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+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the editorial's argument depends?", "options": ["(A)During long breaks children have a tendency to forget what they have learned.", "(B)Children of farmers need to continue observing a school calendar made up of periods of study interspersed with long breaks.", "(C)Long breaks in the school calendar should be replaced with breaks that are no longer than workers' average vacations.", "(D)A change in the present school calendar that shortened breaks would serve the interests of agricultural life.", "(E)A school calendar made up of periods of study without long breaks would serve the interests of children more than a school calendar with long breaks."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy?", "options": ["(A)Fewer diseases attach leatherbacks than attack other large aquatic reptiles.", "(B)The average life expectancy of sea turtles in general is longer than that of almost all other marine animals.", "(C)Most leatherbacks that perish in the wild are killed by predators.", "(D)Few zoologists have sufficient knowledge to establish an artificial environment that is conducive to the well-being of captive leatherbacks.", "(E)The size of a leatherback is an untrustworthy indicator of its age."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The chairperson's reasoning most closely conforms to which one of the following principles?", "options": ["(A)A corporation should never expand operations into countries that are politically unstable.", "(B)Corporations should expand operations into countries when there is a chance of increasing profits.", "(C)Political stability is the most important consideration in deciding whether to expand operations into a country.", "(D)Corporations should always be cautious about expanding operations into politically unstable countries.", "(E)Boards of directors should always disregard governmental incentives when considering where to expand corporate operations."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Frank's reasoning in his response to Maria is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it", "options": ["(A)fails to address the possibility that technical knowledge may be acquired without formal education", "(B)does not consider whether there have been improvements in formal education since Edison's day", "(C)relies on using the term \"crucial\" differently from the way Maria used it", "(D)presumes that no other inventor of Edison's time could have been as productive as Edison", "(E)fails to criticize or question any of Maria's statements about Edison"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)It is more likely that people without political power will suffer from economic crises than it is that people in power will.", "(B)Economic crises become more frequent as the amount of information available to the population about factors determining its welfare decreases.", "(C)In nations in which the government controls access to information about infrastructure, agriculture, and industry, economic crises are common.", "(D)The higher the percentage of the population that participates in economic decisions, the better those decisions are.", "(E)A small elite that controls information about infrastructure, agriculture, and industry is likely to manipulate that information for its own benefit."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument", "options": ["(A)disregards the possibility that a change of mind might be justified by a change in circumstances", "(B)treats the fact of someone's presence at a given event as a guarantee that that person had a legitimate reason to be at that event", "(C)uses a term that is intrinsically evaluative as though that term was purely descriptive", "(D)fails to establish that something true of some people is true of only those people", "(E)overlooks the possibility that a person's interest in one kind of thing is compatible with that person's interest in a different kind of thing"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "If the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true?", "options": ["(A)If you have some keyboarding skills, you will be able to write your essays using a word processing program.", "(B)If you are not able to write your essays using a word processing program, you have no keyboarding skills.", "(C)If you are able to write your essays using a word processing program, you have at least some keyboarding skills.", "(D)If you are able to use a computer, you will probably be able to write your essays using a word processing program.", "(E)If you are not able to write your essays using a word processing program, you are not able to use a computer."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes Rossi's argument?", "options": ["(A)It makes an appeal to a general principle.", "(B)It denies the good faith of an opponent.", "(C)It relies on evaluating the predictable consequences of a proposal.", "(D)It substitutes description for giving a rationale for a policy.", "(E)It employs a term on two different occasions in different senses."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Smith's statements can most directly be used as part of an argument for which one of the following views?", "options": ["(A)A democratic government does not infringe on the rights of any of its citizens.", "(B)Children have rights that must be respected by any political authority that rules over them.", "(C)News programs for children would give them enough information to enable them to vote in an informed way.", "(D)If there are any limitations on full democracy that result from denying the vote to children, such limitations must be accepted.", "(E)If parents do not adequately represent their children's interests in the political sphere, those interests will be adequately represented by someone else."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The argument's reasoning is questionable because the argument", "options": ["(A)infers from the idea that the current geography of modern cities resulted from a particular cause that it could only have resulted from that cause", "(B)infers from the idea that the current geography of modern cities resulted from a particular cause that other facets of modern life resulted from that cause", "(C)overlooks the fact that many technological innovations other than the personal automobile have had some effect on the way people live", "(D)takes for granted that shopping malls do not need large parking lots even given the use of the personal automobile", "(E)takes for granted that people ultimately want to live without personal automobiles"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true?", "options": ["(A)Scholars and diplomats have more experience in foreign affairs than most presidents and prime ministers bring to office.", "(B)Prior experience in foreign affairs is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for a president or prime minister to have a successful foreign policy.", "(C)Prior experience in foreign affairs is a necessary but not sufficient condition for a president or prime minister to have a successful foreign policy.", "(D)An acute political sense, a disciplined temperament, and a highly developed ability to absorb and retain information are each necessary conditions for a president or prime minister to have a successful foreign policy.", "(E)A president or prime minister with years of experience in foreign affairs will have a more successful foreign policy than one who does not have experience in foreign affairs."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the validity of the evidence offered in support of the naturalists' claim?", "options": ["(A)The polar bear stopped and changed course several times as it moved toward its home territory.", "(B)The site at which the polar bear was released was on the bear's annual migration route.", "(C)The route along which the polar bear traveled consisted primarily of snow and drifting ice.", "(D)Polar bears are only one of many species of mammal whose members have been known to find their way home from considerable distances.", "(E)Polar bears often rely on their extreme sensitivity to smell in order to scent out familiar territory."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately and completely expresses the main conclusion of the city council member's argument?", "options": ["(A)Imposing real estate development fees is the best way for the city to exploit the available sources of revenue.", "(B)The city would benefit financially from the passage of legislation imposing real estate development fees.", "(C)In blocking council members' attempts to impose real estate development fees, the mayor is sacrificing the city's interests to personal interests.", "(D)Significantly reducing the number of building starts would not, on balance, result in revenue loss to the city.", "(E)The mayor's family has a strong financial interest in preventing the passage of legislation that would impose real estate development fees."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the city council member's argument is flawed because", "options": ["(A)the issue of the mayor's personal interest in the proposed legislation is irrelevant to any assessment of the mayor's action with respect to that legislation", "(B)the mayor's course of action being personally advantageous is not inconsistent with the mayor's action being advantageous for the city", "(C)the council member's own absence of personal interest in the proposed legislation has not been established", "(D)that a person or a municipality has a need for something does not, in itself, establish that that person or that municipality has a right to that thing", "(E)the possibility remains open that the mayor's need to avoid loss of family revenue is as desperate as the city's need to increase municipal revenue"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the statement that zooplankton feed upon phytoplankton?", "options": ["(A)It is a hypothesis supported by the fact that phytoplankton feed on upwelling nutrients.", "(B)It is intended to provide an example of the ways in which the vertical mixing of seawater affects feeding habits.", "(C)It helps show how global temperature changes affect larger sea animals indirectly.", "(D)It is offered as one reason that global warming must be curtailed.", "(E)It is offered in support of the idea that global warming poses a threat to all organisms."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The structure of the reasoning in the argument above is most parallel to that in which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)Runners who have only average speed and endurance are unlikely to win long-distance races. Some long-distance champions, however, win by being above average in speed or endurance only; therefore, being above average in both speed and endurance is not necessary.", "(B)Bicyclists who have only average speed are unlikely to win short races, but in a long-distance race such bicyclists can win if they have better-built bicycles than average and better endurance than average. Therefore, most bicycle races are not won by bicyclists with above-average speed.", "(C)Excellence in a particular swimming stroke is not always necessary in order for a swimmer to win a race that requires each swimmer to use several different strokes in sequence, and many swimmers win these races without being the best at any of the strokes. Therefore, anyone who does excel at all the strokes is almost certain to win.", "(D)Apples that are neither especially firm nor especially flavorful are unsuitable for baking; yet while flavor is essential for both baking and eating, many flavorful apples that are soft are suitable for eating. Hence, the apples that are best for eating need not be both firm and flavorful.", "(E)Most plants that are neither ornamental nor edible are useless and are thus classified as weeds; yet many such plants are useful for purposes other than food or ornamentation, and are thus not classified as weeds. Hence, not all inedible and non-ornamental plants are weeds."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Each of the following weakens the detective's argument EXCEPT:", "options": ["(A)The actuaries' activities while working for XYZ Corporation were more closely scrutinized by supervisors than were the activities of the accountants.", "(B)There is evidence of breaches in computer security at the time of the embezzlement that could have given persons outside XYZ Corporation access to internal financial records.", "(C)XYZ Corporation employs eight accountants, whereas it has only two actuaries on its staff.", "(D)An independent report released before the crime took place concluded that XYZ Corporation was vulnerable to embezzlement.", "(E)Certain security measures at XYZ Corporation made it more difficult for the actuaries to have access to internal financial records than for the accountants."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)In 1985 there was a loosening of regulations concerning cabin air in commercial airline flights.", "(B)People who fly today are more likely to contract airborne illnesses than were people who flew prior to 1985.", "(C)Low levels of carbon dioxide in cabin air make it impossible for airborne illnesses to spread.", "(D)In 1980 the rate at which the cabin air was replenished in commercial airliners was sufficient to protect passengers from the effects of carbon dioxide buildup.", "(E)In 1980 the level of carbon dioxide in the cabin air on a two-hour commercial airline flight was lower than it is today on a similar flight."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "A flaw in the argument is that it", "options": ["(A)presupposes that anyone who is acting out of self-interest is being altruistic", "(B)illicitly infers that behavior is altruistic merely because it seems altruistic", "(C)fails to consider that self-esteem also depends on maintaining an awareness of one's own value", "(D)presumes, without providing justification, that if one does not hold oneself in sufficient self-esteem one cannot be useful or needed", "(E)takes for granted that any behavior that can be interpreted as self-interested is in fact self-interested"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Each of the following, if true, helps to support the claim that the new maps will be more useful EXCEPT:", "options": ["(A)Home gardeners can provide information on plant flourishing not available from weather stations.", "(B)Some of the weather stations currently in use are more than 60 years old.", "(C)Weather patterns can be described more accurately when more information is available.", "(D)Weather conditions are the most important factor in determining where plants will grow.", "(E)Weather patterns have changed in the past 60 years."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?", "options": ["(A)People tend to believe whatever doctors tell them.", "(B)Most of the techniques that help people quit smoking can also help people break other habits.", "(C)The more the relevant danger is exaggerated, the more likely one is to break one's habit.", "(D)People generally do not find it easy to deceive themselves.", "(E)A doctor is justified in deceiving a patient whenever doing so is likely to make the patient healthier."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following arguments has a flawed pattern of reasoning most like the flawed reasoning in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)It is clear that most drivers in West Ansland are safe drivers since there are very few driving accidents in West Ansland and most accidents there are not serious.", "(B)It is clear that John cannot drive, since he does not own a car and no one in his family who does not own a car can drive.", "(C)It is clear that Fernando's friends usually drive to school, since all of his friends can drive and all of his friends go to school.", "(D)It is clear that most people in Highland County drive sedans, since most people who commute to work drive sedans and most people in Highland County commute to work.", "(E)It is clear that most of Janine's friends are good drivers, since she accepts rides only from good drivers and she accepts rides from most of her friends."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The argument in the editorial depends on assuming which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)It is inconsistent for a legislator both to claim that increasing spending on education is a worthy goal and to vote against increasing spending on education.", "(B)A consistent course of action in educational policy is usually the course of action that will reduce spending on education in the long run.", "(C)Even if a goal is a morally good one, one should not necessarily try to achieve it.", "(D)A consistent political policy does not hold that an action that comprises a worthy goal should not be performed.", "(E)Members of one political party never have inconsistent views on how to best approach a political issue."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the science journalist's statements?", "options": ["(A)Any celestial object without lithium in its atmosphere is a star with less mass than the Sun.", "(B)Any celestial object with lithium in its atmosphere has a nuclear furnace that has incompletely mixed the object's elements.", "(C)No celestial object that has no lithium in its atmosphere is a brown dwarf.", "(D)No celestial object with lithium in its atmosphere has less mass than the Sun.", "(E)No celestial object less massive than a brown dwarf has lithium in its atmosphere."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?", "options": ["(A)It is impossible to understand sentences if they are in fact uninterrupted streams of sound.", "(B)Those who do not know a language cannot hear the way speech in that language actually sounds.", "(C)People pay less close attention to the way their own language sounds than they do to the way an unfamiliar language sounds.", "(D)Accomplished non-native speakers of a language do not perceive sentences as streams of sound.", "(E)Native speakers' perceptions of their own language are not more accurate than are the perceptions of persons who do not know that language."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "In responding to Yuriko, Susan does which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)She denies Yuriko's assumption that Susan's city wants to increase the vaccination rate for children.", "(B)She cites facts that tend to weaken the force of the evidence with which Yuriko supports her recommendation.", "(C)She introduces evidence to show that the campaign Yuriko advocates is only effective for a short period to time.", "(D)She advances the claim that a campaign such as Yuriko recommends is not necessary because most parents already choose to have their children vaccinated.", "(E)She presents evidence to suggest that vaccination campaigns are usually ineffective."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would weaken the argument?", "options": ["(A)Even if the quantity of nitrous oxide released into the environment decreased, many environmental problems would remain unsolved.", "(B)Even if only some of the thread and rope that is currently being made from nylon were instead made from cotton fiber, some environmental damage would be avoided.", "(C)If cotton fiber replaced nylon in the production of thread and rope, there would be a resulting increase in the amount of nylon used in other manufactured products.", "(D)If the quantity of nylon manufactured annually decreased substantially, the volume of several pollutants that are released into the environment during its manufacture would be reduced.", "(E)If thread and rope continue to be made from nylon, the production of cotton fiber will not increase as rapidly as it would if all thread and rope were to be made from cotton fiber."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The principle that Michiko invokes, if established, would justify which one of the following judgments?", "options": ["(A)Colleen was responsible for missing her flight home from Paris, because she decided to take one more trip to the Eiffel Tower even though she knew she might not have sufficient time to get to the airport if she did so.", "(B)Colleen was responsible for having offended her brother when she reported to him an offensive comment made about his colleague, although she did not know her brother would mistakenly understand the comment to be about himself.", "(C)Colleen was responsible for her automobile's having been stolen two weeks ago, because she did not take any of the precautions that the town police recommended in the antitheft manual they published last week.", "(D)Colleen was responsible for her cat's being frightened, because, even though it was her brother who allowed the door to slam shut, she knew that cats are often frightened by loud noises.", "(E)Colleen was not responsible for losing her job, because, knowing that her position was in danger of being eliminated, she did everything possible to preserve it."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The conclusion of the argument follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)Anger is always expressible.", "(B)Anger is a visceral emotion.", "(C)Some kinds of emotions are unhealthy to express.", "(D)All emotions that are healthy to express are visceral.", "(E)An emotion is visceral only if it is healthy to express."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the finding of the nicotine study?", "options": ["(A)Blood cannot absorb more nicotine per day than that found in the smoke from a package of the lowest-nicotine cigarettes available.", "(B)Smokers of the lowest-nicotine cigarettes available generally smoke more cigarettes per day than smokers of high-nicotine cigarettes.", "(C)Most nicotine is absorbed into the blood of a smoker even if it is delivered in smaller quantities.", "(D)The level of tar in cigarettes is higher in low-nicotine cigarettes than it is in some high-nicotine cigarettes.", "(E)When taking in nicotine by smoking cigarettes is discontinued, the level of nicotine in the blood decreases steadily."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is a questionable argumentative strategy employed in the editorial's argument?", "options": ["(A)rejecting a proposal on the grounds that a particular implementation of the proposal is likely to fail", "(B)trying to win support for a proposal by playing on people's fears of what could happen otherwise", "(C)criticizing the source of a claim rather than examining the claim itself", "(D)taking lack of evidence for a claim as evidence undermining that claim", "(E)presupposing what it sets out to establish"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument advanced by the Figorian Wildlife Commission depends?", "options": ["(A)More species have been endangered by the development of wetlands than have been endangered by any other type of development.", "(B)The species indigenous to natural wetland habitats will survive in specially constructed replacement wetlands.", "(C)In nations that are primarily agricultural, wetland development does not need to be regulated.", "(D)Figorian regulation of development has in the past protected and preserved wildlife.", "(E)The species that inhabit Figorian wetlands are among the most severely threatened of the designated endangered species."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if accepted, would most strongly support the Figorian Development Commission's position against the Figorian Wildlife Commission's position?", "options": ["(A)National resources should be regulated by international agreement when wildlife is endangered.", "(B)The right of future generations to have wildlife preserved supersedes the economic needs of individual nations.", "(C)Only when a reduction of populations of endangered species by commercial development has been found should regulation be implemented to prevent further damage.", "(D)Environment regulation must aim at preventing any further environmental damage and cannot allow for the different degrees to which different nations have already harmed the environment.", "(E)It is imprudent to allow further depletion of natural resources."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["(A)Meat and eggs are high in saturated fat.", "(B)Small quantities of foods high in saturated fat are not bad for the heart", "(C)Shellfish has less cholesterol per gram than meat, eggs, and poultry do.", "(D)Foods low in saturated fat promote low blood cholesterol.", "(E)A serving of meat or poultry is typically larger than a serving of shellfish."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)Most people desire a life for themselves and their children that is better than a merely good life.", "(B)A person who fits the ideals of one moral theory in the Western tradition would not necessarily fit the ideals of another.", "(C)Most people have a conception of a good life that does not match that of any moral theory in the Western tradition.", "(D)A good life as described by moral theories in the Western tradition cannot be realized.", "(E)It is impossible to develop a theory that accurately describes what a good life is."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the biologist's argument?", "options": ["(A)Everyone is equally content with our present configuration of fingers.", "(B)Humans are never equally content with two things of unequal usefulness.", "(C)Humans are always equally content with two things of equal usefulness.", "(D)The perceived usefulness of our configuration of fingers is an illusory result of our prejudices.", "(E)At least one species of fish had six phalanges in its fins."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the surrealist's argument?", "options": ["(A)An artist's work should not merely represent objects from outside the psyche.", "(B)Artistic representation is used solely to preserve and reinforce objects.", "(C)Artists should not base all their work on mere representation.", "(D)Great art can confer beauty even upon very vulgar external objects.", "(E)True works of art rarely represent objects from outside the psyche."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The argument commits which one of the following errors in reasoning?", "options": ["(A)failing to exclude the possibility that what appears to be the result of a given market condition may in fact be the cause of that condition", "(B)mistaking a condition required if a certain result is to obtain for a condition that by itself is sufficient to guarantee that result", "(C)treating the failure to establish that a certain claim is false as equivalent to a demonstration that that claim is true", "(D)taking evidence that a claim is believed to be true to constitute evidence that the claim is in fact true", "(E)describing survey results that were obtained in the past as if they are bound to obtain in the future as well"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)Many ideas that work well in theory do not work well in practice.", "(B)Analog representation of information is impractical because we do not need infinitely detailed information.", "(C)Digital systems are the best information systems because error cannot occur in the emission of digital signals.", "(D)Analog systems are inferior to digital systems for most practical purposes.", "(E)Digital systems are preferable to analog systems when the signal must be reproduced many times."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Each of the following describes a flaw in the psychologist's reasoning EXCEPT:", "options": ["(A)It presumes, without providing warrant, that insomnia contributes to an inability to cope with stress.", "(B)It fails to consider the possibility that sedatives are the only treatment known to be effective for cases of insomnia not caused by stress.", "(C)It neglects the possibility that for some people psychotherapy is a completely ineffective treatment for stress.", "(D)It overlooks the possibility that sedatives could help insomniacs cope with stress.", "(E)It presumes, without providing justification, that the cases of insomnia psychologists treat are representative of all cases of insomnia."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?", "options": ["(A)Paintings and engravings were the dominant forms of artistic expression during the Neolithic period.", "(B)Warfare in the Neolithic period was always motivated by territorial disputes over agricultural land.", "(C)There was no warfare prior to the period in which paintings and engravings of warfare were first created.", "(D)Warfare is the inevitable result of the development of a civilization.", "(E)Paintings and engravings of agricultural life began to be made at the same time as paintings and engravings of warfare."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, helps most to reconcile the apparent discrepancy indicated above?", "options": ["(A)The drug is extremely expensive and would be difficult to make widely available.", "(B)The drug has to be administered several times a day, so patient compliance is likely to be low.", "(C)The drug does not prevent the spread of chicken pox from one person to another, even when the drug eventually cures the disease in the first person.", "(D)When misused by taking larger-than-prescribed doses, the drug can be fatal.", "(E)Use of the drug contributes to the development of deadlier forms of chicken pox that are resistant to the drug."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Of the following, which one most closely conforms to the principle that the passage as a whole illustrates?", "options": ["(A)To understand completely the major trends in research on aging, one must understand the influences these trends exert on society's view of aging.", "(B)To understand fully the historical events of this century, a historian must have an understanding of similar events in earlier centuries.", "(C)To appreciate fully the French language, one must understand the other languages that share its linguistic ancestry.", "(D)To understand properly any academic discipline, one must have at least a superficial acquaintance with the practices of the wider academic community.", "(E)To understand completely Aristotle's philosophy, one must be well acquainted with the philosophy of his intellectual mentor, Plato."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the editorial's argument depends?", "options": ["(A)Preventive medicine makes use of technologies that are lower in initial cost than the technologies used within the practice of curative medicine.", "(B)Every hour devoted to the teaching of preventive medicine reduces medical costs by 10 percent or more.", "(C)Medical schools could increase their total number of teaching hours.", "(D)Improvements in doctors' use of the techniques of curative medicine would only increase overall medical costs.", "(E)The time required to teach preventive medicine thoroughly is greater than one hour for every ten that are now spent teaching curative medicine."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The conversation lends the most support to the claim that Dana and Pat disagree on which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)All children can learn valuable skills from individual activities.", "(B)All children should learn to adapt to various educational methods.", "(C)Many children would learn better through group, rather than individual, activities.", "(D)The main purpose of education is to prepare children to meet the demands of the job market as adults.", "(E)It is sometimes desirable to tailor educational methods to the way a child learns best."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following arguments exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to that exhibited by the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Most people need the love and support of others; without it, they become depressed and unhappy. Therefore, in most instances, the more love and support a person receives, the happier that person will be.", "(B)Since in most jobs there are annual wage or salary increases, the longer one has worked, the more raises one will have received. Therefore, in a typical job, the longer one has worked, the greater one's income will be.", "(C)The main cause of heart attacks is arteriosclerosis, the buildup of plaque on the interior wall of the coronary arteries. It develops over an extended period of time. Therefore, if one is at risk for arteriosclerosis, one becomes more likely to suffer a heart attack as one gets older.", "(D)Since many disease processes are biochemical in nature, unless one understands chemistry one will not be able to understand the explanations for many diseases. Therefore, if one has no training in chemistry, one will not be able to master medicine.", "(E)Since most disease processes are biochemical in nature, an understanding of chemistry will enable one to understand most diseases. Therefore, one needs little more than training in chemistry to be able to master medicine."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following can be properly concluded from the information above, together with the fact that in the first quarter for which the program was used, some employers in X issued separate paychecks for the regular hours an employee worked, for the employee's overtime, and for bonuses and commissions?", "options": ["(A)The government's estimate of growth in the number of people employed was less accurate after the government began using the new program than it had been before.", "(B)The people who designed the new program were unaware of the fact that some workers in X receive more than one paycheck per pay period.", "(C)The government had not reported strong growth in the number of people employed for the quarters just before the new program was used.", "(D)The government overestimated the total number of people employed in X for the first quarter for which the program was used.", "(E)Contrary to the claims of the government of Country X, there was no growth in the number of people employed in X in the first quarter for which the program was used."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the supposition that eating meat is essential to good health?", "options": ["(A)It is used to disprove the vegetarian position that we should not eat meat.", "(B)It is used to show that the two types of reasons cited in favor of vegetarianism are independent.", "(C)It is used to disprove the claim that a vegetarian diet is healthy.", "(D)It is used to weaken the claim that the consciousness of animals is a sufficient reason for not eating meat.", "(E)It is used to show that there is no sufficient reason for not eating meat."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "If all the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true?", "options": ["(A)Clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals are never conducted solely by physicians from just one hospital.", "(B)Most reports of clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals have multiple authors.", "(C)When a technical article has multiple authors, they are usually from several different institutions.", "(D)Physics papers authored by researchers from multiple laboratories usually report results from experiments using subsystems developed at each laboratory.", "(E)Most technical articles are authored solely by the researchers who conducted the experiments these articles report."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Jay's response suggests that he interpreted Helena's remarks to mean that", "options": ["(A)biological factors play only a partial role in a child being extroverted", "(B)most but not all children whose biological parents are introverted become extroverted when adopted by extroverts", "(C)children whose biological parents are introverted, when adopted by extroverts, tend not to be more sociable than children of introverted parents who are not adopted", "(D)biological factors do not play any role in a child being extroverted", "(E)environmental factors can sometimes be more influential than biological factors in determining extroversion"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Because the police chief regards Carl as the most capable detective, she assigns him only the most difficult cases, ones that others have failed to solve.", "(B)Before he became a detective, Carl was a neighborhood police officer and was highly respected by the residents of the neighborhood he patrolled.", "(C)Detectives on the police force on which Carl serves are provided with extensive resources, including the use of a large computer database, to help them solve crimes.", "(D)Carl was previously a detective in a police department in another city, and in the 4 years he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30 crimes.", "(E)Many of the officers in the police department in which Carl serves were hired or promoted within the last 5 years."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The claim that people have positive or negative responses to many nonsense words plays which one of the following roles in the argument?", "options": ["(A)It is a premise offered in support of the conclusion that people have either a positive or a negative response to any word.", "(B)It is a conclusion for which the only support provided is the claim that people's responses to words are conditioned both by what the words mean and by how they sound.", "(C)It is a generalization partially supported by the claim that meaningful words can trigger positive or negative responses in people.", "(D)It is a premise offered in support of the conclusion that people's responses to words are engendered not only by what the words mean, but also by how they sound.", "(E)It is a conclusion supported by the claim that people's responses under experimental conditions are essentially different from their responses in ordinary situations."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the ground that the argument", "options": ["(A)fails to define the term \"hypertensive personality\"", "(B)presupposes that people have permanent personality traits", "(C)simply restates the claim that there is a \"hypertensive personality\" without providing evidence to support that claim", "(D)takes a correlation between personality traits and high blood pressure as proof that the traits cause high blood pressure", "(E)focuses on nervousness and anxiety only, ignoring other personality traits that people with high blood pressure might have"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument?", "options": ["(A)A text that was probably known to both Jordan and Grey was published in 1860 and also contained the same unusual metaphor.", "(B)The passage in Grey's book that employs the unusual metaphor expresses an idea that bears little relation to any ideas expressed in Jordan's book.", "(C)Both Grey's book and Jordan's book were written for the same audience.", "(D)Jordan used the same metaphor in a work that she wrote in 1894 and published in 1895.", "(E)According to most scholars, Grey was generally a more inventive writer than Jordan and developed many original metaphors."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to reconcile the medical specialists' two claims?", "options": ["(A)Medical specialists treat all patients who have serious back muscle injuries with either physical therapy alone or a combination of drugs and physical therapy.", "(B)Medical specialists who prescribe these treatments make accurate judgments about who needs both drugs and physical therapy and who needs physical therapy alone.", "(C)Some back muscle injuries have been completely healed by a combination of drugs and physical therapy.", "(D)Some back muscle injuries that have been aggravated by improper attempts at physical therapy, such as home massage, have been successfully treated with drugs.", "(E)Patients with injuries to other muscles show more improvement when treated with both drugs and physical therapy than when treated with physical therapy alone."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the commentator's argument?", "options": ["(A)New national identities are often forged out of conflicts among diverse groups.", "(B)A stable national identity is typically a composite of a staggering number of subcultures.", "(C)The rate of cultural change in most countries will soon change drastically.", "(D)It is preferable to have a pluralistic rather than a monolithic national culture.", "(E)A culture with a solidified national identity tends to have more social problems than one without such an identity."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)Proper product packaging is more important than the quality of the product.", "(B)Products generally succeed in the market if they are packaged in a manner that accurately reflects their nature.", "(C)Changing the packaging of a product will not improve the product's sales unless the product is also changed.", "(D)To succeed in the market, a new product should not be packaged in a way that creates expectations that it does not meet.", "(E)An improved version of an existing product will sell better than the earlier version unless the improved version is packaged like the earlier one."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Larew and Mendota disagree about whether", "options": ["(A)change in the economic prosperity of the lowest income quintile relative to the highest is accurately measured by comparing their percentage changes in average income", "(B)change in the economic prosperity of the lowest income quintile is more accurately measured in terms relative to the highest income quintile than in terms relative only to the lowest income quintile", "(C)changes in the average income of people in the lowest quintile should ever be compared to changes in the average income of people in the highest quintile", "(D)there were any improvements at all in the economic situation of those in the lowest income quintile during the ten years being considered", "(E)the average income of people in the lowest quintile increased by a greater percentage over the last decade than did that of people in the highest quintile"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most closely conforms to the principle above?", "options": ["(A)A concert pianist should not have an entirely negative view of a memory lapse during a difficult performance. By understanding why the memory lapse occurred, the pianist can better prepare for future performances.", "(B)A salesperson should understand that the commission earned is not the only reward of making a sale. Salespeople should also take satisfaction from the fact that successful sales reflect well on their personalities.", "(C)Compassion is valuable not only for the wonderful feelings it brings, but also for the opportunities it affords to enrich the lives of other people.", "(D)While some of the value of competition comes from the pleasure of winning, the primary reward of competition is competition itself.", "(E)Even people who dread public speaking should accept invitations to speak before large groups. People will admire their courage and they will experience the fulfillment of having attempted something that is difficult for them."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would provide the most support for the economists' assertion?", "options": ["(A)Government subsidies to urban manufacturers can ease the problems caused by the migration of people from rural to urban areas.", "(B)All problems that have economic causes must have economic solutions.", "(C)A scarcity of agricultural products is a central element of many problems created by urbanization.", "(D)Problems associated with migration to cities from rural areas are primarily due to trade imbalances between countries.", "(E)Free trade policies can exacerbate the problems caused by increasing urbanization."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the conversation above?", "options": ["(A)Inez believes that the book should be called The Nature of Energy.", "(B)Antonio believes that there are no differences between matter and energy.", "(C)Inez and Antonio disagree on whether matter and energy are related.", "(D)Inez and Antonio disagree about the overall value of the book.", "(E)Inez believes that the book's title should not mention matter without mentioning energy."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the politician's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["(A)impugns the character of the economists rather than addressing their arguments", "(B)fails to show that the economists mentioned are not experts in the area of consumer prices", "(C)mistakenly infers that something is not true from the claim that it has not been shown to be so", "(D)uses evidence drawn from a small sample that may well be unrepresentative", "(E)attempts to persuade by making an emotional appeal"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The dialogue above lends the most support to the claim that Sherrie and Fran disagree with each other about which one of the following statements?", "options": ["(A)The manufacture and sale of all drugs should be regulated by governments.", "(B)Coffee and soft drinks that contain caffeine should not be regulated by governments.", "(C)Agreement by scientists that a substance is addictive justifies government restrictions on products containing that substance.", "(D)Scientists are not proper authorities with respect to the question of whether a given substance is addictive.", "(E)Scientists and governments have a duty to cooperate in regulating drugs to protect the public health."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Mutations in the genetic heritage of a certain variety of macaques can occur over a time span as short as a few years or decades.", "(B)New patterns of behavior that emerge in macaque populations over the course of a few years or decades are not necessarily genetically predetermined.", "(C)Only when behaviors become typical among an animal population can we conclude that a genetic alteration has occurred in that variety or species.", "(D)The social behaviors of macaques are completely independent of their genetic heritage.", "(E)The macaques' new pattern of behavior will persist over several generations."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it", "options": ["(A)contains a premise that cannot possibly be true", "(B)takes for granted that technology beneficial to society as a whole cannot be commercially viable", "(C)fails to consider the possibility that actions motivated by a desire for personal gain often do not result in personal gain", "(D)takes for granted that an action is unlikely to produce a certain outcome unless it is motivated by a desire to produce that outcome", "(E)draws a conclusion about the practical consequences of people's actions on the basis of theoretical views about what people should or should not do"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "If the statements above are true, which one of the following would also have to be true?", "options": ["(A)All descriptions of monstrous beasts describe violations of the laws of nature.", "(B)Any story that describes a violation of a law of nature is intended to invoke dread in the reader.", "(C)Horror stories of any kind usually describe characters who are psychologically disturbed.", "(D)Most stories about mad scientists express the author's antiscientific views.", "(E)Some stories that employ symbolism describe violations of the laws of nature."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "A reasoning flaw in the politician's argument is that the argument", "options": ["(A)does not address the arguments advanced by the politician's opponents", "(B)makes an attack on the character of opponents", "(C)takes for granted that deficit spending has just one cause", "(D)portrays opponents' views as more extreme than they really are", "(E)fails to make clear what counts as excessive spending"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the statement above?", "options": ["(A)Many insects that have vision very similar to that of bees do not depend on perceiving an object's color.", "(B)Some flowers rely on insects other than bees.", "(C)The number of different species of flowers is greater than the number of different species of bees.", "(D)Many nonflowering plants rely on bees.", "(E)Present-day bees rely exclusively on flowers for their food."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The conclusion drawn by the professor follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)Thinkers who limit their line of thought to a particular orthodoxy are hindered in their intellectual progress.", "(B)Thinkers can mine the full implications of interrelated ideas only in the context of a society that values intellectual progress.", "(C)In societies that protect freedom of thought, thinkers invariably lack intellectual discipline.", "(D)Freedom of thought engenders creativity, which aids the discovery of truth.", "(E)Without intellectual discipline, thinkers can have no freedom of thought."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["(A)The more complicated the issue being litigated, the less likely it is that a juror without specialized knowledge of the field involved will be able to comprehend the testimony being given.", "(B)The more a juror knows about a particular scientific or technical issue involved in a trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating parties before the trial begins.", "(C)Appointing an impartial arbitrator is not a fair means of settling disputes involving scientific or technical issues, because arbitrators tend to favor settlements in which both parties compromise on the issues.", "(D)Experts who give testimony on scientific or technical issues tend to hedge their conclusions by discussing the possibility of error.", "(E)Expert witnesses in specialized fields often command fees that are so high that many people involved in litigation cannot afford their services."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following best illustrates the proposition above?", "options": ["(A)A country's leaders realized that fostering diplomatic ties with antagonistic nations reduces the chances of war with those nations. Because those leaders worried that war would harm their chances of being reelected, they engaged in diplomatic discussions with a hostile country, and the two countries avoided a confrontation.", "(B)A government study concluded that a proposed bureaucratic procedure would allow people to register their cars without waiting in line. The government adopted the procedure for this reason, and, as with most bureaucratic procedures, it was not successful.", "(C)Betsy overheard a heating contractor say that regularly changing the filter in a furnace helps to keep the furnace efficient. So Betsy has regularly changed the furnace filter in her daughter's house. As a result, the furnace has never required maintenance due to becoming clogged with dust or dirt.", "(D)Sejal learned in a psychology class that the best way to help someone overcome an addiction is to confront that person. So she confronted her friend Bob, who was struggling with a chemical dependency.", "(E)Zachary hoped that psychotherapy could help his parents overcome their marital difficulties. He persuaded his parents to call a psychotherapist, and eventually their problems were resolved."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following exhibits a pattern of reasoning most similar to that exhibited by the argument above?", "options": ["(A)All prepackaged desserts pose a risk of tooth decay. The Nutrition Foundation recommends avoiding all prepackaged desserts that are not high in vitamins or protein. Many prepackaged snack foods are low in vitamins or protein, so the Nutrition Foundation recommends avoiding prepackaged snack foods as well.", "(B)Coreopsis is a perennial. The Garden Club awards a prize each year for each perennial except those that are shrubs or not native to North America. Coreopsis is native to North America and is not a shrub. So the Garden Club awards a prize each year for coreopsis.", "(C)The Windsor Coalition is an example of a community organizing to discourage overdevelopment. The Neighborhood Association is in favor of this sort of community organizing, except when it poses a threat to regional economic growth. Therefore, the Neighborhood Association is in favor of the Windsor Coalition.", "(D)Compact discs are a kind of data storage device. Leotol Corporation does not produce data storage devices that use analog storage methods. Compact discs do not use analog storage methods, so it follows that Leotol Corporation produces compact discs.", "(E)Traffic laws are a type of government regulation. The association supports traffic laws that are in the public interest, even if they have not been shown to reduce the accident rate. Thus, the association should support all government regulations that are in the public interest."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The physics professor's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)Superheated plasma in which electrical resistance fails does not cause types of lightning other than ball lightning.", "(B)The phenomena observed by the physics professor were each observed by at least one other person.", "(C)Ball lightning can occur as the result of several different factors.", "(D)Superheating of gaslike substances causes bright light to be emitted.", "(E)All types of ball lightning have the same cause."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following employs a flawed argumentative strategy that is most closely parallel to the flawed argumentative strategy in the advertisement above?", "options": ["(A)Greeting one's coworkers must be a polite thing to do, because people who are considered polite always greet their coworkers. The proof that these people really are polite is that they are consistently polite in their daily lives.", "(B)This card game must be intellectually challenging, because it is played by highly intelligent people, who play only intellectually challenging card games. In fact, these players' intelligence is demonstrated by the fact that they play this game.", "(C)When coffee is being chosen, Brand Z is the coffee chosen by people with highly developed taste in coffee. These people showed their highly developed taste in coffee by correctly distinguishing eight brands of coffee from each other in a taste test.", "(D)That jacket must have been made for a very short person, because only very short people were able to fit into it. We know that they were very short because we saw them before they tried on the jacket.", "(E)This painting is a poor imitation, because only people with poor eyesight mistook it for the original. That these people have poor eyesight is demonstrated by the fact that they also mistook a vase of flowers in the painting for a peacock."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["(A)Of the 4 patients who survived more than 10 years, the 2 who had attended weekly support group meetings lived longer than the 2 who had not.", "(B)For many diseases, attending weekly support group meetings is part of the standard medical treatment.", "(C)The members of the group that attended weekly support group meetings lived 2 years longer, on average, than the members of the other group.", "(D)Some physicians have argued that attending weekly support group meetings gives patients less faith in the standard treatment for disease T.", "(E)Everyone in the group whose members attended weekly support group meetings reported after 1 year that those meetings had helped them to cope with the disease."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the astronomer's argument is flawed because this argument", "options": ["(A)criticizes the astronomer's opponents rather than their arguments", "(B)infers the truth of the astronomer's thesis from the mere claim that it has not been proven false", "(C)ignores the possibility that alternative explanations may exist for the cratering", "(D)presumes that the astronomer's thesis should not be subject to rational discussion and criticism", "(E)fails to precisely define the key word \"meteoroids\""], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to support the position of the second group of doctors?", "options": ["(A)The treatment that most effectively reduces high levels of bilirubin in newborns has no known negative side effects.", "(B)Some diseases that occur in newborns can weaken the brain's natural defenses and allow bilirubin to enter.", "(C)In newborns the pigment bilirubin, like other pigments, occurs not only in the blood but also in fluids involved in digestion.", "(D)Bilirubin neutralizes certain potentially damaging substances to which newborns are exposed at birth.", "(E)Among doctors who recommend treating newborns to reduce high levels of bilirubin, there is general agreement about what levels should be considered excessively high."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the economist's argument depends?", "options": ["(A)Few economic systems are more successful than modern capitalism in fostering communal ties between citizens.", "(B)Modern capitalism is designed primarily to distribute goods and services, not to create communal ties between people.", "(C)Corporations that compete with each other must develop some ties to each other in order to reach agreement on the rules of the competition.", "(D)Having large corporations in a modern capitalist system promotes the strength of communal ties.", "(E)An economic system that does not encourage large corporations will be less successful economically than one that does."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the teacher's argument by the assertion that participating in organized competitive athletics may increase a child's strength and coordination?", "options": ["(A)It is mentioned as one possible reason for adopting a policy for which the teacher suggests an additional reason.", "(B)It is a claim that the teacher attempts to refute with counterarguments.", "(C)It is a hypothesis for which the teacher offers additional evidence.", "(D)It is cited as an insufficient reason for eliminating funding for children's athletic programs.", "(E)It is cited as an objection that has been raised to the position that the teacher is supporting."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the columnist's argument?", "options": ["(A)The argument takes for granted that truly generous people are the most virtuous.", "(B)The argument attacks the character of those whose values are different from those of the columnist.", "(C)The argument takes for granted that a character trait is present only when manifested.", "(D)The argument generalizes from too small a sample of cases.", "(E)The argument takes for granted that most people donate out of generosity."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the ability of newborn infants described above?", "options": ["(A)Certain abilities of facial pattern recognition are innate in humans, rather than learned.", "(B)The longer an infant stares at an object, the more interesting the infant finds that object.", "(C)Infants learn to associate human faces with the necessities of comfort and nourishment.", "(D)The less an infant stares at an object, the weaker the preference the infant has for that object.", "(E)Infants learn to associate the sound of human voices with the images of human faces."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["(A)The town's overall crime rate appears to have risen slightly this year compared to the same period last year.", "(B)In general, persons under the age of 65 are less likely to be victims of violent crimes than persons over the age of 65.", "(C)As a result of the town's community outreach programs, more people than ever are willing to report violent crimes to the proper authorities.", "(D)In response to worries about violent crime, the town has recently opened a community center providing supervised activities for teenagers.", "(E)Community officials have shown that a relatively small number of repeat offenders commit the majority of violent crimes in the town."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following conclusions about the last ice age and its aftermath in North America?", "options": ["(A)Toward the end of the ice age, warmth-adapted open-ground beetles ceased to inhabit areas where the predominant tree cover consisted of spruce forests.", "(B)Among those sediments deposited toward the end of the ice age, those found to contain cold-adapted arctic beetle fragments can also be expected to contain spruce-pollen grains.", "(C)Ice masses continued to advance through North America for several hundred years after the end of the ice age.", "(D)The species of cold-adapted arctic beetle that inhabited areas covered by ice masses died out toward the end of the last ice age.", "(E)Toward the end of the ice age, warmth-adapted open-ground beetles colonized the new terrain opened to them faster than soil changes and seed dispersion established new spruce forests."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following judgments best illustrates the principle illustrated by the argument above?", "options": ["(A)After Price confessed to having stolen money from Long over a period of several years, Long began stealing from Price. Despite Price's guilt, Long was not justified in taking illegal action against him.", "(B)Shakila's secretary has admitted that he is illegally receiving cable television without paying for it. Shakila would not be justified in reporting him, though, since she once did the same thing.", "(C)After Takashi told Sarah's parents that he had seen her at the movies on Tuesday, Sarah confessed to sneaking out that day. On Monday, however, Takashi had violated the local curfew for minors. Hence Sarah's parents cannot justifiably punish her in this case.", "(D)After a conservation officer discovered them, Kuttner admitted that he had set the illegal animal traps on his land. But, because she was trespassing at the time, the conservation officer cannot justifiably punish Kuttner in this case.", "(E)Ramirez was forced by the discovery of new evidence to admit that she lied about her role in managing the chief of staff's financial affairs. Nevertheless, the board of directors cannot justifiably take action against Ramirez, because in past instances it has pardoned others guilty of similar improprieties."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if all of them are true, is LEAST helpful in establishing that the conclusion above is properly drawn?", "options": ["(A)There was the same number of people in each group.", "(B)The same group of researchers answered the calls made by the callers in both study groups.", "(C)Among the college students there were no persons more than forty years old.", "(D)Both groups had unrestricted access to telephones for making the required calls.", "(E)The members of the two groups received their instructions approximately the same amount of time before they were to make their telephone calls."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument?", "options": ["(A)The social sciences do not have as much predictive power as the natural sciences.", "(B)Mathematics plays a more important role in the natural sciences than it does in the social sciences.", "(C)There is a need in the social sciences to improve the ability to predict.", "(D)Phenomena in the social sciences should not be reduced to mathematical formulas.", "(E)Prediction is responsible for the success of the natural sciences."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, contributes most to an explanation of why bridges fracture elsewhere than at high-stress points?", "options": ["(A)In many structures other than bridges, such as ship hulls and airplane bodies, fractures do not develop at high-stress points.", "(B)Fractures do not develop at high-stress points, because bridges are reinforced at those points; however, stress is transferred to other points on the bridge where it causes fractures.", "(C)In many structures, the process of fracturing often causes high-stress points to develop.", "(D)Structures with no high-stress points can nonetheless have a high probability of fracturing.", "(E)Improper bridge construction, e.g., low-quality welding or the use of inferior steel, often leads both to the development of high-stress points and to an increased probability of fracturing."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The argument's reasoning is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument presumes, without giving warrant, that", "options": ["(A)the press can publish nonlibelous stories about private individuals without prying into their personal lives", "(B)one's having a right to do something entails one's having an obligation to do it", "(C)the publishing of information about the personal lives of private individuals cannot be libelous", "(D)if one has an obligation to do something then one has a right to do it", "(E)the press's right to publish always outweighs the individual's right not to be libeled"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the consumer advocate's argument depends?", "options": ["(A)For some consumers the convenience of front-loaders outweighs the advantages of top-loaders in assessing which is superior.", "(B)Washing machines of a given type should be compared only with washing machines of that type.", "(C)Convenience is the only important factor in determining which type of washing machine is superior.", "(D)Retrieving clothes from a top-loader is convenient for people who do not use wheelchairs.", "(E)Retrieving clothes from front-loaders is inconvenient for people who are not wheelchair users."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the argument?", "options": ["(A)The argument presumes, without providing justification, that the effects of brain damage are always easily detectable.", "(B)The argument presumes, without providing justification, that the only reason that any problem remains unsolved is a lack of creativity and innovation.", "(C)The argument infers that certain parts of the brain do nothing merely on the basis of the assertion that we do not know what they do.", "(D)The argument infers that problems will be solved merely on the basis of the claim that they will be within our ability to solve.", "(E)The argument presumes, without providing justification, that the currently unused parts of the brain are a potential source of tremendous creativity and innovation."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles most helps to justify the reasoning above?", "options": ["(A)A scientific theory should be accepted if it has fewer counterintuitive consequences than do its competitors.", "(B)A scientific theory should be accepted if it has been subjected to serious attempts to disprove it and has withstood all of them.", "(C)The consequences of a scientific theory should not be considered counterintuitive if the theory's predictions have been found to be accurate.", "(D)A theory should not be rejected until it has been subjected to serious attempts to disprove it.", "(E)A theory should be accepted only if its predictions have not been disproved by experiment."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the psychologist's argument by the claim that the obligation to express gratitude cannot be fulfilled anonymously?", "options": ["(A)It is an illustration of a premise that is used to support the argument's conclusion.", "(B)It is used to counter a consideration that might be taken to undermine the argument's conclusion.", "(C)It is used to support indirectly a claim that the argument in turn uses to support directly the conclusion.", "(D)It is used to identify the social benefit with which the argument is concerned.", "(E)It is the conclusion that the argument is intended to support."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "If the curator's statements are true, which one of the following must be true?", "options": ["(A)Every print in the museum store is of a work that is either on loan to the museum from a private collector or part of the museum's permanent collection.", "(B)Every print that is sold in the museum store is a copy of a twentieth-century work.", "(C)There are prints in the museum store of every work that is displayed in the museum and not on loan from a private collector.", "(D)Hopper's Nighthawks is both a twentieth-century work and a work on loan to the museum from a private collector.", "(E)Hopper's Nighthawks is not displayed in the museum."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The claim that humans are still biologically adapted to a diet of wild foods plays which one of the following roles in the nutritionist's argument?", "options": ["(A)It is a conclusion for which the only support offered is the claim that straying from a diet of wild foods has often resulted in chronic illness and other physical problems.", "(B)It is a premise for which no justification is provided, but which is used to support the argument's main conclusion.", "(C)It is a phenomenon for which the main conclusion of the nutritionist's argument is cited as an explanation.", "(D)It is an intermediate conclusion for which one claim is offered as support, and which is used in turn to support the argument's main conclusion.", "(E)It is a premise offered in support of the claim that humans have evolved very little since the development of agriculture."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The editorialist's argument depends on assuming which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)If an entity has a right to certain treatment, we have an obligation to treat it that way.", "(B)Any entity that has rights also has obligations.", "(C)Only conscious entities are the sort of things that can have rights.", "(D)Avoiding cutting down trees is not an obligation owed to some entity other than trees.", "(E)One does not always have the right to cut down the trees on one's own property."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The critics' argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it", "options": ["(A)inappropriately attributes the consequences of binge drinking to persons whose regular consumption of wine is three glasses a day", "(B)confuses the risk of sudden alcohol-induced heart attacks with other health risks", "(C)presumes, without providing justification, that there is no significant difference between wine and other alcoholic beverages in terms of health benefits and risks", "(D)fails to address specifically the reduction in risk of stroke conferred by the level of consumption in the recent study", "(E)overlooks the difference between strokes that result in death and less severe strokes"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the scientist's argument by the claim that recent scientific research can often be described only in language that seems esoteric to most contemporary readers?", "options": ["(A)It is raised as a potential objection to the argument's main conclusion, but its truth is called into doubt by the preceding statements.", "(B)It is a premise that supports the argument's main conclusion by suggesting that the results of recent scientific research are only superficially different from claims made in Newton's Principia.", "(C)It is cited as further evidence for the conclusion that the barriers to communication between scientists and the public are not impermeable.", "(D)It is a claim that serves mainly to help establish the relevance of the preceding statements to the argument's final conclusion.", "(E)It serves to cast doubt on an alleged similarity between Newton's Principia and recent scientific research."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following uses flawed reasoning most similar to that used in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Most scholars are not motivated by a desire to win prestigious academic prizes. Thus, some of those who want to win prestigious academic prizes are not scholars.", "(B)Only foolish politicians disregard the wishes of most voters. Thus, most voters deserve to be represented by foolish politicians.", "(C)Some corporations only feign a concern for the environment when they advertise a product as environmentally friendly. Thus, no corporation has a genuine concern for the environment.", "(D)Some parents show no interest in the curricula used in the schools that their children attend. Thus, some of the decisions regarding school curricula should be made without regard for the wishes of the children's parents.", "(E)Only a small percentage of the profits that companies make are directly attributable to good management decisions. Thus, even companies that are managed badly will usually turn a profit."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the columnist's argument?", "options": ["(A)It is better for people to have good educations than good jobs.", "(B)Many people with narrow technical training manage to find jobs.", "(C)Having a series of different jobs is more interesting than having only one job.", "(D)Having a general understanding of life is more important than possessing practical skills.", "(E)Technical training does not help students acquire reasoning skills."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to reconcile the safety experts' belief with the apparently contrary evidence described above?", "options": ["(A)Annual safety inspections ensure that car tires are replaced before they grow old.", "(B)Drivers often become overconfident after their cars have passed a thorough safety inspection.", "(C)The roads in provinces and states with stringent car safety requirements are far more congested and therefore dangerous than in other provinces and states.", "(D)Psychological studies show that drivers who regularly wear seat belts often come to think of themselves as serious drivers, which for a few people discourages reckless driving.", "(E)Provinces and states with stringent car safety requirements have, on average, many more kilometers of roads than do other provinces and states."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "If the statements above are true, which one of the following must be false?", "options": ["(A)Half of the country is both humid and cold.", "(B)Most of the country is hot.", "(C)Some parts of the country are neither cold nor humid.", "(D)It is not possible to raise cacti in the country.", "(E)Most parts of the country are humid."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "If all of the essayist's statements are true, then which one of the following must be true?", "options": ["(A)At least some new theories that have not yet been found to be more useful than any theory currently part of common sense will never be absorbed into the body of common sense.", "(B)Of the useful theories within the body of common sense, the older ones are generally less useful than the newer ones.", "(C)The frequency with which new theories are generated prevents their rapid absorption into the body of common sense.", "(D)Each theory within the body of common sense is eventually replaced with a new theory that is more useful.", "(E)At least some theories that have been tested over time and found useful are less useful than some other theories that have not been fully absorbed into the body of common sense."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately states the conclusion of the argument as a whole?", "options": ["(A)Because of the awkwardness involved, it is best for patients not to seek second opinions unless it is absolutely necessary.", "(B)In cases in which second opinions are necessary, the first physician often feels that his or her professional judgment is called into question.", "(C)The process of obtaining a second medical opinion can be awkward for those involved.", "(D)Physicians who are called upon to offer second opinions are always uncomfortable about evaluating the work of colleagues.", "(E)In many cases in which medical patients seek second opinions, they are concerned about offending the first physician."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true?", "options": ["(A)Some part of the panthers' current habitat is only of marginal quality.", "(B)If the population of Florida panthers ever exceeds 250, it will be self-sustaining.", "(C)Unless Florida panthers acquire a larger habitat, their population will not be self-sustaining.", "(D)The population of Florida panthers will never increase much beyond its current level.", "(E)Today, Florida panthers occupy a larger habitat than they did in the 1970s."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The political scientist's argument proceeds by", "options": ["(A)undermining a view by showing that its general acceptance would lead to undesirable consequences", "(B)rebutting an objection by attacking the assumption on which it is said to be based", "(C)attacking a view by claiming that those who propose it are motivated only by self-interest", "(D)claiming that whatever is true of a group must be true of each of the members of the group", "(E)undermining an apparent counterexample to a universal claim"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, constitutes the logically strongest counter to the physician's argument?", "options": ["(A)A patient's merely knowing that a treatment has been applied can lead to improvement in his or her condition.", "(B)Most physicians believe that medication relieves chronic back pain more effectively than magnets do.", "(C)No other experiments have been done showing that magnetic fields reduce pain in any area other than the back.", "(D)Some of the scientists who helped design the experiment believed even before the experiment that magnetic fields relieve back pain, but they were not directly involved in conducting the experiment.", "(E)There was wide variation in the specific causes of the chronic back pain suffered by the patients in the experiment."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The argument is flawed in that it fails to consider the possibility that", "options": ["(A)dogs' misbehavior is the cause of, rather than the result of, frequent discipline", "(B)dogs learn from past experience how their owners are likely to react to misbehavior", "(C)discipline does not cause misbehavior on the part of animals other than dogs", "(D)kennel club members tend to be more skilled at raising dogs than are other dog owners", "(E)kennel club members are more likely to use discipline than are other dog owners"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above?", "options": ["(A)The factors affecting the creation of tornadoes were not well known to meteorologists before 1953.", "(B)The intensity of the average tornado is greater now than it was in 1953.", "(C)The number of tornadoes recorded annually has increased only slightly in the last five years.", "(D)The amount of property damage done by tornadoes has grown substantially since 1953.", "(E)Many more citizens are helping authorities detect tornadoes now than in 1953."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument", "options": ["(A)relies on the truth of a claim by a source that is likely to be biased", "(B)applies a general rule to specific cases to which it does not pertain", "(C)bases an overly broad generalization on just a few instances", "(D)takes for granted that all results of nutritional research are eventually reported", "(E)fails to consider that there are many foods that are reported to be unhealthful"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would provide evidence against the bottom-up theory?", "options": ["(A)In an effort to build up the population of a rare species of monkey on Vahique Island, monkeys were bred in zoos and released into the wild. However, the effort failed because the trees on which the monkeys fed were also nearly extinct.", "(B)After hunting virtually eliminated predators on Rigu Island, the population of many herbivore species increased more than tenfold, causing the density of plants to be dramatically reduced.", "(C)After many of the trees on Jaevix Island were cleared, the island's leaf-cutter ants, which require a forested ecosystem, experienced a substantial decrease in population, as did the island's anteaters.", "(D)After a new species of fern was introduced to Lisdok Island, native ferns were almost eliminated. However, this did not affect the population of the herbivores that had eaten the native ferns, since they also thrived on a diet of the new fern.", "(E)Plants that are a dietary staple of wild pigs on Sedif Island have flourished over the last three decades, and the population of the pigs has not changed much in spite of extensive hunting."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Flawed reasoning in which one of the following most closely parallels the flawed reasoning in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)If bread is to have a firm crust, it must be baked at the right temperature. It therefore follows that bread that is not baked at the right temperature will not have a firm crust.", "(B)A cake must contain the right amount of flour in order to taste good. It therefore follows that cakes that do not taste good do not contain the right amount of flour.", "(C)The Bake-a-Thon, which is open to contestants of all ages, has never been won by a person under the age of 30. It therefore follows that the winner of this year's Bake-a-Thon will not be under the age of 30.", "(D)Both yeast and baking powder can cause sweet rolls to rise. It therefore follows that yeast can always be substituted for baking powder in a recipe for sweet rolls.", "(E)In recipe contests, there are always more contestants in the pie category than there are in the cake category. It therefore follows that contestants generally have a better chance of winning in the cake category than in the pie category."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the reasoning in the argument?", "options": ["(A)People correctly believe that technological innovations often cause job loss.", "(B)People are often reluctant to take on new challenges.", "(C)Some examples of technological innovation have been embraced by workers.", "(D)People tend to adapt easily to gradually implemented technological innovations.", "(E)People correctly believe that technological innovations almost always increase workers' productivity."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if assumed, enables the psychologist's conclusion to be properly drawn?", "options": ["(A)People in positions of responsibility expect to be flattered.", "(B)Official guidelines for granting promotion tend to focus on merit.", "(C)Flattery that is not noticed by the person being flattered is ineffective.", "(D)Many people interpret insincere flattery as sincere admiration.", "(E)Supervisors are almost never influenced by flattery when they notice it."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument?", "options": ["(A)The government should not silence any group for advocating a position that a significant proportion of society believes to be beneficial.", "(B)The government ought to do whatever is in the best interest of society.", "(C)One ought to advocate a position only if one believes that it is true or would be beneficial.", "(D)The government ought not to silence an opinion merely on the grounds that it could be harmful to disseminate the opinion.", "(E)One ought to urge the government to do only those things the government is justified in doing."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the medical researcher's argument?", "options": ["(A)For both groups of joggers compared by the scientists, the rate of jogging injuries during the study was lower than the overall rate of jogging injuries.", "(B)Among the joggers in the groups compared by the scientists, many of those previously injured while jogging experienced difficulty in their efforts to perform stretches.", "(C)Most jogging injuries result from falls, collisions, and other mishaps on which the flexibility resulting from stretching would have little if any effect.", "(D)The more prone a jogger is to jogging injuries, the more likely he or she is to develop the habit of performing stretches before jogging.", "(E)Studies have found that, for certain forms of exercise, stretching beforehand can reduce the severity of injuries resulting from that exercise."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The claim that superconductor development will probably improve industrial productivity plays which one of the following roles in the argument?", "options": ["(A)It is a conclusion for which the claim that shipping costs for fossil fuels are partly a function of the losses of material in transit is offered as partial support.", "(B)It is a generalization for which the claim that superconductor development will enable energy to be transported farther with less energy lost in transit is offered as an illustration.", "(C)It is an assumption supporting the conclusion that superconductor development will enable energy to be transported farther with less energy lost in transit.", "(D)It is a premise offered to support the claim that oil and natural gas have replaced coal as the primary fossil fuels used in North America.", "(E)It is cited as evidence that shipping costs are a function of the distances fossil fuels are shipped and the losses of material in transit."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?", "options": ["(A)Critics who suggest that Colette's novels are indifferent to great moral questions of her time greatly underestimate her literary achievements.", "(B)A novel that poetically condenses a major emotional crisis does not have to be indifferent to the important moral questions raised by that crisis.", "(C)To deserve the level of praise that Colette has received, a novelist's work must concern itself with important moral questions.", "(D)The vividness of Colette's language was not itself the result of poetic condensation.", "(E)Colette's purpose in poetically condensing emotional crises in the lives of characters in her novels was to explore some of the important moral questions of her time."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument", "options": ["(A)infers merely from the fact of someone's holding a belief that he or she believes an implication of that belief", "(B)infers that because something is true of a group of people, it is true of each individual member of the group", "(C)infers that because something is true of each individual person belonging to a group, it is true of the group as a whole", "(D)attempts to discredit a theory by discrediting those who espouse that theory", "(E)fails to consider that, even if an argument's conclusion is false, some of the assumptions used to justify that conclusion may nonetheless be true"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if assumed, most helps to justify the reasoning in the archaeologist's argument?", "options": ["(A)The only considerations that bear upon the question of whether the mosaics should have been removed are archaeological.", "(B)Archaeologists studying a site can tell whether or not that site had been flooded at some time.", "(C)The materials used in the construction of a mosaic are readily apparent when the mosaic is examined in its original location.", "(D)Archaeological sites from which artifacts have been removed rarely mislead archaeologists who later study the site.", "(E)The removal of artifacts from archaeological sites rarely has any environmental impact."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the information above?", "options": ["(A)The city's financial predicament would not have been resolved had the city chosen a competing computer modeling software package.", "(B)The city's financial predicament would not have been resolved had the city not invested in computer modeling technology.", "(C)On an average day, more traffic crosses the Krakkenbak Bridge this year as compared to last year.", "(D)Traffic flow across the Krakkenbak Bridge during rush hour would not have increased had the city's mayor not made investing in computer modeling technology the highest budgetary priority last year.", "(E)The city's mayor was a proponent of investing in computer modeling technology because of the city's need to increase traffic flow across the Krakkenbak Bridge during rush hour."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The court analyst's reasoning is flawed because it fails to take into account that", "options": ["(A)courts have the authority to admit or exclude any evidence irrespective of what experts have to say about its reliability", "(B)the standard against which evidence in a criminal case is measured should not be absolute certainty", "(C)experts may agree that the tests are highly reliable while disagreeing about exactly how reliable they are", "(D)data should not be admitted as evidence in a court of law without scientific witnesses having agreed about how reliable they are", "(E)there are also controversies about reliability of evidence in noncriminal cases"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true?", "options": ["(A)The only people who can receive the special discount coupon at the Main Street location are Frequent Viewers club members who have not rented more than ten videos.", "(B)Some members of the Frequent Viewers club have not rented more than ten videos.", "(C)Some members of the Frequent Viewers club can receive the special discount coupon at more than one location of VideoKing.", "(D)Some people who are not members of the Frequent Viewers club can receive the special discount coupon.", "(E)If Pat rents a movie from the Main Street location, then she will not receive the special discount coupon."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in which one of the following is most similar to the reasoning above?", "options": ["(A)With a book contract, an academic writer receives either an advance or a guarantee of royalties. Professor al-Sofi received an advance for a book contract, so al-Sofi did not receive a guarantee of royalties.", "(B)When entering this amusement park, children always choose to take their first ride on either the Rocket or the Mouse. Janine insisted on the Rocket for her first ride. Thus, Janine would not have been standing near the Mouse during her first half hour in the amusement park.", "(C)The elliptical orbit of an asteroid is only slightly eccentric unless it is affected by the gravitational pull of a planet. Asteroid Y is affected by Jupiter's gravitational pull and asteroid X is not. Thus, the orbit of asteroid Y is the more eccentric of the two.", "(D)New students in this program must choose either a physics class or an art class. Miyoko has no desire to take a class in either of those fields, so Miyoko will probably not enter this program.", "(E)To avoid predators, rabbits will either double back on their pursuers or flee for nearby cover. The rabbit being pursued by a fox in this wildlife film is in a field that offers no opportunity for nearby cover, so it will try to double back on the fox."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the microbiologist's argument?", "options": ["(A)Most bacteria that are not resistant to antibiotics are not resistant to heavy-metal poisoning either.", "(B)Bacteria that live in sewage sludge that is free of heavy metals, but is in other respects similar to normal sewage, are generally resistant to neither heavy-metal poisoning nor antibiotics.", "(C)Antibiotic resistance of bacteria that survive in sewage sludge in which heavy metals are concentrated contributes to their resistance to heavy-metal poisoning.", "(D)Sewage sludge that contains high concentrations of heavy metals almost always contains significant concentrations of antibiotics.", "(E)Many kinds of bacteria that do not live in sewage sludge are resistant to both heavy-metal poisoning and antibiotics."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The ethicist's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)None of our feelings are within our control.", "(B)People should not make promises to do something that is not within their control.", "(C)\"Love\" can legitimately be taken to refer to something other than feelings.", "(D)Promises should not be interpreted in such a way that they make no sense.", "(E)Promises that cannot be kept do not make any sense."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The application of the principle is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it", "options": ["(A)fails to address the possibility that consumers of a specific food may not be representative of consumers of food in general", "(B)fails to address the possibility that the genetically engineered ingredients in Crackly Crisps may have been proven safe for human consumption", "(C)implicitly makes use of a value judgment that is incompatible with the principle being applied", "(D)takes for granted that if most consumers of a product would buy it even if they knew several of the ingredients in it, then they would buy the product even if they knew all the ingredients in it", "(E)confuses a claim that under certain conditions a certain action should be taken with a claim that the action need not be taken in the absence of those conditions"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The contention that the town would not have to spend as much as it does on removing trash if all town residents sorted their garbage plays which one of the following roles in the editorial's argument?", "options": ["(A)It is a claim that the editorial is trying to show is false.", "(B)It is a fact granted by the editorial that lends some support to an alternative to the practice that the editorial defends as preferable.", "(C)It is an example of a difficulty facing the claim that the editorial is attempting to refute.", "(D)It is a premise that the editorial's argument relies on in reaching its conclusion.", "(E)It is the conclusion that the editorial's argument purports to establish."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most logically completes the argument?", "options": ["(A)try to help only those species who are threatened with extinction because of habitat loss", "(B)concentrate their resources on protecting hot spot habitats", "(C)treat all endemic species as equally valuable and equally in need of preservation", "(D)accept that most endemic species will become extinct", "(E)expand the definition of \"hot spot\" to include vulnerable habitats that are not currently home to many endangered species"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The application of the principle is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that", "options": ["(A)the application fails to establish whether Wilton was given the opportunity to repair the brakes", "(B)the application fails to indicate how much money Wilton received for the bicycle", "(C)the application uses the word \"defective\" in a sense that is crucially different from how it is used in the statement of the principle", "(D)Harris might not have believed Wilton's statement about the bicycle's condition", "(E)asserting something without justification is not the same as asserting something one knows to be false"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most logically completes the argument?", "options": ["(A)younger killer whales are better able to tolerate engine noise from boats than older whales are", "(B)killer whales are less likely to attempt to communicate with one another when boat engines are operating nearby", "(C)noise from boat engines may impair killer whales' ability to communicate", "(D)killer whales are most likely to prefer areas where boat traffic is present, but light", "(E)killer whales would probably be more successful in finding food if boats did not travel through their habitats"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The journalist's reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the journalist", "options": ["(A)gives no reason to think that Bruch Industries would want to belong to the trade group", "(B)does not present any evidence that the document names every member of the trade group", "(C)does not explain how it is that the trade group could have inadvertently sent out a secret document", "(D)presents no reason why Bruch Industries would not want its membership in the trade group to be known", "(E)takes for granted the accuracy of a statement by a representative who had a reason to withhold information"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Peter and Yoko disagree over whether today's children's stories", "options": ["(A)should be less frightening than they are", "(B)tend to be less frightening than earlier children's stories were", "(C)differ significantly in overall quality from earlier children's stories", "(D)tend to have clearly immoral characters in them", "(E)should help children learn the consequences of being bad"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The local resident's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it", "options": ["(A)presumes, without providing justification, that smaller fish are somehow more susceptible to harm as a result of overabundant algae than are larger fish", "(B)fails to consider that the effects on smaller fish of overabundant algae may be less severe in larger bodies of water with more diverse ecosystems", "(C)ignores the possibility that the same cause might have different effects on fish of different sizes", "(D)ignores the possibility that the overabundance of algae and the deaths of smaller fish are independent effects of a common cause", "(E)ignores the possibility that below-normal amounts of algae are detrimental to the pond's smaller fish"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Tanner and Saldana disagree over which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)Political candidates with strong debating skills are more likely to win elections than those with weak debating skills.", "(B)A voter who watches a political debate will likely be better able, as a result, to determine which candidate is more qualified for office.", "(C)Debating skills are of little use to politicians in doing their jobs once they are elected to office.", "(D)The candidates with the best debating skills are the ones who are most qualified for the political offices for which they are running.", "(E)Political debates tend to have a major effect on which candidate among those participating in a debate will win the election."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the phenomenon described above?", "options": ["(A)Drivers have more accidents when they become distracted.", "(B)The highways that have the highest rate of fatal accidents have moderate volumes of traffic.", "(C)Most of the motorists on very heavily traveled highways tend to be commuting to or from work.", "(D)Most serious accidents occur when vehicles are moving at a high rate of speed.", "(E)Heavily traveled highways do not always carry a higher proportion of large trucks."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument?", "options": ["(A)In general, lawmakers mandate penalties for crimes that are proportional to the harm they believe to result from those crimes.", "(B)In most cases, lawmakers assess the level of harm resulting from an act in determining whether to make that act illegal.", "(C)Often, in response to the unusually great harm resulting from a particular instance of a crime, lawmakers will mandate an increased penalty for that crime.", "(D)In most cases, a victim of theft is harmed no more than a victim of bribery is harmed.", "(E)If lawmakers mandate penalties for crimes that are proportional to the harm resulting from those crimes, crime in those lawmakers' jurisdictions will be effectively deterred."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "That we should learn the lessons of history figures in the argument in which one of the following ways?", "options": ["(A)It sets out a problem the argument as a whole is designed to resolve.", "(B)It is compatible with accepting the argument's conclusion and with denying it.", "(C)It is a position that the argument simply takes for granted is false.", "(D)It expresses the position the argument as a whole is directed toward discrediting.", "(E)It is an assumption that is required in order to establish the argument's conclusion."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["(A)confuses a sufficient condition for adopting ethical guidelines for politicians with a necessary condition for adopting such guidelines", "(B)rejects a proposal on the grounds that an inadequate argument has been given for it", "(C)fails to adequately address the possibility that other city politicians would resist Sigerson's proposal", "(D)rejects a proposal on the grounds that the person offering it is unfamiliar with the issues it raises", "(E)overlooks the fact that Sigerson's proposal would apply only to the future conduct of city politicians"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The argument requires the assumption that", "options": ["(A)some gardening books that recommend tilling the soil and adding compost before starting a new garden are not flawed", "(B)gardeners should not add compost to the soil unless they have a thorough understanding of composting", "(C)an explanation of the basics of composting must include an explanation of the difference between hot and cold composting", "(D)everyone who understands the difference between hot and cold composting understands at least the basics of composting", "(E)no gardening book that includes an explanation of at least the basics of composting is flawed"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, does most to explain why the estimates remain virtually unchanged?", "options": ["(A)The mass of galaxies is thought to make up only a tiny percentage of the universe's total mass.", "(B)The overwhelming majority of galaxies are so far from Earth that their mass can be only roughly estimated.", "(C)The number of galaxies that astronomers believe exist tends to grow as the instruments used to detect galaxies become more sophisticated.", "(D)Theories about how galaxies are formed are rarely affected by estimates of the universe's total mass.", "(E)There is no consensus among astronomers on the proper procedures for estimating the universe's total mass."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses a flaw in the argument's reasoning?", "options": ["(A)it repudiates a claim merely on the grounds that an inadequate argument has been given for it", "(B)it treats a change that is required for virtual elimination of society's most vexing social ills as a change that will guarantee the virtual elimination of those ills", "(C)it fails to consider that, even if an argument's conclusion is false, some of the assumptions used to justify that conclusion may nonetheless be true", "(D)it distorts the opponent's argument and then attacks this distorted argument", "(E)it uses the key term \"government\" in one sense in a premise and in another sense in the conclusion"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the columnist's argument?", "options": ["(A)Even some cars that receive regular preventive maintenance break down, requiring costly repairs.", "(B)The columnist's city has a much smaller population and economy than the other cities did when they began devoting resources to economic development planning.", "(C)Most motorists who fail to perform preventive maintenance on their cars do so for nonfinancial reasons.", "(D)Qualified economic development advisers generally demand higher salaries than many city councils are willing to spend.", "(E)Cities that have earned large returns due to hiring economic development advisers did not earn any returns at all in the advisers' first few years of employment."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the editorial's argument by the statement that cell-phone use would be far more upsetting on airplanes than it is on buses and trains?", "options": ["(A)It is the main conclusion of the argument.", "(B)It is a claim that the argument tries to rebut.", "(C)It is a premise that indirectly supports the main conclusion of the argument by supporting a premise for that conclusion.", "(D)It is a conclusion for which support is provided and that itself is used in turn to directly support the argument's main conclusion.", "(E)It provides background information that plays no role in the reasoning in the argument."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to support the science writer's argument?", "options": ["(A)The inability of Alzheimer's patients to eliminate the protein BA from the brain is due to a deficiency in the brain's immune system.", "(B)Acetylsalicylic acid reduces the production of immune cells in the brain.", "(C)The activity of microglia results in a decrease in the buildup of protein deposits in the brain.", "(D)The protein BA directly interferes with the cognitive functions of the brain.", "(E)Immune reactions by microglia occur in certain diseases of the brain other than Alzheimer's."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The principles stated by the lawyer most strongly support which one of the following judgments?", "options": ["(A)Rey gave his friend Sunok a key to the store where he worked and asked her to use the store owners' computer to look up their friend Jim's phone number, which Rey kept on the computer. Because Sunok had Rey's permission, her action was justified.", "(B)Police department investigators accessed the electronic accounting files of the central computer owned by a consulting firm that was on trial for fraudulent business practices without seeking permission from the firm's owners. Contrary to the investigators' reasonable beliefs, however, the files ultimately provided no evidence of wrongdoing. Nevertheless, the investigators' action was justified.", "(C)A police officer accessed, without Natalie's permission, files on the computer that Natalie owned and used exclusively in the operation of her small business. Since the police officer's search of the files on Natalie's computer produced no evidence usable in any legal proceeding against Natalie, the police officer's action was clearly not justified.", "(D)Customs officials examined all of the files stored on a laptop computer confiscated from an importer whom they suspected of smuggling. Because there were reasonable grounds for believing that the computer had typically been used in the operation of the importer's legitimate business, the customs officials' action was justified.", "(E)Against the company owner's wishes, a police officer accessed some of the files on one of the company's computers. Although the computer was typically used in the operation of the company's business, the particular files accessed by the police officer were personal letters written by one of the company's employees. Thus, the police officer's unauthorized use of the computer was not justified."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?", "options": ["(A)Leather tanned using the conventional process is not lower in quality than is leather tanned using biological catalysts.", "(B)The biological catalysts that can be used in the tanning process are less costly by weight than are calcium oxide and sodium sulfide.", "(C)New technological innovations have recently made the use of biological catalysts in the tanning process much more cost effective.", "(D)Disposal of tanning waste produced with biological catalysts does not cost significantly more than disposal of the same amount of waste produced with the conventional process.", "(E)The labor costs associated with tanning leather using biological catalysts are not any greater than the labor costs associated with the conventional tanning process."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The principle stated above, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in which one of the following arguments?", "options": ["(A)I should not have played that practical joke on you yesterday. Even if it was not contemptuous, I should have realized that it would bring significant harm to someone.", "(B)I have no reason to think that the practical joke I want to play would harm anyone. So, since the joke would show no contempt for the person the joke is played on, it would not be wrong for me to play it.", "(C)Because of the circumstances, it would be wrong for me to play the practical joke I had intended to play on you. Even though it would not show contempt for anyone, it could easily bring you significant harm.", "(D)It would have been wrong for me to play the practical joke that I had intended to play on you. Even though I did not have reason to think that it would significantly harm anyone, I did think that it would show contempt for someone.", "(E)Someone was harmed as a result of my practical joke. Thus, even though it did not show contempt for the person I played the joke on, I should not have played it."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if assumed, enables the economics professor's conclusion to be properly drawn?", "options": ["(A)Any company that refuses to accept coupons issued by a competitor when doing so would satisfy some of the company's potential customers is motivated solely by the desire to hurt that competitor.", "(B)Any company that wishes to hurt a competitor by refusing to accept coupons issued by that competitor will refuse to accept them even when accepting them would cost nothing and would satisfy its potential customers.", "(C)At least one company has refused to accept coupons issued by its major local competitor simply in order to hurt that competitor, even though those coupons were accepted by all other local competitors.", "(D)Any company that accepts its major competitor's coupons helps its competitor by doing so, even if it also satisfies its own actual or potential customers.", "(E)If accepting coupons issued by a competitor would not enable a company to satisfy its actual or potential customers, then that company's refusal to accept the coupons is motivated by the desire to satisfy customers."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The science writer's statements, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)If a problem can be formulated in such a way as to make a scientific solution feasible, scientists will usually be called upon to solve that problem.", "(B)Any problem a scientist can solve can be formulated in such a way as to make a scientific solution feasible.", "(C)Scientists would probably have a lower success rate with research problems if their grounds for selecting such problems were less narrow.", "(D)Most of the problems scientists are called upon to solve are problems that politicians and business leaders want solved, but whose formulation the scientists have helped to guide.", "(E)The only reason for the astounding success rate of science is that the problems scientists are called upon to solve are usually selected by the scientists themselves."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The pattern of flawed reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to that in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)During times of the year when automobile traffic increases, gas prices also increase. Increases in gas prices lead to increases in consumer complaints. Thus, increased automobile traffic causes increased consumer complaints.", "(B)The most common species of birds in this region are migratory. Moreover, most migratory birds have left this region by the end of November. Hence, few birds remain in this region during the winter.", "(C)It is not surprising that most speeding tickets in this region are issued to drivers of sports cars. After all, most drivers who are not interested in driving fast do not buy sports cars.", "(D)Most nature photographers find portrait photography boring. Moreover, most portrait photographers especially enjoy photographing dignitaries. Thus, most nature photographers find photographing dignitaries especially boring.", "(E)Most snow-removal companies run lawn-care services during the summer. Also, most companies that run lawn-care services during the summer hire additional workers in the summer. Thus, most snow-removal companies hire additional workers in the summer."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following statements, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["(A)Those who convince others that they are capable of succeeding usually have few self-doubts.", "(B)Genuine confidence is often a by-product of pretended self-confidence.", "(C)Success is usually more a matter of luck or determination than of skill.", "(D)Many people who behave in a self-confident manner are genuinely confident about their abilities.", "(E)Self-doubt can hamper as well as aid the development of the skills necessary for success."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following arguments exhibits a pattern of reasoning most similar to that exhibited by the journalist's argument?", "options": ["(A)The company will downsize unless more stock is issued. Furthermore, if the company downsizes, the shareholders will demand a change. Since no more stock is being issued, we can be sure that the shareholders will demand a change.", "(B)Rodriguez will donate her paintings to the museum only if the new wing is named after her. The only other person the new wing could be named after is the museum's founder, Wu. But it was decided yesterday that the gardens, not the new wing, would be named after Wu. So Rodriguez will donate her paintings to the museum.", "(C)Reynolds and Khripkova would not make suitable business partners, since they are constantly squabbling, whereas good business partners know how to get along with each other most of the time and, if they quarrel, know how to resolve their differences.", "(D)Lopez will run in tomorrow's marathon. Lopez will win the marathon only if his sponsors do a good job of keeping him hydrated. But his sponsors are known to be poor at keeping their athletes hydrated. So it is probable that Lopez will not win the marathon.", "(E)The new course in microeconomics is offered either in the fall or in the spring. The new course will be offered in the spring if there is a qualified instructor available. Since the economics department currently lacks a qualified instructor for such courses, however, the course will not be offered in the spring."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The conclusion of the argument is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)Rational consumers who do not expect that the benefits outweigh the cost and difficulty of acquiring detailed information about a product they might purchase usually do not bother to acquire such information.", "(B)Whenever it is rational not to acquire detailed information about a product, it would be irrational to bother to acquire such information.", "(C)The benefits of acquiring detailed information about a product one might purchase usually do not outweigh the cost and difficulty of doing so.", "(D)Rational consumers usually expect that the benefits of acquiring detailed information about a product they might purchase would not outweigh the cost and difficulty of doing so.", "(E)Consumers who do not bother to acquire complete detailed information about a product they might purchase do not expect that the benefits of acquiring such information will outweigh the cost and difficulty of doing so."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the mayor's argument is most vulnerable to which one of the following criticisms?", "options": ["(A)It bases a projection only on conservative estimates rather than considering a wider range of estimates.", "(B)It takes for granted that the options it considers are mutually exclusive.", "(C)It fails to consider the possibility that the rate of increase in traffic will start to diminish after ten years.", "(D)It fails to address the issue of the cost of traffic gridlock to the city's economy.", "(E)It presents a choice that is limited to two options, without giving reasons for not considering any other options"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the curator's argument?", "options": ["(A)The tomb in which the hippopotamus was found was not the tomb of a child.", "(B)Earthenware figures were never used as children's roys in ancient Egypt.", "(C)The tomb in which the hippopotamus was found was not reentered from the time of burial until archaeologists opened it.", "(D)The hippopotamus' legs were not broken 1hrough some natural occurrence after it was placed in the tomb.", "(E)The hippopotamus was originally placed upside down in the tomb."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Each of the following, if true, strengthens the lawyer's argumoot EXCEPT:", "options": ["(A)Most jurors are less likely to understand instructions given in convoluted, legalistic language than instructions given in simple, easily comprehensible language.", "(B)Most jurors do not have an adequate understanding of their role after being given jury instructions in convoluted, legalistic language.", "(C)Jury instructions formulated in simple, easily comprehensible language can adequately descrthe the role of the jurors.", "(D)The details of the role of the jurors cannot be specified with complete precision in simple, easily comprehensible language.", "(E)Jurors do not need to know the precise details of their role in order to have an adequate understanding of that role."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argumoot depends?", "options": ["(A)All neurochemical changes produce corresponding psychological changes.", "(B)improvements in a patient's behavior produced by \"talk\" therapy occur only through chemical changes in the brain's neurochemistry.", "(C)Talk therapy has not been effective at bringing about psychological change.", "(D)If chemical changes in the brain's neurochemistry correspond to improvemeots in patient behavior, then psychology and neuroscience will eventually be indistinguishable.", "(E)Direct intervention in the brain's neurochemistry is likely to become a less expensive way of treating psychological disorders than is \"talk\" therapy."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument's reasoning?", "options": ["(A)Stomach ulcers caused by H pylori and tuberculosis can both be effectively treated with antibiotics.", "(B)Cases of tuberculosis usually last longer than ulcers caused by H pylori.", "(C)People who harbor M tuberculosis derive no benefit from its presence.", "(D)There are more people who harbor M tuberculosis than people who harbor H pylori.", "(E)There are more people who harbor H pylori than people who harbor M tuberculosis."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The conclusion of the argument follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)All of the apartments on the lower floors of the building have scenic views.", "(B)All of the apartments in the building have scenic views.", "(C)Most of the apartments in the building are studio apartments.", "(D)Most of the apartments with scenic views are on the upper floors of the building.", "(E)Most of the apartments on the upper floors of the building are studio apartments."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, would most help to justif Y Mike's reasoning?", "options": ["(A)Using the possessions of others without their permission is not always theft.", "(B)Generally one should tell the truth, but there are cases in which it is permissible not to.", "(C)If people have used your property without your permission, it is not wrong for you to use their property without their permission.", "(D)It is permissible to treat people in a way that is siruilar to the way in which they have treated others.", "(E)Using another person's property is wrong if the person is harmed by that use."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in Robinson's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it", "options": ["(A)offers anecdotal evidence insufficient to support a general claim", "(B)gives reasons that do not address the point made in Wexell's argmnent", "(C)attacks the person making the argument rather than the substance of the argument", "(D)concludes that a claim is tilise merely on the grounds that the evidence for it is insufficient", "(E)takes a condition that is sufficient for the conclusion to be true as one that is necessary for the conclusion to be true"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The example presented above most closely conforms to which one of the following propositions?", "options": ["(A)The presumption that something has order and coherence can lead one to irubue it with order and coherence.", "(B)One is less apt to reach a false understanding of what someone says than to make no sense out of it at all.", "(C)Dreams are often just collections ofiruages and ideas without coherent structures.", "(D)Interpreting another person's dream requires that one understand the dream as a coherent narrative.", "(E)People often invent clever and coherent stories to explain their behavior to other people."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?", "options": ["(A)Computers cannot currently be made taster unless their CPU chips are made smaller.", "(B)Even if CPU chips are made slightly less sophisticated, they cannot currently be made much smaller.", "(C)If both the size and the sophistication of a CPU chip are decreased, the speed of that chip will decrease.", "(D)Few, if any, computer manufacturers believe that computers can be made significantly faster.", "(E)Increasing the sophistication of a CPU chip without increasing its size will proportionally increase its speed."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument above is most vulnerable to criticism. on the grOl.mds that it involves a confusion between", "options": ["(A)kinds of things and the things that are ofthose kinds", "(B)a condition necessary for a phenomenon and one that is sufficient for it", "(C)a cause and an effect", "(D)a correlation between two phenomena and a causal relationship between them", "(E)changes in our knowledge of objects and changes in the objects themselves"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the argwnent's reasoning?", "options": ["(A)Using a product may be environmentally unsound even if the product is a renewable resource and contains no chemical additive.", "(B)A practice is not environmentally sound if it significantly reduces the amount of oxygen entering the atmosphere.", "(C)A practice is environmentally sound if it helps to protect rain forests that contribute large amounts of oxygen to the atmosphere.", "(D)If the environmental benefits ofa practice outweigh the environmental costs, that practice can be legitimately considered environmentally sound.", "(E)If the practices of an industry threaten a vital resource, those practices should be banned."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Morgenstern's argument is flawed in that it", "options": ["(A)fails to take into account that unhappiness can vary in intensity or significance", "(B)relies on an assumption that is tantamount to assuming that the conclusion is true", "(C)mischaracterize what Brooks says", "(D)conllates two different types of risk", "(E)reaches a generalization on the basis of a single case"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "If the above statements are true, which one of the following statements must also be true?", "options": ["(A)This year, most of the Canadian films that were shown at international film festivals won prizes at the Lac Nichoutec Film Festival.", "(B)Most of the Canadian Films produced this year were shown at the Lac Nichoutec Film Festival.", "(C)Some of the films that won prizes at international film festivals this year were Canadian films.", "(D)This year, not every film that won a prize at the Lac Nichoutec Film Festival was also shown at an international film festival.", "(E)This year, at least one Film that won a prize at an international Film festival was not shown at the Lac Nichoutec Film Festival."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the commentator's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it overlooks the possibility that", "options": ["(A)widespread cynicism is beneficial to the wellbeing of society", "(B)cynicism about the motives of powerful people increases with the am01mt of information one has about them", "(C)the work of contemporary journalists reflects a cynicism that is not really genuine", "(D)any accurate description of human bebavior portrays it as selfish", "(E)cynicism of this type on the part of journalists has always had a negative effect on the well-being of society"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in which one of the following is most similar to the reasoning in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)John's injured knee does not cause him a lot of pain, so he does not want to undergo the pain of surgery to heal it. But the surgery would enable him to exercise regularly again. Thus John should have the surgery.", "(B)Since its fishing season lasts only six months, Laketown Fishing Company prefers renting boats to buying its own. But since boats can be used for other purposes during the fishing season, it has made the wrong decision.", "(C)Max's mechanic thinks there is a crack in the left cylinder head of Max's car and wants to remove the engine to check. Such a diagnostic engine removal would cost about $175, even if the cylinder head does not need replacement But if the cylinder head is cracked and is not replaced, the engine will be ruined. So Max should have the mechanic check for the crack.", "(D)Because of dental problems, Leona cut her consumption of candy. Consequently, she learned to enjoy fruit more. Thus, dental problems, which can lead to other health problems, led in her case to an improved diet and better health overall.", "(E)Bulk Fruit Company is deciding whether to market a new hybrid fruit. It is enthusiastic about the idea, since research suggests that people will come to like this fruit. therefore, it is in the long-term interest of the company to market the hybrid fruit."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, provides the most support for the president's prediction?", "options": ["(A)Ditalgame has spent millions of dollars developing the new copy protection feature , and the company can recoup these costs only if its sales increase substantially.", "(B)Over the last several years, the market for computer games has grown steadily, but Ditalgame's share of that market has shrunk considerably.", "(C)The copy protection feature causes a copied game to be playable just long enough for most people to come to enjoy it so much that they decide they have to have it.", "(D)Game Review Monthly, the most commonly read magazine among people who frequently copy computer games, generally gives favorable reviews to Ditalgame games.", "(E)Computer games produced by Ditalgame are copied more frequently than computer games"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the overall conclusion of the columnist's argument?", "options": ["(A)A society would never willingly accept a system in which, in lieu of paper money, the government keeps track of every transaction electronically.", "(B)it is reasonable for people to distrust a government that has too much power.", "(C)New technology may soon make it possible for an economy to operate without paper money.", "(D)People are right to be unwilling to give the government the power it would need to operate an economy without paper money.", "(E)Even though it may be technologically feasible, no government will be able to operate an economy without the use of paper money."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The social scientist's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)The description that Marxism gives of certain historical phenomena in the economic sphere is as rigorous as it is claimed to be.", "(B)The aims of science are incompatlble with the aims of those who would seek to transform society by political means.", "(C)Only bodies of thought consisting purely of rigorous description are scientific theories.", "(D)Scientific theories cannot be correctly interpreted to be, or to imply, political programs.", "(E)The means of production will inevitably become socialized regardless of any political programs designed to make that occur."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The dialogue most supports the claim that Daniel and Carrie are committed to disagreeing with each other about the truth of which one of the following statements?", "options": ["(A)No one can be morally required to do something that is impossible to do.", "(B)Some actions that are performed with the right motivations are not morally good.", "(C)All actions that fulfill moral obligations are performed in order to fulfill moral obligations.", "(D)An action performed with the wrong motivations cannot be morally good.", "(E)If a person's motivations for acting are based on a sense of duty, then that person's action is morally good."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The reasoning io the argument is flawed io that the argument", "options": ["(A)infers that a part has a certain quality merely on the grounds that the whole to which it belongs has that quality", "(B)draws a general conclusion about government waste on the basis of a single instance of such waste", "(C)attacks the mayor's character rather than assessing the strength of the evidence supporting the mayor's claim", "(D)puts forward evidence that presupposes an important part of the claim that the argument attempts to support", "(E)rejects a position on the grounds that the motives of the person who has advanced the position were not disinterested"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)In poor weather, only half as many planes are allowed to land each hour on any one runway at the airport as are allowed to land on it io good weather.", "(B)When the weather at the airport is good it is likely that there are planes landing on two adjacent runways at any given time.", "(C)If any two of the airport's runways are used simultaneously, serious delays result.", "(D)Airlines using the airport base their schedules on the assumption that more than 30 planes an hour will be allowed to land at the airport", "(E)In good weather, there are few if any seriously delayed flights at the airport."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the followiog, if true, would do most to resolve the apparent discrepancy descrthed above?", "options": ["(A)Early humans were much more likely to groom themselves than are the members of other primate species.", "(B)Early humans developed languages, which provided a more effective way of maintaining social cohesion than social grooming.", "(C)Early humans were not as extensively covered with hair as are other primates, and consequently they had less need for social grooming.", "(D)While early humans probably lived io large groups, there is strong evidence that they hunted io small groups.", "(E)Many types of primates other than humans have fairly large neocortex regions and display frequent social grooming."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The flawed reasoning in which one oflbe following arguments most closely resembles the flawed reasoning in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)If the people who inhabited the valley for so long had been invaded, or iflbere had been a dramatic climatic change, there would have been chaoges in the valley's architecture. But architecture in the valley remained the same throughout their stay. Thus, the valley people must not have been invaded at any time during their stay.", "(B)Many people fear that iflbe opposition party wins the election and keeps its promise to cut wages dramatically, workers in key industries will strike. But because the workers have promised not to strike, these workers must think the party will not keep its promise of a dramatic wage cut.", "(C)If the company had succeeded in selling its subsidiaries and used the cash to purchase the new patent, its stock price would have doubled in the last two years. But the price oflbe stock did not increase in that time. Thus, the company must have failed to sell its subsidiaries.", "(D)City residents were expected to show a great deal of support for the rebels iflbe battle was won and the jailed rebel leaders freed. Residents have shown a great deal of support or the rebels for the last three days. Therefore, the rebels must have won the battle.", "(E)Iflbe television station's new wealber forecasting equipment had been worth the investment, the accuracy of its forecasts would have risen, along wilb its ratings. But the station's ratings actually decreased. Thus, the new equipment is no improvement on the old."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately descrthes the argumentative technique employed above?", "options": ["(A)rejecting a factic on the grounds that it constitutes an attack on the character of a person and has no substance in :fact", "(B)rejecting a factic on the grounds that the factic makes it virtually imposSlble for the group to reach a consensus on the issue in question", "(C)conditionally advocating a factic on the grounds that it results in an accusation that is less offensive than the alternatives", "(D)conditionally advocating a factic on the grounds that it results in an argument that would help the group to reach a consensus on the issue in question", "(E)conditionally advocating a factic on the grounds that it results in an argument for which one could not consistently accept the premise but deny the conclusion"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately descrthes a flaw in the reasoning of the argument?", "options": ["(A)The argument uses evidence drawn from a sample that is unlikely to be representative of the general population.", "(B)The argument presumes the truth of the conclusion that it sets out to prove.", "(C)The argument rejects a claim by attacking the proponents of the claim rather than addressing the claim itself.", "(D)The argument fails to make a needed distinction between how people should have voted and how they actually voted.", "(E)The argument defends a claim solely on the grounds that most people believe it."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justiJY the editorial's argument?", "options": ["(A)It is never possible to regulate misinformation without restricting people's access to accurate information.", "(B)Even if information is regulated, accurate information is often indistinguishable from misinfonnation.", "(C)Regulation of information makes it easy for people to distinguish between accurate information and misinformation.", "(D)It is acceptable for people to have access to a vast array of misinformation only if accurate information is never overlooked as a result", "(E)It is usually more desirable for people to have access to useless, unregulated misinformation than it is for them to have access only to accurate but regulated information."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?", "options": ["(A)The previous club president had also invited speakers without first consulting other club members.", "(B)At the time the previous club president hired the tax accountant, most club members did not expect to be consulted about such matters.", "(C)Dr. Hines accepted the president's invitation to speak at the club's annual awards banquet.", "(D)The club president has more discretion in hiring an accountant than in hiring a speaker.", "(E)The club's previous president acted appropriately in hiring the tax accountant without first consulting other club members."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the company spokesperson's argument?", "options": ["(A)Household Products did not evaluate whether the Filterator X water filter significantly improved the taste of drinking water.", "(B)Most Filterator X owners have no way to determine how effectively the product removes chemical contaminants from water.", "(C)People whose household water contsins chemical contsminants are more likely than other people to buy a Filterator X water filter.", "(D)Very few people who own a Filterator X read Household Products on a consistent basis.", "(E)Household Products' evaluations of Filterator X water ::tilters have been consistently negative"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the argument?", "options": ["(A)Music is inferior to the other arts.", "(B)Either the artist's claim is incorrect, or most great music is not great art.", "(C)Like some great music, some great painting and sculpture may fail to imitate nature.", "(D)Some elements of nature cannot be represented adequately by great art.", "(E)Sounds that do not imitate nature are not great music."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Of the following, which one, if true, is the strongest counter Patricia can make to Tamara's objection?", "options": ["(A)Many poor Japanese during the Tokugawa period also had houses constructed with intentionally squeaky floors.", "(B)As part of their secret training, ninjas learned to walk on squeaky floors without making a sound.", "(C)The wealthy made up a small portion of Japan's population during the Tokugawa period.", "(D)The fighting prowess of ninjas was exaggerated to mythic proportions in the years following the Tokngawa period.", "(E)There were very few ninjas at any time other than during the Tokugawa period."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The philosopher's argument requires the assumption that", "options": ["(A)one cannot be a moral agent if one lacks a concern for the consequences of actions", "(B)desiring to conform to a principle requires free will", "(C)nobody who acts without taking the consequences of the action into consideration is free", "(D)it is impossible to have desires without also being a moral agent", "(E)it is impossible to perform morally worthy actions without at some time conforming to a principle"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["(A)Many university libraries have begun to charge higher and higher fines for overdue books and periodicals as a way of passing on increased journal subscription costs to library users.", "(B)A university library's acquisition budget usually represents only a small fraction of its total operating budget.", "(C)Publishing a scholarly journal is an expensive enterprise, and publishers of such journals cannot survive financially if they consistently lose money.", "(D)Most subscnbers to scholarly journals are individuals, not hbraries, and the subscription rates for individuals have generally remained unchanged for the past several years.", "(E)The majority of scholarly journals are published no more than four times a year."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately states the argument's overall conclusion?", "options": ["(A)Terrence Gurney is mistaken when he suggests that the wide appeal of his bocks has prevented him from being given due credit for his literIII)' achievements.", "(B)Terrence Gurney's books are not significant literary achievements.", "(C)Even though Terrence Gurney's books tell interesting stories, his writing is flat and leaves no lasting impression on the reader.", "(D)Terrence Gurney has not been given due credit for his literary achievements because his books appeal to such a wide audience.", "(E)Terrence Gurney should have received some praise for his literary achievements despite the fact that his writing is flat and leaves no lasting impression on the reader."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Assuming that the scientists' current belief about Earth's atmosphere at the time life began is correct, which one of the following, if true, would most help to explain how ligh1ning could have produced the first nino acids on Earth?", "options": ["(A)Meteorite impacts at the time life began on Earth temporarily created a reducing atmosphere around the impact site.", "(B)A single amino acid could have been sufficient to begin the formation of life on Earth.", "(C)Earth's atmosphere has changed significantly since life first began.", "(D)Ligh1ning was less common on Earth at the time life began than it is now.", "(E)Asteroids contain amino acids, and some of these amino acids could survive an asteroid's impact with Earth."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justiJY the reasoning in the art critic's argument?", "options": ["(A)The Woemer Journalism Award for criticism should not be given to a writer who portrays utilitarian objects as works of art.", "(B)Reviews of objects cannot appropriately be considered to be criticism unless the objects reveal important truths about the culture that produced them.", "(C)Unless a review is written for the purpose of revealing important truths about the writer's culture, that review should not be considered to be criticism.", "(D)The Woerner JournalismAward for criticism should not be given to writers who do not consider themselves to be critics.", "(E)All writing that reveals important truths about a culture should be considered to be criticism."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the manager's argument?", "options": ["(A)Mail-order sales have been decreasing for companies that do not offer unlimited free shipping.", "(B)The company did not widely advertise its change in poliey.", "(C)The company's profits frOIn mail-order sales have increased since the change in poliey.", "(D)The company's change in poliey occurred well after its competitors started offering unlimited free shipping.", "(E)Most companies offer free shipping only on mailorder purehases over $50."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following is most similar to that in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Many mountain climbers claim that their sport is safe because mishaps, though often fatal, are rare. However, mountain climbing is very risky: although the number of mishaps is small, so is the number of mountain climbers. Hence, the chance of a fatal mishap during mountain climbing is not as slim as it may seem.", "(B)Eating a serving of vegetables just once will not improve your health. It is nonetheless prudent to do so, for eating vegetables every day will make you much healthier over time.", "(C)Skydivers always use two parachutes: a main chute and an auxiliary one in case the main chute malfunctions. Thus, the risk of a fatal mishap is low. Nonetheless, it is foolish to skydive, for though the risk is small, the rewards from skydiving are also small.", "(D)The risk of serious injury when bungee jumping is quite low. Nonetheless, it is reckless to engage in that activity, for the injuries that would result in the case of an accident are so extreme that it is not worth the risk.", "(E)People complain about having to wear seat belts because they believe the chances of traffic accidents are slim. This is true; on any given trip it is unlikely that a collision will occur. However, it is till unwise to ride in a car without a seat belt, for the effort it takes to put one on is minimal."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The principle stated by the university president, ifvalid, most helps to justitY which one of the following actions?", "options": ["(A)A university denies a grant application from a fucuity member for work on a solurion to a tiunous mathematical puzzle that has no relation to practical concerns.", "(B)A government agency funds a research project in astrophysics designed to determine whether there are theoretical limits on the magnitude of planets in distant solar systems.", "(C)A university funds a research position in the pbysics department that involves no teaching but has the responsibility for managing all the grant applications by members of the physics fucuity.", "(D)A foundation decides not to fund a research proposal in applied mathematics that sought to model certain poorly understood aspects of economic behavior.", "(E)A research institute funds an investigation into the mathematical properties offolded structures that is likely to aid in understanding the structure of proteins that cause disease."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the study's findiogs?", "options": ["(A)Office workers who have the most control over their own work tend to do significantly less typing than do those who have the least control over their own work.", "(B)Feeling a lack of control over one's own work teods to put one under emotional stress that makes one more susceptible to nerve disorders.", "(C)The keyboards on which office workers type teod to put typists' arms and hands in positions that promote the development of carpal tunnel syndrome.", "(D)Among office workers who rarely use keyboards, the rate of carpal tunnel syndrome is much higher for those who feel that they lack control over their own work.", "(E)Office workers who have the most control over their own work tend to perform repetitive motions other than typing more often than do office workers with the least control over their own work."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, justifies the given application of the principle above?", "options": ["(A)Any employee of a telemarketing agency is likely to be able to detennine whether trying to talk someone into buying the product of a client of the agency after the person has said that he or she does not want to will likely engender nimosity toward the client.", "(B)Some employees oftelemarketing agencies are unlikely to be certain about whether trying to talk someone into buying the product of a client of the agency after the person has said that he or she does not want to will likely engenderanimosity toward the client.", "(C)Any employee of a telemarketing agency who tries to get someone to buy the product of a client of the agency after the person has said that he or she does not want to will engender animosity toward the client.", "(D)Some people that an employee of a telemarketing agency calls to ask them to buy the product of a client of the agency will refuse to do so even though they are not predisposed to dislike the client.", "(E)People who are already predisposed to dislike the client of a te1emarketiug agency are more likely to refuse to buy the product of that client than are people who are predisposed to like the client."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The conclusion of the argument follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)No celestial body can simultaneously be a moon and a planet.", "(B)Not all celestial bodies that have an atmosphere and orbit the sun are true planets.", "(C)If Pluto had not been ejected from its orbit around Neptune, Pluto would not have its current orbit around the sun and would still be a moon.", "(D)The size of a celestial body in orbit around the sun is not relevant to determining whether or not it is a true planet.", "(E)For a celestial body to be a true planet it must have formed in orbit around the sun exclusively."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most help to resolve the apparent conflict presented above?", "options": ["(A)Early humans had a significantly lower metabolic rate than anatomically modem humans,allowing them to expend their fat reserves more efficiently.", "(B)The brains of the earliest known humans were 30 percent smaller than the anatomically modem human brain.", "(C)Prehistoric savanna and woodland areas offered more reliable and abundant resources than they do today.", "(D)The techniques used to explore the archaeology of prehistoric shore sites have only recently been developed.", "(E)Gathering food in shore enviromnents required a significantly greater expenditure of calories by early humans than did gathering food in other environments."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The editors' dialogue provides the most support for the claim that they disagree with each other about whether", "options": ["(A)a photograph's composition should be related to a statement that it makes", "(B)a photograph that is not attractive can still be a good photograph", "(C)a photograph that makes no statement can still be attractive", "(D)attractiveness by itself can make a photograph a good photograph", "(E)attractive composition and prettiness are the same feature"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The conclusion of the university president's argument can be properly drawn ifwhich one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)The university will not maintain the quality of the education it provides ifit increases its enrollment.", "(B)The university will not need to reduce spending next year if it increases its enrollment.", "(C)The university will increase its enrollmentifit markets its programs more aggressively.", "(D)The university will not maintain the quality of the education it provides if it reduces spending next year.", "(E)The university will not need to reduce spending next year if it markets its programs more aggressively."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following statements logically follows from the information above?", "options": ["(A)Most of the city's residents will continue to recycle even if a sorting requirement is implemented.", "(B)If the city starts requiring residents to sort their recyclables, then all of the residents who continue to recycle will sort their recyclables.", "(C)Implementing the sorting requirement would not cause the city's annual cost of sending garbage to its landfill to exceed its current annual cost of sorting recyclables.", "(D)The amount of recyclables going to the city's landfill will increase if the sanitation department stays within its budget.", "(E)If the city implements the sorting requirement, the sanitation department will stay within its budget."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is a questionable reasoning technique employed in the argument?", "options": ["(A)appealing to evidence that tends to undermine rather than support the argument's conclusion", "(B)appealing to evidence that presupposes the truth of the argument's conclusion", "(C)inferting solely from an effeet produeed by an action that a purpose of the action is to produce that effect", "(D)inferting solely from the claim that the behavior of a meerut sentinel is not entirely selfish that this behavior is entirely altruistic", "(E)concluding that a claim is false on the grounds that insufficient evidence has been offi:red to support it"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Their dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Alex and Jolene disagree with each other over whether", "options": ["(A)most owners ofshrirnp farms eventually abandon their farms", "(B)shrimp farming often yields a quick, easy profit", "(C)shrimp farming hardly ever damages the environment", "(D)abandonment of a shrimp farm results in damage to the environment", "(E)some shrimp farmers are environmentally irrespousible"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The flawed reasoning in the argument above is most similar to the reasoning in which one of the following arguments?", "options": ["(A)No one who lives in a house both owns it and pays rent on it So, since my next-door neighbors pay rent on their house, it must be that they do not own it.", "(B)No one who lives in a house both owns it and pays rent on it. My next-door neighbors own their house. Therefore, it must be that they do not pay rent on it.", "(C)My neighbors have not paid any rent on their house. Since anyone who lives in a house but does not rent it owns it, it must be that they own it.", "(D)My next-door neighbors do not own their house. Since no one who lives in a house both O'WIlS it and pays rent on it, it must be that my next-door neighbors pay rent on their heuse.", "(E)Anyone who lives in a house but does not own it pays rent on it. My next-door neighbors do not own their house. Therefore, it must be that they pay rent on it."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The argument's reasoning is vulnerable to criticism because the argument overlooks the possibility that", "options": ["(A)the consumption of fther in many countries is rising appreciably", "(B)the risk of many types of cancer is reduced by high-fther diets", "(C)fther is difficult for many people to include in their diets", "(D)the fther in fruits and vegetables and the fther in cereals have cancer-fighting properties to different degrees", "(E)foods containing fther also contain other substances that, when consumed, tend to prevent colon cancer"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the anthropologist's argument?", "options": ["(A)Humans did not evolve from chimpanzees, but rather from some extinct species.", "(B)The assumption that something like human language must exist in some species from which humans evolved has no clearcut linguistic implications for chimpanzees.", "(C)The communicative systems of chimpanzees are cruder than human language.", "(D)Human language is a by-product of human intelligence, which chimpanzees lack.", "(E)The evolution of human language began after the disappearance of an extinct species from which both humans aod chimpanzees evolved."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the technician's statements?", "options": ["(A)The conditions under which laboratory mice are kept are not likely to change in the near future.", "(B)If laboratory mice were kept under better conditions, it would be appropriate to use them for research aimed at improving human health.", "(C)Research using laboratory mice that is aimed at improving human health is compromised by the conditions under which the mice are kept.", "(D)Those who conduct research aimed at improving human health will develop new research techniques.", "(E)Laboratory mice that are used for research that is not directly related to human health are not usually kept in small cages."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "In order to evaluate the argument above, it is necessary to determine whether", "options": ["(A)\"production cost\" in the definition of dumping refers to the cost of producing the product in the country where it originates or in the country where it is sold", "(B)there is agreement among experts about whether dumping is harmful to the economy of the country in which products are sold for less than production cost", "(C)shrimp producers from Country F charge more for shrimp that they sell within their own country than for shrimp that they sell in Country G", "(D)shrimp producers from Country F will eventually go out of business if they continue to sell shrimp in Country G for less than production cost", "(E)shrimp producers from Country F are selling shrimp in Country G for considerably less than production cost or just slightly less"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, does the most to resolve the apparent discrepancy described by the scientist?", "options": ["(A)Rock on the surface of Venus remains solid at much higher temperatures than does rock on Earth.", "(B)The surface of Venus is relatively thin, allowing internally produced heat to radiate into space.", "(C)The interior of Venus undergoes greater fluctuations in temperature than does that of Earth.", "(D)Though Venus lacks active volcanoes and heat-diffusing fissures, it has surface movement somewhat like that of Earth.", "(E)The atmosphere of Venus is significantly hotter than that of Earth."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the analogy used in the argument?", "options": ["(A)The profits that a company makes in a given year are, in part, returned to the owners of the company.", "(B)Managers who routinely donate a certain percentage of corporate profits to charity do so with the owners' tacit consent.", "(C)Company managers often donate part of their own income to charities or other philanthropic organizations.", "(D)Any charity that accepts corporate donations needs to be able to account for how that money is spent.", "(E)Charities often solicit contributions from companies as well as private individuals."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most justifies the above application of the principle?", "options": ["(A)Since there are relatively few snake charmers and they each capture relatively few snakes per year, snake charmers have a minimal effect on wild populations.", "(B)Many attempts to prosecute snake charmers under this law have failed because prosecutors lacked adequate knowledge of the procedures used to capture snakes.", "(C)Very few, if any, snake charmers are aware that there is a law that prohibits the capture of wild snakes.", "(D)Snake populations are much less threatened than the populations of several other species for which capture is legal.", "(E)Snake charmers capture wild snakes only because they believe they would be unable to earn a living otherwise."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the difference between the goals of movie executives and those of television executives?", "options": ["(A)More people are willing to see a film more than once than are willing to watch a television show more than once.", "(B)There is no analog in television to the large profits that owners of movie theaters make by selling refreshments to their customers.", "(C)The average cost of producing an hour of film is much greater than the average cost of producing an hour of television.", "(D)Television shows make their profits from sponsors, who are chiefly concerned with the purchasing power of the people who watch a television show.", "(E)Over half of the most popular television shows are shows that viewers do not have to pay to watch."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument", "options": ["(A)rejects an argument because of its source without evaluating the argument's logical strength", "(B)concludes that a claim is false merely on the grounds that it has not been shown to be true", "(C)draws an inference on the basis of a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative", "(D)fails to address the possibility that many people buy herbal teas containing ginseng because they enjoy drinking the tea", "(E)fails to address the possibility that some ingredients other than ginseng in the herbal teas containing ginseng counteract the effects of stress"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The scientists' conjectures, if true, provide the most support for which one of the following statements?", "options": ["(A)The microbes' activity will soon diminish as the organic molecules in exposed sediments are depleted.", "(B)Every organism that generates carbon dioxide reproduces more quickly at high temperatures.", "(C)If global warming occurs, it will be exacerbated by the activity of the microbes.", "(D)The microbes do not remove any element other than oxygen from the atmosphere.", "(E)A significant portion of the carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere was produced by the microbes."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in which one of the following arguments most closely resembles that in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Some studies have provided evidence that taking a vitamin E supplement every day reduces one's risk of heart attack. However, it has not been conclusively established that vitamin E supplements are safe for all people. So we should not recommend that everyone take vitamin E supplements every day.", "(B)Governments are within their rights to tax tobacco heavily and spend this tax revenue on education. If these taxes become too high, however, people might smoke less, thereby reducing the funding thus generated for education. So such taxes might eventually have to be supplemented by other sources of revenue.", "(C)A consumer is better off when limiting purchases to what he or she truly needs and saving or investing any remaining income. If everyone did this, however, the economy would be thrown into a severe recession, thereby making saving and investing impossible for most people. So we should not recommend this spending pattern to everyone.", "(D)If legislators spent less time campaigning, they would have more time to do the jobs for which they were elected. But if they did not spend so much time campaigning, they probably would not get reelected. So it is not surprising that legislators spend so much time campaigning.", "(E)If we restrict land development in wilderness areas, we help preserve many of the species that now inhabit these areas. But we also thereby reduce the proliferation of the admittedly smaller number of species, such as deer, that flourish in developed areas. So it is not always clear which areas should be designated as wilderness areas."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)Any particular individual will be allergic to some breeds of cat but not to others.", "(B)No cat is capable of causing an allergic reaction in all types of allergy sufferers.", "(C)Not all cats are identical with respect to the proteins contained in their skin secretions and saliva.", "(D)The allergic reactions of some people who are allergic to cats are more intense than the allergic reactions of other allergy sufferers.", "(E)There is no way to predict whether a given cat will produce an allergic reaction in a particular allergy sufferer."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes how the statement that most people are taught to be cautious interpreters of language functions in the cartographer's argument?", "options": ["(A)It is offered as an analogical case that helps to clarify the meaning of the argument's conclusion.", "(B)It is a conclusion drawn from the claim that education in the sophisticated use of maps is almost nonexistent.", "(C)It is part of a distinction drawn in order to support the argument's conclusion.", "(D)It is offered as support for the contention that maps have certain relevant similarities to language.", "(E)It is the conclusion drawn in the argument."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the journalist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds?", "options": ["(A)It fails to address adequately the possibility that the critique of the book called into question other claims made in the book in addition to the claim that the drug has dangerous side effects.", "(B)It takes for granted that anyone even remotely associated with a company that manufactures a drug is unable to fairly weigh evidence concerning possible dangerous side effects of that drug.", "(C)It overlooks the possibility that the author of the book was biased for personal reasons in favor of the claim that the drug has dangerous side effects.", "(D)It fails to address adequately the possibility that someone who has personal reasons to deny a claim may nonetheless provide legitimate grounds for denying that claim.", "(E)It overlooks the possibility that even if a critique does not provide legitimate grounds to reject a claim, this failure need not be the result of any personal biases of the author."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to justify the publisher's prediction?", "options": ["(A)The game can be purchased directly from the publisher as well as from retailers.", "(B)It takes several weeks for most players to complete the game.", "(C)The publisher's games are among the most popular computer games on the market.", "(D)Most people who complete the game do not play it extensively afterward.", "(E)Some people buy and complete the game and then give it away to a friend."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following would be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument?", "options": ["(A)whether cocker spaniels are more likely than dogs of other breeds to stray from their owners", "(B)whether there are more cocker spaniels registered to addresses in Flynn Heights than any other breed of dog", "(C)whether the city's animal control officers find more stray dogs in and around Flynn Heights than in any other part of the city", "(D)whether the number of pets owned, per capita, is greater for residents of Flynn Heights than for residents of any other neighborhood", "(E)whether residents of Flynn Heights are more likely to license their dogs than residents of other neighborhoods are"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?", "options": ["(A)For each photograph, the emotion that the subjects agreed was being expressed was the emotion that the person photographed was, in fact, feeling.", "(B)One's emotional disposition is not influenced by one's culture.", "(C)Some behaviors that are present in people from widely disparate cultures are nonetheless culturally influenced.", "(D)If there is a behavior common to people of widely disparate cultures, then there is probably a genetic predisposition to that behavior.", "(E)The people whose faces were depicted in the photographs were not all from the same culture."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the judge's reasoning?", "options": ["(A)Local codes and national codes must not overlap with each other.", "(B)Local codes may be less strict, but not more strict, than national codes.", "(C)Any behavior required by national codes is also required by local codes.", "(D)Ignorance of the difference between two codes is not an adequate excuse for noncompliance.", "(E)A behavior that is in compliance with one law is not necessarily in compliance with another."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the overall conclusion drawn in Brianna's argument?", "options": ["(A)It would have been better to buy a tree last summer rather than this summer.", "(B)The tree purchased this summer is struggling to survive this summer's drought.", "(C)If a tree had been purchased last summer, it would be better able to survive this summer's drought.", "(D)A tree purchased last summer would have established roots.", "(E)Trees with established roots can better withstand droughts."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "If the statements above are true, then which one of the following statements must be true?", "options": ["(A)Every party member at the convention is a delegate to the convention.", "(B)At least some speakers at the convention are neither delegates nor party members.", "(C)At least some speakers at the convention are delegates to the convention.", "(D)All speakers at the convention are government officials.", "(E)Every government official at the convention is a party member."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion argued for above?", "options": ["(A)The current focus of research into artificial intelligence will produce devices no more capable of displaying true intelligence than a person would be who lacked emotions and other noncognitive responses.", "(B)If the current focus of research into artificial intelligence is not radically changed, this research will not be able to produce machines capable of true intelligence.", "(C)Despite progress in creating machines of great computational sophistication, current research into artificial intelligence has failed to fulfill its objectives.", "(D)The capacity to express noncognitive responses such as emotion is at least as important for true intelligence as is computational sophistication.", "(E)If a machine is not capable of producing humanlike noncognitive responses, then it cannot be regarded as truly intelligent."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it", "options": ["(A)relies on a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative of the population with which the conclusion is concerned", "(B)takes for granted that parents do not enjoy the same sort of children's television shows that children themselves enjoy", "(C)takes for granted that the educational value of a television show should be the only consideration for a parent trying to decide whether a child should watch the show", "(D)fails to rule out the possibility that parents' ratings of the shows based on their own enjoyment coincide closely with the educational psychologists' views of the shows' educational values", "(E)takes for granted that educational psychologists are the only people who can judge the educational value of children's television shows with a high degree of accuracy"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Justine and Simon disagree with each other about which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)If the lawsuit against Pellman had gone to trial, it is likely that Pellman would have lost in court.", "(B)Pellman's corporate leaders were able to accurately estimate their chances of winning in court.", "(C)If Pellman's legal fees for going to trial would have been more costly than the settlement, then settling the lawsuit was the most cost-effective solution for the corporation.", "(D)If Pellman's corporate leaders had expected that the legal fees for going to trial would have been less costly than the settlement, they would have taken the lawsuit to trial.", "(E)If Pellman's corporate leaders had expected to win in court, then they would not have settled the lawsuit out of court for $1 million."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the astrologer's argument by the statement that scientific studies cannot be used to disprove a correlation between personality type and any other phenomenon?", "options": ["(A)It is a claim offered as support for a conclusion that is in turn offered as support for the overall conclusion drawn in the argument.", "(B)It is a conclusion for which support is offered and that in turn is offered as support for the overall conclusion drawn in the argument.", "(C)It is the overall conclusion drawn in the argument.", "(D)It summarizes a position that the argument as a whole is directed toward discrediting.", "(E)It provides a specific instance of the general principle that the argument as a whole is directed toward establishing."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if assumed, enables the conclusion of the ethicist's argument to be properly drawn?", "options": ["(A)People should not be regarded as subject to praise or blame for actions that were caused by conditions beyond their control.", "(B)Whether an act is one for which the person doing it is genuinely responsible is not determined by how much information others possess about that act.", "(C)We can be justified in praising or blaming a person for an action only when we regard that action as freely performed.", "(D)The responsibility a person bears for an action is not a matter of degree; however, our inclination to blame or praise whoever performed the action varies with the amount of information available.", "(E)If we do not know much about the events leading up to any given action, we will regard that action as freely performed."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["(A)overlooks the possibility that if crying has a tendency to reduce emotional stress, this tendency might arise because of something other than the shedding of tears", "(B)confuses a condition that is required for the production of a given phenomenon with a condition that in itself would be sufficient to cause the production of that phenomenon", "(C)fails to adequately address the possibility that, even if one phenomenon causally contributes to a second phenomenon, the second phenomenon may causally influence the first as well", "(D)fails to adequately distinguish between two distinct factors that are jointly responsible for causing a given phenomenon", "(E)takes for granted that because certain substances are present whenever a condition occurs, those substances are a cause of that condition"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following arguments?", "options": ["(A)If a tire's pressure is too low, the tire will wear out prematurely, and if a tire wears out prematurely, a likely cause is that the pressure was too low. So if a car owner checks the tire pressure regularly, the tires will not wear out prematurely.", "(B)If a tire's pressure is too low, the tire will wear out prematurely. But tire pressure will become too low only if the car owner neglects to check the pressure regularly. So a tire will wear out prematurely if the car owner neglects to check the pressure regularly.", "(C)Tires wear out prematurely if car owners neglect to check the tire pressure regularly. Unless car owners are unaware of this fact, they check the tire pressure regularly. So car owners need to be made aware of the consequences of neglecting to check the tire pressure.", "(D)If a tire's pressure is too low, the tire will wear out prematurely. But tire pressure will become too low if the car owner neglects to check the pressure regularly. Therefore, if the car owner neglects to check the pressure regularly, a tire will wear out prematurely.", "(E)If a tire's pressure is too low, the tire will wear out prematurely. But it will also wear out prematurely if it is often driven on gravel roads. Therefore, if a tire is often driven on gravel roads, keeping its pressure from becoming too low will not help it to last longer."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The technique Amar uses in responding to Sarah's argument is to", "options": ["(A)question whether Sarah's recommendation can be put into practice", "(B)point out that Sarah used a crucial term in two distinct senses", "(C)allude to a factor that supposedly strengthens the case for Sarah's recommendation", "(D)contend that Sarah's recommendation has an important negative consequence", "(E)maintain that Sarah overlooks important lessons from past policies"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the curator's reasoning?", "options": ["(A)The decision as to whether an artwork merits restoration or not should depend on its greatness as judged by aesthetic standards alone.", "(B)An artwork possesses aesthetic value only if there are people who observe and appreciate it.", "(C)It is acceptable to risk future damage to an artwork if the purpose is to enable it to be appreciated in its original form.", "(D)It is right to spend large amounts of money on the restoration of an old artwork if this restoration makes the artwork accessible to large numbers of people.", "(E)A picture that has become encrusted with grime over a long period can no longer be regarded as the same work of art as that painted by the artist."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)White-footed mice are very rarely found in unfragmented forests.", "(B)The population density for most species of small animals increases when a continuous area of forest becomes fragmented.", "(C)Forest fragmentation reduces the number and variety of animal species that an area can support.", "(D)Efforts to stop the fragmentation of forests can have a beneficial effect on human health.", "(E)Deer ticks reach their highest population densities in small forest patches"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it", "options": ["(A)overlooks the possibility that injuries sustained by bicyclists in accidents on roads with bicycle lanes are as serious, on average, as those sustained by bicyclists in accidents on roads without such lanes", "(B)fails to address the possibility that there are more bicyclists riding on roads with bicycle lanes than there are riding on roads without such lanes", "(C)takes for granted that any road alteration that enhances the safety of bicyclists also enhances the safety of motorists", "(D)concludes that adding bicycle lanes to roads will fail to enhance the safety of bicyclists on the grounds that only some roads that currently have such lanes are safe", "(E)takes statistical evidence that fails to support a conclusion concerning the safety of bicyclists as evidence that proves the opposite conclusion"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the statements above?", "options": ["(A)In the city with the worst air pollution today, the air quality is better than it was 30 years ago.", "(B)No city has worse air pollution today than it did 30 years ago.", "(C)Most of the public outcries against pollution came from people in the cities that had the most polluted air.", "(D)The most polluted cities today are not the cities that were the most polluted 30 years ago.", "(E)Public criticism led to an improvement in the air quality of the cities that had the most polluted air 30 years ago."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the editorialist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["(A)concludes that one party is not blameworthy merely because another party is blameworthy", "(B)attempts to promote a particular behavior simply by showing that many people engage in that behavior", "(C)attacks a position based solely on the character of the people who hold that position", "(D)tries to show that a position is false simply by pointing out an undesirable consequence of holding that position", "(E)treats a necessary condition for blameworthiness as though it were a sufficient condition for blameworthiness"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the doctors' recommendation to some cancer patients differs from the general recommendation regarding vitamin C?", "options": ["(A)Some kinds of cancer cells absorb large amounts of vitamin C, which interferes with the oxidation mechanism by which many cancer therapies kill cancer cells.", "(B)Vitamin C has not been shown to reduce people's risk of developing cancer, even at the very high dosage levels recommended by some doctors.", "(C)Cancer cells that are susceptible to certain types of cancer therapies are not likely to be affected by the presence of vitamin C.", "(D)The better the overall health of cancer patients while undergoing therapy, the more likely they are to experience a full recovery.", "(E)Certain side effects of cancer therapies that are detrimental to patients' overall health are not affected by vitamin C."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the researcher's argument?", "options": ["(A)Mechanical monitoring devices have not already been installed in areas where air pollution is a serious problem.", "(B)Copper particles are a component of air pollution in several locales.", "(C)Experiments have shown that lichens thrive in areas where air pollution is minimal.", "(D)Lichens can easily be grown in laboratories.", "(E)Lichens absorb all other significant air pollutants in a manner similar to their absorption of copper."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following statements most accurately expresses the main conclusion drawn in the argument?", "options": ["(A)Neither migratory birds nor humans have an innate homing sense.", "(B)There is as yet little reason to accept that birds have an innate homing sense.", "(C)Studies testing whether the accuracy of birds' migratory patterns is due to an innate homing sense are inconclusive.", "(D)The ability to use landmarks to find one's way home is probably not an innate ability in birds.", "(E)It is as false to claim that humans have an innate sense of direction as it is to claim that birds have an innate homing sense."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument?", "options": ["(A)Laundry detergents that are advertised as ecologically friendly contain much lower amounts of surfactants, on average, than do other laundry detergents.", "(B)There is no reason to suppose that most of the ingredients in laundry detergents not advertised as ecologically friendly harm the environment significantly.", "(C)Different kinds of laundry detergents contain different kinds of surfactants, which differ in the degree to which they could potentially harm aquatic life.", "(D)There is reason to suppose that ingredients in laundry detergents other than surfactants harm the environment more than surfactants do.", "(E)Laundry detergents advertised as environmentally friendly are typically less effective than other detergents, so that larger amounts must be used."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)Draining the lake would not cause the region's tourism economy to suffer.", "(B)Four years ago was the only time that poison was used against the pike in the lake.", "(C)The poison added to the lake four years ago was not successful in ridding the lake of the pike.", "(D)Four years ago, fishery officials did not consider any options other than using poison.", "(E)Salmon and trout populations in the Lake Davis area are essential to the region's economy."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion drawn in the argument?", "options": ["(A)Many people assume that personal conflicts are inevitable.", "(B)Even when there is more evidence of good qualities than of bad ones, people find it easier to ascribe bad qualities than good ones.", "(C)It is irrational to allow a single instance to turn one's suspicion that a friend is unreliable into a feeling of certainty.", "(D)Personal conflicts are not inevitable.", "(E)Unlike a suspicion that a friend is unreliable, a belief that someone is reliable is normally built up only after many years of personal interaction."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most clearly helps to justify the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Fresh ingredients should be used in cooking whenever possible.", "(B)Only the tastiest ingredients should ever be used in cooking.", "(C)Ingredients that should never be used in cooking are generally neither tasty nor healthful.", "(D)Parsley that is not both tasty and healthful should never be used in cooking.", "(E)In cooking, dried ingredients are inferior to fresh ingredients."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The statements above, if true, provide the most support for which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)During the 800-year period studied, seal hunting practices did not vary substantially between different groups of Native peoples in North America.", "(B)The body size of northern fur seals is not strongly correlated with the overall health of the seals.", "(C)Before the 800-year period studied, the average body size of northern fur seals fluctuated dramatically.", "(D)Native peoples in North America made an effort to limit their hunting of northern fur seals in order to prevent depletion of seal populations.", "(E)Hunting by Native peoples in North America did not significantly reduce the northern fur seal population over the 800-year period studied."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most help to resolve the apparent inconsistency in the mayor's claims about new recycling projects?", "options": ["(A)The vehicles that pick up materials for recycling create less pollution than would be caused by incinerating those materials.", "(B)The great costs of new recycling projects would prevent other pollution-reducing projects from being undertaken.", "(C)The mayor's city has nearly exhausted its landfill space and therefore must incinerate much of its garbage.", "(D)More recycling would give industries in the mayor's city a greater incentive to use recycled materials in their manufacturing processes.", "(E)People who recycle feel less justified in consuming more than they need than do people who do not recycle."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The conclusion drawn above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)Everyone suspects self-righteous people of being, in actuality, unethical.", "(B)Ellsworth has been accused of unethical business practices before.", "(C)Hypocrites often hide behind righteous indignation.", "(D)Ellsworth is in fact innocent of all wrongdoing.", "(E)Everyone expects self-righteous people to be easily offended."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the political scientist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["(A)presumes, without providing justification, that there is no cause of decreasing voter turnout other than the belief that few important problems can be solved by government action", "(B)presumes, without providing justification, that there are no political solutions to the most important problems", "(C)infers that important problems can be seriously addressed if people's attitudes do change from the premise that these problems cannot be addressed if people's attitudes do not change", "(D)undermines its claim that people no longer believe there are political solutions to important problems by suggesting that people are dissatisfied with politicians", "(E)presumes, without providing justification, that voter apathy prevents the attitudinal changes that result in finding solutions to important problems"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most help to support the iconoclastic geophysicist's claim?", "options": ["(A)Several asteroid strikes within a short period could produce both volcanic activity that warms the oceans and atmospheric debris that blocks sunlight, and such changes could cause mass extinctions.", "(B)If asteroids repeatedly pummel the same spots, the beating may affect the flow of molten rock inside the earth, which would affect the degree to which continents drift around the earth's surface.", "(C)The impact craters that form a halo-like swath across the Northern Hemisphere were the result of a single cluster of meteors striking the earth.", "(D)Lumpy masses within the earth cause gravitational interactions with approaching asteroids that force them into specific orbits before impact.", "(E)No similar pattern of impact craters was created during any other period of the earth's history."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The argument requires assuming which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)All Acme employees can afford housing within a 30-minute commute of Milltown.", "(B)The chairperson of Acme has good financial reasons for wanting to move the company to Ocean View.", "(C)None of Acme's employees except the chairperson are in favor of moving the company to Ocean View.", "(D)Currently, most Acme employees have a commute of less than 30 minutes.", "(E)Acme's move to Ocean View will not be accompanied by a significant pay raise for Acme employees."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most logically completes the editorial's argument?", "options": ["(A)in the educator's initial contact with a student, the educator should be as undemanding as possible", "(B)students who have a secure grasp of the fundamentals of a subject are likely to make progress in that subject", "(C)educators who are not achieving the goals they intended should revise their teaching methods", "(D)teaching new students is rewarding but much more difficult than teaching more advanced students", "(E)the success of a student's overall educational experience depends above all upon that student's initial educational experience"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The scientist's argument proceeds by", "options": ["(A)reasoning that because an event has not occurred, that event has a low probability of occurring", "(B)drawing a conclusion that implicitly contradicts one of the premises that the argument accepts", "(C)taking for granted that dependable predictions about the future cannot ever be made simply on the basis of the present facts", "(D)inferring that since an event that is taken to be likely on a given hypothesis has not occurred, the hypothesis is probably false", "(E)making a prediction far into the future based on established human tendencies"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The argument is flawed in that it", "options": ["(A)takes for granted that the speech could not be inappropriate if it was not inflammatory", "(B)fails to adequately address the possibility that inflammatory speeches may be appropriate for some audiences", "(C)favors the university president's side in a dispute simply because of the president's privileged standing", "(D)concludes that Riley's claim is false merely on the grounds that Riley has something to gain if the claim is accepted as true", "(E)fails to adequately address the possibility that Riley's animosity toward the university president is well founded"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to that used by the radio producer?", "options": ["(A)We should either buy blinds for the windows or make full-length curtains. Blinds would be very expensive to purchase. Thus, if cost is our greatest concern, we should make curtains.", "(B)We should either make curtains for the windows or buy blinds. Since the windows are not standard sizes, if we buy blinds we will have to special order them. Since we do not have time to wait for special orders, we should make the curtains.", "(C)For the living room windows, we can make curtains or valances or both. We want to have privacy; and while curtains provide privacy, valances do not. So we should make curtains but not valances.", "(D)Since we have very little fabric, we will have to either buy more, or make valances instead of curtains. However, if we use this fabric to make valances, then we will have to buy blinds. Since it would be hard to buy fabric that matches what we already have, we should buy blinds.", "(E)We should either buy blinds or make curtains for the windows. If we buy blinds but do not make valances, the windows will look bare. We should not have bare windows. So if we do not make the curtains, we should make the valances."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The art historian's argument depends on assuming which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)The type of canvas and other materials that Cassatt used in most of her work were readily available to others.", "(B)None of Cassatt's works is painted using a brush style that is not exhibited in any of her known works.", "(C)Cassatt's work generally had a characteristic subject matter that distinguished it from the work of other painters of her era.", "(D)The most characteristic feature of Cassatt's work is her brush style.", "(E)No painter other than Cassatt would be able to match Cassatt's brush style perfectly."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The flawed nature of the argument above can most effectively be demonstrated by noting that, by parallel reasoning, we could conclude that", "options": ["(A)every fish has fur since no cat lacks fur and no cat is a fish", "(B)some cats lack fur since every dog has fur and no cat is a dog", "(C)no dog has fur since every cat has fur and no cat is a dog", "(D)every cat is a fish since no cat is a dog and no dog is a fish", "(E)no fish is a dog since every dog is a mammal and no fish is a mammal"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "On the basis of their statements, it can be inferred that Alissa and Greta disagree on which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)whether the city will need to cease funding local children's television programming if it continues funding the children's museum", "(B)whether the mayor has spoken truthfully about what will need to happen if the city does not cease funding local children's television programming", "(C)whether the city should cease funding local children's television programming if continuing to fund it would mean that the city would have to cease funding the children's museum", "(D)whether local children's television programming provides a beneficial educational experience to a greater number of children in the city than does the children's museum", "(E)whether the children's museum provides a rich educational experience for those children who visit it"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The conclusion of the argument is properly drawn if which one of the following completes the passage?", "options": ["(A)the editors of the Messenger believe that giving an interviewee the right to approve an article before publication would compromise their editorial integrity", "(B)the Messenger has never before given an interviewee the right to approve an article before publication", "(C)most television stars are willing to grant interviews with the Messenger even if they are not given the right to approve the articles before publication", "(D)Hermann usually requests substantial changes to interview articles before approving them", "(E)Hermann believes that the Messenger frequently edits interviews in ways that result in unflattering portrayals of the interviewees"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The columnist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it", "options": ["(A)bases its conclusion on claims that are inconsistent with each other", "(B)takes for granted that any presentation that is not ineffective is a good presentation", "(C)bases an endorsement of a product entirely on that product's popularity", "(D)fails to consider that a tool might not effectively perform its intended function", "(E)rejects a claim because of its source rather than its content"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument in the editorial?", "options": ["(A)The Cape Simmons Nature Preserve is one of the few areas of pristine wilderness in the region.", "(B)The companies drilling for oil at Alphin Bay never claimed that drilling there would not cause any environmental damage.", "(C)The editorialist believes that oil drilling should not be allowed in a nature preserve unless it would cause no environmental damage.", "(D)There have been no significant changes in oil drilling methods in the last five years.", "(E)Oil drilling is only one of several industrial activities that takes place at Alphin Bay."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "James's and Margaret's statements provide the most support for the claim that they disagree over the truth of which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)A primary goal of any university is to serve the educational needs of its community.", "(B)Most universities adequately serve the educational needs of the communities in which they are located.", "(C)The main reason people have for attending a university is to prepare themselves for a career.", "(D)In a typical community, the primary educational need is to prepare community residents for careers.", "(E)The main reason people have for attending a university is the same as the main reason people have for attending a community college."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most help to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above?", "options": ["(A)Some of the people who are most efficient in the workplace are not among the most organized.", "(B)Most people whose organizational skills in the workplace are below average do not take seminars for building organizational skills in the workplace.", "(C)Most seminars for building organizational skills in the workplace are designed for people who have been selected for management training.", "(D)Most people who have taken a seminar for building organizational skills in the workplace have below-average organizational skills before they enroll in the seminar.", "(E)Most people who have taken a seminar for building organizational skills in the workplace consequently expend a great amount of time organizing their activities."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The principle, if valid, most helps to justify which one of the following judgments concerning the problem?", "options": ["(A)If a customer believed that the expiration date had passed but applied for the rebate anyway, the Thimble Corporation is not obligated to give a rebate to that customer.", "(B)Because some customers who knew that they were eligible for the rebate chose not to apply for it, the Thimble Corporation is not solely responsible for creating the unfair situation.", "(C)If there is a chance that any customers did not apply for the rebate because of an incorrect expiration date on their rebate coupon, the Thimble Corporation is obligated to try to identify them and offer them the rebate.", "(D)Because it cannot identify all of the customers who were adversely affected by the incorrect expiration date, the Thimble Corporation should deny the rebate to all of the customers who applied for it.", "(E)If a customer did not rely on an incorrect expiration date when applying for the rebate but was denied the rebate for any other reason, the Thimble Corporation is not obligated to offer that customer the rebate."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The conclusion of the argument can be properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)There is no way to know what made Shakespeare different from his contemporaries.", "(B)The life of the average man in Elizabethan England is uninteresting.", "(C)Shakespeare was very different from the other men of his time.", "(D)A biography should always focus on what makes its subject distinctive.", "(E)What is most interesting about Shakespeare is what made him different from his contemporaries."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true?", "options": ["(A)Cream that has been whipped ineffectively generally becomes a thick, velvety substance rather than fluffy whipped cream.", "(B)The use of a special whipping-cream attachment in a blender does not suffice to whip cream completely effectively.", "(C)When attempting to whip cream in a blender, using a special whipping-cream attachment always produces a fluffier result than could be obtained without using such an attachment.", "(D)The use of a special whipping-cream attachment in a blender can reduce the total amount of air required to whip cream effectively in that blender.", "(E)The use of a blender, with or without any special attachments, is not the most common way to attempt to produce whipped cream."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the astronomer's argument is flawed because the argument", "options": ["(A)concludes, simply because there is no evidence in favor of a hypothesis, that there is evidence against that hypothesis", "(B)fails to justify its claim that the view being criticized is inherently implausible", "(C)reasons that a hypothesis is false simply because there is another hypothesis that is equally likely to be true", "(D)attempts to derive a conclusion from premises that contradict it", "(E)grants the truth of claims that are made by the advocates of the hypothesis but that do nothing to"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following demonstrates most effectively by parallel reasoning that the argument in the advertisement is flawed?", "options": ["(A)Similarly, you could conclude that you can expect to win the lottery if you carry a good-luck charm. After all, Annie, Francisco, and Sean carry good-luck charms, and these three people are lottery winners.", "(B)Similarly, you could conclude that Jesse should not expect to get food poisoning. After all, Jesse, Doris, and Christine all attended the company picnic, and only Christine has gotten food poisoning as a result.", "(C)Similarly, you could conclude that Eric, Diane, and Martin are the only employees who will be laid off. After all, any employee hired within the last year can expect to be laid off, and these three employees are the only ones who were hired within the last year.", "(D)Similarly, you could conclude that Ken, Norma, and Mary routinely drive faster than the speed limit. After all, if you routinely exceed the speed limit, you can expect to get a speeding ticket eventually, and these three people have gotten speeding tickets.", "(E)Similarly, you could conclude that Jack, Stephen, and Tina can expect to get jobs after they complete their university education. After all, these three people attend Perry University, and most people who graduated from Perry last year found jobs."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following considerations is LEAST relevant in evaluating the degree of practicability of the hope expressed by the activist above?", "options": ["(A)whether the current methods of disposing of sewage sludge by dumping do environmental damage", "(B)whether the processes that are used to turn sewage into clean water and sewage sludge have been improved in recent decades", "(C)whether the cost of producing and using oil from sewage sludge would be economically sustainable", "(D)whether the burning of oil from sewage sludge would, in contrast to nuclear power production, produce gases that would have a harmful warming effect on climate worldwide", "(E)whether waste products that would be produced in deriving oil from sewage sludge and burning it would be as dangerous as those produced by the mining and use of nuclear fuel"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain why trees of the rarest species tend to survive longer than trees of the most common species?", "options": ["(A)The species of trees that is most common in a forest thrives there because it is best suited to the local climate.", "(B)Older trees tend to reproduce the least.", "(C)The study tracked preexisting tree species but did not introduce any new species to the tropical forests.", "(D)The survival of the trees of the rarer species enables tropical forests to recover more easily from moderate destruction.", "(E)The trees of the common species have more competition for the resources they need than do the trees of the rare species."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The argument relies on which one of the following assumptions?", "options": ["(A)Most viewers who tune in to the first episode of the program will do so because of the network's advertisement for the program.", "(B)The advertisement that the program's producers favored would not have grossly misrepresented what the program would be like.", "(C)Most people who tune in to the first episode of the program and become loyal viewers will not have tuned in to the first episode as a result of the network's advertisement for the program.", "(D)If the advertisement that the program's producers favored were used instead of the network's advertisement, almost all of the viewers who tuned in to the first episode would tune in to subsequent episodes as well.", "(E)Most people who become loyal viewers of a program do not miss the program's first episode."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The situation described above conforms most closely to which one of the following principles?", "options": ["(A)Artists who speak out on political matters will have influence only among their most dedicated fans.", "(B)A political statement from an artist should be considered only if the artist has established a reputation for being an honest and knowledgeable observer of politics.", "(C)Artists should limit their public political statements to issues that are somehow related to the arts.", "(D)Someone who hears testimony that contradicts a long-standing opinion will generally entertain doubts about the source of the testimony rather than the correctness of the opinion.", "(E)People are far less likely to renounce an allegiance that they have had for many years than to renounce an allegiance that is new to them."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the advertisement is most vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds?", "options": ["(A)It overlooks the possibility that a generalization true of the entire group of volunteers was not true of each of the five smaller groups.", "(B)It takes for granted that most of the volunteers would buy Sparkle Cola rather than one of the other colas tasted, at least in situations where Sparkle Cola is not much more expensive.", "(C)It overlooks the possibility that some cola not tested in the study would have elicited a more favorable response than Sparkle Cola.", "(D)It overlooks the possibility that many people may prefer Sparkle Cola to competing colas for reasons such as the packaging or price of Sparkle Cola, rather than its taste.", "(E)It is based on a study that does not elicit consumers' responses to any beverages other than colas."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the reasoning above?", "options": ["(A)Many people overestimate the dangers that the world poses to them, regardless of the amount of television they watch.", "(B)A person is less likely to live in an area that is prone to natural disasters if that person watches an above-average amount of television than if that person watches a below-average amount of television.", "(C)People who watch a below-average amount of television tend to have a fairly accurate idea of the likelihood that they will be victims of a natural disaster.", "(D)People who are well informed about the risks posed by natural disasters tend to have become well informed in some way other than by watching television.", "(E)A person is more likely to watch an above-average amount of television if that person lives in an area that is prone to natural disasters than if that person lives in an area that is not."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the meteorologist's argument by the claim that, in general, as water vapor in larger clouds condenses, heavier downpours are more likely to result?", "options": ["(A)It is the only conclusion in the argument.", "(B)It is the conclusion of the argument as a whole but is not the only explicitly stated conclusion in the argument.", "(C)It is a statement that the argument is intended to support but is not the conclusion of the argument as a whole.", "(D)It is used to support the only conclusion in the argument.", "(E)It provides a causal explanation of the phenomenon described by the conclusion of the argument as a whole, but it is not intended to provide support for that conclusion."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the argument?", "options": ["(A)Anthropologists tend to overestimate the value of field studies.", "(B)In a field study, the researcher lives within the community being studied.", "(C)Field studies have been a central feature of anthropological research for a long time.", "(D)Most anthropologists know that when they live within a community being studied, the community is affected at least somewhat.", "(E)Most anthropologists underestimate how much of an effect the researcher's presence has on a community being studied."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to the reasoning in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)A leading science journal has concluded that data provided by the manufacturer of a certain controversial new medication are accurate. The journal is generally reliable on such matters. Thus, the medication is probably safe, for if the company's data are accurate, the medication must be safe.", "(B)The data from the manufacturer of a controversial new medication prove that the medication is safe, because a leading science journal has concluded that the medication is safe, and it would not have done so had the manufacturer's data not proven that the medication is safe.", "(C)A leading science journal states that a certain controversial new medication is safe if the data provided by the company that developed the drug are accurate. Thus, the medication is probably safe, for the science journal is rarely wrong about such matters, and the company's data are accurate.", "(D)A leading science journal states that the data provided by the manufacturer of a controversial new medication are probably accurate and that if they are accurate, the medication is safe. Thus, the manufacturer's data are probably accurate, for the science journal is fairly reliable on such matters.", "(E)The data from the manufacturer of a controversial new medication are probably accurate, because a leading science journal has published the data and has concluded that the data are probably accurate. Moreover, the journal is fairly reliable on such matters."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The argument in the advertisement is most vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds?", "options": ["(A)It overlooks the possibility that at least some of the new Popelka Auto Insurance policyholders surveyed reported that they saved little or no money when they switched their auto insurance coverage to Popelka.", "(B)It takes for granted that the new Popelka Auto Insurance policyholders pay no less for their auto insurance, on average, than do people who have held Popelka Auto Insurance policies for a longer period of time.", "(C)It fails to address adequately the possibility that switching to another insurance company would enable many auto insurance policyholders to save even more money than they would save by switching to Popelka.", "(D)It takes for granted that few if any of the Popelka Auto Insurance policyholders surveyed underestimated how much they saved when they switched their auto insurance coverage to Popelka.", "(E)It fails to address adequately the possibility that people capable of saving hundreds of dollars by switching their auto insurance coverage to Popelka are disproportionately represented among the new Popelka auto insurance policyholders."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument in the consumer magazine?", "options": ["(A)All top-loading washing machines use the same amount of water.", "(B)A laundry detergent formulated especially for front-loading washers dissolves more readily in them than it does in top-loading washers.", "(C)A washing machine gets clothes really clean only with a laundry detergent specially formulated for that machine.", "(D)A laundry detergent does not get clothes really clean in a washer unless it dissolves readily in it.", "(E)Washers that use more water get clothes cleaner than those that use less."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "If the survey results are accurate, which one of the following must be true?", "options": ["(A)Physicians who do not accept gifts from drug companies are less likely to prescribe unnecessary drugs than those who do accept such gifts.", "(B)Most physicians believe that drug companies should adopt new guidelines that regulate their practices in sending gifts to physicians.", "(C)Some physicians are mistaken either about the degree to which they are influenced by gifts from drug companies or about the degree to which such gifts influence other physicians.", "(D)Some physicians who admit that their own choices when prescribing drugs are influenced by drug companies' gifts believe that other physicians' prescription choices are influenced to a greater degree by such gifts.", "(E)All physicians who admit that their own choices when prescribing drugs are influenced by drug companies' gifts believe that most other physicians' prescription choices are also influenced by such gifts."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the columnist's reasoning?", "options": ["(A)In a well-functioning democracy, any bill that would benefit most people will be passed into law within a few years if it does not violate anyone's basic human rights.", "(B)If a democracy is well functioning, then any bill that is opposed by influential people but favored by most other people will eventually pass into law.", "(C)In a well-functioning democracy, a bill that is favored by most people will become law within a few years only if those who oppose it are not very influential.", "(D)Any bill passed into law in a well-functioning democracy will be favored by most people and be consistent with individuals' basic human rights.", "(E)A bill that most people favor will be passed promptly into law in a well-functioning democracy if the bill does not violate anyone's basic human rights."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the statements above?", "options": ["(A)There is no single fertilizer that provides both the macronutrients and micronutrients necessary for maintaining soil's long-term health.", "(B)The macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are available to homeowners only in commercial fertilizers.", "(C)Widely available commercial fertilizers are not alone sufficient to maintain a healthy balance of nutrients in soil for lawns where grass clippings are not allowed to decay and return to the soil.", "(D)For soil to remain healthy in the long term, it requires the regular addition of both commercial fertilizers and a source of micronutrients such as grass clippings that are allowed to decay and return to the soil.", "(E)Homeowners who rake up their grass clippings are unable to maintain the long-term health of the soil in their lawns and gardens."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, argues most strongly for the inclusion of the antidilution provision of the law?", "options": ["(A)If improperly incinerated, waste products containing undiluted concentrations of XTX can release into the environment a gaseous form of the chemical that is more than twice as toxic as XTX is in its usual liquid state.", "(B)If present in the environment in sufficient quantities, the diluted XTX is as harmful as the more concentrated XTX.", "(C)When XTX is exposed to sunlight and oxygen, it eventually breaks down into a number of components that individually and collectively carry no risk of environmental harm.", "(D)Most owners of dumps for hazardous waste are willing to accept XTX for disposal in their facilities only in concentrations below 800 parts per million.", "(E)To manufacturers, the cost of diluting and disposing of waste products containing XTX is approximately the same as the cost of destroying these products by incineration."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument?", "options": ["(A)The more severe the penalty for an infraction is, the more certain one must be of the guilt of a party before being justified in imposing the penalty on that party.", "(B)Penalties for crimes should be severe enough to deter people from committing them, but not so severe as to undermine one's willingness to impose them.", "(C)The severity of the penalty imposed for an infraction should be proportional to the harm caused by that infraction.", "(D)The more severe the penalty for an offense is, the less likely it is that someone will come forward and admit responsibility for the offense.", "(E)The severity of the penalty for an offense should not be so great that one can never be sufficiently certain of guilt to justify punishment for that offense."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)Nursing-home residents are more subject to depression than any other individuals.", "(B)The best method for helping a nursing-home resident to overcome depression is to provide access to a pet.", "(C)High rates of depression among nursing-home residents may result at least in part from a lack of companionship.", "(D)Animal companionship is essential for psychological well-being.", "(E)Allowing free access to pets in nursing homes would eliminate problems relating to depression."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the argument?", "options": ["(A)It takes for granted that nothing but humor can attract a person's attention and hold it long enough for a message to be conveyed.", "(B)It confuses attracting a person's attention with holding a person's attention long enough for a message to be conveyed.", "(C)It treats a necessary condition for an advertisement's being effective as if it were a sufficient condition.", "(D)It uses two senses of the term \"effective\" without differentiating them.", "(E)It takes for granted that an advertisement's only purpose is to convey its message."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the physician's argument?", "options": ["(A)For the most part, stories of people developing serious health problems shortly after receiving vaccinations involve vaccines that were recently introduced.", "(B)Some of the illnesses that vaccines are designed to prevent have become so rare that even if people are not vaccinated, they are unlikely to contract those illnesses.", "(C)People are no more likely, on average, to develop serious health problems shortly after receiving vaccinations than shortly before receiving vaccinations.", "(D)The health problems that some people have developed shortly after receiving vaccinations have been more serious than the health problems that the vaccines were intended to prevent.", "(E)In a few cases in which people developed serious health problems shortly after taking other medications, these problems were initially attributed to coincidence but were later determined to be due to the medications."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Sharita's and Chad's statements provide the most support for the claim that they agree about which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)It is usually wrong to feed stray cats.", "(B)There are more stray cats than there should be.", "(C)Stray cats are a problem because of the risk they pose to humans.", "(D)Stray cats spread diseases to other cats.", "(E)It is mainly out of kindness that people feed stray cats."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the detective's argument?", "options": ["(A)The majority of people who commit embezzlement or bribery do so repeatedly.", "(B)People who commit embezzlement or bribery tend to be people who feel confident.", "(C)Embezzlement and bribery are more likely to be solved than are many other types of crimes.", "(D)People who repeatedly commit embezzlement or bribery become more and more careless the longer they avoid detection.", "(E)No one who commits embezzlement or bribery is ever caught the first time."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following would, if true, most contribute to an explanation of the phenomenon described above?", "options": ["(A)Farmers engaged in very large-scale cattle production generally try to reduce the labor costs involved in the production and sale of beef.", "(B)The wholesale price per pound of beef is approximately ten times the wholesale price per pound of bread.", "(C)The labor and marketing costs in producing and selling bread represent most of its cost, but the cost of feeding cattle represents most of the cost of producing beef.", "(D)Only an insignificantly small proportion of the beef sold in retail markets is produced from cattle fed on grass rather than grain.", "(E)The vast majority of retail grocery outlets purchase the bread they sell from small independent bakers but purchase the meat they sell from large wholesale processing operations."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is a technique of reasoning used in Kathy's response to Mark?", "options": ["(A)using a product's overall record of safety as evidence that the product is not linked to a particular health problem", "(B)attempting to discredit an argument by comparing it to another obviously flawed argument that is logically parallel", "(C)arguing against a conclusion by raising questions about the validity of scientific studies cited in support of that conclusion", "(D)attempting to undermine an argument by showing that it is incompatible with a fundamental principle of medicine", "(E)challenging an argument from analogy by focusing on a dissimilarity between the things being compared"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the CEO's argument is flawed in that it", "options": ["(A)takes for granted that production methods that do not produce pollution cannot be developed", "(B)fails to take into account the possibility that different causes can have similar effects", "(C)generalizes too hastily from the inapplicability of a specific criticism to the inapplicability of a class of criticisms", "(D)takes for granted that because the company has attempted to reduce the amount of pollution produced, they must have succeeded", "(E)ignores the possibility that there are currently production methods that would allow the corporation to produce less pollution than it does now"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The argument requires the assumption that", "options": ["(A)painful conditions will interfere with a person's ability to address problems quickly and directly", "(B)refusing to think about something troubling contributes to a person's level of stress", "(C)people who have highly stressful lives tend to address problems quickly and directly", "(D)people who tend to address problems quickly and directly will invariably seek dental care at the first sign of problems", "(E)the reason some people refuse to think about problems is that they find addressing problems to be stressful"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The class's reasoning is flawed in that the class", "options": ["(A)generalized too readily from the fruits it tested to fruits it did not test", "(B)ignored the effects of other factors such as humidity and sunlight on the rate of spoilage", "(C)too readily extrapolated from a narrow range of temperatures to the entire range of temperatures", "(D)assumed without proof that its thermometer was reliable", "(E)neglected to offer any explanation for the results it discovered"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Population growth trends are notoriously hard to predict with reasonable accuracy.", "(B)The amount of fresh water available to meet the needs of Earth's population varies significantly from region to region.", "(C)Not all of Earth's population will adopt water conservation methods in the near future.", "(D)If Earth's population continues to increase, it will eventually outstrip all available resources.", "(E)The percentage of fresh water used for agriculture is likely to grow more quickly than is the percentage used for industry."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent paradox in the consultant's statements?", "options": ["(A)Most companies still try to improve productivity mainly through greater standardization and centralization of decision making.", "(B)Increased productivity is not the only benefit of giving individual employees greater control over their work; job satisfaction increases as well.", "(C)Most of the increases in industrial productivity that have occurred in recent years have been due to the introduction of advanced technology like industrial robots.", "(D)The innovations of the Industrial Revolution are only now being applied in those companies in which individual employees have traditionally been entirely in control of how they do their work.", "(E)Increases in productivity in highly productive companies depend on management's broad application of innovative ideas solicited from individual employees about their work."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "If the professor's statements are true, which one of the following must also be true?", "options": ["(A)An important function of poetry is to give meaning and direction to the lives of those who hear or read it.", "(B)Epic poems accomplish their most important function by presenting heroic figures as role models.", "(C)When values are represented in poetry, they are rarely if ever set forth explicitly.", "(D)For many groups of people, heroic figures serve as role models embodying the values by which those people are to live.", "(E)Only epic poetry presents heroic figures as role models that, if imitated, give meaning and direction to the lives of those who hear it."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to support the argument in the letter to the editor?", "options": ["(A)Money stolen from a burglar should be given to that burglar's victims.", "(B)Burglars are obligated to provide compensation to the same individuals they victimized.", "(C)The motive prompting an action determines whether or not that action is justified.", "(D)A crime is justified only if it is a means of compensating people who deserve compensation.", "(E)Stealing is never justified even if it benefits someone who has been a burglary victim."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the overall conclusion drawn in the argument?", "options": ["(A)Only those people with Barrett's esophagus can suffer an increased risk of developing cancer from heartburn.", "(B)An increase in the risk of esophageal cancer arises from cells similar to those in the stomach's lining developing in the lower esophagus.", "(C)Unrelieved heartburn is not likely to cause esophageal cancer.", "(D)Some heartburn-medication advertisements imply that unrelieved heartburn is likely to cause esophageal cancer.", "(E)The dangers touted by heartburn-medication advertisements will affect relatively few of the people who see those advertisements."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its reasoning to the argument above?", "options": ["(A)We can be confident that the temperature will drop abruptly on at least one day this week, for there is a chance of storms most days this week; whenever there are storms, the temperature drops suddenly.", "(B)We can be positive that there are at least a few disturbing sonnets, given that Melinda has written several different kinds of sonnets; everything Melinda writes is disturbing.", "(C)We can be sure that Gianna will get at least some good mechanical work done to her car, because she can have her car worked on at any of several shops in the city, and every shop is capable of doing good mechanical work.", "(D)We can be positive that at least some minnows are healthy, because many different species of minnow can be found in lakes nearby, and every lake nearby is teeming with healthy fish.", "(E)We can be confident that the cornmeal used at Matteo's Trattoria is healthful and organic, since cornmeal is among the ingredients used in preparing meals there; whenever a meal is prepared at Matteo's Trattoria, only healthful, organic ingredients are used."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following statements is most supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)Implementing flexible schedules would be an effective means of increasing the job satisfaction and efficiency of managers who do not already have scheduling autonomy.", "(B)Flexible-schedule policies should be expected to improve the morale of some individual employees but not the overall morale of a company's workforce.", "(C)Flexible schedules should be expected to substantially improve a company's productivity and employee satisfaction in the long run.", "(D)There is little correlation between managers' job satisfaction and their ability to set their own work schedules.", "(E)The typical benefits of flexible-schedule policies cannot be reliably inferred from observations of the effects of such policies on managers."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?", "options": ["(A)Most people who voted in the election that Lopez won did not watch the debate.", "(B)Most people in the live audience watching the debate who were surveyed immediately afterward said that they thought that Tanner was more persuasive in the debate than was Lopez.", "(C)The people who watched the televised debate were more likely to vote for Tanner than were the people who did not watch the debate.", "(D)Most of the viewers surveyed immediately prior to the debate said that they would probably vote for Tanner.", "(E)Lopez won the election over Tanner by a very narrow margin."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?", "options": ["(A)The origin of a food prohibition must be explained with reference to the understanding that the people who adopted and enforced the prohibition had.", "(B)The social, economic, and medical problems of a society may lead to the adoption of contradictory food prohibitions.", "(C)The social importance of the origin of a food prohibition is independent of the nutritional value of the food prohibited.", "(D)The original purpose of a food prohibition is often forgotten a few generations after the prohibition is introduced.", "(E)The people who originally adopted and enforced food prohibitions in ancient cultures generally had a nontechnical understanding of the medical functions of those prohibitions."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the editor's statements?", "options": ["(A)Most unrequested manuscripts that the publishing house receives are not given serious attention.", "(B)Most of the books that the publishing house publishes that are not by renowned authors are books of fiction.", "(C)If a manuscript has received careful attention at the publishing house, then it is either a work of fiction or the work of a renowned figure.", "(D)The publishing house is less likely to give careful consideration to a manuscript that was submitted directly by a writer than one that was submitted by a writer's literary agent.", "(E)Any unrequested manuscripts not submitted by literary agents that the publishing house has published were written by renowned figures."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)If most of the dairies in the central valley meet federal standards for the disposal of natural wastes, it is unlikely that most of the district's drinking water will become polluted.", "(B)To keep all the drinking water in the district clean requires more dairy inspectors to monitor the dairies' disposal of natural wastes.", "(C)All of the district's drinking water is likely to become polluted only if all of the large dairies in the central valley do not meet federal standards for the disposal of natural wastes.", "(D)Most of the district's drinking water is likely to become polluted if most of the large dairies in the central valley do not meet federal standards for the disposal of natural wastes.", "(E)If none of the large dairies in the central valley meets federal standards for the disposal of natural wastes, most of the district's drinking water is likely to become polluted."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The flawed nature of the company president's argument can most effectively be demonstrated by noting that, by parallel reasoning, we could conclude that", "options": ["(A)the president of Corbin Corporation has an office that is not in Corbin's headquarters building, since almost all of the offices in Corbin's headquarters building are small, whereas Corbin's president has a large office", "(B)Donna has at least ten years of experience as a computer programmer, since almost every programmer who works for Coderight Software has at least ten years experience, and Donna will probably be hired as a programmer by Coderight", "(C)almost all of Acme's employees oppose the pending merger with Barrington Corporation, since almost all of Acme's employees are factory workers, and almost all of the factory workers at Acme oppose the merger", "(D)Robinson will probably be appointed as president of Sifton University, since almost every one of Sifton's previous presidents had a Ph.D., and Robinson has a Ph.D.", "(E)the novel Safekeeping will probably earn a profit"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the biologist's argument by the claim that the fossilized bacteria discovered in rocks 3.5 billion years old must have had a long evolutionary history?", "options": ["(A)It is a claim for which no support is provided in the argument, and that is used to illustrate the conclusion of the argument as a whole.", "(B)It is a claim for which no support is provided in the argument, and that is used to support a claim that in turn lends support to the conclusion of the argument as a whole.", "(C)It is a claim for which some support is provided in the argument, and that itself is used to support another claim that in turn lends support to the conclusion of the argument as a whole.", "(D)It is a claim for which some support is provided in the argument, and that itself is not used to support any other claim in the argument.", "(E)It is a claim for which some support is provided in the argument, and that itself is used to support two distinct conclusions, neither of which is intended to provide support for the other."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the reasoning described above?", "options": ["(A)If the stars do not revolve around Earth, it is possible for at least some stars to be more than a few million miles from Earth.", "(B)All stars move at exactly the same speed when they are revolving around Earth.", "(C)Earth does not remain motionless while the stars revolve around it.", "(D)Stars do not move at tremendously great speeds.", "(E)A star that is more than a million miles from Earth could reappear in roughly the same position each night."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The argument proceeds by", "options": ["(A)using a claim about what most people appreciate to support an aesthetic principle", "(B)appealing to an aesthetic principle to defend the tastes that people have", "(C)explaining a historical fact in terms of the artistic preferences of people", "(D)appealing to a historical fact to support a claim about people's artistic preferences", "(E)considering historical context to defend the artistic preferences of people"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most logically completes the argument above?", "options": ["(A)it will lead them to develop a taste for candy and sweets", "(B)too many children may become frustrated by their difficulty and stop reading altogether", "(C)their doing so interferes with the development of appreciation for more challenging literature", "(D)their message may undermine the positive teaching done by parents", "(E)children may become so enthralled with books that they will want to spend all their time reading"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, adds the most support for the archaeologist's hypothesis?", "options": ["(A)Modern attempts to recreate columns like those at the Parthenon have only been partially successful.", "(B)The construction of the temple at Didyma was begun over a century after the Parthenon was constructed.", "(C)Scale drawings were commonly used in many types of construction in ancient Greece.", "(D)The surviving columns at Didyma are almost twice as tall as the columns at the Parthenon.", "(E)The Parthenon's stonemasons had considerable experience carving columns before they started work on the Parthenon."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "which one of the following principles?", "options": ["(A)Governments should spend more of their revenue on essential services than on nonessential services.", "(B)Essential government services must be funded from reliable sources of revenue.", "(C)No government service should be entirely dependent on lottery revenue for its funding.", "(D)Governments should consider all health services to be essential to the community.", "(E)At least some lottery revenue must be set aside in case of budget shortfalls in the future."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to support the scientist's hypothesis?", "options": ["(A)Rattlesnakes do not have the ability to increase the temperature of their tails.", "(B)Squirrels puff up their tails and wag them when they attempt to attract the attention of other squirrels.", "(C)Rattlesnakes react much more defensively when confronted with a squirrel whose tail is heated up than when confronted with one whose tail is not.", "(D)The rattlesnake is not the only predator of the California ground squirrel that causes it to engage in harassing behavior as a defensive mechanism.", "(E)Mammals such as the California ground squirrel have no organ for sensing infrared energy."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the critic's reasoning?", "options": ["(A)It takes a necessary condition for something's being harmful to be a sufficient condition for being harmful.", "(B)It concludes that something is true merely on the grounds that there is no evidence to the contrary.", "(C)It rejects an argument solely on the grounds that the argument could serve the interests of the person making that argument.", "(D)It is based on an appeal to the views of someone with questionable authority on the subject matter.", "(E)It bases its conclusion on claims that are inconsistent with one another."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["(A)The amount of the chemical in grapefruit juice is highly unpredictable from glass to glass.", "(B)Grapefruit juice is less expensive than most of the medicines with which it interacts.", "(C)When scientists removed the chemical from grapefruit juice, the juice no longer affected how certain medicines were absorbed.", "(D)The chemical in grapefruit juice works by inhibiting an enzyme in the body that affects how certain medicines are metabolized.", "(E)Long before the chemical in grapefruit juice was identified, doctors were advising patients who took certain medicines to avoid grapefruit juice."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The salesperson's advice to the landlord most closely conforms to which one of the following principles?", "options": ["(A)When the prices of two different brands of a particular home appliance are identical, either of the products can satisfy the needs of the consumer.", "(B)When a consumer is choosing between two different brands of a particular home appliance, the consumer should select the less powerful product only if it is also less expensive.", "(C)A salesperson should always recommend that a customer buy the product that represents the best value.", "(D)When advising customers about a purchase of a home appliance, a salesperson should direct the customer toward the product that yields the highest commission for the salesperson.", "(E)When a consumer is choosing a home appliance, that consumer should choose the least powerful product that meets his or her needs."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption that the argument requires?", "options": ["(A)Examining an individual leader's personal flaws does not reveal anything about how the nation's institutions and procedures influence the selection of leaders.", "(B)Political discussions that focus on the flaws of the nation's leaders will become even more common if the nation's institutions and procedures are not examined.", "(C)The workings of the nation's current institutions and procedures ensure that only flawed individuals will attain positions of power.", "(D)As yet, no one in the nation has made the effort to critically examine the details of the nation's institutions and procedures.", "(E)Concentrating on the flaws of the nation's leaders creates greater dissatisfaction with those leaders."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most help to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above?", "options": ["(A)Some fruits and vegetables contain trace amounts of lead derived from the soil in which they are grown.", "(B)It is difficult to ensure that one has completely eliminated trace amounts of lead from one's diet.", "(C)Lead is only one of the common public health concerns that are associated with anemia and nerve damage.", "(D)A high-calcium diet decreases the amount of lead that the body is able to tolerate safely.", "(E)When calcium intake is insufficient, the body draws calcium from bones, releasing stored lead into the bloodstream."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to justify the above application of the principle?", "options": ["(A)While this style of vase is not currently sought after by other collectors, Matilde has acquired quite a few similar pieces and has developed significant expertise in identifying counterfeits.", "(B)Although the seller is willing to take back the vase if Matilde cannot independently authenticate it, Matilde is not sure that the vase will appreciate much in value in the future.", "(C)The seller of the vase has offered documentation of its age and origin, and Matilde is highly attracted to its shape and color; moreover, she suspects that it will be highly desirable to other collectors in the future.", "(D)The asking price for the vase is significantly less than the amount Matilde thinks it is worth, and the vase is of a style that Matilde particularly likes.", "(E)While Matilde likes the color and features of the vase, its particular style has frequently been reproduced for the mass market, and the vase cannot be examined closely or authenticated over the Internet."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The critic's statements, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)Waverly believes that a historian of art should not prefer certain works of art to other works of art.", "(B)Waverly has only included works of art that she has strong opinions about in her textbook.", "(C)Waverly wrote her textbook with the intention of advocating the works of art that she likes best.", "(D)Waverly has not succeeded in her intended objectivity about works of art discussed in her textbook.", "(E)Waverly does not really believe that objectivity is a desirable trait in an art history textbook."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The conclusion drawn above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)If a culture had a distinct word for a metal, then it smelted that metal.", "(B)If a culture was unfamiliar with a metal, then it did not have a distinct word for that metal.", "(C)If a culture smelted copper and bronze, then it had distinct words for copper and bronze.", "(D)If a culture did not smelt a metal, then it was unfamiliar with that metal.", "(E)If a culture smelted a metal, then it had a distinct word for that metal."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the overall conclusion drawn in the argument?", "options": ["(A)Community organizations seeking to encourage higher education programs must persuade the public that these programs benefit society as a whole.", "(B)It is easier to get the public to support programs that are seen as benefiting everyone than it is to get them to support programs that are seen as benefiting only a small segment of society.", "(C)It is easy to get the public to support road building, because road building is seen as benefiting society as a whole.", "(D)Convincing the public that higher education programs will benefit society as a whole makes the public more receptive to those programs.", "(E)Higher education is similar to road building in that both are beneficial to society as a whole."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the claim that the risk of a satellite orbiting Earth colliding with other satellites or satellite fragments is likely to increase dramatically in the future?", "options": ["(A)It is an unsupported claim that is used to provide support for the argument's conclusion.", "(B)It is an unsupported claim that is used to support another claim that in turn supports the argument's conclusion.", "(C)It is a claim for which the argument provides some support, and which in turn is used to support the argument's conclusion.", "(D)It is a claim that serves as the argument's conclusion.", "(E)It is a claim that provides nonessential background information for the argument's conclusion."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the concentrations of bacteria one week after the treatment?", "options": ["(A)The new treatment takes several weeks to administer.", "(B)Levels of Salmonella bacteria in young chicks are generally not high to begin with.", "(C)Most chicks develop resistance to many harmful bacteria by the time they reach adulthood.", "(D)The untreated chicks experienced a higher incidence of illness from infection by bacteria other than Salmonella than did treated chicks.", "(E)The bacteria found in the treated chicks were nonvirulent types whose growth is inhibited by Salmonella bacteria."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The respondent's reply to the debater's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the respondent", "options": ["(A)concedes one of the major assumptions on which the debater's argument depends", "(B)takes for granted that teaching methods that are effective in mathematics are also effective in other academic disciplines", "(C)fails to consider the possibility that some characteristics of lecturing other than hierarchy are weaknesses", "(D)applies a key concept to a different aspect of education than the aspect to which the debater applied it", "(E)takes for granted that the conceptual structure of mathematics is sufficiently representative of the conceptual structure of at least some other academic disciplines"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument?", "options": ["(A)Chemical analysis shows that most of the known fragments of both Han purple and the white glass were produced within a small geographical radius.", "(B)Han purple was used for luxury and ceremonial items, whereas the white glass was used to make certain household items.", "(C)The technique used for producing Han purple was known to very few people during the Qin and Han dynasties.", "(D)The ingredients used in producing both Han purple and the white glass were easily obtainable during the Qin and Han dynasties.", "(E)The white glass is found in more surviving artifacts from the Qin and Han dynasties than Han purple is."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the medical researcher's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["(A)fails to address the possibility that an observed correlation between two phenomena is due to another factor that causally contributes to both phenomena", "(B)fails to consider that even if a given factor causally contributes to the occurrence of a given phenomenon, it may not be the only factor affecting the occurrence of that phenomenon", "(C)concludes, from the claim that a certain phenomenon occurs and the claim that a certain condition is sufficient for that phenomenon to occur, that the condition also exists", "(D)takes for granted that there will be an observable correlation between two phenomena if either of those phenomena causally contributes to the other", "(E)fails to consider that even if a specific negative consequence is not associated with a given phenomenon, that phenomenon may have other negative consequences"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following arguments most closely parallels that in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)If a species is highly adaptable, it will thrive when introduced into a new environment. If a species thrives in its new environment, it will have an adverse effect on species already existing in that environment. But, since this species has not had an adverse effect on any species already existing in its new environment, it is not highly adaptable.", "(B)If a species thrives in a new environment, that species is adaptable. Species that adapt to new environments adversely affect some species already existing in those environments. So, if a species does not adversely affect any species already existing in its new environment, it has not adapted to it.", "(C)If a species is introduced into a new environment, it adversely affects some species already existing in that environment, but only if it adapts well to it. Therefore, if a species does not adapt well to a new environment, it will not adversely affect any species already existing in it.", "(D)If the introduction of a new species would adversely affect some species already existing in an environment, that species should not be introduced into it. Therefore, since the introduction of species into new environments will result in some species in those environments being adversely affected, species should probably not be introduced into new environments.", "(E)If a new species would damage an environment, that species should not be introduced into it. If a new species is introduced, the risk can be reduced by controlling its population. Therefore, because the introduction of species into new environments is likely to happen, their populations should be controlled."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The conclusion of the argument follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)If the number of visitors to the city does not increase, then the city's tax revenues will not increase.", "(B)If the number of visitors to the city increases, then the amount of money spent by visitors will increase.", "(C)The city's tax revenues will not increase unless the convention center is built.", "(D)People who are now regular visitors to the city will continue to visit the city if the new convention center is built.", "(E)If several national professional organizations hold their conventions in the convention center, those conventions will be large."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following would be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument?", "options": ["(A)Were dogs who were accustomed to receiving regular rewards prior to the study more inclined to obey the command?", "(B)Is there a decline in obedience if rewards are withheld from both dogs in the pair?", "(C)Were dogs who received treats in one trial ever used as dogs that did not receive treats in other trials?", "(D)Were there any cases in which the dog who was given a reward became more inclined to obey the command?", "(E)How many repetitions were required before the unrewarded dogs began to disobey the command?"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following hypotheses?", "options": ["(A)People with high incomes are consistently more satisfied with their incomes than are people in the middle class.", "(B)Older people are generally more satisfied with their incomes than are younger people.", "(C)Satisfaction with income is strongly correlated with neighborhood.", "(D)In general, people's income levels have little effect on their level of satisfaction with life as a whole.", "(E)An increase in everyone's incomes is not likely to greatly increase people's levels of satisfaction with their own incomes."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the geologist's argument?", "options": ["(A)Fossils have been discovered that are devoid of biomarkers.", "(B)Living organisms only emerged long after the earth's formation.", "(C)It would take many millions of years for organisms to become petroleum.", "(D)Certain strains of bacteria thrive deep inside the earth's crust.", "(E)Some carbon deposits were formed from the fossilized remains of plants."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the statements above?", "options": ["(A)If Ted is incapable of reporting the accident, then the accident did not lead to property damage exceeding $500.", "(B)If Ted's car was damaged in excess of $500 in the accident, then he is incapable of reporting the accident to the department of motor vehicles.", "(C)Someone other than Ted is legally required to report the accident to the department of motor vehicles.", "(D)If Ted is incapable of reporting the accident to the department of motor vehicles, then he was injured in the accident.", "(E)Either no one was injured in the accident or the accident did not lead to property damage exceeding $500."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The student's argument is most similar in its flawed pattern of reasoning to which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)Everything morally right is just, but some actions that best serve the interests of everyone are not just. Thus, some morally right actions do not serve the interests of everyone.", "(B)Advertisers try to persuade people that certain claims are true. Since writers of fiction are not advertisers, they probably never try to persuade people that certain claims are true.", "(C)Isabel said that she would take the medication. Obviously, though, she did not do so, because medication either cures disease or alleviates its symptoms, and Isabel is still quite ill.", "(D)When business owners are subjected to excessive taxation, they become less willing to expand their businesses. The recent decline in business expansions thus shows that their taxes are too high.", "(E)Studies show that doctors tend to wash their hands less often than any other health care professionals. This shows that the procedure cannot be of much value in preventing disease."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Carol's response indicates that she interpreted Ming's remarks to mean that", "options": ["(A)the more trans fat a cookie contains, the more unhealthy it is", "(B)food that doesn't contain trans fat is healthy food", "(C)if a food is not healthy, then it is unhealthy", "(D)a cookie containing any amount of trans fat is unhealthy", "(E)consumers should purchase cookies only if they do not contain trans fat"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The overall conclusion of the historian's argument is that", "options": ["(A)during the Industrial Revolution the productivity of the economy grew at a faster rate than the population", "(B)the fact that the productivity of the economy grew at a faster rate than the population during the Industrial Revolution led to a dramatic improvement in living standards", "(C)no one should accept the economist's explanation until historical evidence demonstrates that a change in values occurred prior to the Industrial Revolution", "(D)the improvement in living standards that occurred during the Industrial Revolution was not due to the spread of a change in values", "(E)values such as hard work and thrift did not become widespread prior to the Industrial Revolution"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["(A)Some tree species that grow to be very large are consistent with the master plan.", "(B)Three Rivers Nursery sells cottonwood trees.", "(C)Many of the native species that Three Rivers Nursery sells are shrubs, not trees.", "(D)Tree species that are not native to this area and that are consistent with the master plan are rare and hard to find.", "(E)Three Rivers Nursery does not sell any tree species that grow to be very large."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?", "options": ["(A)The same type of neck structure is found in modern ground-feeding animals.", "(B)Diplodocus was not able to see in front of itself unless its head was angled steeply downward.", "(C)It would be impossible for a large animal such as Diplodocus to supply blood to an elevated brain.", "(D)Diplodocus had no other way of accessing high-growing vegetation, such as by rising up on its hind legs.", "(E)Diplodocus was not able to browse for underwater vegetation by kneeling beside bodies of water or by walking into them."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the government official's argument?", "options": ["(A)Residents should not be allowed to rebuild trails unless the government assists them in rebuilding.", "(B)The determination of residents to rebuild hiking trails devastated by landslides should be what determines government support for the project.", "(C)Government agencies should not assist people with projects unless those people are strongly committed to their community.", "(D)The government should not assist in projects that are very likely to result in circumstances that could lead to serious injury.", "(E)Residents should be discouraged from rebuilding in any area that has had an extensive history of landslides."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The scientist's argument requires assuming which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)The same degree of climate change produces less damage if it is caused by human behavior than if it has a purely natural cause.", "(B)Human beings can control the aspects of their behavior that have an impact on climate change.", "(C)At least some previous large-scale climate changes have been caused by human behavior.", "(D)Large-scale climate change poses a greater danger to human beings than to other species.", "(E)It is easier to identify the human behaviors that cause climate change than it is to change those behaviors."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most logically completes the argument?", "options": ["(A)stress sometimes reduces the amount of pain a heart patient experiences", "(B)the pain experienced by heart patients is to some extent beneficial", "(C)the severity of a heart patient's condition is usually worsened by withholding information from the patient about the treatment that that patient will receive", "(D)stress is probably an effect rather than a cause of reduced blood flow to the heart", "(E)heart patients suffering from reduced blood flow to the heart who are experiencing pain from the condition are more likely to require surgery than are such patients who are not experiencing pain"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "To which one of the following criticisms is the argument most vulnerable?", "options": ["(A)The argument incorrectly generalizes from the behavior of a few bears in support of its conclusion.", "(B)The argument fails to consider the possibility that walking on hind legs is the result of both learning and an innate capacity.", "(C)The word \"behavior\" illicitly changes meaning during the course of the argument.", "(D)The argument presumes, without giving justification, that all behavior can be explained in one or both of only two ways.", "(E)The argument incorrectly appeals to the authority of science in order to support its conclusion."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most help to explain why people tend to have accurate beliefs about society despite the facts described above?", "options": ["(A)Statistical information tends to obscure the characteristics of individuals.", "(B)Most people recognize that anecdotes tend to be about unrepresentative cases.", "(C)The more emotionally compelling an anecdote is, the more likely it is to change a person's beliefs.", "(D)Statistical information is made more comprehensible when illustrated by anecdotes.", "(E)People tend to base their beliefs about other people on their emotional response to those people."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The answer to which one of the following questions would be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument?", "options": ["(A)How rare is it to find preserved soft tissue in the bones of a dinosaur?", "(B)Is there any evidence at all against the claim that dinosaurs are closely related to birds?", "(C)How likely is it for animals that are not closely related to each other to have similar collagen proteins?", "(D)Is it possible that T. rex is more closely related to modern-day chickens than to certain other types of dinosaurs?", "(E)Before Schweitzer's discovery, did researchers suppose that the collagen proteins in T. rex and chickens might be similar?"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)The subjective effects of occasional sleep deprivation are more pronounced than are its effects on overt behavior.", "(B)No one can assess the overall effects of sleep deprivation on a particular person as well as that sleep-deprived person can.", "(C)Sleep deprivation has less effect on professors' job performance than it does on the job performance of others.", "(D)Occasional sleep deprivation is not as debilitating as extended sleep deprivation.", "(E)University students in a lecture audience tend to be astute observers of human behavior."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to reconcile the apparent conflict among the prime minister's claims?", "options": ["(A)A nation's government should not attempt to satisfy the needs of a group of people unless the satisfaction of those people's needs is objectively more important than that of any other group's needs.", "(B)A nation's government should give priority to satisfying the needs of its own people over satisfying the needs of another nation's people only if its own people are more worthy than the other nation's people.", "(C)The priority a nation's government should place on satisfying the needs of a group of people depends mainly on how objectively important it is for the needs of those people to be satisfied.", "(D)When the people of two nations are equally worthy, the needs of the people of each of those nations should be satisfied primarily by the people's own governments.", "(E)A nation's government should give priority to the satisfaction of the needs of a group of people if, but only if, there is no other way for that group's needs to be satisfied."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "If all of the mayor's statements are true, then which one of the following must also be true?", "options": ["(A)All neighborhoods in which construction is under way are qualified neighborhoods.", "(B)All qualified neighborhoods will get their streets swept more than once a month.", "(C)No street will be swept more than once a month unless it is located in a qualified neighborhood.", "(D)A qualified neighborhood that requests an interim sweeping will have its streets swept more than once a month.", "(E)No street in an unqualified neighborhood will be swept more than once a month even if the neighborhood requests it."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The journalist argues by", "options": ["(A)pointing out a difference between the two cases being compared in order to show that a conclusion based on their similarities should not be drawn", "(B)defending what the journalist considers a controversial distinction by offering an example of a clear instance of it", "(C)defining a concept and then showing that under this definition the concept applies to all of the cases under discussion", "(D)appealing to a counterexample to undermine an ethical principle that supports an argument the journalist is trying to refute", "(E)clarifying and defending a moral principle by comparing a case in which it applies to one in which it does not apply"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the economist's argument is questionable in that the argument", "options": ["(A)relies solely on the testimony of experts", "(B)confuses economic growth with what stimulates it", "(C)presumes that a need to stimulate economic growth is the only possible reason to lower interest rates now", "(D)takes what is merely one way of stimulating economic growth to be the only way of stimulating economic growth", "(E)concludes that a further reduction of interest rates would lead to unsustainable economic growth merely from the fact that the economy is already growing at a sustainable rate"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The conclusion of the argument can be properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)Paintings that belong to a single historical period typically share many of the same stylistic features.", "(B)A painter who makes use of the interplay of light and shadow need not for that reason be considered a nonrealistic painter.", "(C)Realism was not widely used by painters prior to the seventeenth century.", "(D)A realistic painting usually does not depict the world as opulent, heroic, or extravagant.", "(E)Opulence, heroic sweep, and extravagance are not present in Caravaggio's paintings."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The argument uses which one of the following techniques in its attempt to undermine the position that it attributes to the proponents of jury nullification?", "options": ["(A)attacking the motives of the proponents of the doctrine", "(B)identifying an inconsistency within the reasoning used to support the position", "(C)attempting to show that a premise put forward in support of the position is false", "(D)presenting a purported counterexample to a general claim made by the doctrine's proponents", "(E)arguing that the application of the doctrine has undesirable consequences"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The pharmacist's argument is flawed in that it", "options": ["(A)infers from the effect of an action that the action is intended to produce that effect", "(B)relies on the opinions of individuals who are likely to be biased", "(C)depends on using two different meanings for the same term to draw its conclusion", "(D)confuses an effect of a phenomenon with its cause", "(E)relies on a sample that is unrepresentative"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following is most similar to that in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Dr. Smith, a well-trained cardiologist, said the patient would probably survive the heart transplant if it were performed by a highly skilled surgeon. Thus, since the patient did not survive the surgery, it probably was not properly performed.", "(B)Professor Willis, who is quite knowledgeable about organic chemistry, said that the sample probably did not contain any organic compounds. So, the sample probably is not labeled correctly, for if it were, it would contain organic compounds.", "(C)My neighbor, who is an experienced home renovator, said the damage to the wall would not be noticeable if it were properly repaired. Thus, the repair to the wall probably was not properly done, since one can still notice the damage.", "(D)The builder said that the school's roof would not require repairs for years, unless it is damaged in a storm. The roof is already leaking. Thus, since there have been no major storms, the builder was probably wrong.", "(E)Professor Yanakita, who is an expert on the subject, said that the tests would find lead in the soil if they were properly conducted. So, since the tests did find lead in the soil, they probably were properly conducted."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The economist's argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it", "options": ["(A)presupposes in a premise the conclusion that it purports to establish", "(B)fails to establish that economists claim to be able to accurately predict global recessions", "(C)treats the predictability of an event, which is required for the event to be preventable, as a characteristic that assures its prevention", "(D)fails to address the possibility that the techniques available to economists for the prediction of global recessions will significantly improve", "(E)implicitly bases an inference that something will not occur solely on the information that its occurrence is not predictable"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The argument in the letter conflicts with which one of the following principles?", "options": ["(A)If a claim is extraordinary, it should not be presented uncritically unless it is backed by evidence of an extraordinarily high standard.", "(B)One should be skeptical of claims that are based upon testimonial evidence that is acquired only through an intermediary source.", "(C)If a media outlet has trusted a source in the past and the source has a good reputation, the outlet should continue to trust that source.", "(D)People who think they observe supernatural phenomena should not publicize that fact unless they can present corroborating evidence.", "(E)A newspaper should not publish a report unless it is confirmed by an independent source."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that it", "options": ["(A)infers a cause merely from a correlation", "(B)infers that just because the evidence for a particular claim has not yet been confirmed, that claim is false", "(C)takes a sufficient condition as a necessary one", "(D)infers merely because something was likely to occur that it did occur", "(E)appeals to the authority of biologists who may not be representative of all biologists with expertise in the relevant area"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The government of Country F must violate at least one of the constitutional requirements described above if it is faced with which one of the following situations?", "options": ["(A)The government will sell StateAir, a state-owned airline. The highest bid received was from a corporation that was owned entirely by citizens of Country F when the bid was received. Shortly after the bid was received, however, noncitizens purchased a minority share in the corporation.", "(B)The government has agreed to sell National Silver, a state-owned mine, to a corporation. Although citizens of Country F have majority ownership of the corporation, most of the corporation's operations and sales take place in other countries.", "(C)The government will sell PetroNat, a state-owned oil company. World Oil Company has made one of the highest offers for PetroNat, but World Oil's ownership structure is so complex that the government cannot determine whether citizens of Country F have majority ownership.", "(D)The government will sell National Telephone, a state-owned utility. The highest bid received was from a company in which citizens of Country F have majority ownership but noncitizens own a minority share. However, the second-highest bid, from a consortium of investors all of whom are citizens of Country F, was almost as high as the highest bid.", "(E)The government will sell StateRail, a state-owned railway. The government must place significant restrictions on who can purchase StateRail to ensure that citizens of Country F will gain majority ownership. However, any such restrictions will reduce the price the government receives for StateRail."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument?", "options": ["(A)The nutrients in Activite can all be obtained from a sufficiently varied and well-balanced diet.", "(B)There are less expensive dietary supplements on the market that are just as effective as Activite.", "(C)A month is not a sufficient length of time for most dietary supplements to be fully effective.", "(D)The makers of Activite charge a handling fee that is considerably more than what it costs them to pack and ship their product.", "(E)The mere fact that a dietary supplement contains only natural ingredients does not insure that it has no harmful side effects."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following arguments exhibits flawed reasoning that is most parallel to that in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Of the people who support allowing limited logging in the Grizzly National Forest, most support it because they think it will reduce the risk of fire in the forest. Andy thinks that limited logging will not reduce the risk of fire in the forest, so he probably opposes allowing limited logging there.", "(B)Of the people who expect the population in the area to increase over the next ten years, most think that an expected population increase is a good reason to build a new school. Bonita does not expect the population to increase over the next ten years, so she probably does not favor building a new school.", "(C)Of the people who believe that the overall economy has improved, most believe it because they believe that their own financial situation has improved. Chung believes that the economy has worsened, so he probably believes that his own financial situation has worsened.", "(D)Of the people who oppose funding a study to determine the feasibility of building a light rail line in the Loffoch Valley, most also believe that the Valley Freeway should be built. Donna opposes increasing funding for a study, so she probably supports building the Valley Freeway.", "(E)Of the people who believe that there will be a blizzard tomorrow, most believe it because of the weather report on the Channel 9 news. Eduardo believes that there will be a blizzard tomorrow, so he probably saw the weather report on the Channel 9 news."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["(A)Mourning doves were recently designated a migratory game species, meaning that they can be legally hunted.", "(B)The trees in the nearby orchards were the only type of trees in the area attractive to nesting mourning doves.", "(C)Blue jays that had nested in the orchards also ceased doing so after the sprinklers were installed.", "(D)Many residents of the area fill their bird feeders with canola or wheat, which are appropriate seeds for attracting mourning doves.", "(E)Mourning doves often nest in fruit trees."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["(A)provides no explanation for developmental abnormalities that do not result from elevated hormonal activity", "(B)fails to consider whether elevated hormonalactivity can result from factors other than the presence of industrial by-products", "(C)fails to address the possibility that industrialby-products were contained in food the alligators ate", "(D)fails to say whether reptiles other than alligators were examined for the same developmental abnormalities that were discovered in the alligators", "(E)uses evidence drawn from a sample of alligators that is unlikely to be representative of alligators in general"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most logically completes the government official's statement?", "options": ["(A)foreign citizens who serve as public servants should be granted citizenship in the country they serve", "(B)foreign citizens should not be appointed as cabinet undersecretaries", "(C)only former cabinet undersecretaries should be appointed as cabinet secretaries", "(D)foreign citizens should be eligible to serve as cabinet secretaries", "(E)cabinet undersecretaries should not be expected to stand in for cabinet secretaries"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Doris and Zack disagree over whether", "options": ["(A)students should be more outspoken", "(B)students should be encouraged to become involved in student government", "(C)becoming involved in student government makes students more outspoken", "(D)all students who are involved in student government are outspoken", "(E)students will not become more outspoken unless they become involved in student government"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the biologist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["(A)takes the behavior of chameleons to be generalizable to lizards as a whole", "(B)fails to explain how chameleons regulate their vitamin D production by basking in the sun", "(C)focuses its attention on the study's author rather than on the study itself", "(D)fails to demonstrate that the study's critics have elevant expertise", "(E)holds the study's author to a higher standard than it holds the study's critics"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption that is required by the political scientist's argument?", "options": ["(A)The government helped to organize the recent protest rally.", "(B)The message of the recent protest rally did not concern any function of the government.", "(C)The government would not have accepted aprotest rally whose message it opposed.", "(D)There are groups that are inhibited from staging a protest rally out of a fear of government response.", "(E)The government feared a backlash if it did not show acceptance of the recent protest rally."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, would most help to justify the reasoning in the lawyer's argument?", "options": ["(A)The penalties for a crime should be severe enough to deter most people who would commit the crime if there were no penalties.", "(B)The overall penalty for a violent crime should be more severe than the overall penalty for any nonviolent crime.", "(C)A surcharge intended to provide services to victims is justified only if all proceeds of the surcharge are used to provide services.", "(D)A criminal should not be required to pay for services provided to victims of crimes that are more serious than the type of crime the criminal has been convicted of.", "(E)Convicted thieves should be fined an amount at least as great as the value of the property stolen."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most help to explain the decreasing engagement in international trade by the economist's country?", "options": ["(A)International trade agreements have usually covered both trade in manufactured goods and trade in services.", "(B)Employment in the service sector tends to require as many specialized skills as does employment in manufacturing.", "(C)Because services are usually delivered in person, markets for services tend to be local.", "(D)Many manufacturing jobs have been rendered obsolete by advances in factory automation.", "(E)Some services can be procured less expensively from providers in other countries than from providers in the economist's country."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Ortiz criticizes Merton's argument by", "options": ["(A)raising a question about the validity of the study that Merton cites", "(B)contending that Merton needs to take into account other effects of air pollution", "(C)claiming that Merton misunderstands a crucial aspect of the study's findings", "(D)raising* a counterexample to the general conclusion that Merton draws", "(E)suggesting that alternative explanations for the study's findings need to be ruled out"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Highwater Lake is in an area of the mountains that is highly susceptible to acid rain.", "(B)Prior to the ban, there was practically no fishing at Quapaw Lake.", "(C)Highwater Lake is much larger than Quapaw Lake.", "(D)Several other lakes in the Pawpaw mountains have recently had increases in their fish populations.", "(E)There used to be a greater variety of fish species in Highwater Lake than in Quapaw Lake, but there no longer is."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The conclusion drawn above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)If an animal cannot accelerate, then it cannot run.", "(B)To run, an animal must have all of its feet off the ground at once.", "(C)The Asian elephant can walk as quickly as some animals run.", "(D)It is unusual for a four-legged animal to keep three feet on the ground while walking.", "(E)All four-legged animals walk with at least two feet on the ground at all times."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, does most to explain the surprising result?", "options": ["(A)For the first several seconds after shoppers entera store, they do not take detailed notice of the store's merchandise.", "(B)Most of the hardware store's customers are attracted by quality and service rather than low prices.", "(C)Customers who bought the Maxlast hammers last week commonly mentioned the sale as their reason for buying a hammer at that time.", "(D)The hardware store circulated flyers that publicized the sale prices on Maxlast hammers.", "(E)In general, a single item that is on sale will not motivate shoppers to make a special trip to a store."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?", "options": ["(A)The doses of ginkgo in the diet of the mice in the experiment were significantly higher than the doses that have been shown to reduce stress in mice.", "(B)Neither the mice who received the ginkgo nor the other mice in the experiment exhibited physiological signs of higher-than-normal stress.", "(C)Some chemical substances that reduce stress in mice also at least temporarily impair their memory.", "(D)Scientists have not yet determined which substances in ginkgo are responsible for reducing stress in mice.", "(E)The mice who received the ginkgo took just as long as the other mice to learn to navigate the maze."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "If the statement above is true, which one of the following must also be true?", "options": ["(A)Some of the politicians who now publicly support extending free trade to other Latin American countries did not support free trade among Canada, the United States, and Mexico.", "(B)Not all politicians who now publicly support extending free trade to other Latin American countries strongly supported free trade among Canada, the United States, and Mexico.", "(C)Some of the politicians who strongly supported free trade among Canada, the United States, and Mexico have changed their position on free trade.", "(D)Not all politicians who strongly supported free trade among Canada, the United States, and Mexico now publicly support extending free trade to other Latin American countries.", "(E)Some of the politicians who strongly supported free trade among Canada, the United States, and Mexico now publicly oppose extending free trade to other Latin American countries."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if assumed, most helps to justify the application of the principle?", "options": ["(A)The operator of a business has the same legal obligations to customers who use self-service facilities as it has to customers who use full-service facilities.", "(B)The management of a business that is open to the public is obligated to report to the authorities any illegal activity that it witnesses on its property.", "(C)The owner of a self-service printing kiosk should post a notice advising customers that copyrighted material should not be printed at the kiosk without the permission of the copyright holder.", "(D)Owners of self-service facilities should monitor those facilities in order to ensure that they are not used for illegal or unethical purposes.", "(E)A person or business providing a service that can be expected to be used to infringe on a copyright should be considered to knowingly aid any copyright infringer using the service. 15"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most logically completes the arguments?", "options": ["(A)is at least sometimes included for nonjournalistic reasons", "(B)prevents those news media from achieving their purpose", "(C)is more relevant to people's lives now than it used to be", "(D)should not be thought of as a way of keeping an audience entertained", "(E)is of no value to people who are interested in journalism"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning of the argument?", "options": ["(A)The argument uses premises about the actual state of affairs to draw a conclusion about how matters should be.", "(B)The argument draws a conclusion that merely restates a premise presented in favor of it.", "(C)The argument takes for granted that the preferences of a group as a whole are the preferences of most individual members of the group.", "(D)The argument fails to consider that the survey results might have been influenced by the political biases of the researchers who conducted the survey.", "(E)The argument uses evidence that supports only rough estimates to draw a precisely quantified conclusion."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The city leader's statements, if true, provide the most support for which one of the following", "options": ["(A)The city should implement the least expensive job creation measures available.", "(B)In general, it is reasonable for the city to spend money to try to convince manufacturing companies to build plants in the city.", "(C)The city cannot afford both to spend money to convince an automobile manufacturer to build a plant in the city and to adopt the new tourism plan.", "(D)It would be reasonable for the city to adopt the new tourism plan.", "(E)The only way the city can create jobs is by increasing tourism."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The argument requires the assumption that", "options": ["(A)the article claiming that medical patients can instinctually predict sudden changes in their medical status will soon be empirically disproven", "(B)patients' predictions of sudden changes in their medical status are less likely to be remembered by medical staff if no such change actually occurs", "(C)the patients in the article were not being serious when they predicted sudden changes in their medical status", "(D)babies are less likely to be born during a night with a full moon than during a night without a full moon", "(E)the idea that medical patients have an instinctual ability to predict sudden changes in their medical status is not a widely held belief"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the politician's argument is flawed in that the argument", "options": ["(A)treats the mere fact that certain people are union members as sufficient to cast doubt on all of the viewpoints expressed by those people", "(B)presumes, without providing justification, that anyone whose political motivations are clearly discernible is an unreliable source of information to legislators", "(C)treats circumstances potentially affecting the union leaders' argument as sufficient to discredit those leaders' argument", "(D)presumes, without providing justification, that the argument it cites is the union leaders' only argument for their view", "(E)presumes, without providing evidence, that leaders of all unions argue against increases in multinational control of manufacturing"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the decline?", "options": ["(A)Many students enter universities without the academic background that is necessary for majoring in chemistry.", "(B)There has been a significant decline in the number of undergraduate degrees earned in the natural sciences as a whole.", "(C)Many students are very unsure of their choice when they pick a major upon entering universities.", "(D)Job prospects for graduates with chemistry degrees are no better than prospects for graduates with certain other science degrees.", "(E)Over the years, first-year chemistry has come to be taught in a more routinely methodical fashion, which dampens its intellectual appeal."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following arguments exhibits flawed reasoning that is most parallel to that in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Even though high interest rates can lead to an economic downturn, high interest rates probably did not cause the current economic downturn. It is true that rates have been on the rise, but high interest rates are not always economically harmful.", "(B)Even though I can fix some things and you can fix some things, the two of us will be unable to repair our apartment without outside help. The apartment has both a broken window and a broken bedroom door, and neither of us is able to fix both doors and windows.", "(C)Even though Lena, Jen, and Mark would like to go out to dinner together after the movie tonight, they will probably go straight home after the show. Of the five restaurants that are in the immediate vicinity of the theater, there is not a single one that all three of them like.", "(D)Even though this painting is highly regarded by critics, it cannot legitimately be deemed great art. Most art that was produced in the last hundred years is not great art, and this painting, beautiful though it is, was probably painted only 40 years ago.", "(E)Even though the influenza vaccine does not always prevent influenza, it sometimes reduces the severity of its symptoms. Therefore it is incorrect to say that some people who receive the vaccine derive no benefit from it."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The argument's conclusion can be properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)If the e-mail does not elsewhere suggest that the client do anything illegal, then the company does not need legal protection.", "(B)If e-mail messages sent by the tax preparation company do elsewhere suggest that the recipient do something illegal, then the company could be subject to substantial penalties.", "(C)A disclaimer that is included in every e-mail message sent by a company will tend to be ignored by recipients who have already received many e-mails from that company.", "(D)At least some of the recipients of the company's e-mails will follow the advice contained in the body of at least some of the e-mails they receive.", "(E)Some of the tax preparation company's clients would try to illegally evade penalties if they knew how to do so."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most strongly supports the reasoning above?", "options": ["(A)One should get involved in other people's problems only with the intention of producing the best overall consequences.", "(B)Interpersonal relations should be conducted in accordance with doing whatever is right, regardless of the consequences.", "(C)Good intentions are the only legitimate grounds on which to attempt to resolve the marital problems of friends.", "(D)The intentions of an action are irrelevant to whether or not that action is justified", "(E)No actions based on good intentions are justified unless they also result in success."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?", "options": ["(A)When people choose to read a book, they generally do not already know whether reading it will give them pleasure.", "(B)Even when an author writes with the goal of giving people pleasure, that goal will not necessarily be achieved.", "(C)In many cases, a book's readers are unconcerned about the truth of the book's contents.", "(D)A book will not give its readers pleasure unless it was intended by its author to have that effect.", "(E)A book can be popular for reasons other than its ability to give readers pleasure."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to strengthen the argument?", "options": ["(A)Wilke & Wilke have produced more new shows for this season than they produced last season.", "(B)Most of the shows that Wilke & Wilke produced last year were police dramas.", "(C)None of the shows that Wilke & Wilke produced last year that were not canceled were police dramas.", "(D)All of the new shows that Wilke & Wilke produced last year that were canceled were police dramas.", "(E)None of the most popular television shows last year were police dramas."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following conforms most closely to the principle illustrated above?", "options": ["(A)If a driver causes an accident because the automobile being driven was not properly maintained, that driver should be required from then on to regularly demonstrate that his or her automobile is being properly maintained.", "(B)If a factory is found to have been recklessly violating pollution laws, that factory should be required to make the expenditures necessary to bring it into compliance with those laws to the satisfaction of the regulators.", "(C)If someone is sentenced to perform community service, the court has a responsibility to ensure that the community at large rather than a private group benefits from that service.", "(D)If an athlete is found to have used banned performance-enhancing substances, that athlete should be prohibited from participating in all future athletic competitions.", "(E)If a convicted criminal writes a memoir describing the details of that criminal's crime, any proceeds of the book should be donated to a charity chosen by a third party."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Aisha's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)The firm values experience in its programmers more highly than any other quality.", "(B)When Vadim was hired, the policy of laying off the most recently hired programmer was clearly explained.", "(C)Vadim is the most recently hired programmer at the firm.", "(D)Every other programmer at the firm has done better work than Vadim.", "(E)It is bad policy that the firm always lays off the most recently hired programmer."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the principle underlying Vernon's response to Wanda?", "options": ["(A)It is unhealthy to work in a cluttered work area.", "(B)The quality of the stimuli in an artist's environment matters.", "(C)Supermarket tabloids should not be considered stimulating.", "(D)Messiness impairs artistic creativity.", "(E)One should be able to be creative even in a stark, empty work area."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, does most to account for the increase in the rate of population decline described above?", "options": ["(A)The process of officially listing a species as endangered can take many years.", "(B)Public campaigns to save endangered animal species often focus only on those species that garner the public's affection.", "(C)The number of animal species listed as endangered has recently increased dramatically.", "(D)Animals are more desirable to collectors when they are perceived to be rare.", "(E)Poachers find it progressively more difficult to locate animals of a particular species as that species' population declines."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Annette and Sefu disagree over whether", "options": ["(A)the council should adopt Sefu's development plan", "(B)Sefu should take the council on a trip to visit other towns", "(C)Sefu has a vested interest in the council's votes", "(D)other towns have successfully implemented similar development plans", "(E)the appearance of undue influence should be avoided"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The scholar's reasoning is flawed because the scholar presumes without giving sufficient justification that", "options": ["(A)not every religion can update its texts and replace its traditional rituals", "(B)modernization of religious texts and rituals will not involve an alteration of their messages", "(C)the modernization of the texts and rituals of some religions was the cause of their increases in attendance", "(D)making texts and rituals more modern is the only way in which a religion could bring about an increase in attendance at places of worship", "(E)the growth in attendance at places of worship affiliated with religions that made their texts and rituals more modern is irreversible"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The flawed reasoning in which one of the following arguments most closely resembles the flawed reasoning in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)In order to have a chance to meet its objectives, the army needs good weather as a precondition for retaining its mobility. The weather is good today, so the army will meet its objectives.", "(B)If Lois were on vacation, she would be visiting her brother in Chicago or seeing friends in Toronto. Since she is not on vacation, she is in neither Chicago nor Toronto.", "(C)If Johnson is to win the local election, then neither Horan nor Jacobs can enter the race. Since neither of them plans to run, Johnson will win the race.", "(D)To stay informed about current events, one must read a major newspaper or watch national TV news every day. So Julie, who is informed about current events and reads a major newspaper every day, does not watch TV news.", "(E)If Wayne is to get a ride home from the library, either Yvette or Marty must be there. Yvette is not at the library, so Marty must be there."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the dietitian's argument by the claim that the two groups had displayed similar average cholesterol levels prior to the study?", "options": ["(A)It is offered as an objection to the main conclusion of the argument.", "(B)It expresses the main conclusion of the argument.", "(C)It rules out an alternative explanation of the data collected in the study.", "(D)It provides background information on the purpose of the study.", "(E)It introduces an alternative explanation of the phenomenon described in the main conclusion."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["(A)People who are often required to drive to novel destinations are more likely to use satnavs than people who are rarely required to drive to novel destinations.", "(B)The more fuel a vehicle consumes, the more motivation a driver has to find the shortest route to his or her destination.", "(C)Drivers who do not routinely need to drive to an unfamiliar location are more likely to plan out their route carefully prior to departure.", "(D)Drivers who own satnavs usually prefer to drive to their accustomed destinations by using their customary routes rather than by following the directions given by the satnavs.", "(E)Drivers who are given directions as needed are less likely to change course suddenly or make other risky maneuvers."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following propositions is best illustrated by the situation described in the passage?", "options": ["(A)Increased responsibility can improve a person's sense of how power should be used.", "(B)It is often the case that the desire for prestige is more powerful than the desire for job security.", "(C)In some cases one's effectiveness in a particular role can be enhanced by a partial relinquishing of control.", "(D)People who carry out decisions are in the best position to determine what those decisions should be.", "(E)Business works best by harnessing the self-interest of individuals to benefit the company as a whole."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Richard and Jung-Su disagree over whether", "options": ["(A)makers of abstract art reject literal representation", "(B)the fundamental requirement of art is that it represent", "(C)musicians may reject literal representation", "(D)abstract art will be seen as an aberration", "(E)abstract art is representational"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The principles above, if valid, most help to justify the reasoning in which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)Although he would have realized it if he had thought about it, it did not occur to Riley that parking his car in the center lane of Main Street could lead to a traffic accident. So, if a traffic accident does result from Riley's parking his car in the center lane of Main Street, he should not be blamed for it.", "(B)Oblicek had no idea that suggesting to her brother that he take out a loan to expand his business was likely to cause the business to go bankrupt, nor could she have reasonably foreseen this. So, if the loan does cause her brother's business to go bankrupt, Oblicek should not be blamed for it.", "(C)Gougon had no reason to think that serving the hollandaise sauce would make his guests ill, but he was concerned that it might. Thus, if the hollandaise sauce does make Gougon's guests ill, Gougon should be blamed for it.", "(D)When Dr. Fitzpatrick gave his patient the wrong medicine, he did not know that it would cause the patient to experience greatly increased blood pressure. So, if no one else knowingly did anything that contributed to the patient's increase in blood pressure, no one other than Dr. Fitzpatrick is to blame for it.", "(E)Any reasonable person could have foreseen that dropping a lit cigarette in dry leaves would start a fire. Thus, even if Kapp did not realize this, she is to blame for starting a fire on Rodriguez's farm since she dropped a lit cigarette in dry leaves there."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption that the researcher's argument requires?", "options": ["(A)Many, if not all, of the scents that have a tendency to reduce susceptibility to illness do so, at least in part, by reducing stress.", "(B)Some people who regularly inhale the scent of lavender would otherwise be under enough stress to impair their immune systems.", "(C)At least some people who use the scent of lavender to induce relaxation and reduce stress are no more susceptible to illness than average.", "(D)In anyone for whom the scent of lavender reduces susceptibility to illness, it does so primarily by reducing stress.", "(E)Reduced stress diminishes susceptibility to illness only for people who are under enough stress to impair their immune systems to at least some degree."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["(A)ambiguously uses the term \"average\" in two different senses", "(B)fails to take into account inflation with respect to the Andersen family's income", "(C)overlooks the possibility that most families' incomes are below average", "(D)fails to consider the possibility that the Andersen family's real income was above average in the recent past", "(E)presumes, without providing justification, that the government makes no errors in gathering accurate estimates of family income"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The argument's conclusion can be properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)Today's copying technology is sophisticated enough to replicate almost any paper product with great precision.", "(B)Once the images printed on a banknote have been measured accurately, there is no further impediment to the banknote's being exactly replicated.", "(C)Governments have better printing technology available to them than counterfeiters do.", "(D)Few countries produce banknotes with images that are difficult for counterfeiters to measure accurately.", "(E)New designs in banknotes generally lead to decreases in the amount of counterfeit currency in circulation."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Armstrong's argument is flawed in that it", "options": ["(A)relies on two different meanings of the term \"supplement\" to draw a conclusion", "(B)relies solely on an appeal to an authority whose trustworthiness should not necessarily be taken for granted", "(C)appeals to people's emotions regarding the treatment of disease rather than to the efficacy of the two approaches to treatment", "(D)criticizes Dr. Sullivan's motives for holding a position rather than addressing the position itself", "(E)fails to justify its presumption that nutritional"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption the economist's argument requires?", "options": ["(A)If the economy grows stronger, most of the new jobs that are created will be in fields that pay well.", "(B)If the economy grows stronger, the number of new day-care workers will not be significantly greater than the number of day-care workers who move to better-paying jobs in other fields.", "(C)If the economy grows stronger, the number of workers employed by day-care centers is likely to decrease.", "(D)The shortage of day care for children is unlikely to worsen unless employment increases and many day-care center employees quit to take better-paying jobs in other fields.", "(E)The total number of young children in day-care centers will decrease if the cost of day care increases significantly."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)Two pairs of yearling ostriches are more expensive than a herd of cows and a bull.", "(B)Cattle ranching is not a good source of income.", "(C)A cow consumes no more feed than an ostrich does.", "(D)The average ostrich farm generates almost five times as much profit as the average cattle ranch.", "(E)Ostrich farmers typically lose money during their first year."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption that the argument requires?", "options": ["(A)Hairless dogs have never been found anywhere except in the regions of western Mexico and coastal Peru.", "(B)Most of the trade goods that came into western Mexico centuries ago were transported by boat.", "(C)Centuries ago, no one would have traveled between western Mexico and coastal Peru by boat except for the purposes of carrying out a trading expedition.", "(D)If hairless dogs were at one time transported between western Mexico and coastal Peru by boat, they were traded in exchange for other goods.", "(E)Centuries ago, it was easier to travel by boat between western Mexico and coastal Peru than to travel by an overland route."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true?", "options": ["(A)The Earth's crust took no longer than 300 million years to start to form.", "(B)The Earth's crust first formed in the area that is now Western Australia.", "(C)The Earth's crust took billions of years to form.", "(D)Microdiamonds were the first components of the Earth's crust to form.", "(E)All naturally occurring microdiamonds were formed at the time the Earth's crust was being formed."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?", "options": ["(A)People speaking in the public square of days past had complete freedom of expression.", "(B)All citizens have the same level of access to the Internet.", "(C)A public forum can lose effectiveness as a tool of democracy if participants cannot discuss issues freely.", "(D)The Internet is more often used to discuss important issues than to discuss frivolous issues.", "(E)Other than the Internet, no other public forum today is an important tool of democracy."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most tends to undermine the argument?", "options": ["(A)Some students who did not participate in the chess program had learned to play chess at home.", "(B)Those children who began the program but who did not successfully complete it had lower preprogram levels of achievement than did those who eventually did successfully complete the program.", "(C)Many of the children who completed the program subsequently sought membership on a school chess team that required a high grade average for membership.", "(D)Some students who did not participate in the chess program participated instead in after-school study sessions that helped them reach much higher levels of achievement in the year after they attended the sessions.", "(E)At least some of the students who did not successfully complete the program were nevertheless more talented chess players than some of the students who did complete the program."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The argument above is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to which one of the following arguments?", "options": ["(A)Only teachers at the Culinary Institute are allowed to use the institute's main kitchen. Most dinners at Cafe Delice are prepared in that kitchen. So at least some dinners at Cafe Delice must be prepared by Culinary Institute teachers.", "(B)All dinners at Cafe Delice are prepared in the main kitchen of the Culinary Institute. But only teachers at the institute are allowed to use that kitchen. So the dinners at Cafe Delice must be prepared by Culinary Institute teachers.", "(C)Most dinners at Cafe Delice are prepared in the main kitchen of the Culinary Institute. All the teachers at the institute are allowed to use that kitchen. So at least some dinners at Cafe Delice must be prepared by Culinary Institute teachers.", "(D)Most teachers at the Culinary Institute are allowed to use the institute's main kitchen. Dinners at Cafe Delice are only prepared in that kitchen. So dinners at Cafe Delice must sometimes be prepared by Culinary Institute teachers.", "(E)Only teachers at the Culinary Institute are allowed to use the main kitchen of the institute. Dinners at Cafe Delice are usually prepared by Culinary Institute teachers. So dinners at Cafe Delice must sometimes be prepared in the main kitchen of the Culinary Institute."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the editor's argument?", "options": ["(A)The cost of collecting and disposing of general trash has been less than the cost of collecting and disposing of recyclables, and this is still likely to be the case under the new recycling program.", "(B)Even if the volume of collected recyclables increases, that increase might not be enough to make the recycling program cost effective.", "(C)Because the volume of recyclables people accumulate during a week is less than what they accumulate during two weeks, the city expects a recyclables pickup to take less time under the new program.", "(D)A weekly schedule for recyclables pickup is substantially easier for people to follow and adhere to than is a schedule of pickups every other week.", "(E)Because of the increase in the number of pickups under the new program, the amount charged by the contractor that collects the city's recyclables will increase significantly."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption that the professor's argument requires?", "options": ["(A)If some of the students who are most enthusiastic about science do not receive passing grades in introductory science courses, then designing these courses to serve as proving grounds has been unsuccessful.", "(B)Science departments need a way to ensure that only those students most committed to being science majors will receive passing grades in introductory science courses.", "(C)Some of the students in the very demanding introductory science courses who are most enthusiastic about science do not receive passing grades in those courses.", "(D)None of the students in the very demanding introductory science courses who are least enthusiastic about science are among the students most committed to being science majors.", "(E)Introductory science courses should not continue to be designed to serve as proving grounds if doing so has not served its intended purpose."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above?", "options": ["(A)Like its potential predators, the common ancestor of bird and reptile species would have lacked the anatomy necessary to hear hissing sounds.", "(B)The common ancestor of bird and reptile species would probably have employed multiple threat devices against potential predators.", "(C)The production of a hissing sound would have increased the apparent body size of the common ancestor of bird and reptile species.", "(D)The use of hissing as a threat device would have been less energetically costly than other threat behaviors available to the common ancestor of bird and reptile species.", "(E)Unlike most modern bird and reptile species, the common ancestor of these species would have had few predators."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most justifies Hidalgo's stance?", "options": ["(A)Surveys gathering information for a specific purpose should not collect more detailed personal information than is necessary to achieve the purpose.", "(B)Survey respondents should not be asked a particular question if they are unlikely to answer accurately.", "(C)Sensitive personal information should be gathered only if a secure means of storing that information is available.", "(D)Surveys should be allowed to gather any information that might be needed to meet their purposes.", "(E)Surveys should gather detailed personal information only if survey respondents are first told about how that information will be used."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?", "options": ["(A)In 1 893, scholars knew of no other ancient city that could have been Troy.", "(B)The Iliad does not provide any clues about the specific location of Troy.", "(C)Dorpfeld's team found no evidence in the city they excavated that a siege had occurred there.", "(D)The city excavated by Dorpfeld's team had many features that scholars of the time believed Troy had.", "(E)The Iliad accurately represents the duration of the Trojan War"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Garcia responds to Flynn's argument by", "options": ["(A)arguing that the policy supported in Flynn's argument could have undesirable consequences", "(B)providing evidence that undermines one of the premises of Flynn's argument", "(C)comparing Flynn's argument to an obviously flawed argument that has the same logical structure", "(D)contending that Flynn's argument could be used to support a policy that is inconsistent with the policy that Flynn advocates", "(E)providing an alternative explanation for a situation described in Flynn's argument"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Monroe and Wilkerson disagree over the truth of which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)Approximately 2,000 homes in the community are still without electricity.", "(B)Before the organization's project began, over 5,000 homes in the community had no electricity.", "(C)The organization's project must be considered a failure if any home in the community has no electricity.", "(D)The stated goal of the project was to reduce as much as possible the number of homes in the community that lack electricity.", "(E)Leaving approximately 2,000 homes in the community without electricity at the conclusion of the project counts as a failure for the project."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The reasoning above calls into question a conclusion drawn from statistical data by", "options": ["(A)showing that the data are based on an unrepresentative sample", "(B)offering an alternative explanation of some of the data", "(C)showing that one cannot directly observe altruism", "(D)criticizing the motives of the researchers", "(E)offering a specific counterexample"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Mario and Renate disagree over whether", "options": ["(A)the rug store in Glendale sold rugs of inferior quality", "(B)it is a good idea to open a rug store in Glendale", "(C)it is possible to determine the market for rugs in Glendale", "(D)any other stores have gone out of business in Glendale", "(E)rug stores can close because of insufficient demand for rugs"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the editorialist's argument?", "options": ["(A)The argument draws a conclusion on the basis of a general statement that has in tum been inferred from a very limited number of particular instances.", "(B)The argument fails to consider the possibility that whether an airport can allow more air traffic than it was originally designed for without reducing safety depends largely on what the latest technology is.", "(C)The argument fails to consider the possibility that the city council members who support the increase are aware of the studies that were conducted 30 years ago.", "(D)The argument confuses an absence of evidence for the claim that the airport can.safely permit air traffic in excess of its original design capacity with the existence of evidence against this claim.", "(E)The argument fails to consider that a slight increase in safety risks might be acceptable if it yields overriding benefits of another kind."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most logically completes the argument?", "options": ["(A)moral codes tend to be based in the specific contexts in which they arise", "(B)the moral codes of most cultures resemble each other in many respects", "(C)a variety of moral codes can be based in shared moral attitudes", "(D)it is possible to understand the basis of the moral codes of different cultures", "(E)moral attitudes can be adapted to suit the moral codes of many different cultures"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it", "options": ["(A)infers of two correlated.phenomena, X and Y, that X causes Y without considering whether Y causes X", "(B)fails to describe the mechanism by which productivity is supposedly increased", "(C)takes for granted that the characteristics of one prairie plot could reveal something about the characteristics of other prairie plots", "(D)bases a general conclusion on data that is likely to be unrepresentative", "(E)takes an increase in number to indicate an increase in proportion"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the anthropologist's argument?", "options": ["(A)Apart from the sophistication of their stone tools, there is a great deal of evidence suggesting that Neanderthals possessed some form of language.", "(B)The students who were taught with verbal explanations were allowed to discuss the toolmaking techniques among themselves, whereas the students who learned by silent example were not.", "(C)The tools that the undergraduate's were taught to make were much simpler and easier to make than most types of tools created by Neanderthals.", "(D)The instructor Who taught the .group of students who learned by, silent example alone was much less proficient at making the stone tools than was the instructor who taught the other group of students.", "(E)The tools created by Neanderthals were much less sophisticated than the tools created by anatomically modem humans who almost certainly possessed language and lived at the same time as the Neanderthals."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the statements above?", "options": ["(A)Having a strenuous workout most days of the week can produce a dramatic improvement in cardiovascular health.", "(B)Doing the equivalent of an hour of brisk walking two or three times a week generally produces dramatic improvements in cardiovascular health.", "(C)It is possible to obtain at least as great an improvement in cardiovascular health from doing the equivalent of half an hour of brisk walking most days of the week as from having a strenuous workout most days of the week.", "(D)Aside from exercise, there is no way of improving one's cardiovascular health.", "(E)To obtain a dramatic improvement in one's cardiovascular health, one must exercise strenuously at least occasionally."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["(A)Sartore has technical knowledge of film, whereas Kelly is merely a fan.", "(B)Most of Kelly's movie reviews are unfavorable to the movie being reviewed.", "(C)One who is apt not to enjoy a particular movie is more likely to realize this by reading a review by Sartore than a review by Kelly.", "(D)Reading a movie review by Sartore will usually help one to enjoy the .movie more than one otherwise would have.", "(E)Most of the movies that Sartore reviews are also reviewed by Kelly."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)Specially bred aquarium fish must receive special care if they are to survive.", "(B)Connoisseurs are not interested in dull-colored, simply shaped fish.", "(C)Most specially bred aquarium fish are purchased by connoisseurs.", "(D)Ordinary fish tend not to have elaborate tails or strangely shaped fins.", "(E)Strangely shaped fins and elaborate tails interfere with a fish's ability to reproduce."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the ethicist's argument?", "options": ["(A)If a person failed to do something she or he ought to have done, then that person failed to do something that.she or he promised to do.", "(B)Only an event like an unforeseen.traffic jam could excuse a person from the obligation to keep a promise.", "(C)If there is something that a.person ought not do, then it is something that that person is capable of not doing.", "(D)The obligation created by a promise is not relieved by the fact that the promise cannot be kept.", "(E)If an event like an unforeseen traffic jam interferes with someone's keeping a promise, then that person should not have made the promise to begin with."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The situation described above conforms most closely to which one of the following generalizations?", "options": ["(A)The price of any manufactured good depends more on how fashionable that good is than on the materials it is made from.", "(B)It is more important for the materials used in the manufacture of clothing to be fashionable than it is for them to be practical.", "(C)Materials that require relatively little labor in their production tend to be fashionable.", "(D)The appearance of a manufactured good is the only thing that determines whether it is fashionable.", "(E)Cultural trends tend to be an important determinant of the prices of materials used in manufacturing."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The conclusion of the argument is most strongly supported if which one of the following completes the passage?", "options": ["(A)more than half of the forest is unnaturally crowded with immature trees", "(B)mature trees are usually the first to be eaten by tussock moths", "(C)usually a higher proportion of mature trees than of immature ones are destroyed in forest fires", "(D)the expected outbreak: of tussock moths will almost certainly occur if no attempt is made to counter it", "(E)there are no completely effective countermeasures against the moth"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps, to explain the increase in average commute time?", "options": ["(A)Most people who work in the downtown area of Gastner commute from one of the city's suburbs.", "(B)The location of the new highway is most convenient for people who commute to and from Gastner's largest suburbs.", "(C)Shortly after the new highway was opened, several suburban roads connecting to the new highway were upgraded with new stoplights.", "(D)At the same time the new highway was being built,. road repair work was being done on important streets leading to downtown Gastner.", "(E)In Gastner's downtown area, traffic on the roads near the new highway become more congested after the new highway was opened."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the office worker's reasoning?", "options": ["(A)It is better to focus one's time on a single project than to split one's time between two projects.", "(B)It is better to finish one of two projects than to risk failing to finish both projects.", "(C)It is better to first finish those projects that must be done than to interrupt them with projects that are merely optional.", "(D)It is better not to worry about having failed to finish a project on time than to allow such worry to interfere with finishing a competing project on time.", "(E)It is better to attempt to finish a project on time than to attempt to finish a late project that does not have higher priority."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption the science teacher's argument requires?", "options": ["(A)Secondary schools should teach only those skills that are the most useful for the decisions that adults typically make in their daily lives.", "(B)Teaching secondary, school students the more abstract aspects of science is at least as important as teaching them to evaluate science based arguments regarding practical issues.", "(C)Adults who have an abstract knowledge of science are no better at evaluating science-based arguments regarding practical issues than are adults who have no knowledge of science at all.", "(D)No secondary school science courses currently teach students how to evaluate science-based arguments regarding practical issues.", "(E)The ability to evaluate science-based arguments regarding practical issues is sometimes useful in making the decisions that adults typically make in their daily lives."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of ,the following most accurately expresses a point of disagreement between Lyle and Carl?", "options": ["(A)whether modernizing the language of premodern plays results in plays that have different pedagogical value than the originals", "(B)whether the loss in aesthetic quality that results from modernizing the language of premodern plays lessens the plays usefulness for teaching history", "(C)whether the highest form of aesthetic enjoyment of premodern plays comes from seeing them as they were originally performed", "(D)whether increasing the accessibility of premodern plays through modernizing their language is valuable for teaching history", "(E)whether using plays with modernized language to teach history requires that there be some loss in the aesthetic quality of the plays"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The pattern of flawed reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most parallel to that in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Most pharmacies sell cosmetics. Vrrtually every pharmacy sells shampoo or toothpaste, or both. Therefore, if there are pharmacies that sell both cosmetics and toothpaste, there must also be some that sell both cosmetics and shampoo.", "(B)Undoubtedly, most pharmacies sell cosmetics for almost all pharmacies sell either shampoo or toothpaste, or both, and there are some pharmacies that sell both cosmetics and shampoo and some that sell both cosmetics and toothpaste.", "(C)Most pharmacies sell cosmetics. Nearly all pharmacies sell shampoo or toothpaste, or both. Therefore, unless there are some pharmacies that sell both cosmetics and toothpaste, there must be some that sell both cosmetics and shampoo.", "(D)Virtually every pharmacy that sells shampoo also sells toothpaste. Most pharmacies sell cosmetics. Therefore, there must be some pharmacies that sell both cosmetics and toothpaste and some that sell both cosmetics and shampoo", "(E)Nearly all pharmacies sell either shampoo or toothpaste, or both. Therefore, since most pharmacies sell cosmetics, there must be some pharmacies that sell both cosmetics and toothpaste and some that sell both cosmetics and shampoo."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["(A)takes an inconsistent stance regarding the status of the inferences that can be drawn from the study", "(B)overlooks the possibility that two or more chemicals produce the same effects", "(C)concludes that a generalization has been proven true merely on the grounds that it has not been proven false", "(D)takes something to be the cause of a reduction when it could have been an effect of that reduction", "(E)does not consider the possibility that PCBs have detrimental effects on human health several years after exposure"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its reasoning to the argument above?", "options": ["(A)of those who participated in the marathon,some succeeded and others failed. But those who did not participate at all neither succeeded nor failed, since both success and failure require participation.", "(B)People who are aware of their motives can articulate them. But unconscious motives are usually impossible to acknowledge. So people are more likely to hear about other people's conscious motives than their unconscious ones.", "(C)It is unclear whether the company's venture succeeded, because the criteria for its success are undefined, But if the venture had had a measurable goal, then it would have been possible to judge its success.", "(D)A teacher is someone who teaches. In addition,there are people who teach but are not called teachers. So while the number of those called teachers is large, the number of those who teach is even larger.", "(E)Because someone intervened in the conflict, the effects of that intervention can be discerned. But since no one can investigate what does not happen, it is impossible to discern that would have happened had someone not intervened."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The argument requires assuming which one of the following principles?", "options": ["(A)The amount of attention that lawmakers give to a group's interests should be directly proportional to the number of voters in that group.", "(B)Parenis should not be given responsibility for making a decision on their child's behalf unless their child is not mature enough to decide wisely.", "(C)The parents of underage children should always consider the best interests of their children when they vote.", "(D)It is not fair for lawmakers to favor the interests of people who have the vote over the interests of people who do not have the vote.", "(E)A group of people can be fairly represented in a democracy even if some members of that group can vote on behalf of others in that group."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the critic's argument?", "options": ["(A)The Gazette-Standard pays its editorial staff lower salaries than its biggest competitor pays its editorial staff.", "(B)The Gazette-Standard has been in business considerably longer than has its biggest competitor.", "(C)The Gazette-Standard more actively follows up reader complaints about errors in the paper than does its biggest competitor.", "(D)The Gazette-Standard's articles are each checked by more editors than are the articles of its biggest competitor.", "(E)The increase in the Gazette-Standard's editorial staff has been offset by a decrease in the reporting staff at the newspaper."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds?", "options": ["(A)It draws a conclusion about a population from observations of a subgroup that is quite likely to be unrepresentative of that population in certain relevant respects.", "(B)It takes for granted that most individuals do not vary significantly in the opinions they would express on a given issue if surveyed regarding that issue on different occasions.", "(C)It relies on the accuracy of a survey made under conditions in which it is probable that most of the responses to that survey did not correctly reflect the opinions of the respondents.", "(D)It uses evidence about an opinion held by the majority of a population in an attempt to justify a conclusion regarding the opinion of a small part of that population.", "(E)It takes for granted that the fund-raising letter had some influence on the opinions of most of the people who received it."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["(A)Political failures within the Roman empire during its last years led to conflicts that hampered agricultural production.", "(B)The areas of the Roman empire that had the greatest climatic instability between 250 A.D. and 550 A.D. did not experience unusual levels of unrest during that period.", "(C)Poor farming practices led to depleted soil in many parts of Europe during the last years of the Roman empire.", "(D)During periods when the Roman empire was thriving, Europe consistently experienced weather that was favorable for agriculture.", "(E)Total food production in Europe was likely greater in the years around 550 A.D. than in the years around 250 A.D."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most logically completes the sales manager's argument?", "options": ["(A)devote more effort to training than to evaluating salespeople", "(B)devote more effort to finding good managers than to finding natural superstar salespeople", "(C)keep to a minimum the number of salespeople for which a manager is responsible", "(D)promote more natural superstar salespeople to management positions", "(E)reward superstar performance more than superstar talent"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The claim that more steel was purchased when it could be manufactured more cheaply plays which one of the following roles in the argument?", "options": ["(A)It is described as inadequate evidence for the falsity of the argument's conclusion.", "(B)It is described as an exception to a generalization for which the argument offers evidence.", "(C)It is used to illustrate the generalization that,according to the argument, does not hold in all cases.", "(D)It is the evidence that, according to the argument,led economists to embrace a false hypothesis.", "(E)It is cited as one of several reasons for modifying a general assumption made by economists."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the resident's argument is flawed in that the argument overlooks the possibility that", "options": ["(A)the town has a relatively small number of houses", "(B)inadequate site drainage can make a house unsafe", "(C)structural defects are often easier to fix than inadequate site drainage", "(D)many houses in the town have neither inadequate site drainage nor structural defects that could make them unsafe", "(E)some of the houses that have structure defects that could make them unsafe also have inadequate site drainage"], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument?", "options": ["(A)One should not regret making a decision unless a different decision would have resulted in one having a greater number of close personal relationships.", "(B)One should not regret making a decision if it helped to bring about something that one cherishes.", "(C)One should not regret making a decision that had little effect on one's life.", "(D)People who regret the missed opportunities of youth should cherish their close personal relationships more deeply.", "(E)People with few close personal relationships should cherish the ones they have."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Of the following, which one is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)Foods high in flavonoids are not readily available on the Panamanian mainland.", "(B)Kuna who live on the islands drink cocoa because they believe that it is beneficial to their health.", "(C)The Kuna have a genetic predisposition to low blood pressure.", "(D)Kuna who live on the Panamanian mainland generally have higher blood pressure than other people who live on the mainland.", "(E)Drinking several cups of flavonoid-rich cocoa per day tends to prevent high blood pressure."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following would be most useful to know in order to evaluate the legal theorists hypothesis?", "options": ["(A)whether jurors typically know that judges have appraised the scientific evidence presented at trial", "(B)whether jurors reactions to scientific evidence presented at trial are influenced by other members of the jury", "(C)how jurors determine the credibility of an expert witness who is presenting scientific evidence in a trial", "(D)whether jurors typically draw upon their own scientific knowledge when weighing scientific evidence presented at trial", "(E)how jurors respond to situations in which different expert witnesses give conflicting assessments of scientific evidence"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the surprising finding?", "options": ["(A)Word-of-mouth marketing campaigns are generally used for specialty products that are not well suited to being marketed through mass-media advertisements.", "(B)Those who tend to be the most receptive to mass-media marketing campaigns are also the least likely to be influenced by knowledge of a product booster's affiliation.", "(C)Most people who work as product boosters in word-of-mouth marketing campaigns have themselves been recruited through a word-of-mouth process.", "(D)Most word-of-mouth marketing campaigns cost far less than marketing campaigns that rely on mass-media advertisements.", "(E)When a word-of-mouth product booster admits his or her affiliation, it fosters a more relaxed and in-depth discussion of the marketed product."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The consultant's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)There is no change Whalley could make to her platform that would win over more voters under 50 than it would lose voters 50 and over.", "(B)The issues that most concern voters under 50 are different from those that most concern voters 50 and over.", "(C)If Whalley changes her platform, her opponent will not change his platform in response.", "(D)There will be more voters in the election who are 50 and over than there will be voters under 50.", "(E)Whalley would change her platform if she thought it would give her a better chance to win."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The claims made above are incompatible with which one of the following generalizations?", "options": ["(A)A decrease in per capita emissions of carbon dioxide never occurs during a period of economic growth.", "(B)Countries whose economies are growing slowly or not at all usually cannot afford to enact laws restricting carbon dioxide emissions.", "(C)Economic growth initially leads to increased per capita emissions of greenhouse gases, but eventually new technologies are developed that tend to reduce these emissions.", "(D)As the world's population grows, emissions of greenhouse gases will increase proportionately.", "(E)Economic growth always increases household income and consumption, which inevitably increases per capita emissions of carbon dioxide."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument presented in the advertisement?", "options": ["(A)A lawyer's knowledge and level of expertise is at least as complex as that of a doctor.", "(B)Do-it-yourself software cannot tailor a person's will to meet that person's particular circumstances as well as a Jawyer can.", "(C)Many people who prepare their wills using do-it-yourself software are not satisfied with the results.", "(D)In the majority of cases, valid wills do not adequately meet the needs of the persons for whom the wills were prepared.", "(E)There is some way for an ill person to get a valid prescription without first consulting a doctor."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to that in the argument above?", "options": ["(A)Any dessert with chocolate is high in calories,and any dessert high in calories is fattening. So any dessert with chocolate is fattening.", "(B)Every dessert with chocolate is high in calories, and every fattening dessert is also high in calories. So any dessert with chocolate is fattening.", "(C)Any dessert that is high in calories has chocolate in it, and any dessert that is high in calories is fattening. So every dessert with chocolate is fattening.", "(D)Every dessert with chocolate is high in calories,and every dessert that is high in calories is fattening. So every fattening dessert has chocolate in it.", "(E)Any dessert with chocolate is high in calories,and many desserts that are high in calories are fattening. So many desserts with chocolate are fattening."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The claim that the proliferation of arguments has been construed as evidence that the principles of mechanism themselves are in tension with democracy plays which one of the fllowing roles in the argument?", "options": ["(A)It states a principle that the argument seeks to establish.", "(B)It describes a general phenomenon that the argument seeks to explain.", "(C)It introduces a hypothesis that the argument challenges.", "(D)It provides evidence in support of the conclusion of the argument.", "(E)It expresses the conclusion of the argument."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that it", "options": ["(A)confuses a quality that shows an understanding of people with a quality that is necessary for understanding people", "(B)confuses a' quality that usually correlates with being a good manager with a quality that results from being a good manager", "(C)confuses qualities necessary for being a good manager with qualities that guarantee being a good manager", "(D)overlooks the possibility that different managers defuse tense situations in different ways", "(E)takes for granted that because all good managers have a certain quality, Ishiko must have that quality"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most help to explain the babblers ' strange behavior?", "options": ["(A)Babblers fly much faster than the predators that prey upon them.", "(B)Babblers ' predators are generally intimidated by large numbers of babblers.", "(C)There is more than one type of predator that preys upon babblers.", "(D)Babblers ' predators have very good eyesight but relatively weak hearing.", "(E)Animals that live in close proximity to babblers are also preyed upon by the predators that prey upon babblers."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The claim that there is a warm sea beneath Europa's icy surface figures in the argument in which one of the following ways?", "options": ["(A)It is a subsidiary conclusion used by the argument to support its overall conclusion.", "(B)It is the overall conclusion of the argument.", "(C)It is used to discredit a theory that the argument disputes", "(D)It is the only consideration presented in support of the argument's overall conclusion.", "(E)It is presented as support for a..subsidiary conclusion drawn in the argument."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the overall conclusion drawn ,in the argument?", "options": ["(A)Feeling lucky is the most enjoyable emotional experience garnered from shopping.", "(B)Retailers take advantage of the fact that shoppers enjoy feeling lucky.", "(C)Advertised price cuts are overused as a means of gaining retail sales.", "(D)Using advertised price cuts to promote retail products reduces profit margins and undermines customer loyalty.", "(E)Making consumers feel lucky is usually not a good formula for retail success."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The jurist's claim that it is important to guarantee that lawbreaking does not give lawbreakers an unfair advantage over law abiders functions in the argument in which one of the following ways?", "options": ["(A)It states a condition that, if fulfilled, will ensure that a legal system remains just.", "(B)It expresses a principle that is offered as support for the conclusion.", "(C)It is a conclusion for which the only support offered is the claim that the legal system serves multiple goals.", "(D)It is a premise presented as support for the claim that the most important goal of criminal punishment is to ensure that criminal wrongdoing remains profitless.", "(E)It is presented as refuting an argument that criminal punishment has goals other than guaranteeing that lawbreaking remains profitless."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The argument's conclusion can be properly inferred if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)Yeung is a lawyer in the company's legal department.", "(B)Neither Grimes nor Yeung was told about the procedural changes until after they were made.", "(C)No lawyer in the company's legal department was told about the procedural changes until . after they were made.", "(D)If the company's president was told about the procedural changes before they were made, then the contract was not violated.", "(E)If no lawyer in the company's legal department was told about the procedural changes before they were made, then the contract was violated."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the journalist's reasoning?", "options": ["(A)Most people who have a genetic predisposition to Parkinson's disease have no more iron in their diets than people without the predisposition.", "(B)Many of the vegetables regularly consumed by vegetarians who do not contract Parkinson's disease are as rich in iron as meat and seafood.", "(C)Children and adolescents require a much larger amount of iron in their diets than do mature adults.", "(D)The iron in some foods is much less easily absorbed by the body than the iron contained in other foods.", "(E)The amounts of iron-rich foods consumed by people starts to decline beginning at age 50."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "If the statements of Riverdale's Modem Party Chairperson are true, each of the following could be true EXCEPT:", "options": ["(A)Maples has the least seniority of any member of Riverdale's Modem Party and was recently ousted from the Traditionalist Party.", "(B)Tannett would be a better mayor than would any other member of Riverdale's Traditionalist Party.", "(C)Few residents of Riverdale believe that Maples would be a better mayor than Tannett .", "(D)Of all the members of Riverdale's Modern Party, Maples would be the worst mayor.", "(E)Tannett is better qualified to be mayor than is Riverdale's Modern Party Chairperson."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The answer to which one of the following questions would be most useful to know in order to evaluate the reasoning in the businessperson's argument?", "options": ["(A)What were the reasons for performing maintenance on the parking area directly in front of the building on that particular day?", "(B)Were any other of the meeting attendees also late to the meeting because they had difficulty finding parking?", "(C)What are the parking patterns in the building's vicinity on days when the parking area in front of the building is open?", "(D)Does the businessperson have a tendency to be late to meetings? .", "(E)Was it particularly important that the businessperson not be late to this meeting?"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)A work of literature cannot be well received within an external national tradition if it is not well received within the writer's own national tradition.", "(B)A work of world literature offers more to readers within external national traditions than it offers to readers within the writer's national tradition.", "(C)A work should not be thought of as world literature if it is more meaningful to readers from the writer's national tradition than it is to readers from external national traditions.", "(D)A work of world literature is always influenced by works outside of the writer's national tradition.", "(E)A work is not part of world literature if it affects the development of only one national tradition."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)Most of the paintings on display at the Metro Art Museum are from the twentieth century, but most of the paintings the Metro Art Museum owns are from the nineteenth century. It follows that the museum owns few if any of the twentieth-century paintings it displays.", "(B)In an opinion poll of Silver Falls residents,more said they were in favor of increased spending on roads than said they were in favor of increased spending on parks. So most Silver Falls residents must be in favor of spending more on roads but opposed to spending more on parks.", "(C)In the San Felipe city arboretum, most of the trees are of local rather than exotic species. Therefore, in the San Felipe area,there must be more trees of local species than of exotic species.", "(D)Most of the vegetables available at the Valley Food Co-op are organic, but most of the vegetables available at the Jumbo Supermarket are not. Thus, more organic vegetables are available at Valley Food than are available at Jumbo.", "(E)The Acme Realty website has photos of most of the houses, but of fewer than half of the condominiums, that Acme is offering for sale.So Acme must have more houses than condominiums for sale."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["(A)Because the film studio owns the new technology, the studio will be able to control its use in any future films.", "(B)Films that introduce innovative special-effects technologies generally draw large audiences of people who are curious about the new effects.", "(C)The production costs of this film are so high that, even if the film is popular, it is unlikely that the film's ticket sales will offset those costs.", "(D)In the past, many innovative special-effects technologies were abandoned after the films for which they were developed proved to be unpopular.", "(E)The use of the new special-effects technology would lower the production costs of other films that use it."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent conflict in the statements above?", "options": ["(A)Dust-mite allergens in bedding tend to irritate many allergy sufferers' nasal passages more than do the same allergens in other locations, such as carpets.", "(B)When people report their own allergy symptoms, they tend to exaggerate the severity of those symptoms.", "(C)The medical community does not fully understand how dust-mite allergens cause allergy.", "(D)For dust-mite allergy sufferers to get relief from their allergies, dust-mite allergens must be reduced by 90 to 95 percent.", "(E)All of the participants in the study were told that one group in the study would be sleeping on mite-proof bedding."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument", "options": ["(A)mistakes a decline in the market share of Wilson Appliance's hair dryer for a decline in the total sales of that product", "(B)does not provide specific information about the prof its hair dryers generate for the companies that produce them", "(C)fails to discuss sales figures for Wilson Appliance's products other than its hair dryers", "(D)overlooks the possibility that the retail price of Wilson Appliance's hair dryer may have increased over the past 5 years", "(E)provides no independent evidence that Wilson Appliance's hair dryer is one of the company's least profitable products"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the overall conclusion drawn in the argument?", "options": ["(A)The object of a person's faithfulness partially determines whether or not that faithfulness is virtuous.", "(B)Virtuous behavior is praiseworthy by definition.", "(C)Behavior that emerges from hatred or animosity cannot be called virtuous.", "(D)Faithfulness and resentment are obviously different, despite some similarities.", "(E)Resentment should not be considered a virtuous emotion."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the columnist's judgment that the legislator's proposal is unacceptable?", "options": ["(A)Customers of a utility have a right to know how the money they pay to the utility will be used.", "(B)Money designated for projects that benefit an entire community should not be used for projects that benefit only some members of a community.", "(C)An additional charge on water bills should not be used to fund a project that most of the utility's customers disapprove of.", "(D)An additional charge on water bills should not be imposed unless it is approved by the legislature.", "(E)A water utility should not collect an additional charge unless the money collected is used for water-related expenditures."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?", "options": ["(A)Feeding on the Natal grass cycad is the only means by which the leopard magpie moth can make itself highly unpalatable to predators.", "(B)The leopard magpie moth does not have the speed or the agility to escape from any of its potential predators.", "(C)Potential predators of the leopard magpie moth cannot determine from appearance alone whether a moth's body is laced with macrozamin.", "(D)Leopard magpie moths are not able to locate Natal grass cycads unless those plants are abundant.", "(E)None of the potential predators of the leopard magpie moth have developed a tolerance to macrozamin."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the citizen's argument?", "options": ["(A)Homeowners should not pay off their mortgages early if they must neglect upkeep of their homes in order to do so.", "(B)It does not make sense for the government to use the budget surplus to pay down the national debt.", "(C)A homeowner's personal financial situation is analogous in relevant ways to the financial situation of a country's government.", "(D)Because of underfunding, the government does not maintain adequate standards in the services it provides.", "(E)Government leaders want to use the country's large budget surplus to pay down the national debt."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Peraski and Jackson disagree over whether", "options": ["(A)driving a gas-guzzling automobile produces a greater level of pollution than driving a smaller car", "(B)speaking out against the use of gas guzzlers despite driving in situations in which one could use a bicycle reveals hypocrisy", "(C)driving even a small car when one could use a bicycle contributes to the level of pollution", "(D)one should speak out against polluting even if doing so reveals one's own hypocrisy", "(E)there is no moral difference between driving a gas guzzler and driving a smaller car"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above?", "options": ["(A)Otters and abalones also compete for the same types of food and so are drawn to the same waters.", "(B)The fossils that were studied showed the development of only one of the two species of large abalones known to exist.", "(C)Otters also prey on the abalones* competitors for food and so indirectly make it easier for abalones to get food.", "(D)Small abalone species tend to reproduce more rapidly than larger abalone species.", "(E)Otters have a preference for large abalones over small ones and so prefer waters in which large abalones are found."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The conclusion of the argument can be properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)Those who are perceived to be clearly superior almost always win.", "(B)The winner of a competition is often the competitor who exerts the most effort.", "(C)When competitors perceive the competition as winnable, their overall performance generally improves.", "(D)Doubting one's own ability to perform can decrease one's overall performance.", "(E)Competitors who work to undermine the confidence of other participants often do better in competitions."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Of the following claims, which one can most justifiably be rejected on the basis of the statements above?", "options": ["(A)Most of the duplicates and omissions among plant names in the scientific record have yet to be cleared up.", "(B)An accurate database of all the plant species in the scientific record can serve as an aid to botanists in their work.", "(C)Duplicates and omissions in the scientific record also occur in fields other than botany.", "(D)Botanists have no techniques for determining whether distinct plant species have been given distinct names.", "(E)A person who consults the scientific record looking under only one of a plant's names may miss available information about that plant."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["(A)Before the plan was implemented the hospitals already had a policy of thoroughly investigating any staff error that causes life-threatening injury to a patient.", "(B)The incidence of patient injuries at a regional hospital that did not participate in the plan also decreased over the year in question.", "(C)The plan did not call for the recording of staff errors that could have caused patient injuries but did not.", "(D)The decrease in the incidence of the injuries did not begin at any hospital until the staff there became aware that the records were being closely analyzed.", "(E)Under the plan, the hospitals' staff members who were found to have made errors that caused injuries to patients received only reprimands for their first errors."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the failure of the strategy involving wolves?", "options": ["(A)The presence of wolves in an area tends to discourage other predators from moving into the area.", "(B)Attempts to control moose populations in other national parks by introducing predators have also been unsuccessful.", "(C)Wolves often kill moose weakened by diseases that probably would have spread to other moose.", "(D)Healthy moose generally consume more vegetation than do those that are diseased or injured.", "(E)Moose that are too old to breed are just as likely to die of natural causes as of attack by wolves."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument", "options": ["(A)takes a sufficient condition for a state of affairs to be a necessary condition for it", "(B)infers a causal relationship from the mere presence of a correlation", "(C)trades on the use of a term in one sense in a premise and in a different sense in the conclusion", "(D)draws a conclusion about how the world actually is on the basis of claims about how it should be", "(E)infers that because a set of things has acertain property, each member of that set has the property"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following arguments?", "options": ["(A)A company must have efficient employees to be successful. And if a company's employees are knowledgeable and hardworking, then they are probably efficient. Thus, in order for a company to be successful, it must have knowledgeable and hardworking employees.", "(B)The fact that the suspect was flustered when questioned by the police might be a result of the suspect's surprise at being questioned. But if it is, the probability that the suspect is guilty is very low. Thus, the fact that the suspect was flustered is not necessarily a sign that the suspect is guilty.", "(C)Oil companies are not buying new drilling equipment. But if they were planning on increasing their drilling, they would be buying new drilling equipment. Thus, oil companies are not planning on increasing their drilling.", "(D)The price of real estate in a particular town is increasing. And if the town's economy were improving, the price of real estate there would increase. Thus, the town's economy is improving.", "(E)The exports of a particular nation have recently decreased. But whenever that nation's exports decrease, its trade deficit increases. Thus, the nation's trade deficit has recently increased."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Sanchez and Merriweather disagree over whether the school", "options": ["(A)needed sixteen new computers", "(B)purchased more computers than it should have", "(C)spent more in purchasing the sixteen computers than it should have", "(D)paid more for each computer than it was worth", "(E)has been harshly criticized for purchasing the sixteen computers"], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the airport administrator's argument?", "options": ["(A)The argument presumes, without providing justification, that building runways closer together will encourage pilots to be more cautious while landing.", "(B)The argument overlooks the fact that those who make mistakes are often unreliable sources of information about those mistakes.", "(C)The argument questions the integrity of those who are opposed to allowing runways to be built closer together.", "(D)The argument presumes, without providing justification, that the air traffic control tapes studied do not provide accurate information concerning specific flights.", "(E)The argument infers from a lack of conclusive evidence supporting the higher number's accuracy that it must be inaccurate."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?", "options": ["(A)The ease with which lake trout can be caught by anglers varies with the time of year and the water temperature.", "(B)Cold water is denser, and therefore heavier,than relatively warmer water.", "(C)Lake txout are found exclusively in deep temperate lakes.", "(D)Lake trout do not alter their feeding habits from one part of the year to another.", "(E)In deep temperate lakes that have ice residues on the surface, late-winter \"turnover\" has not yet occurred."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The dialogue provides the most support for inferring that Liang and Sarah agree with each other that", "options": ["(A)people who experience an emotion vicariously are likely to purge themselves of that emotion", "(B)the members of a mature audience are unlikely to believe that violence is sometimes an appropriate way to resolve problems", "(C)if violence in certain movies causes violence in viewers, access to those movies should be restricted", "(D)the effects of dramatic depictions of violenceon audiences are at least partially understood", "(E)children are more likely than adults to be attracted to dramas involving characters who behave violently"], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the politician's argument?", "options": ["(A)Opposing higher taxes is not a factor contributing to good leadership.", "(B)Being opposed to higher taxes is not a sufficient condition for good leadership.", "(C)Thompson has questionable opinions concerning important issues other than taxes.", "(D)All of the past leaders who supported highertaxes performed their jobs adequately.", "(E)All of the past leaders who supported highertaxes were hardworking."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Garza responds to Patterson by doing which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)arguing that the body of evidence to which Patterson appeals is insufficient for Patterson's purposes", "(B)offering evidence to challenge the truth of the premise of Patterson's argument", "(C)presenting a counterexample to the general conclusion drawn in Patterson's argument", "(D)presenting an argument analogous to Patterson's argument to reveal a potential flaw in Patterson's reasoning", "(E)using Patterson's evidence to draw a conclusionin consistent with the conclusion drawn in Patterson's argument"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The principle stated above, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in which one of the following arguments?", "options": ["(A)Because some of the duties that police officer scarry out have no connection to human health or safety, police officers should not be subject to a licensing requirement.", "(B)Because there are no realistic circumstances in which poor work by an interior designer poses a danger to human beings, interior designers should not be subject to a licensing requirement.", "(C)Because hospital administrators routinely make decisions that affect the health of hundreds of people, hospital administrators should be subject to a licensing requirement.", "(D)Because hair stylists regularly use substances that can pose a threat to human health if handled improperly, hair stylists should be subject to a licensing requirement.", "(E)Because tattoo artists who do not maintain strict sanitation pose a serious threat to human health, tattoo artists should be subject to a licensing requirement."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true?", "options": ["(A)Regis Motors sold more new cars to residents of Blomenville last year than they had in any previous year.", "(B)The total number of new cars purchased by residents of Blomenville was greater last year than it was in any previous year.", "(C)A car retailer other than Regis Motors sold the most new cars to residents of Blomenville last year,", "(D)The number of new cars purchased last year by residents of Blomenville is greater than the number of new cars sold by Regis Motors.", "(E)Regis Motors' share of the new car market in Blomenville last year increased over its share the year before."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, provides the most support for the argument in the editorial?", "options": ["(A)Teenagers start releasing melatonin later at night and stop releasing it later in the morning than do young children.", "(B)Sleepy teenagers are tardy for school morefrequently than teenagers who are well rested when the school day begins.", "(C)Teenagers who work at jobs during the day spend more time driving than do teenagers who attend high school during the day.", "(D)Many of the car accidents involving teenage drivers in Granville occurred in the evening rather than in the morning.", "(E)Car accidents involving teenage drivers rose in the region surrounding Granville during the time they declined in Granville."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following arguments exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to that exhibited by the argument above?", "options": ["(A)A major shopping mall is now being constructed in our city. Most cities with major shopping malls are regional economic hubs. Therefore, our city will probably become a regional economic hub.", "(B)Cities that are regional economic hubs generally experience tremendous economic growth at some point. Our city is a regional economic hub that has never experienced tremendous economic growth. Thus it will probably experience tremendous economic growth in the future.", "(C)Cities that are regional economic hubs always have excellent transportation systems. It is widely agreed that our city's transportation system is inadequate. Therefore, our city will probably never become a regional economic hub.", "(D)A major shopping mall was built in our city ten years ago, and our city has experienced tremendous economic growth since then. Therefore, most cities in which major shopping malls are built will experience tremendous economic growth shortly afterward.", "(E)Most cities that are regional economic hub scontain major shopping malls. A major shopping mall is now being constructed in our city. Therefore, our city will probably become a regional economic hub."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption that the oceanographer's argument requires?", "options": ["(A)Carbon dioxide will dissolve much more thoroughly if it is pumped into cold water than it will if it is pumped into warmer water.", "(B)Evaporation of warmer ocean water near an ocean's surface does not generally release into the atmosphere large amounts of the carbon dioxide dissolved in the evaporating water.", "(C)Carbon dioxide dissolved in cool, dense waterin ocean depths will not escape back into Earth's atmosphere a long time before the water in which that carbon dioxide is dissolved mixes with warmer water near the surface.", "(D)It is the density of the water in the ocean depths that plays the main role in the trapping of the carbon dioxide.", "(E)Carbon dioxide should be pumped into ocean depths to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere only if the carbon dioxide pumped into ocean depths would be trapped there for hundreds of years."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the community organizer's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["(A)generalizes about the outcome of an event based on a single observation of a similar situation", "(B)takes for granted that people who participated in last year's cleanup will participate this year", "(C)confuses a condition that is required for an outcome with one that is sufficient for that outcome", "(D)overlooks the possibility that the cleanup will attract participants who are not residents in the community", "(E)defines a term in such a way as to ensure that whatever the outcome, it will be considered a positive outcome"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Bell and Soltan disagree with each other about which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)Klein's policies have been effective.", "(B)Klein's policies are unpopular.", "(C)Klein should step down.", "(D)There are important decisions to be made in the future.", "(E)Klein's policies were implemented in the face of an impending catastrophe."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above?", "options": ["(A)A person's assessment of the value of an object depends on his or her evaluation of the inherent properties of the object.", "(B)People are usually unable to judge the value of an object when they have possessed it for a long period of time.", "(C)The amount a person is willing to spend on an object is determined by the amount that object sold for in the past.", "(D)People tend to value an object that they do no town less than they value a very similar object that they already own.", "(E)People are more likely to undervalue objects they have been given than objects they have purchased."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the support for the ecologist's conclusion?", "options": ["(A)Adult starlings are able to defend themselves against parasitic insects.", "(B)Male starlings do not decorate their nests in areas with unusually small populations of parasitic insects.", "(C)Nestlings grow faster in nests that incorporate aromatic plants than in nests that do not.", "(D)Male starlings tend to decorate their nests with a greater number of aromatic plants when a caged female is positioned adjacent to the nest.", "(E)The compounds in the aromatic plants used by the male starlings to decorate their nests are harmless to nestlings."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "The conclusion of the argument follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["(A)Commission members who have expressed their opinions about disaster preparedness in the news media have also emphasized their commitment to producing an effective report.", "(B)News organizations should not provide a platform for members of the commission to express their opinions about disaster preparedness if doing so will undermine the effectiveness of the commission's report.", "(C)The commission will be able to speak with a uniform voice only if individual members' opinions about disaster preparedness are not made public before the report is completed.", "(D)If commission members had not expressed their opinions about disaster preparedness in the news media before the report was completed, there would have been much public speculation about what those views were.", "(E)The commission's report will not be effective if some of the commission members already had opinions about the nation's disaster preparedness even before the commission was formed."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The engineer's argument can most reasonably be interpreted as invoking which one of the following principles?", "options": ["(A)Conditions that create a feeling of security also encourage risk taking.", "(B)Problems created by humans require human-created solutions.", "(C)Technical fixes are inevitably temporary.", "(D)Technical fixes cannot discourage risk-taking behavior.", "(E)The longer a problem goes unresolved, the worse it becomes."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, adds the most support for the conclusion of the argument?", "options": ["(A)Wood rats build their nests using dead, brittle branches, not live ones.", "(B)A number of different animals use poison oakand poison ivy as food sources.", "(C)It is common for plants to defend themselves by producing chemical substances.", "(D)In approximately 85 percent of the human population, very small amounts of urushiol can cause a rash.", "(E)Poison oak and poison ivy grow particularly well in places where humans have altered natural forest ecosystems."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the politician's criticism?", "options": ["(A)Evaluation of legislation should take into account actual results, not intentions alone.", "(B)The wealthier members of a community should not have undue influence on its governance.", "(C)A community' s tax laws and zoning regulations should apply equally to all individuals within selected areas.", "(D)Legislation that is not to anyone's benefit should not be commended.", "(E)Laws that give advantage to the well-to-do can also benefit society as a whole."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the pund it's argument?", "options": ["(A)If national leaders who fail to solve problems are voted out of office after a few years, new leaders will be more motivated to solve problems.", "(B)National leaders who stay in power too long tend to deny responsibility for problems that they could have dealt with earlier.", "(C)National leaders are most likely to undertake reforms early in a new government.", "(D)National leaders who immediately respond to problems upon taking office should be given enough time to succeed at solving them.", "(E)National leaders should be removed from office every few years by the voting in of new leaders."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the farmer's argument?", "options": ["(A)The government sponsors at least some investigations of agricultural techniques that are considered likely to solve agricultural problems and do not use commercial products.", "(B)For almost any agricultural problem, there is at least one agricultural technique that does not use commercial products but that would solve that agricultural problem.", "(C)Investigations of agricultural techniques are rarely sponsored by individuals or by any entity other than private for-profit corporations or the government.", "(D)Most if not all investigations of agricultural techniques that use commercial products are sponsored by private for-profit corporations.", "(E)Most if not all government-sponsored agricultural research investigates agricultural techniques that do not use commercial products."], "label": "C"}
+{"question": "The spokesperson's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it", "options": ["(A)overlooks the possibility that the students surveyed were unaware that only Hall Dining Services could be hired if the current vendor were not hired", "(B)relies on a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative", "(C)overlooks the possibility that student preferenceis not the only factor to be considered when it comes to deciding which food vendor the university should hire", "(D)overlooks the possibility that there is disagreement among students concerning the issue of food vendors", "(E)argues that a certain action ought to be undertaken merely on the grounds that it would be popular"], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["(A)On average, cats fed canned cat food eat more calories per day than do cats fed dry cat food.", "(B)Typically, cats are fed either canned cat food or dry cat food, or both.", "(C)How much it costs to feed a cat a given kind of food depends only on how many calories per ounce that food contains.", "(D)On average, it costs no less to feed a cat that eats fewer ounces of food per day than it does to feed a cat that eats more ounces of food per day.", "(E)Canned cat food typically costs more per ounce than does dry cat food."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most help to resolve the puzzle described above?", "options": ["(A)An eighteenth-century baroque organ cannot adequately produce much of the organ music now played in church services and concerts.", "(B)The organ originally designed for the church had some features that modem organs lack.", "(C)The donation for rebuilding the originaleighteenth-century baroque organ was designated for that purpose alone.", "(D)By the time the church was destroyed in World War II, the eighteenth-century baroque organ had been modified several times.", "(E)In the eighteenth century, the organ playedan important role in church services at the Frauenkirche."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is a statement from which the conclusion can be properly drawn using the principle?", "options": ["(A)Reducing taxes on textile imports would notf inancially benefit many consumers in the domestic economy.", "(B)Reducing taxes on textile imports would financially benefit some consumers in the domestic economy but would not benefit the domestic textile industry.", "(C)The domestic textile industry faces significant competition in many of its export markets.", "(D)The domestic textile industry and consumers in the domestic economy would benefit less from reductions in taxes on textile imports than they would from other measures.", "(E)The added competition produced by any reduction of taxes on imports would significantly harm the domestic textile industry."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following can most reasonably be concluded on the basis of the information above?", "options": ["(A)The exact magnitude of the rise in global sea level is in dispute.", "(B)Rises in global sea level that occurred before the world's reservoirs were built are difficult to explain.", "(C)Little is known about the contribution of global warming to the rise in global sea level.", "(D)The amount of water in the world's reservoirs is about equal to the amount of water that results from the melting of glaciers and ice sheets.", "(E)The amount of water that results from the melting of glaciers and ice sheets cannot be determined by looking at the rise in global sea level alone."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument", "options": ["(A)infers a causal relationship when the evidence only supports a correlation", "(B)takes a condition that is sufficient for a particular outcome as one that is necessary for that outcome", "(C)infers that every member of a group has a feature in common on the grounds that the group as a whole has that feature", "(D)has a premise that presupposes the truth of the conclusion", "(E)constructs a generalization on the basis of a single instance"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)There should be limits placed on how much technical information can be considered by both sides in preparing a legal case.", "(B)Jury decisions in cases involving expert witness testimonies are not always determined by the reliability of those testimonies.", "(C)Jurors who understand the technical information presented in a case can usually assess its legal implications accurately.", "(D)Jury members should generally be selected on the basis of their technical expertise.", "(E)Expert witnesses who testify on opposite sides in legal cases are likely to agree in their evaluations of technical claims."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?", "options": ["(A)It is rare for political groups both on the right and on the left to criticize a particular tax reform proposal.", "(B)Even an overly specific or vague tax reform proposal can be implemented in a way that produces beneficial results.", "(C)The proposed legislation has not been criticized by any group that does not identify itself with the political right or the political left.", "(D)The proposed legislation as it is framed was not meant to satisfy either political groups on the right or political groups on the left.", "(E)The proposed legislation is not made up of a set of statements some of which are overly specific and some of which are overly vague."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its reasoning to the employee's argument?", "options": ["(A)Some people advocate moderation in all things. But different people react differently to certain substances, so what counts as a moderate amount of, say, caffeine for you might be too much for me. So to talk about moderation is to fail to take into account people's basic biological differences.", "(B)Activists are calling for an electronic device to be banned, for research has shown that prolonged exposure to the device while it is in use causes cancer in laboratory animals. But most chemicals probably cause cancer when administered in very high doses, yet no one would argue that we should ban all these chemicals for that reason.", "(C)Acme expects that approximately 1,000 of its employees will retire over the next year. No one would claim that Acme does not need a work force as large as its present one. So Acme will need to hire approximately 1,000 people over the next year.", "(D)In many creative writing classes, aspiring writers are told that if the characters they create are not engaging, their novels and stories will not sell. But this does not mean that engaging characters guarantee a sale-publishers and agents often reject manuscripts that emphasize character to the exclusion of other elements.", "(E)In the movie industry, a film's success is judged in terms of its profit relative to its cost. This is misguided, because under this criterion an expensive movie that sells just as many tickets as a lower-budget movie would be less successful than the lower-budget movie, which is clearly counter intuitive."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The conclusion drawn above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed to be true at Tromen University?", "options": ["(A)French Literature 205 is a required course forFrench-literature majors.", "(B)Only biology majors are allowed to take Biology 218.", "(C)There are more biology majors than there are French-literature majors.", "(D)There are more French-literature majors than there are biology majors.", "(E)It is not possible to major in both biology and French literature."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "If the critic's statements are true, which one of the following must also be true?", "options": ["(A)Any book worthy of serious study is a literary classic.", "(B)A book is a literary classic only if it is worthy of serious study.", "(C)There are no literary classics worthy of serious study.", "(D)Some books worthy of serious study do not reveal anything significant about the human condition.", "(E)Some books that reveal something significant about the human condition are not literary classics."], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The answer to which one of the following questions would most help in evaluating the argument?", "options": ["(A)Was the ratio of the head size of the recently discovered dinosaur to its body size the same as that for T. rexl", "(B)At what stage in its life did the recently discovered dinosaur die?", "(C)Was T. rex the largest and heaviest prehistoric predator?", "(D)Was the species to which the recently discovered dinosaur belonged related to T. rex?", "(E)Did the recently discovered dinosaur prey on species as large as those that T. rex preyed on?"], "label": "B"}
+{"question": "The flawed reasoning exhibited by the argument above is most similar to that exhibited by which one of the following?", "options": ["(A)Soccer players suffer more leg injuries, on average, than any other athletes at this university. Linda Wilson has suffered more leg injuries than any other soccer player at this university. Thus, Linda Wilson is the athlete at this university who has suffered the most leg injuries.", "(B)Teachers at our school have won more teaching awards, on average, than teachers at any other school in this city. Janna Patel is the teacher who has won the most awards in the city. So Janna Patel is the best teacher at our school.", "(C)The Olson Motor Company manufactures the three best-selling automobile models in the country. The Decade is the Olson Motor Company's best-selling model. Thus the Decade is the best-selling model in the country.", "(D)In this city the highest-paid police officer earns more than the highest-paid firefighter, and the lowest-paid police officer earns more than the lowest-paid firefighter. So in this city police officers earn more, on average, than firefighters do.", "(E)Falling Fast is the film that is currently earning the most at the box office in the country. The most successful film in the country is typically the one that is showing in the most theaters. So Falling Fast is probably the film that is currently showing in the most theaters."], "label": "A"}
+{"question": "The principle stated above, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in which one of the following arguments?", "options": ["(A)Joe made a legitimate offer to buy Sandy's car and Sandy has not rejected the offer. Thus, there was a valid contract.", "(B)Kenta accepted Gus's offer to buy a shipmentof goods, but Gus, unknown to Kenta, made the offer in jest. Thus, the contract was not valid.", "(C)Frank's offer to buy Mindy's business from her was legitimate. Thus, if Mindy is a reasonable person, she will accept the offer.", "(D)Hai's offer to sell artworks to Lea was made in such a way that no one in Lea's position would have reasonably believed it to be made in jest. Thus, if Lea accepts the offer, they have a valid contract.", "(E)The only offer that Sal made to Veronica was not a legitimate one. Thus, regardless of whether Sal made the offer in jest, there is no valid contract between them."], "label": "E"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the scientist's argument?", "options": ["(A)A number of animal species that inhabit the islands are not found in the Americas.", "(B)Genetic analysis indicates that the iguana species on the islands are different in several respects from those found in the Americas.", "(C)Documented cases of iguanas rafting long distances between land masses are uncommon.", "(D)Fossils of iguana species closely related to those that inhabit the islands have been found in Australia.", "(E)The lineages of numerous plant and animal species found in Australia or in South America date back to a period prior to the fragmentation of Gondwana."], "label": "D"}
+{"question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the scientist argument?", "options": ["(A)Takes for granted that greatness can be attained only by military conquest", "(B)Takes for granted that the largest tomb found so far must be the largest that was built", "(C)Does not show how the recently discovered tomb compares with other tombs from the same period that have been found in other regions", "(D)Fails to evaluate the significance of the fact that Alexander empire did not survive his death", "(E)Takes for granted that archaeologists can determine the size of the tomb from its remains"], "label": "B"}