcast" and therefore unacceptable to the nation? What is it we seek at the bottom of the pot but fish?
Mr. Vice-Chairman, the Biafran war ended 48 years ago and the Igbo nation is yet to recover fully. Now a historical opportunity beckons; an opportunity to actualize the mainstreaming of the Igbo Nation, and we are bickering as to which of our sons will lead the charge. Our disposition, I dare say is myopic and defeatist.
I have heard corridor talks about passing a resolution to repudiate the selection of Peter Obi as Atiku's running mate. I hope that those who champion such causes will also have the courage to sign their name to the resolution, so that in the fullness of time our posterity will appreciate our folly. Mr. Vice-Chairman, the two distinct vagaries of history is that "only victors write history" and that "historians claim to be able to recover the past." So let me end on a historical note. If we lose the present opportunity to produce the VP due to the whims of a few among us, Ndiigbo will never recover the past. And history will be unkind to us all, myself included. Discretion and circumspection is the word! Let those who have tongues count their teeth correctly. Thanks.
Oseloka ObazePDPPeter ObiPress StatementSouthEast PDP
"It's 73 Days to Election D-Day. Collect Your PVCs – Let's Get Nigeria Working Again." – Oseloka H. Obaze
Suspension of the CJN: It's a Black Friday – Obaze
We are headed to a Constitutional crisis. It's a Black Friday. Suspension of the CJN…
Mrs Peter Obi conduct sensitization with PDP Idemili North women
PRESS STATEMENT: 2019: Peter Obi as Atiku's Running Mate is an Excellent Choice. – Founding Mothers of PDP
Dichotomy, Pecuniary & Selfish Interests Behind Southeast PDP Govs & Others' Opposition To The Choice Of Atiku Abubakar's Running Mate


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Ledger's Staking Glossary
By Kirsty Moreland
Jan 9, 2023 | Updated Jan 9, 2023
Read 6 min
— Interest in the concept of staking has increased since Ethereum's recent transition to a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism.
— Yet the technical language surrounding staking can make it difficult to access for newcomers looking to get involved.
— In this article, we will provide an invaluable resource for understanding staking by explaining the key concepts and vocab in a clear and concise manner.
The recent transition of Ethereum – the world's second most significant blockchain – to a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism has driven renewed interest in staking. So here, we make it accessible.
Staking is a tremendously popular option that's unique to the crypto space. Staking enables cryptocurrency holders to participate in securing a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) or Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) network, while potentially making passive income from their inactive coins.
Yet the language and jargon around staking is often very technical, which can make it hard to access for newcomers.
In this glossary, Ledger Academy will demystify staking and enable you to get involved – whatever your level of knowledge – by presenting and unpacking the key terms used in the space.
Your Staking Glossary
Proof-of-stake
Proof-of-Stake (PoS) is an algorithm that defines the rules to add new blocks of transactions to the blockchain. It is defined by the way in which it achieves "consensus": this is when the network nodes agree that a new block of information is accurate enough to be added to the chain.
Bitcoin, for example, uses proof of work as its consensus mechanism. In POW, a new block can only be added if the hash of the block is below a target value automatically set by the network. It can take trillions of guesses before that value is randomly discovered by a miner. The lucky miner that discovers it first gets to add their block to the blockchain. You can read more detail on that system here.
On the other hand, a proof-of-stake network secures itself via staked crypto. Every validator node must have "locked up" a security deposit consisting of ETH on the network in order to participate in consensus. Doing so enables the network to stay secure because it uses that crypto as collateral to compel those nodes to behave properly as they validate new blocks (more on that in the slashing section below).
You can read full detail about how that works in this article about different types of staking.
Relative to proof-of-work blockchains, proof-of-stake tends to use less energy for processing transactions, since it utilizes staked crypto – instead of power (and expensive hardware) – as its key resource.
However, it must also be acknowledged that this is a newer system, still to reach its full state of development. So the full potential of proof-of-stake, including its security efficiency and vulnerabilities, is still to be properly understood.
Validator node
A validator is a type of node in a proof-of-stake network that participates in the consensus of the blockchain. Validators play a crucial role in the security of the blockchain, as they are responsible for ensuring that all new blocks of transactions are valid and correct before they are added to the blockchain permanently. Validator nodes each have the same copy of the blockchain's history – using this shared history, they communicate to confirm whether new blocks of transactions are valid before voting to add them to the main chain.
If a validator node detects an invalid transaction or block, it will reject it and communicate the rejection to the network.
To become a validator node, validators sometimes need to deposit/stake a minimum amount of the native cryptocurrency. In return for validating incoming blocks, validators receive rewards from the network in the form of its native coins.
Delegated proof-of-stake
Delegated proof-of-stake is a variation of the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism. Here, users of the network can delegate voting rights to a validator (known in this system as "delegates" or sometimes "witnesses") who will validate new blocks on their behalf.
Once each new block is validated, the users who contributed to the pool get a share of the reward proportionate to their delegated coins, while the delegate retains a commission.
The selected delegate can change – the vote is reputation based, and can change to reflect which delegate is performing best, which in theory will produce the best outcome for both the network's security, and for its users' rewards.
The entire process takes place while the users' coins remain in their crypto wallet – although they are committed to the delegate, they remain in the crypto wallet of the user.
Bonding / unbonding period
No matter how well you understand the process, staking has no simple "on and off" switch. The process of staking your coins is book-ended by transition periods, otherwise known as the "bonding" and "unbonding" period.
Bonding Period
The bonding period is the process of telling the network you want to stake your crypto, and waiting for that intention to be initiated. During this period, you won't earn any rewards on the coins – it serves purely as an initiation of your intention to stake. The duration of this bonding period will vary between networks.
Unbonding Period
Similarly, when you wish to unstake your coins, you'll be subject to an "unbonding period". Here, you're telling the network you want to unstake your coins from the protocol and regain full autonomy over them. Again, this is a period set by each individual network, and users will not earn rewards during this time.
It's important to know a network's bonding and unbonding periods before you start staking, because these will determine not only the minimum period your coins will be committed for, but also the proportion of time your coins can earn rewards.
Different networks have different bonding and unbending periods, and it will be essential to establish this information whenever you consider staking your coins with a given blockchain.
Ethereum's exit queue – a work in progress
At the time of writing, Ethereum is an anomaly in the space, as it has not activated a withdrawal functionality for coins staked on its network. Anyone who has staked on the Ethereum protocol since its transition to proof-of-stake will be unable to unstake that sum until the withdrawal functionality is introduced at the completion of the upgrade. This is expected to happen in March 2023 with the Shanghai Upgrade, with the announcement of an unbonding period, and therefore the date when users can unstake their locked Ethereum.
Staking-as-a-service (SaaS)
Staking-as-a-service tends to be offered by centralized institutions like crypto exchanges. In a nutshell, it gives absolutely anyone access to the passive income of staking, even where they have no knowledge of the mechanics of the process. This is often done to avoid the hassle of running a full node.
The third-party staking provider operates a validator node on your behalf, usually for a monthly fee. To "stake" coins with that validator, and start earning rewards, users will need to deposit their coins in the associated staking wallet – in other words, the user will no longer be in custody of those coins.
So in short, the benefit is ease of use, since users need no technical knowledge other than sending their coins to a wallet, while the drawback is loss of self-custody over your staked coins.
Staking pool
A staking pool is a group of users who pool their crypto together to obtain the threshold amount required to activate a validator node. A great example of this is RocketPool mini-nodes.
When that node validates a new block of transactions, the reward is shared among those users, according to how much they contributed to the pool. This gives more people access to the options of staking since individuals don't need to overcome a significant initial threshold to run a node – instead, it's done collectively and managed via a protocol.
For staking pool users there is another big advantage: coins can be committed to a pool without them ever leaving your wallet. Using a staking pool allows you to enjoy crypto self-custody, even as you stake.
Liquid Staking
As you know, staking your coins means committing them to a given network or protocol. During that time you can't use those coins for other things such as trading; they are illiquid.
Liquid staking platforms, like Lido and Frax Finance, pose an alternative to that, by providing staking participants with a composable "receipt" for their staked coins. This receipt is a tokenized representation of the staked coins and can be used elsewhere in the DeFi system, for trading or as collateral.
So in short, liquid staking enables you to benefit from staking rewards – without losing out on the other opportunities your staked coins might have offered you.
Staking rewards
Staking rewards are the incentive paid to individuals for either staking their coins directly on a network, or for contributing coins to a staking pool.
If you're acting directly as a validator, the amount of staking rewards you'll earn will be set out by the network. Meanwhile, if you're simply contributing to a staking pool, your expected rewards will be determined by the protocol and made clear in before you start staking.
APY, or annual percentage yield, is a way of expressing the interest rate you'll earn on your staked crypto.
It is the effective annual rate of return that takes into account the compounding of interest. In other words, the APY means you will earn interest on both the sum you originally staked, and on the subsequent interest you earn on that sum – this is known as compounding.
This is why compound interest is often referred to as "the gift that keeps on giving."
APR is another unit of measurement you might see used to express staking rewards. The defining feature of this measure is how that interest is calculated over time: the rate applies to the staked sum only, and does not compound interest earned on that sum over time.
Say you stake your crypto (equal in value to 10,000 USD) for three years, and it has a return of 5% APR.
Each year, you will make a return of 5% on the original staked sum of 10, 000 USD – but only on that original sum, and not on the interest has accrued since the start.
Slashing is a process whereby a network deducts some of a validator's locked-up coins, in response to misconduct by that node. The types of behavior that could lead to slashing include unavailability, frequently going offline and failing to sign blocks when it is their turn to do so, and double signing.
In these instances, the network will penalize the validator node by deducting (slashing) some of the crypto they initially locked up. By doing so, the blockchain incentivizes good behavior from its network of validators, since logically they will want to avoid losing their stake.
Slashing is a vital part of any proof-of-stake protocol. By acting as a security deposit, it helps to keep validators in check and guarantees the smooth running of the network as a whole.
Downtime in the context of staking refers to any period when a validator node is not online and available to validate transactions. This can mean that a node is turned off or disconnected from the network. It can also refer to more serious issues, such as software or hardware failures.
In either case, if a node is unavailable to serve the network for an extended period of time, this is referred to as downtime, and is normally considered an offence by the network.
You Are Now Ready to Stake
With more and more people becoming interested in cryptocurrency and the new options it offers, there is a growing demand for educational material to help people understand the key concepts.
When it comes to the nascent world of crypto, knowledge is power. Now you've had a crash course in the technical jargon related to staking, you're ready to enter the arena yourself. And remember, no matter what you do with your coins and tokens, crypto security should always be your #1 consideration.
Kirsty Moreland
Editor of Ledger Academy. Writer and researcher of blockchain technology and all its use cases. Lover of old music, bikes and finding answers to questions.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Speaking at the International Convention of Psychological Science (ICPS) held at the Austria Center Vienna, Prof. Tecumseh Fitch explained the similarities in cognition and linguistic function between animals and humans.
While primates cannot imitate sounds because they lack the necessary neural circuitry, they do have a highly developed capacity for thought.
An internationally respected, 70-strong team of researchers headed by Tecumseh Fitch, Thomas Bugnyar and Leonida Fusani at the Department of Cognitive Biology at the University of Vienna is focusing on cognitive capacities and communication capabilities in humans and animals. "To understand people you have to learn more about animals," explained Tecumseh Fitch, who highlighted the importance of interdisciplinary cooperation between psychology, biology and neuroscience in his keynote speech at the ICPS at the Austria Center Vienna. "Different disciplines have to work together to research the evolution of the language faculty and cognition in animals and humans," Fitch added.
Prof. Fitch refutes the theory that anatomical factors such as the descended larynx and position of the jaw gave rise to the ability to speak. In a study he demonstrated that the precursor mechanism for intentional vocal control – the idea of producing a sound – has its origin in intracortical connections. For this to be possible there has to be a pathway between the cerebral cortex and specific neurons.
This connection has been demonstrated in songbirds and parrots, as well as humans. Seals, elephants and bats also have the ability to imitate vocalisations. "In addition to well-documented cases involving parrots, there is an elephant at a Korean zoo that is capable of saying several words," Fitch revealed. "In this respect they are very similar to small children. Unlike responses such as laughing or crying, children have to actually learn to say words." Contrary to the majority of animals, children are able to attribute meanings to different sounds.
Even though speech is always indicative of a higher stage of evolution, cognition – in other words, networking information in the brain – can happen without learning to vocalize sounds. While primates do not have a direct pathway between the regions of the brain responsible for hearing and the centres that control the muscles in the larynx and tongue, they are still able to communicate. "It is hard to say why this pathway is missing. But we do know that it is not just highly evolved vertebrates like primates, blackbirds and dolphins that have their own communication systems, and their capacity for thought and social behaviour resembles our own very closely. Which is why moral dimensions must be taken into account in cognitive biology," Fitch said.
From 23-25 March 2017, around 1,500 researchers from more than 75 countries worldwide will meet at the Austria Center Vienna. The International Convention of Psychological Science (ICPS) is organised by the Association for Psychological Science and an international network of psychologists and cognitive biologists. The aim of the event is to foster global partnerships and promote interdisciplinary exchange.


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Q: How to update or delete last value entered in PostgreSQL, using Python? I am inserting data in PostgreSQL, but sometimes I need to update the entered value. I did the following to get the last entered value, but not sure how to update it.
def add_data(w1,w2):
    conn_string = "host='localhost' dbname='Aspentiment' user='postgres' password='pwd'"
    conn=psycopg2.connect(conn_string)
    cursor = conn.cursor()

    foo= "INSERT INTO proccessing.aspects(aspects_name,sentiments) VALUES('%s','%s')" %(w1,w2)
    cursor.execute(foo)
    conn.commit()
    conn.close()

def add_Neg_data(w1):
    conn_string = "host='localhost' dbname='Aspentiment' user='postgres' password='pwd'"
    conn=psycopg2.connect(conn_string)
    cursor = conn.cursor()
    cursor.execute("SELECT aspects_name, sentiments FROM proccessing.aspects")
    bgrow = cursor.fetchall()[-1]
    row = bgrow[1]
    print(row)
    foo= "INSERT INTO proccessing.aspects(aspects_name,sentiments) VALUES('%s','%s')" %(w1)
    cursor.execute(foo)
    conn.commit()
    conn.close()

and then at some point I use both functions like
add_data(word1,word2)

In these cases I need to update the entered word2, so I want to use another function to update like
add_Neg_data(word1,new_word)

So far I get the last word entered but don't know how to update the word.
Can somebody help me ?

A: Although this doesn't answer your specific question relative to Python, I am hopeful it will give you enough pieces to point you in the right direction.  Unfortunately, I don't know Python.  I do speak Perl, which in spite of being anti-Python (from what I am told), I am also told it's notionally similar.
Essentially, I think what you want is the returning clause, which allows an insert or update statement to return a value back to the issuer.
Assuming your table looks like this:
create table proccessing.aspects (
  id serial,
  aspects_name text,
  sentiments text
);

Where your inserts are creating some form of surrogate key (I assume this to be the case, otherwise I have no idea how to tackle your problem) this means your inserts will result in the auto-generation of an id value.
The following statement would not only perform the insert but also return back the value of id:
insert into proccessing.aspects
(aspects_name,sentiments)
values
(:ASPECTS, :SENTIMENTS)
returning id

Again, I don't speak Python, but in C# there are essentially three basic ways to execute a command:
command.ExecuteDataReader();   -- used for reading rows from a query
command.ExcecuteNonQuery();    -- execute a SQL command that is not a select
command.ExecuteScalar();

I'm hopeful your DB adapter is similar.  In this case, we would use the last one, ExecuteScalar, which would return an object of the resulting id.  It can also be used (more commonly than this example, in fact) when you are guaranteed to get a single value from a query, such as a select count (*) from whatever.
int id = Convert.ToInt32(command.ExecuteScalar());

If it helps, the Perl equivalent to this is selectrow_array.
my ($id) = $dbh->selectrow_array($aspects, $sentiments);

Again, I wish I had more Python-specific info for you, but the bottom line is assuming you have a surrogate key of some type that is populated via serial, a trigger, or a default value, I think what you want is the returning clause.
From there, you should be able to do a normal update.
update proccessing.aspects
set
  aspects_name = :ASPECTS,
  sentiments = :SENTIMENTS
where
  id = :ID

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Trump on Troop Withdrawal From Syria: 'Time to Get out of These Ridiculous Endless Wars'
Trump speaks at UN 700x420
BY ZACHARY STIEBER
President Donald Trump explained the rationale behind his decision to pull all U.S. troops from Syria, saying he wants the United States to "get out of these ridiculous endless wars."
The White House announced on Oct. 6 that U.S. troops would pull out of northern Syria and hand over responsibility for captured ISIS members to Turkey.
"The United States Armed Forces will not support or be involved in the operation, and United States forces, having defeated the ISIS territorial 'caliphate,' will no longer be in the immediate area," the White House said in a statement.
Trump issued a statement early on Oct. 7 explaining the reasoning behind the decision.
The United States was supposed to be in Syria for 30 days, that was many years ago. We stayed and got deeper and deeper into battle with no aim in sight. When I arrived in Washington, ISIS was running rampant in the area. We quickly defeated 100% of the ISIS Caliphate,…..
….including capturing thousands of ISIS fighters, mostly from Europe. But Europe did not want them back, they said you keep them USA! I said "NO, we did you a great favor and now you want us to hold them in U.S. prisons at tremendous cost. They are yours for trials." They…..
"The United States was supposed to be in Syria for 30 days, that was many years ago. We stayed and got deeper and deeper into battle with no aim in sight. When I arrived in Washington, ISIS was running rampant in the area. We quickly defeated 100% of the ISIS Caliphate including capturing thousands of ISIS fighters, mostly from Europe," Trump wrote on Twitter.
He said Europe wouldn't take back the captured fighters and tried to make the United States take responsibility for them, even if they were nationals of other countries.
"Europe did not want them back, they said you keep them USA! I said 'NO, we did you a great favor and now you want us to hold them in U.S. prisons at tremendous cost. They are yours for trials.' They again said 'NO,' thinking, as usual, that the U.S. is always the 'sucker,' on NATO, on Trade, on everything," Trump wrote.
…..again said "NO," thinking, as usual, that the U.S. is always the "sucker," on NATO, on Trade, on everything. The Kurds fought with us, but were paid massive amounts of money and equipment to do so. They have been fighting Turkey for decades. I held off this fight for….
….almost 3 years, but it is time for us to get out of these ridiculous Endless Wars, many of them tribal, and bring our soldiers home. WE WILL FIGHT WHERE IT IS TO OUR BENEFIT, AND ONLY FIGHT TO WIN. Turkey, Europe, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Russia and the Kurds will now have to…..
…figure the situation out, and what they want to do with the captured ISIS fighters in their "neighborhood." They all hate ISIS, have been enemies for years. We are 7000 miles away and will crush ISIS again if they come anywhere near us!
Trump noted that Kurdish fighters fought alongside the United States and that animus exists between the Kurds and Turkey, but said the United States couldn't hold off any longer.
"I held off this fight for almost 3 years, but it is time for us to get out of these ridiculous Endless Wars, many of them tribal, and bring our soldiers home. WE WILL FIGHT WHERE IT IS TO OUR BENEFIT, AND ONLY FIGHT TO WIN," Trump said.
"Turkey, Europe, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Russia and the Kurds will now have to figure the situation out, and what they want to do with the captured ISIS fighters in their 'neighborhood.' They all hate ISIS, have been enemies for years. We are 7000 miles away and will crush ISIS again if they come anywhere near us!"


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Jan Fryderyk or Johann Friedrich Bachstrom (24 December 1688, near Rawitsch, now Rawicz, Poland - June 1742, Nieswiez, now Nyasvizh, Belarus) was a writer, scientist and Lutheran theologian who spent the last decade of his life in Leiden. His surname is sometimes spelt Bachstroem or Bachstrohm. He mostly wrote in Latin, German, and French (with his given names adjusted to Joannis Friderici and Jean-Frédéric as appropriate), while in English biographies he can appear as John Frederic Bachstrom. Since he is best known for his publications while he was in the Netherlands, he is often mistakenly described as a Dutch physician and writer.

Early life
Bachstrom was born in 1688 the son of a barber near Rawicz, Poland. By 1708 he studied theology in Halle and since March 1710 in Jena in Germany. He moved to Stroppen in Silesia to become a preacher, but was refused based on doubts about his orthodoxy. In 1717 he became a professor at the gymnasium of Toruń. He was expelled from this city after a heterodox sermon had resulted in much disorder. He moved to Wengrow, then a centre for Reformation movements in Poland, where he combined the offices of physician and pastor. By 1729 he, somehow, was in Constantinople where he established a printing shop and undertook to translate the Bible into Turkish. This led to much consternation and he was once more compelled to flee a city.

Leiden and treatise on scurvy
He may have gone directly to Leiden, from where his studies appeared from the early 1730s. Many of his opinions appear common sense but ahead of his time. For example, he promoted that women should be allowed to become medical doctors and that sailors should be taught to swim before taking off to sea. Most famously, he urged the use of fresh fruit and vegetables to cure scurvy. In his 1734 book Observationes circa scorbutum ("Observations on Scurvy"), he wrote that:-
 "scurvy is solely owing to a total abstinence from fresh vegetable food, and greens; which is alone the primary cause of the disease."
This publication preceded James Lind's celebrated experiment on scurvy by 13 years and Lind's publication A treatise of the scurvy by 19 years, and he has been called "the one light of the era who, more than any other writer for centuries before or decades after, truly understood scurvy as a deficiency disease." Bachstrom's book probably was dismissed in its time as it did not fit in the then prevailing holistic views in medicine, which sought to explain all diseases by a single theory and to cure them by a universal cure.

Novelist
In 1736/37 he published, anonymously, a novel describing a utopian society established by shipwrecked religious dissidents (the Inqviraner) near an unnamed North-African mountain range, in which complete religious freedom existed. The novel drew from his own experiences of his time in Constantinople and on French and British novels, like Montesquieu's Lettres persanes and Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.

At the urging of Jesuits, presumably for his liberal opinions on religion, he was imprisoned and killed (by strangulation) in Nieswiez in Poland–Lithuania (now Belarus) in 1742.

Books
 Observationes circa scorbutum : ejusque indolem, causas, signa, et curam, institutæ, eorum præprimis in usum, qui Groenlandiam & Indiam Orientis petunt. Leiden, Conrad Wishoff, 1734
 Nova aestus marini theoria, Leiden, 1734
 Bey zwei hundert Jahr lang unbekannte, nunmehro aber entdeckte vortreffliche Land der Inqviraner: : Aus der Erzehlung Eines nach langwieriger Kranckheit in unsern Gegenden verstorbenen Aeltesten dieses glückseligen Landes, Nach allen seinen Sitten, Gebräuchen, Ordnungen, Gottesdienst, Wissenschafften, Künsten, Vortheilen und Einrichtung umständlich beschrieben, Und dem gemeinen Wesen zum Besten mitgetheilet. Breslau (probably not Frankfurt, as usually quoted), 1736/37
 L'Art de Nager, ou Invention à l'aide de laquelle on peut toujours se sauver du Naufrage; &, en cas de besoin, fair passer les plus larges Rivières à les Armées entières. Amsterdam, Zacharie Chatelain, 1741. Though called "The Art of Swimming" this book is about life-saving and mostly describes his invention of a life-jacket (made out of cork).

References

1688 births
1742 deaths
17th-century Dutch physicians
17th-century Polish physicians
18th-century Dutch physicians
18th-century Polish–Lithuanian novelists
18th-century Polish–Lithuanian physicians
Dutch Protestant theologians
Polish Lutheran theologians
18th-century Dutch writers
People from Leiden
Dutch people of Polish descent
University of Halle alumni
Polish people of German descent
Polish Lutheran clergy
18th-century Protestant theologians
Polish male novelists
18th-century male writers
17th-century male writers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Notes on video lecture:
The Peloponnesian War and Internal Greek Struggles
Guy MacLean Rogers, Wellesley College
Notes taken by Edward Tanguay on May 29, 2015 (go to class or lectures)
Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:
annihilate, Peloponnesian, larger, camped, naval, Sacred, phalanx, cohesion, Spartans, dominant, hundreds, hole, sacrilege, breakthroughs, dominance, innovations, Aegean, protect, field, second, officer, peace, laws, places, Alexander, died, Theban, scrums, Epaminondas, hoplon, bloody, Minor, left, Persians, exhausted, influence, squandered, mass, wood
Athenians in second half of the 5th century BC
recapture the Aegean Islands from the Persians
push the Persians away from the coast of Asia Minor
450 BC peace signed
gave Greek cities on coast of Asia Minor the right to follow their own laws
soon the ever quarreling gave the Persians reasons to reassert their influence there
431-404 BC Peloponnesian War
400-350 BC Sparta, Thebes and Athens struggled against each other to assert dominance over the Greek world
Spartans squandered the initiative that they had gained through their victory in the Peloponnesian War
Thebans got the upper hand
because of military innovations
infantry men usually wore helmets, breastplates, and carried a spear and a shield made of wood with a metal rim
shield is called a hoplon which is where we get the word hoplites
hoplites were arranged in lines
city-states would send their armies out into an open field, e.g. the land in dispute
line of the hoplite armies would close into each other and clash
the goal was to have mass
the object was to break open a hole in the other line
the goal usually was not to annihilate your enemy but to push them off the land itself
of course it was an extremely bloody kind of warfare, characterized by thrashing and thrusting
took a great deal of courage
hoplites needed to train and be prepared to fight together and protect each other
important to stay in their places in the lines to prevent breakthroughs
each hoplite was responsible not only for protecting himself but the person next to him
their shield they held in their left hand could only protect the left side of their body
the man on your right had to protect you as well
coordination and cohesion was absolutely essential and critical
you all fought together, or you all died together
because most city-states had populations of male citizens that were more or less consistent
most city-states could only put into the field hundreds or a few thousand hoplite warriors
only 1,2,3,4,5 or at most 8 lines of these warriors
most of these battles resulting in these kinds of scrums, both sides pushing together to make a breakthrough
this is where the Theban military innovations become important
had a much larger population
got the idea of extending the lines, the sum total which was called a phalanx not just to 8 ranks but to an unbelievable 50 ranks
made it easier to bash through the lines of their opponents
Thebans also trained up a kind fo special forces unit called a Sacred Band
150 pairs of elite soldiers who trained together from the time their were very young, camped together, and, there is evidence, were actually lovers as well
fought side by side in battle
put into battle at crucial moments and at important places
using these military innovations, the Thebans were able to defeat the Spartans in two important battles
400 Spartans of the officer class were killed
Thebes gained the upper hand in Greater Greece
unfortunately, their great tactical and innovative genius, Epaminondas, was killed in battle
the Athenians in the fourth century
won naval alliances
pursued the Persians
dominated the Aegean
ran out of money
became exhausted as well
the middle of the fourth century
the three powers in Greece
had worn themselves out, fighting amongst each other
the result was that after more than a century of struggle Persia was yet again in the position to be the dominant influence up to and including the coast of Asia minor
paying back Persia for its acts of ancient sacrilege, was a rhetorical pipe dream
there was only one potential threat to Persia from the West
the Kingdom of Macedon and a boy growing up there named Alexander
aspis, n. a type of round shield worn by ancient Greek soldiers, usually made of wood with a metal rim ⇒ "For centuries, to settle interstate disputes largely over land, Greek city states had armed and equipped themselves with helmets, breast plates, greaves, and carried a spear as their offensive weapon, and also a shield, usually made of wood but with a metal rim called an aspis or hoplon."
#########################Epaminondas (418-362 BC)
[Ἐπαμεινώνδας]
Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics
broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years
reshaped the political map of Greece, fragmented old alliances, created new ones, and supervised the construction of entire cities
also militarily influential, inventing and implementing several major battlefield tactics
had been praised in his time as an idealist and liberator, but now largely remembered for a decade of campaigning that sapped the strength of the great land powers of Greece and paved the way for the Macedonian conquest
has fallen into relative obscurity in modern times, as a mere twenty-seven years after his death, a recalcitrant Thebes was obliterated by Alexander the Great
Spelling Corrections:
Peloponesian ⇒ Peloponnesian
Ideas and Concepts:
From the turning-points-in-history department, via this morning's Alexander the Great class: "By the middle of the fourth century BC, the three main powers on the Greece homeland, Sparta, Thebes, and Athens, had worn themselves out fighting amongst each other. The result was that after more than a century of struggle, Persia was yet again in the position to be the dominant influence up to and including the coast of Asia minor. For the Greeks, paying back Persia for its acts of ancient sacrilege was a rhetorical pipe dream, and now there was only one potential threat to Persia from the West:the Kingdom of Macedonia and a little boy growing up there named Alexander."
Alexander the Great, the Terrible, or the Insignificant
Why Study Alexander the Great?
The Importance of the Battle of Thermopylae
Early Macedon
The Nature of Macedon
Philip II of Macedon's Military Reforms
Alexander's Cavalry Units
Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)
Site time: 2020-01-20 16:02:14 CET, LEARN TRACKER created by Edward Tanguay


Belgium's Jerome Guery and Quel Homme de Hus pulled off a glorious victory in the Longines Global Champions Tour Grand Prix of Mexico City.
Guery and his powerful bay stallion emerged triumphant after an exhilarating 12-strong jump off at the stunning Campo Marte show ground earning him a precious ticket to the LGCT Super Grand Prix at the GC Playoffs in Prague in November.
Guery threw up his hands in sheer delight when his victory was confirmed after he pipped Egypt's Abdel Said (EGY) who came in second with Dutch champion Harrie Smolders (NED) in third.
Stunning views of the expansive grass arena to the burgeoning City skyline set the scene for a Grand Prix thriller. With the giant Mexican flag flying overhead fans lined the arena and guests took their seats in the large hospitality lounges as 31 rider and horse combinations went into battle.
In the first round there were disappointing exits including the USA's Kent Farrington, Jos Verlooy of Belgium, Beezie Madden (USA), Shane Breen (IRE), Olivier Philippaerts (BEL), Denis Lynch (IRE) and Pieter Devos (BEL). Ben Maher (GBR) and Madame X had a round to forget ending in 12 faults. Last year's Mexico City LGCT Grand Prix winner Scott Brash (GBR), this time riding Hello Senator, didn't quality for the jump off.
But a dynamic dozen of the world's finest riders did win through to the climax of the 1.60m competition.
Simon Delestre (FRA) and the chestnut gelding Uccello de Will delivered a faultless clear under bright blue skies setting the time to beat at 42.65 to the delight of the big crowd.
Niels Bruynseels (BEL) set off in top gear but finished on 8 faults. Germany's Daniel Deusser and Calisto Blue hit the accelerator but finished in 43.29 despite a superb effort.
There was delight from Eric van der Vleuten (NED) riding the big striding chestnut mare Wunschkind as he took the big Banorte fence on an angle and continued to finish clear in 41.71 and into the lead.
But it was to be short-lived as fellow countryman Harrie Smolders and the formidable Don VHP Z made easy work of the course to come in a second faster and take over the lead in 40.74.
Laura Kraut (USA) and Zeremonie set off at a blistering pace but picked up 4 faults at the GNP water tray and another 4 at the Longines vertical. Bertram Allen suffered a similar fate with Molly Malone V clocking up 8 faults as they chased the leading times without success.
As the temperature rose around the arena Abdel Said (EGY) and Venise du Reverdy set off at a cracking pace and executed super turns at key points in the course to take the lead in 40.53 to loud cheers around the arena.
Ireland's young star Michael Duffy and the bay gelding Quintano could not capitalise on their impressive first round and finished on four faults at the Longines combination.
Jerome Guery and Quel Homme de Hus set off at a scorching pace and pulled off a brilliant handbrake turn after the second fence and the Banorte obstacle before stopping the clock at a winning 39.57.
Sweden's Peder Fredricson and H&M Christian K were swift and polished but put in a time of 41.14 and the final rider Maikel van der Vleuten and Dana Blue picked up 4 faults at the Longines combination.
The third leg of the LGCT and GCL Championship race takes place next week in the dazzling destination of Miami Beach on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean as the 20-event circuit gathers pace.
For the full results, please click here.


At Transition Bikes our geometry is not based around gender but rather a wide selection of sizing that will be ideal for almost any sized human. We design all our bikes to be very low slung so that no matter how long or short your legs are you can find the bike that has the proper reach for your arm and torso length and then let the seatpost do the work to size the height of the bike for pedaling.
The days of selecting a bike size based on the seattube length is over. With the huge variety of trail styles, riding styles and bike setup preferences, we would urge you to look beyond your height and inseam to find the right bike size. We want you to have as much fun as possible riding your bike. And in the end we want you to remember, there is no right or wrong size for you (within reason of course).
We highly recommend using the "Reach" measurement as the starting point for picking a size frame. The reach measurement will tell you how roomy the bike will feel when you are in an attack position standing on the pedals. Reach is now a standard that the mountain bike industry uses so you can use it to compare other bikes.
Take a look at the style of trails you will be riding, and how you would approach them... are they fast and open or tight and technical? Steep or mellow? Do you like to catch air or keep the wheels on the ground? Do you pick the gnarly straight line, or move your bike around on the trail? Did you grow up racing BMX bikes, start off with mountain biking, or get into it from road biking? Want your bike to feel super stable or super agile? All of these factors come into play, and each one is just as important as the others, especially if you are in between sizes are trying to decide to either size down or up. Our new SBG Geometry is best optimized with a 40mm so it is best to think of what size you should get based on that stem length instead of the idea of sizing down and going with a longer stem or sizing up and going with a shorter stem.
In order to reflect those choices, we have updated our sizing chart with a lot more overlap across the size range, and the inclusion of Extra Small in some models. We have tried to illustrate the bike sizes we felt would apply to each rider size; but be sure to look at the geometry and make sure the size you are choosing makes sense for your preferences. Everyone is different, plain and simple. The lines have become blurred and there is no strict rule of thumb anymore. When choosing your perfect size, ask yourself these questions, call or email us if you need a second opinion and most importantly... make sure you pick the setup that you feel will be the most fun!


text:
Pouldergat (; ) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France.

International relations
Pouldergat is twinned with the village of Glanamman, in Wales.

Population
Inhabitants of Pouldergat are called in French Pouldergatois.

Breton language
The municipality launched a linguistic plan through Ya d'ar brezhoneg on October 31, 2005.

See also
Communes of the Finistère department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Finistère Association

Communes of Finistère


Home » Ask The Trainer Blog » Misc » Can CrossFit Training Prepare You for an Obstacle Course Race?
CrossFit Training For Obstacle Course Races?
Both are very intense forms of activity. CrossFit emphasizes highly intense functional training, while obstacle races feature physical challenges scattered over difficult terrain.
Each have a connection with elite forces.The CrossFit training system has been used by military and law enforcement as well as avid exercisers. The Tough Mudder and Spartan Race were inspired by the challenges taken on by special forces. Organizers reinterpreted these challenges into a rigorous obstacle course.
Given the similarities between CrossFit and obstacle racing, is CrossFit a great way to train for an obstacle course race? In order to answer this question, it's helpful to review the components of CrossFit alongside the demands of an obstacle race. Whether or not these pillars address the specific skills needed for a race will determine CrossFit's utility.
Cardiovascular endurance. Endurance is a must for obstacle course racing. For many of the longer races, you need to train your cardiovascular system to withstand distances close to a half-marathon.
Stamina. In contrast to cardiovascular endurance, stamina refers to your body's ability to tap into energy over time, while cardiovascular endurance focuses on your system's capacity to harness oxygen for the long haul. For an obstacle race, you need both: endurance for the run and stamina to transition from one obstacle to another over several miles.
Flexibility. Flexibility work will help you prevent injuries during your training and on the actual race day. Warming up and cooling down with dynamic and static stretches may also help ease some of the muscle soreness you'll inevitably feel after the race.
Strength. Strength is essentially the ability of your muscles to generate force. To take on the obstacles you'll encounter during the race, you'll need strength. For example, monkey bars will require upper body and grip strength while scaling steep hills will call upon leg strength.
Power. In contrast to strength, power is the ability to generate force quickly over time, typically short bouts. Although the challenges of an obstacle race may wear you out to the point where you'll be too tired to generate power, power training is an essential in optimizing sports performance. Power training will enhance many other aspects of your fitness, including strength, stamina, and endurance.
Speed. Unlike power, speed has to do with your capacity to complete one move as fast as possible. Training to improve speed by itself may appear to have very little impact on a long obstacle course race. But speed training may help with improving your running pace and the occasional explosiveness you'll need for an obstacle.
Agility. Not all obstacle course races require agility, which can be defined as the ability to change direction rapidly and efficiently. But if you have a zombie-themed or similar race in mind, you may want to work in a few of agility drills in your training.
Balance.Balance training is helpful for an obstacle race. Walking/running over unstable surfaces like mud or teetering on narrow beams require good equilibrium.
Coordination. There will be times along your race that you'll have to combine several movements together like walking, balancing, climbing, gripping, pulling, lifting, and others. For example, you may need to lift a heavy object over one shoulder while walking. Coordination can help with this and other tasks.
Accuracy. While coordination refers to the ability to combine several moves together, accuracy is basically coordination with precision. For example, in an obstacle race, you may need to cross "over and under" hurdles. Jumping and crouching over these barriers will require both coordination and precision (especially the jumping part!).
Overall, nearly all of the components in the CrossFit system are relevant to obstacle race training. So CrossFit can actually help you prepare for an obstacle course race. It can help you meet the demands for strength, endurance, stamina, agility, balance, and coordination necessary for your race.
However, if you are a beginner, new to a structured exercise program, CrossFit may be too intense for you. The risk for injury among newcomers is high for many intense activities like CrossFit AND obstacle racing. As a beginner, it may be best to start working one-on-one with a personal trainer that has a background in CrossFit and obstacle race training.
If cost is an issue, you can try a fitness program that trains some of the foundations similar to CrossFit such as strength, cardio, power, and flexibility. The popular P90X and other home fitness programs address these components. You can also work on mastering some of the basic movements common to the CrossFit program at home like squats, push-ups, pull-ups, deadlifts, and lunges.
But if you have some experience working out and maybe even an obstacle course race or two under your belt, you may want consider giving CrossFit a shot. It may not only get you in race-ready shape, but it may also provide you with a new fitness challenge all by itself!


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American author Lauren Weisberger has been awarded a Gold Bestseller Award, having sold over 750,000 copies of The Devil Wears Prada in the UK.
In 2006, Weisberger's novel was made into a major motion picture by Fox 2000 starring Meryl Streep, Anne Hathaway, and Emily Blunt. Last year, it was announced that Elton John and Paul Rudnick will be writing the Broadway-bound musical adaptation of The Devil Wears Prada. The success and popularity of Weisberger's book continues, well over a decade after its initial publication.
Lauren Weisberger was presented her Gold Specsavers Bestseller Award, powered by Nielsen, at HarperCollins London Bridge office on the 9th July 2018. Weisberger is in the UK to launch her latest book, The Wives, which will be released on the 12th July (When Life Gives you Lululemons in the US).
The award was presented by Specsavers, Harper Collins Fiction Publishing Director Lynne Drew and Nielsen representative Annie Woodfield.
The Specsavers Bestseller Awards, powered by Nielsen Book, celebrates the UK's bestselling books each year. Since launching in 2001, the Specsavers Bestseller Awards have recognised some of the UK's most prolific writers including Tom Kerridge, Paula Hawkins, Philip Pullman and Cecilia Ahearn.


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Home » » NIGERIA-CHINA TRADE RELATIONS AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA, 2011-2015
NIGERIA-CHINA TRADE RELATIONS AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA, 2011-2015
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Over the past several decades, the economies of the world have become greatly connected through international trade and globalization. The trade relations between Nigeria and China have grown in recent years. Overtime, researchers have contributed on the Nigeria-China relations with interest on foreign aids, balance of trade, foreign direct investment and trade policies between the two countries. Most of them anchored their explanation on dependency theory. They pay less attention in explicating the relations in terms of mutual benefits arising from the relations. However, this study examined Nigeria-China trade relations and economic development in Nigeria in order to establish an understanding of the impact of Nigeria-China bilateral agreements on the volume of Chinese trade with Nigeria and to establish a link between the increase in the volume of Nigeria-China trade on economic development in Nigeria. study was guided by two research questions: Has the Nigeria-China bilateral trade agreements enhanced the volume of Chinese trade with Nigeria? Has the increase in the volume of Nigeria China trade enhanced economic development in Nigeria? To analyze the issues and questions raised, the study was anchored on the theory of complex interdependence. The study adopted the qualitative method of data collection and analysis; it relied on secondary sources of data. The study found that Nigeria-China bilateral trade agreements had a positive impact on the volume of Chinese trade with Nigeria; and more so, the increase in the volume of Nigeria-China trade enhanced economic development in Nigeria within the period of study. The study recommended that the Nigerian government should utilize its own talent by pooling together leading scholars, officials, businessmen and civil society representatives to form a committee dedicated to prescribing ideas on how to optimize Chinese engagement.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Over the past several decades, the economies of the world have become greatly
connected through international trade and globalization. Foreign trade has been identified as the oldest and most important part of a country's economic relationship. The basis for foreign trade rests on the fact that nations do differ in their resource endowment, preferences, technology, scale of production and capacity for growth and development. Over the past decades the volume of trade between nations of the world has increased considerably. Particularly, Nigeria has witnessed a sharp rise in the volume of trade and investment with other nations of the world. The relations between Nigeria and China which cut across political, trade, investment, aid and military spheres have grown so much in recent years.
The inevitability of inter-state relations emanating from the inherent tendency of man for social relations; The world of a man is in a flux. The fluidity of social relations
conduces into the search for social coalescence, partnership and cooperation. Naturally, man is created with inbuilt and ever elastic gregarious instincts which propel man to enter into social relations with other men basically to eke out a living. These gregarious
instincts combine with differential natural resource endowments to induce man to develop the propensity to partner with others to address the needs of the community. Fundamentally, the scenario opens new vistas of relations between and among states in a world of change.
International trade is recognized as the most significant determinant of economic
development of a country, all over the world. The foreign trade of a country consists of inward (import) and outward (export) movement of goods and services, which results into: outflow and inflow of foreign exchange. Thus it is also called EXIM Trade.
For providing, regulating and creating necessary environment for its orderly growth, several bilateral trade agreements have been entered into between and among countries of the world.
Traditionally, African countries particularly Nigeria has traded rigorously with the
developed nations, especially the European Union (EU), Canada and the United States (U.S.). These economic relations are governed by various bilateral and regional agreements that exist between these countries and Nigeria. Although, the relationships have gone a long way, the development impact is contestable. However, due to the
trade performance of some Asian countries that has enhanced their income and improvement in technology, especially China and India, many African countries including Nigeria have began to diversify their markets to these countries. This emerging trade partners have created some incentives to trade with the continent through their foreign direct investment (FDI) and aid.
China's first contact with Africa generally was in the early 15th century when some
Chinese traders and explorers landed along the coast of Africa. This foundation was laid by Zheng He, the famous navigator of China's Ming Dynasty, who led a large fleet to visit more than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa. Zheng He, who lived from 1371 to 1435, undertook the African expedition with about 2000 ships and 27,800 people. All these took place almost a hundred years before Europe discovered and colonized Africa. Sino-African relations therefore, date back to centuries.
In Nigeria's case, the country's contact with China unofficially, began in the 1950s, 1957 to be precise. In fact, Nigeria's initial contact with the Chinese was through Egypt.
It is on record that Chan Hanq Kang, commercial officer in the Chinese Embassy in Cairo, established unofficial trade links with Nigeria, along with Tunisia, Libya, Ghana, Ethiopia, Tanganyika (now Tanzania) in 1957. During the colonial era, it was a taboo for Nigerians to have anything to do with the communist world which China belonged to. Nigerians like Funmilayo Ransom Kuti a frontline Nigerian political and social activist, much to the chagrin of the colonial authorities secretly visited Berlin and Beijing in the 1950s to attend meetings. Her application for the renewal of her passport was turned down. All contacts with the Eastern bloc countries and China were prohibited and proscribed. All Nigerian students who obtained benevolent scholarships from undisclosed sources and Nigeria Trade Union Leaders who attended international conferences in those countries have to be smuggled out of Nigerian through Ghana.
But this position was reversed in 1958 by the Nigerian Prime Minister, Tafawa Balewa in a policy statement in parliament which states in part: "we shall of course endeavor to remain in friendly terms with every nation which promises and respects our sovereignty".
However, Nigeria's first contact with the People's Republic of China (PRC) was in 1960,
when the Chinese government was invited to the country's independence celebrations.
Nigeria's first contact with China is designated as "the era of Informal Ties, 1960-1971". At independence, Nigeria political leadership was not only pro-west but vividly anti-communist. The resultant effect of this peculiar disposition was that Nigeria's attitude towards Communist China followed what had then emerged as a clear pattern of most of her relations with the socialist states-diplomatic isolation accompanied occasionally by bitter attacks against communist subversive ideology at home. As noted at independence, the worldview of Nigeria's political leadership did not consider close relations with the People's Republic of China as one of the agenda which the country would need to cultivate. While the then Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa declared on October 7, 1960 that Nigeria would be friendly with all countries that recognize and respect her sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence, he soon made it clear thereafter where the line was going to be drawn. The leaders of the three major political parties- the Northern People's Congress (NPC), the Action Group (AG), and the National Convention of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) were for various reasons not comfortable with communism. The ideology was not properly understood and was therefore feared. Consequently, neither Chief Obafemi Awolowo nor Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe visited a communist country during their life time. This was despite the fact that Nigeria was the third largest market in Africa for Chinese goods with a steady growth in import from China. At the same time, the Chinese did not allow Nigeria's ideological preference for liberalism to stand in the way of their obviously very lucrative trade relations with the country.
Nigeria which had consistently voiced its willingness to formalize ties with People's
Republic of China did so on 10 February 1971.Nigeria established relations with China in February 1971 and has since then maintained good relations with it. China as economic partner to Nigeria has been very dogged and focused in her relations with Nigeria over the decades. Despite the ups and downs of Nigeria-China relations, the Chinese have continued to ensure that their market shares in Nigeria remains on a steady path of growth. This should suggest that China has a long term plan for its engagement with Africa. Meanwhile, China and Nigeria have remarkably many things in common. The two countries share the same national day, are both multi-racial. In addition, China has 56 ethnic groups, Nigeria has about 250. Nigeria's population is the largest in Africa, and China is not only the largest in Asia but largest in the world. China had suffered from humiliation and occupation during its colonial period and Nigeria also had its fair share of colonial experience and humiliation.
The trade relations between Nigeria and China have now become most evident. In Lagos, Onitsha, Aba, Kano, Nnewi and almost every Nigerian market, one can buy something, Chinese textiles, food items, drugs, electronics, phones, computers and cooking utensils. Nigeria's communications satellite (NIGCOMSAT-1) was designed, built and partly funded by China.
The NIGCOMSAT-1 was also launched in China. Nigeria is therefore, doing so much today with China in terms of trade and investments. The Nigerian government in recent times has found Chinese companies more sensitive to economic challenges than their western counterparts. Indeed, the Olusegun Obasanjo Administration (1999-2007) came with increase in the tempo of Nigeria-China bilateral relations. This is understandable since Nigeria had just freed itself from the status of a pariah state which Nigeria's burdensome military dictatorship forced on it.
However, the focus of this study is to analyze the impact of Nigeria-China relations
on economic development in Nigeria between 2011 and 2015; particularly to examine the impact of bilateral trade agreements between Nigeria and China on the volume of Chinese trade with Nigeria and to establish a link between the increase in the volume of Nigeria-China trade on economic development in Nigeria. Since the literature on trade relations is wide, this period is chosen in order to present a summary of more recent findings on the subject. Again, the years under review represent a period of renewed foreign engagements in Nigeria partly due to transition from long period of military to civil rule.
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
The foundation of Nigeria-China relations dates back to the early 1960's when Chinese delegation visited Nigeria in 1964 seeking to establish diplomatic ties with the country. Ever since then, Scholars of foreign policy have produced research works on the bilateral relationship that exist between Nigeria and China. This research examines the Nigeria – Chinese economic and trade relations; trends, problems, and prospects from 2011– 2015. It is a scholarly investigation into the economic and trade relations between China and Nigeria. It investigates the nature and character of the economic and trade relations and proffers answers to such fundamental questions as:
1 Has the Nigeria-China bilateral trade agreements enhanced the volume of Chinese
trade with Nigeria within the period of study?
2 Has the increase in the volume of Nigeria-China trade enhanced economic
development in Nigeria within the period of study?
The Nigerian government in the era of globalism is into different relations with countries
in order to boost its economy. However, the opening of its borders and ties to China has
increased tremendously compared to most countries of the world. This study has both broad and specific objectives. The broad objective of the study is to analyze the impact of the Nigeria-China trade relations on economic development within the period, 2011-2015. Specifically, the study intends:
1. To ascertain if the Nigeria-China bilateral trade agreements has enhanced the volume of Chinese trade with Nigeria within the period of study.
2. To determine whether the increase in the volume of Nigeria-China trade has enhanced
economic development in Nigeria within the period of study.
The significance of this study cannot be underestimated. This study will lay emphasis on general historic knowledge of bilateral relation between Nigeria and China especially in the areas of bilateral trade, economic relations, politics and cultural relations.
The findings of this research work will undoubtedly provide the much needed information to government, organizations on the opportunities provided by the trade partnership between Nigeria and China, and the nature of economic relations and its effects on national development in Nigeria.
The importance of this study to the field of International Relations is that this study relates the importance of bilateral trade relations as a means of change and development, most certainly when the nations involved are in need of each other.
1.7 Scope and Limitation
This study intends to cover the period 2011 – 2015 of China and Nigeria trade and
economic relations. Tracing some of the important contents of the Nigeria – Chinese
relations involving social, economic, trade and political relations. Emphasis will
focus on the trade partnership and economic relations between Nigeria and China,
starting particularly from 2011 during Goodluck Jonathan's tenure to 2015. Trade agreements, partnerships, economic advancement efforts and mechanisms to achieving the trade relations would be reviewed. This study therefore examines economic and trade relations between the two countries, meticulously looking at the trends, problems and prospects. This study was constrained by a number of factors just like any other research, ranging from unavailability of needed accurate materials on the topic under study, inability to get data on the progress made so far on trade from both countries, and inaccessibility to cooperate bodies engaged actively in the trade. However, efforts were made to overcome some of these shortcomings through adequate use of secondary sources of data collection.
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If you've ever gotten so into a movie or TV show and its characters that you turned to Reddit theories because you couldn't get enough, you definitely get what it's like to be wrapped up in a fictional world. And if you haven't, it might be hard to understand why some fans are just so passionate.
Karen-Dill-Shackleford, PhD, a media psychologist based in Santa Barbara, CA, says that while some people who are more casual fans might think it's strange to be so attached to fictional characters, it's actually natural to find these characters important.
She says that because storytelling is a way to touch on ideas that are important to us, connecting to a story and its characters is important — and often, we might even feel more empathy for a story than we do for things and people in our daily lives.
Why Are TV & Movies Leaving Online Dating Behind?
Dr. Dill-Shackleford describes our relationships to characters as parasocial relationships, or one-sided relationships that we have with the media that we consume. Even if a character can't talk back to you or otherwise engage with you, it makes sense that if you get home at night and spend an hour or two (or more, we don't judge) watching a TV show, you might get really attached to them because they bring you joy or cheer you up after a rough day. And feeling so much affection for these characters could be a sign that you're capable of a lot of empathy.
"You have to engage in a real human way in order to feel that connection," Dr. Dill-Shackleford says. "That's probably a sign that you are capable of certain social things that you are willing to let yourself go and really feel something in the story."
There's not a lot of hard science out there to explain why some people tend to be incredibly passionate fans while others are more casual (i.e., Westworld Reddit theorists vs. people who prefer to just watch the show and let it unfold), but Debra Kissen, PhD, a member of the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, says it might have something to do with how deeply we probe into things in our lives in general.
You have to engage in a real human way in order to feel that connection.
"People who have more of a tendency to dive deep into things might have more of a tendency to be specialists and dive deep while others take more of a wide view," she says. "Part of that would then show up in anything you do — you do it fully and thoroughly."
But even if you're not the all-or-nothing type, Dr. Dill-Shackleford says that characters are often avatars for us, and we let ourselves feel feelings through them even if we can't relate to everything they're going through.
That attachment and parasocial relationship can also happen with celebrities, who, in a way, are arguably fictional characters to us: We know the image they present in public, which may or may not 100% align with who they really are, and we guess at the rest.
"[With] someone who you've followed over a career or long periods of your life, you do feel like you know them," Dr. Dill-Shackleford says. "You see them in these intimate situations and they're probably already a beautiful person because they're an actor, and they're compelling."
And, well, the power of attraction is strong.
"You can't underestimate the fact that these stars are very attractive," she adds. "Most people, unless you live in Hollywood or something, you don't see that level of physical attractiveness. Like Chris Hemsworth, he's like a god. So of course it's a biological cue to us, we're supposed to find someone to mate with, and it's a message to us that this person is really valuable because they're that attractive."
So it's normal to be extremely attached to a fictional character or celebrity, so long as it doesn't become an obsession that takes over your life. If, say, you spend so long thinking about Chris Hemsworth that you're not dating anyone else because of that attraction, that's when it might be unhealthy. For the most part, though, Dr. Dill-Shackleford says that most people probably aren't obsessed to that degree.


Teletext has outsourced their testing services to independent testing consultancy, Acutest. Under the deal, Acutest will take responsibility for delivering testing and assurance services as well as helping improve the way these services are used throughout the development lifecycle.
Acutest first began work with Teletext on a single performance testing assignment in 2005, during which they quickly got to grips with what was required and also introduced improvements to the underlying testing processes.
Would you recommend that software testers ever use statistics creatively to disguise what could be huge black holes in budgetary forecasts?
Another question from Oliver. Thanks Oliver. I think, perhaps, you have a secret passion for software testing. Many politicians do have secret passions. Stephen Milligan had a passion for satsuma segments, Harvey Proctor had a passion for striped shirts (amongst many secret passions, it seems, although he wasn't the greatest at keeping them secret) and Nicholas Soames appears to have a passion for pies.
Colchester is supposed to be the pie capital of England but Nicholas is the MP for Mid Sussex. Which shows that one man, even a determined and capable man such as Rt Hon Nicholas Soames, can't out eat an entire metropolitan community. Maybe that will become a pithy quote that appears in a book of quotations. But back to the question. I say no they should not. And I say it without equivocation. One man's advice is another man's virtue. There you go. Another pithy saying for the book.
Disaster recovery, business continuity and resilience are often confused.
To many companies the term business continuity relates to the ability of the organization to continue functioning following a major problem. Disaster recovery usually refers to the IT side of business continuity; to cope with a major problem affecting IT systems, covering both the data centre and the desktop. Resilience (also used mainly as an IT term) tends to refer to the ability to recover from a problem on the main site of the company, such as ensuring server machines have dual power supplies.
This therefore means that resilience can form a part of disaster recovery which in turn forms the IT part of business continuity. All companies needs a combination of the 3 areas above to be able to survive whatever is thrown at it.
Resilience goes further than just ensuring that IT equipment is protected (to a degree). It can also be applied to the wider areas of the company, for example, ensuring that more than one telephone supply company is used, multiple electricity suppliers provide the necessary power and that multiple ISPs (Internet Service Providers) are used. Each of these actions reduces (but does not eliminate) any risk to the business.
All the work employed to ensure resilience, disaster recovery and business continuity is wasted if everything is not tested correctly. Testing must be performed based on risks to the business, as these are the only types of risk that really matter. Although the items above concentrate on the IT aspects of any organisation, it is the business side that matters but there are few businesses today that would continue to exist without their computers and systems.


Concluding the two day tour of Hiranagar constituency, former MLA and NPP state president Balwant Singh Mankotia claimed that border people and Dogra's only get justice after the formation of separate Jammu state. He reiterated that party has launched the awareness movement in Jammu region and receiving enthusiastic response from each corner of the region.
During two day tour of Hiranagar constituency, former MLA and NPP state president Balwant Singh Mankotia along with other party leaders addressed number of rallies at village Chann Khatrian, Sukhu Chak, Kattal Brahmana, Saniyal, Jaandi Mandi, Jalam Singh, Chann Morian and Loundi where people whole heartedly welcome the NPP leaders. Mankotia also participated in the last rites of Ram Pal who lost his life in Pakistani shelling and extends heartfelt condolences with the bereaved family members. While addressing the rallies, Mankotia appealed the people of border belt to participate in the upcoming party programme on 9th July 2018 to form human chain for the demand of CBI inquiry in Rassana case and reiterated that party will carry forward its struggle for the genuine cause.
Party district president Robin Sharma, Youth district president Balbir Singh, Adv Choudhary Sohan Singh, Satish Sharma, Yash Pal etc. were also present in the rallies.


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MCC worker from Franconia Conference documents suffering and hope in Colombian churches
by Marla Pierson Lester
BOGOTÁ, Colombia — As a coordinator for a project documenting how a long-running armed conflict continues to impact Colombia's Protestant churches, Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) worker Janna Hunter-Bowman spent hours poring through horrific details of deaths and threats and exploring how Christians are boldly living out their faith in the midst of pervasive violence.
Now, she hopes that Christians in the United States and Canada will take to heart the resulting human rights report and that it will move them to action.
"More than anything we hope readers of the report will allow themselves to be troubled and challenged by the testimonies provided and join the witness," Hunter-Bowman said. "We hope readers will share the suffering and the hope wherever they have the opportunity to speak, from the local congregation to Congress."
The resulting document, "A Prophetic Call: Colombian Protestant Churches Document Their Suffering and Their Hope," is built from testimonies gathered by grassroots church members or leaders. The first report, released this fall, documents details of 29 assassinations of men, women and children linked to congregations, 84 cases of people forced to flee their homes, 21 civilian combat-related injuries, four arbitrary detentions and other human rights violations. It also chronicles how churches are living out their faith with hope and perseverance.
"Despite fear, Christians claim the gospel mandate of being good news and sow seeds of peace," she said. "In the midst of the threats, forced displacements, forced recruitments, even where pastors' children are being forcibly recruited, people are continuing to live out their faith. And they're doing so in courageous and innovative ways."
Hunter-Bowman and a coworker on the project, Pedro Acosta Fernandez, trained five regional coordinators and more than 30 church members to do interviews to document murders and threats. This can be risky work, and church members know they are taking a chance by getting involved in documenting violence, but they tell Hunter-Bowman it's worth it. One pastor, she said, called it a "revelation from God."
He told Hunter-Bowman, "We're acquiring the skills to lift the veil of silence and injustice the whole population and church population in Colombia is living under. We have been silenced all of our lives. Now we're acquiring skills to break the silence and you're telling us people are going to listen."
Hunter-Bowman wants to make sure that people in the United States and Canada do listen. She calls on U.S. and Canadian Christians to educate themselves about the suffering that churches are living under and to witness on their behalf.
Colombian Mennonites are asking that Christians in the United States and Canada speak out, she said, and they want to know why Christians in these countries don't say more to their governments.
"We need you to listen to these voices above those that tell you military solutions will work and that governments know best. Listen to your brothers and sisters on the ground rather than governments that promote their interests over the interests of everyday people."
Some 2,500 to 3,000 people a year are killed in the armed conflict in Colombia. More than 3.5 million have been forced to flee their home, including more than 2 million in the last six years. Church members are not immune, and pastors in rural areas began flooding Justapaz, a Colombian Mennonite peace and justice organization in Bogotá, with horrific tales. Then-director Ricardo Esquivia compiled his notes into a report in 2003, which was still being quoted by human rights advocates as late as last summer.
Justapaz, which recently received an international nonviolence award from the Swedish Fellowship of Reconciliation, and Esquivia, who continues as director of the Commission for Restoration, Life and Peace of the Evangelical Council of Colombia (CEDECOL), collaborated in this project to provide updated documentation on the conflict's impact on Protestant churches.
Hunter-Bowman, who works for Justapaz, noted that while official government statements say the security situation in Colombia is dramatically improving, "church people in the regions are living something different. Through this report, they are telling us this much," she said.
Fernandez, who represents CEDECOL, noted that each case strikes him hard even though he grew up in the context of this conflict. "Each story carries its own power. I think a struggle all of us have that are involved in this work is how do you continue on … not being battered by these stories but not losing sensitivity to them," he said. "We are surprised with each case. And that affirms our humanity."
"When I read over these stories," said a grassroots coordinator who did not want to be named, "the only thing that gives me rest is that these acts and crimes against humanity will not have the last word. We rest in the hope that the Scripture will be fulfilled — that justice and truth will one day reign."
That hope and determination are gifts that Hunter-Bowman has found in Colombia.
Hopelessness, she said, is a luxury. "Here many people cannot afford to lose hope. It's what sustains and empowers war victims and the destitute when all else has been taken from them. The invitation is to be a church body that embraces and responds to those members who have no choice but to struggle on. … We have to believe much can grow from a small brown seed."
She acknowledges that in the United States, it is sometimes easy for people to feel as if they do not have power, as if their voice is small before the enormous structure of the U.S. government.
"Yet caring constituents who educate their elected officials based on stories change hearts and votes," Hunter-Bowman says. "In Colombia, church leaders tell us that U.S. military assistance inflames the conflict, making their ministry more difficult and dangerous. You can help make sure your representatives in Congress understand that dynamic. Witness through sharing the personal costs and the hope that churches are experiencing." (See below for specific suggestions on how Christians can respond to the conflict in Colombia.)
Report No. 1 was released in August and covers cases from January 2004 to July 2006. A follow-up report is scheduled to be released in late March.
Marla Pierson Lester is a writer for MCC.
Responding to the call of churches in Colombia
Pray for the victims, the perpetrators and the peacemakers in Colombia.
Read the report, "A Prophetic Call: Colombian Protestant Churches Document Their Suffering and Hope," available at mcc.org/us/washington. Also see the Justapaz Web site, www.justapaz.org.
Share the stories of suffering and hope in your community and beyond.
Advocate. Speak to government officials on behalf of those brave souls who, despite the risk of death, continue to give life to seeds of peace.
Take part in the Days of Prayer and Action for peace in Colombia, May 20-21, an invitation from Colombian churches to their North American sisters and brothers.
For more information, contact Rebecca Bartel, policyanalyst.mcc@gmail.com, or Theo Sitther at the MCC Washington Office, (202) 544-6564, tsitther@mcc.org.