When did the issuers of The Macau Pass begin service?
Macau Pass: The Macau Pass (formerly the Transmac IC Card) is a contactless smartcard, first introduced by Transmac in 1999, that can be used to pay for bus fares, shop, and dine with many more merchants to join the system. Transmac: The Transportes Urbanos de Macau S.A.R.L. (Transmac; ) is one of the three public bus operators in Macau, China, along with New Era (Macau New Era Public Bus Co Ltd) and TCM (Transportas Companhia de Macau). Transmac:  It began service in 1988, taking over the service provided by its predecessor "Fok Lei Autocarro S.A.".
1988