News article:

Update, 9:04 a.m., June 22, 2016

 'It's been hell,' says Baton Rouge mom jailed for allegedly beating sons after catching them burglarizing home

 Original story:

 A Baton Rouge mother who caught her three sons breaking into a residence was arrested Tuesday after she whipped them as a punishment, East Baton Rouge deputies said.

 But the decision to jail 30-year-old Schaquana Evita Spears on child cruelty counts was questioned by the local district attorney and scolded by strangers as far away as California, prompting a debate about where to draw the line between well-meaning discipline and child abuse.

 Even Lisa Nicholson, the 45-year-old neighbor who said it was her house that was burglarized by Spears’ children, said she thought the single mother of six should be commended, not arrested. Though she wasn’t home at the time of the break-in, Nicholson said that as the homeowner she could have had killed the boys out of panic when they busted her back window.

 “If it was me,” she said, “I’m gonna beat you before I let the cops kill you. I’m gonna do what I have to do. I’m not gonna let (my children) steal and kill and do all of that. I’m not gonna let them fall victim to the streets.”

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 Spears, who has worked as a cook and opened a small catering business, admitted she hit her three sons — ages 10, 12 and 13 — after she caught them breaking into the residence near her house at 5470 Satinwood Drive on Friday, according to a Sheriff’s Office report.

 Her 13-year-old son, interviewed by child services officials at the juvenile detention center, told authorities Spears struck him multiple times with an RCA cord. RCA cables are used to connect devices like VCRs and DVD players to TV sets or CD players to stereo receivers.

 He had lacerations to both of his arms and marks across his leg, shoulder, back and stomach, causing some bleeding, the report says.

 Juvenile justice officials said they could not reveal why the son was at the juvenile facility.

 The other two boys also had some injuries, with the 12-year-old showing cuts on his arm and the youngest child receiving a small scratch to the hand, according to the document. Spears was accused of two counts of cruelty to juveniles.

 “Surely you would expect a parent to discipline a child who is burglarizing other people’s homes as this could be a deadly encounter for the child,” said East Baton Rouge Parish District Attorney Hillar C. Moore III, whose office would handle Spears’ criminal charges, if they are prosecuted.

 Moore said Spears’ case is being reviewed, including the seriousness of the boys’ injuries. He noted she has no prior convictions.

 Spears’ criminal history includes a theft count in 2008 which was dismissed, according to court records.

 In the Friday incident, her sons stole a hoverboard, electronics and socks from Nicholson’s house, and Spears immediately ordered the boys to return the items, Nicholson said. The goods belonged to Nicholson’s 13-year-old son, Trayquan, who said some but not all of his belongings have been returned.

 “We oftentimes see children who have no parental authority or discipline which eventually results in delinquency and criminal acts,” Moore said. “We need more parents who discipline their children.”

 Glenn Nettles, 53, came by Spears’ empty house Tuesday to see if his friend was inside. Nettles said Spears called him from jail, telling him her children were now being cared for by her mother, who lives out of town. He said he believes Spears’ 13-year-old is her eldest.

 “She loves her kids. She don’t beat her kids,” Nettles said, noting the distinction, echoed by Nicholson, between “beating,” abuse that might involve chains and fists, and “whupping,” which he said is an acceptable form of punishment.

 “Everybody �?whup’ their kids,” he said. “They do something wrong. What are you supposed to do?”

 Nettles said he used to train Spears when they worked in the kitchen at the Hilton Garden Inn, calling her a “real sweet” person.

 A Facebook page that appears to belong to Spears shows a business card for “MyHeartInIt Catering & Creationz,” listing her name and address. The profile includes many pictures of elaborate culinary spreads, some with pineapples sprouting from towers of fruit.

 No one answered the door at her one-story house on Tuesday. A toddler’s toy scooter was the only vehicle outside.

 Casey Rayborn Hicks, spokeswoman for the East Baton Rouge Sheriff’s Office, said she was unable to comment on the criticisms of Spears’ arrest.

 An online article in The Advocate about Spears on Tuesday drew some 1,200 comments by that night, as well as at least one donation pledge from a stranger in Oakland, California.

 Louis Villa, 83, called the paper asking where he could pay Spears’ $2,500 bail.

 “I had a single parent, and hey, she had to discipline us. Yeah, I got hit by an ironing cord, but it made me a better person. It saved my life,” Villa said, adding he imagined Spears might be like his mother: a single black mom who might not have the support she needs.

 “She explained why she had to hit us, why she had to discipline us, why we had to be home at a certain time,” Villa said. “It just is not easy for black women in America.”

 Nettles said an acquaintance who works as a lawyer is trying to help Spears post bail. As of Tuesday night, records showed Spears was still an inmate. ||||| Spare the rod? Welfare chief, attorney for arrested Baton Rouge mom differ on what constitutes child abuse

 Spare the rod? Welfare chief, attorney for arrested Baton Rouge mom differ on what constitutes child abuse

 The way to tell when disciplining a child has gone too far is when a child is left bleeding or with cuts, burns or bruises, the state’s top child welfare official said Thursday.

 Department of Children and Family Services Secretary Marketa Garner Walters said in a statement that she felt “compelled to address a question many are asking” about child abuse but didn’t specify any particular case she was addressing.

 “Reasonable, constructive discipline is a healthy part of parenting and an essential element of child rearing, but it crosses into abuse when it leaves a child cut, burned, bloody or bruised. We’re referring to something more than a mere ‘spanking,’ ” she said.

 The statement comes amid a controversy over the arrest Tuesday of Schaquana Evita Spears, a 30-year-old Baton Rouge mother booked on two counts of cruelty to juveniles after she admitted to striking three of her sons with a cord, leaving two of them with cuts and one bloodied. She said she “whipped” the children after she found out they broke a neighbor’s window and stole some $1,700 worth of equipment, including a hoverboard, video game systems, a computer and other items, according to an East Baton Rouge Parish Sheriff’s Office report.

 Spears, who was released late Tuesday night after a judge reduced her bail, attracted defenders from across the country, including state Treasurer John Kennedy, who wrote an open letter to Walters calling for leniency on Spears.

 “If you are planning to keep or take these children away from their mother simply because she disciplined them for stealing, that would be a ludicrous step to take,” Kennedy wrote in the letter.

 “In biblical times, sparing the rod led to a spoiled child. In modern times, sparing the rod leads to an imprisoned child,” he wrote.

 Spears, a single parent, said Wednesday she is working to regain custody of her six children, who are being cared for by their grandmother. Spears did not respond to a query Thursday.

 “We are terribly upset she was arrested in the first place,” said Spears’ attorney, Brenden Craig. “We think the arresting agency would have been better served taking more time to investigate. I suggest they could have applied for a warrant, but they didn’t do that. They slapped the cuffs on her.”

 Casey Rayborn Hicks, spokeswoman for the Sheriff’s Office, the agency that arrested Spears, said she does not have a response.

 Craig said just because Spears’ children had cuts or were bleeding does not mean his client is guilty of a crime.

 “She was doing everything a mother should do,” he said, adding that his client loves her children. “What occurred did not constitute abuse.”

 Craig said he could not comment on the custody status of Spears’ children.

 Walters said the Department of Children and Family Services encourages anyone with questions about child development and appropriate discipline to call Prevent Child Abuse Louisiana’s “Kidline” at ( 800) CHILDREN, which is available from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. daily. ||||| Mom thought she was doing the right thing when she whipped kids who broke into home

 BATON ROUGE - A Baton Rouge mother who was arrested by East Baton Rouge Parish Sheriff's deputies after she admitted to whipping her sons as punishment for breaking into a house has bonded out of jail. She told our cameras she thought she was doing the right thing by disciplining her children.

 30-year-old Schaquana Spears was booked on child cruelty charges Monday morning.

 The arrest reports says her 13-year-old reportedly told East Baton Rouge Sheriff’s Office detectives that Spears had struck him with an RCA cord multiple times. The boy had cuts on both arms and marks across his body, according to investigators.

 The other two boys, aged 10 and 12, also had injuries, according to arrest documents.

 Spears was booked into the parish prison on two counts of cruelty to juveniles with bond set at $2,500.

 District Attorney Hillar Moore released a statement about the incident:

 "Parents have the right and obligation to discipline and teach their children. We often time see children who have no parental authority or discipline which eventually results in delinquency and criminal acts. We need more parents who discipline their children. Surely you would expect a parent to discipline a child who is burglarizing other people’s homes as this could be a deadly encounter for the child. The degree of physical discipline will be reviewed. The law does not allow excessive pain or cruelty but does allow physical parental discipline. I only have the short synopsis which does indicate that the discipline resulted in marks on the child’s body and possibly an open wound. I will review all of the reports; meet with the DCFS office and review any history of this mother and her children to get a better picture of the entire family dynamics before making a decision. In the meantime my office is working with the juvenile court to ensure the speedy release of the mother under conditions satisfactory to the court."

 News 2's Brett Buffington was there when Spears bonded out of jail Tuesday night.

 "They're just being kids, being followers," Spears said. "I thought I was showing them this is not what you do. You do not steal people's stuff, what they work hard for. I know how that feels, I've had my house broken into."

 She told News 2 that someone saw her story on TV and showed up to post her bond for her.

 Multiple crowdfunding campaigns appeared in the mid-morning hours of Wednesday on sites like GoFundMe and Plumfund. The GoFundMe account had garnered more than $700 in donations as of 11 a.m. with the stated aim being "to find suitable care for her children during the summer (if she needs it)." Just 20 minutes later that campaign was no longer active. News 2 has reached out to the creators of the donation campaigns but have not received a reply at the time of this writing. ||||| An RCA connector, sometimes called a phono connector or (in other languages) Cinch connector, is a type of electrical connector commonly used to carry audio and video signals. The name RCA derives from the Radio Corporation of America, which introduced the design by the early 1940s for internal connection of the pickup to the chassis in home radio-phonograph consoles. It was originally a low-cost, simple design, intended only for mating and disconnection when servicing the console. Refinement came with later designs, although they remained compatible.

 RCA connectors began to replace the older quarter-inch phone connectors for many other applications in the consumer audio world when component high-fidelity systems started becoming popular in the 1950s. However, quarter-inch phone connectors are still common in professional audio, while miniature phone connectors (3.5 mm) predominated in personal stereo systems.

 The connection's plug is called an RCA plug or phono plug, for "phonograph." The name "phono plug" is sometimes confused with a "phone plug" which may refer to a quarter-inch "phone plug" – Tip/Sleeve (TS) or Tip/Ring/Sleeve (TRS) connector – or to a 4P4C connector used for a telephone (which is often, though incorrectly, called "RJ9", "RJ10", or "RJ22").

 Origin [ edit ]

 The back of an RCA AM radio from the 1940s with RCA connector for adding a turntable. Tag around connector reads "An inexpensive RCA Victor record player will make a fine Victrola of this radio. Plug here."

 The word phono in phono connector is an abbreviation of the word phonograph, because this connector was originally created to allow the connection of a phonograph turntable to a radio receiver, using the radio as an amplifier. This setup was present in most radios manufactured in the 1930s onward by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), who later marketed a special turntable for 45 RPM records, the model 9JY.[1]

 Phono input [ edit ]

 A "phono input" is a set of input jacks, usually RCA jacks, located on the rear panel of a preamp, mixer or amplifier, especially on early radio sets, to which a phonograph or turntable is attached. Modern styli (phonograph needles) and phono cartridges give a very low level output signal of the order of a few millivolts which the circuitry amplifies and equalizes.

 Phonograph recordings are made with high frequencies boosted and the low frequencies attenuated: during playback the frequency response changes are reversed. This reduces background noise, including clicks or pops, and also conserves the amount of physical space needed for each groove, by reducing the size of the larger low-frequency undulations. This is accomplished in the amplifier with a phono input that incorporates standardized RIAA equalization circuitry.

 Through at least the 1980s, the phono input was widely available on consumer stereo equipment—even some larger boomboxes had them. By the 2000s only very sophisticated and expensive stereo receivers retained the phono input, since most users were expected to use digital music formats such as CD or satellite radio. Some newer low-cost turntables include built-in amplifiers to produce line-level (one volt) outputs; devices are available that perform this conversion for use with computers; or older amplifiers or radio receivers can be used. Nearly all DJ mixers have two or more phono inputs, together with two or more one-volt line inputs that also use RCA connectors.

 This "phono input" designed for the millivolt signal from an unamplified turntable should not be confused with the modern standard one-volt line input and output that also uses RCA connectors and is found on video cameras, recorders and similar modern equipment.

 Other uses [ edit ]

 RCA sockets, or jacks, here used for YPbPr video output.

 In the most normal use, cables have a standard plug on each end, consisting of a central male connector, surrounded by a ring. The ring is often segmented to provide spring gripping pressure when mated. Devices mount the socket (female jack), consisting of a central hole with a ring of metal around it. The ring is slightly larger in diameter and longer than the ring on the plug, allowing the plug's ring to fit tightly over it. The jack has a small area between the outer and inner rings which is filled with an insulator, typically plastic (very early versions, or those made for use as RF connectors, used ceramic).

 The connector was initially used for audio signals. As with many other connectors, the RCA has been adopted for other uses than originally intended, including as a DC power connector, an RF connector, and as a connector for loudspeaker cables. Its use as a connector for composite video signals is extremely common, but provides poor impedance matching.[2] RCA connectors and cable are also commonly used to carry S/PDIF-formatted digital audio, with plugs colored orange to differentiate them from other typical connections.

 Connections are made by pushing the cable's plug into the female jack on the device. The signal-carrying pin protrudes from the plug, and often comes into contact with the socket before the grounded rings meet, resulting in loud hum or buzz if the audio components do not share a common ground and are powered while making connections. Continuous noise can occur if the plug partially falls out of the jack, breaking the ground connection but not the signal. Some variants of the plug, especially cheaper versions, also give very poor grip and contact between the ground sheaths due to their lack of spring action.

 They are often color-coded, yellow for composite video, red for the right audio channel, and white or black for the left channel of stereo audio. This trio (or pair) of jacks can be found on the back of almost all audio and video equipment. One or more sets are often found on TV sets to facilitate connection of camcorders, other portable video sources and video game consoles.[3] Although nearly all connectors, including analog and S/PDIF audio as well as composite and component video, can use identical 75 Ω cables, sales of special-purpose cables for each use have proliferated. Varying cable quality means that a cheap line-level audio cable might not successfully transfer component video. For digital audio, as long as a connection is successfully made using the cables the sound will remain faithful to the original signal because a digital signal can only be fully received or not received at all. Cables should meet the S/PDIF specification as defined by the international standard IEC 60958-3 for assured performance.

 The male plug has a center pin which is 3.175 mm (1/8 inch) in diameter, and is surrounded by an outer shell which is 8.25 mm (1/3 inch) in diameter.

 Disadvantages [ edit ]

 "Bullet plug" variation – Note the hollow center conductor and the pin point for the return signal.

 One problem with the RCA connector is that, when connecting the male into the female, the inner 'hot' (signal) connection is made before the 'cold' (ground) connection has been guaranteed; this often produces a loud buzz. Another problem with the RCA connectors is that each signal requires its own plug. Even the simple case of attaching a cassette deck may need four of them, two for stereo input and two for stereo output. In any common setup this quickly leads to a disarray of cables and confusion in how to connect them, which is made worse if one considers more complex signals like component video (a total of three for video and two for analog audio or one for digital coaxial audio).

 There have been attempts to introduce combined audio/video connectors for direct signals, but in the analog realm none of these has ever become common, with the exception of Europe where the SCART connector was very successful.[4] For a time the 5-pin DIN connector was popular for bi-directional stereo connection between A/V equipment, but it has been entirely displaced on modern consumer devices. Though RF modulators inherently transmit combined A/V signals in video applications, they depend on broadcast television systems and RF connectors which are not universal worldwide; RF signals are also generally inferior to direct signals due to protocol conversion and the RF limitations of the three major analog TV systems (NTSC, PAL and SECAM).

 Before HD television became a standard, nearly all TV sets, VCRs, and DVD players sold in Europe had SCART connectors,[4] although these are sometimes supplemented by RCA and/or RF connectors. SCART-RCA adapters also exist, which usually allow input of composite video and stereo audio.[5] Outside Europe, separate RCA connectors are usually used,[citation needed] supplemented by RF connectors for backward compatibility and simplicity. Although mini-DIN connectors are used for S-Video connections, composite video, component video, and analog audio (mono or stereo) all use RCA connectors unless the signals are sent via SCART. In the digital realm, however, combined A/V connectors are gaining ground; HDMI is commonly used today for consumer electronics, and DisplayPort, a potential competitor to HDMI, is often found on home computers and peripherals.

 The "hot" signal wire and signal ground provided by an RCA connection implement an unbalanced connection. A true balanced connection is generally preferred in certain applications, particularly professional settings, because it allows for the use of long cables while reducing susceptibility to external noise.

 Color coding in consumer equipment [ edit ]

 Plugs and sockets on consumer equipment are conventionally color-coded to aid correct connections. The standard[6] colors for the various signals are shown below; however, beyond 7.1 audio, the standard has degraded to a more general white/yellow, red/blue, and green/yellow color scheme for each cable respectively.

 Stereo audio applications use either black and red, grey and red or white and red RCA connectors; in all three cases, red denotes right. White or purple may also be replaced by black. Some older tape recorders, and equipment like receivers designed to connect to them, use a 5-pin DIN connector to connect left and right for record and playback with a single cable. Adapters between this connector and RCA connectors have used white and red for left and right channel recording, and blue (or sometimes black) and yellow for playback, but this is not universal. Most modern equipment with RCA connectors for recording devices simply uses white and red for all stereo pairs, whether record or playback.

 While these are the standard colors found on commercially made products, cables with different-colored connectors may be used, as long as the cable itself is compatible with the application (for example, cables with 75 ohms impedance for video and SPDIF).

 Composite analog video Composite Yellow Analog audio Left/Mono (record if 4 connector tape cable) White Right (record if 4 connector tape cable) Red Left tape (play if 4 connector tape cable) Black Right tape (play if 4 connector tape cable) Yellow Center Green Left surround Blue Right surround Grey Left back surround Brown Right back surround Tan Subwoofer Purple Digital audio S/PDIF Orange Component analog video (YP B P R ) Y Green P B /C B Blue P R /C R Red Component analog video/VGA (RGB/HV) R Red G Green B Blue H (Horizontal sync)/S(Composite Sync) Yellow V (Vertical sync) White

 See also [ edit ] |||||
What is a shorter version of the above article?

– Appropriate parenting or criminal behavior? That's the question being asked across the US in regards to the case of a Louisiana woman arrested Monday for whipping her young sons after they burglarized a neighbor's house. Among the people speaking up for Schaquana Evita Spears, a 30-year-old single mom of six, is Lisa Nicholson—the woman whose Baton Rouge home Spears's sons, ages 13, 12, and 10, broke into. "I would prefer for her to spank her own kids than for them to come into someone's house and for [the homeowner] to kill them," Nicholson tells the Advocate. The fate they faced instead after allegedly stealing what the Advocate reports was $1,700 in goods, including a computer and hoverboard: Per the East Baton Rouge Sheriff’s Office report, the oldest boy's wounds were bleeding, and the 12-year-old's skin was broken by the lashes. WBRZ reports the 13-year-old's injuries were on his arms, with marks on his body, and he told police an RCA cable was used; the youngest boy had a small scratch on the hand. In a statement, the District Attorney Hillar Moore said the case is under review and noted "the law does not allow excessive pain or cruelty but does allow physical parental discipline." But some experts, referencing a 2016 study, tell the Advocate that corporal punishment is not effective and can actually lead to worse behavior. "It's been hell," Spears—whose kids were, as of Wednesday, in the care of a grandmother—tells WBRZ. "I never could imagine trying to be a good mother would end me up in jail." A GoFundMe page set up for Spears says she lost her job over the incident. "Jus [sic] want my life back," she wrote on Facebook on Friday. (These bank workers were publicly spanked for "not exceeding themselves.")


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– The dog that may be partially responsible for getting Ethan Couch's deportation to the US delayed has gone missing. The "affluenza teen" and his mom, who has been deported, brought their dog with them when they fled to Mexico, and the SPCA in Puerto Vallarta—where Ethan and Tonya Couch were located by authorities—has reposted a Facebook post originally put up by a relative of Tonya Couch's, the Dallas News reports. The post offers a $1,000 reward for the return of the dog, named Virgil, and says he went missing near the intersection where the Couches were detained, per the News. Not much information is available beyond that—the relative won't comment further; a spokesperson for the Jalisco fiscal office in Mexico says the dog "was never in our possession" but that his office is looking into the animal's whereabouts; and the US Marshals Service, the Tarrant County DA's office in Texas, the US Embassy, and Mexico's foreign ministry all claim to have no idea what happened to Virgil. Per the News, he looks like a "large shepherd mix or wolf hybrid"; the Fort Worth Star-Telegram says he "appears to be a Saarloos wolfdog—a female European wolf and a male German shepherd hybrid." At the Tuesday hearing at which Tonya Couch agreed not to fight extradition from California to Texas, her attorney said Couch's "two main concerns" are Ethan, who is still detained in Mexico, "and her dog, Virgil," WFAA reports.

After an international hunt led to the capture of “affluenza” teen Ethan Couch and his mother, the dog that went on the road trip with them to Mexico is still missing.

 The SPCA in Puerto Vallarta, where the Couches were found, has posted a lost-dog notice offering: “REWARD $1000 DOG MISSING IN PUERTO VALLARTA.”

 The dog, a half-shepherd half-wolf mix, answers to the name Virgil, according to the online notice.

 According to the Facebook post, the dog was lost near Colombia and Argentina streets — the same intersection where the Jalisco State Prosecutor’s Office said the Couches were apprehended Dec. 28.

 According to public data, the post was written by a relative of Tonya Couch’s. Reached Wednesday, the relative said she was sorry but she was “not allowed to comment on any of that.”

 The Tarrant County District Attorney’s Office and U.S. Marshals Service say they do not know what happened to the dog. Mexico’s foreign ministry and U.S. Embassy also do not know the dog’s whereabouts.

 Rafael Mayorga, a spokesman for the Jalisco fiscal office, said that he had seen and heard reports about the missing dog but that he had no information about its whereabouts.

 “The dog was never in our possession, so I cannot deny or confirm that the dog was there,” he said, adding that his office is looking into the matter. “This is also a mystery to us.”

 Tonya Couch’s attorney, Stephanie Patten, told WFAA-TV (Channel 8) that her client’s two main concerns are for the welfare of her son and the dog.

 The U.S. Marshals Service issued a wanted notice for Ethan Couch after he allegedly failed to check in with his probation officer in December. It’s believed they fled to Mexico in late November after the release of a video that appears to show Ethan Couch at a party where people are drinking and playing beer pong.

 As a condition of his probation, Couch is not allowed to consume alcohol. Couch received 10 years’ probation in his 2013 intoxication manslaughter case after a psychologist testified he suffered from “affluenza” because his family’s wealth and a dysfunctional relationship with his parents left him without a sense of responsibility.

 Four people were killed and two were left with severe injuries.

 His mother was listed as a missing person after he disappeared. She has been charged with hindering apprehension of a criminal, a felony that carries two to 10 years in prison.

 The Couches first checked into the Los Tules resort in Puerto Vallarta, which advertises itself as pet-friendly. A hotel employee suggested they consider moving to a modest neighborhood where their dog would be welcomed.

 The Couches were tracked down after one of them used a cellphone to order a pizza. They were taken into the custody in the December 5th neighborhood where they were staying with the dog in a low-rent building.

 Ethan Couch remains in a detention center in Mexico.

 He put up a legal fight to keep Mexican authorities from extraditing him to the U.S. His mother was deported back to the U.S. last week and is expected to be in the Tarrant County jail by the end of this week.

 If Ethan Couch is eventually returned to Texas, Tarrant County District Attorney Sharen Wilson has said that the harshest penalty he would face would be 120 days in jail. Wilson has filed a motion to transfer the case — and Couch’s probation — from juvenile court to the adult system.

 Staff writer Alfredo Corchado contributed to this report. ||||| Tonya Couch, 38, (L) mother of "affluenza" teen Ethan Couch, appears in Los Angeles Superior Court for an extradition hearing January 5, 2016, in Los Angeles. California. (Photo: Genaro Molina / Pool / Getty Images)

 FORT WORTH — Tonya Couch wants to return to Texas. The mother of "affluenza" fugitive Ethan Couch told a judge in Los Angeles Tuesday that she does not want to fight extradition.

 "Are you the Tonya Couch that is wanted by the State of Texas?" the judge asked.

 Tonya Couch stood behind a glass and wood partition, with her attorney standing closer to the judge.

 A lawyer for the "affluenza" teen's mom questions whether she will receive fair treatment in Tarrant County.

 "Do you understand that you are giving up your right to resist extradition to the State of Texas?" he asked.

 "Yes, sir," she replied.

 Outside the courthouse, Tonya Couch's attorney, Stephanie Patten, then raised questions about whether she can receive a fair trial on a charge of hindering apprehension of Ethan Couch, who last month violated his probation on four intoxication manslaughter convictions in 2013 by fleeing to Mexico.

 Tonya Couch, 38, (L) mother of "affluenza" teen Ethan Couch, appears in Los Angeles Superior Court for an extradition hearing January 5, 2016, in Los Angeles. California. (Photo: Genaro Molina / Pool / Getty Images)

 "Our biggest concern is that this has become less about the law, and whether [Tonya Couch] broke the law, and more about retribution,” Patten said. “They hate Tonya Couch. They hate Ethan Couch. They want retribution. They want vengeance.”

 She said Tonya Couch is in a cinder block isolation cell in Los Angeles, not mixing with other inmates for her own safety. In court on Tuesday, Couch was wearing the same clothes as when she arrested in Mexico in late December.

 Tarrant County Sheriff Dee Anderson said he may send deputies to retrieve Couch by the end of this week.

 "Her two main concerns remain about her son Ethan, and how he is doing in Mexico... and her dog, Virgil,” Stephanie Patten said.

 The dog went missing after Mexican authorities picked up Tonya and Ethan Couch last week. There has been no word on the pet's whereabouts.

 Read or Share this story: http://on.wfaa.com/1R9tWGg ||||| The seed for this crawl was a list of every host in the Wayback Machine

 This crawl was run at a level 1 (URLs including their embeds, plus the URLs of all outbound links including their embeds)

 The WARC files associated with this crawl are not currently available to the general public. ||||| “Everything is ready to go” for two Tarrant County deputies to bring Tonya Couch back from Los Angeles, Sheriff Dee Anderson said Wednesday morning.

 Anderson would not disclose further details about the plan to return Couch, who waived her right to extradition in a Los Angeles County court on Tuesday. But he said the paperwork has been finalized.

 “Our people will go get her, and that’s all we’re going to say,” Anderson said.

 Couch is accused of helping her son, Ethan Couch, flee to Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, after he missed a juvenile probation appointment. The two were detained by Mexican authorities last week.

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 ▪ ETHAN COUCH: A TIMELINE

 On Wednesday, it was less clear when Ethan Couch would return. He remained in a Mexican detention center after taking legal action to delay his deportation to the United States.

 If Ethan Couch agrees to return, he’ll be brought back to Texas by the U.S. Marshals Service, Anderson said.

 “I’m getting more information from reporters down there,” Anderson said. “There’s nothing we can do from here. We’ll be here for whenever he gets here. We’ll get him back eventually. I fully expect him to use every trick in the book.”

 In another recent development, a relative of Tonya Couch is trying to track down what appears to be a Saarloos wolfdog — a female European wolf and a male German shepherd hybrid — named Virgil that is missing in Puerta Vallarta.

 The relative, Misty McWilliams of Burleson, posted a photo of a wolfdog on SPCA Puerto Vallarta’s Facebook page with a note offering a $1,000 reward for Virgil.

 Tonya Couch’s attorney previously told Star-Telegram media partner WFAA that her main concerns were for her son and her dog Virgil.

 McWilliams did not return a call seeking comment Wednesday night.

 Ethan Couch is on probation for driving drunk on June 15, 2013, killing four people and injuring others, including his passengers. His blood alcohol content was 0.24, three times the legal limit.

 Because he was portrayed during his December 2013 trial as an immature teen from a wealthy but dysfunctional family — with a passing reference by a witness to his being a victim of “affluenza” — Ethan Couch’s sentencing became a national news story.

 He was back in the news late last year after a short video posted on Twitter appeared to show him playing beer pong at a party, which would be a violation of his probation. Missing the appointment with a probation officer is also a violation.

 Staff writer Monica S. Nagy contributed to this report. |||||


Article:
It might have been something as simple as a portion of white asparagus. Peeled, steamed and served with a delicious sauce, as Germans traditionally eat it. And with real butter, a scarcity in wartime. While the rest of the country struggled to get even coffee, or had to spread margarine diluted with flour on their bread, Margot Wölk could have savored the expensive vegetable dish -- if not for the fear of dying, that is. Wölk was one of 15 young women who were forced to taste Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's food for some two and a half years during World War II.

 The 24-year-old secretary had fled from her parents' bombed-out Berlin apartment in the winter of 1941, traveling to her mother-in-law's home in the East Prussian village of Gross-Partsch, now Parcz, Poland. It was an idyllic, green setting, and she lived in a house with a large garden. But less than three kilometers (1.9 miles) away was the location that Hitler had chosen for his Eastern Front headquarters -- the Wolf's Lair.

 "The mayor of the little nest was an old Nazi," says Wölk. "I'd hardly arrived when the SS showed up at the door and demanded, 'Come with us!'"

 Sitting in the same apartment in Berlin's Schmargendorf area where she was born 95 years ago, she carefully eats tiny pieces of crumb cake from a silver fork. "Delicious," she says. Wölk has learned to enjoy food again, but it wasn't easy.

 Hitler's thugs brought her and the other young women to barracks in nearby Krausendorf, where cooks prepared the food for the Wolf's Lair in a two-story building. The service personnel filled platters with vegetables, sauces, noodle dishes and exotic fruits, placing them in a room with a large wooden table, where the food had to be tasted. "There was never meat because Hitler was a vegetarian," Wölk recalls. "The food was good -- very good. But we couldn't enjoy it."

 Trapped at the Wolf's Lair

 There were rumors that the Allies had plans to poison Hitler. After the women confirmed that the food was safe, members of the SS brought it to the main headquarters in crates. Each morning at 8 a.m., Wölk was rousted from bed by the SS, who shouted "Margot, get up!" from beneath her window. She was only needed if Hitler was actually at the Wolf's Lair, though she never actually saw him.

 Thus a young woman who had refused to join the League of German Girls (BDM), the girl's version of Hitler Youth, and whose father had been hauled off for refusing to join the Nazi party, became Hitler's helper. Each day, her life was on the line for a man she deeply despised.

 Flight, however, was not an option. Allied bombs had damaged her Schmargendorf apartment, which stood in knee-deep water. Her husband Karl was at war, though having heard nothing from him in two years, she had long since assumed he was dead. "Where was I supposed to go?" she asks. At least in Gross-Partsch she had her mother-in-law and her own bed.

 Then July 20, 1944 arrived. A few soldiers had invited women from the area to a film showing in a tent near the headquarters, when Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg's bomb exploded. "The explosion ripped us off the wooden benches," Wölk says. Then someone yelled, "Hitler is dead!" But the assassination plot had failed. "He walked away with a few bruises," Wölk says dryly.

 After that, the Nazis tightened security around the Wolf's Lair, and the tasters were no longer allowed to live at home. Instead, they were boarded in an empty school nearby. "We were guarded like caged animals," Wölk says.

 Escape to Berlin

 Then one night an SS officer used a ladder to get into the room where she was sleeping and raped her. She says that she remained silent during the attack. "The old pig," Wölk says, adding that she had never felt so helpless. "The next morning the ladder was still lying in front of the building." She remains quiet and matter-of-fact, saying it's important to her that her story be taken seriously.

 When the Soviet army was just a few kilometers away from reaching the Wolf's Lair, a lieutenant took her aside and told her, "Go, get out of here!" He put her on a train to Berlin, and it saved her life. After the war she saw him again there, and he told her that all of the other food tasters had been shot by Soviet soldiers.

 Her life was saved a second time by a Berlin doctor who took her in after she fled the Wolf's Lair. When SS soldiers showed up at his practice searching for the fugitive, he lied to them and they left.

 As she returned to Schmargendorf, however, she fell into the hands of the Soviet army. For two weeks, they raped her repeatedly, inflicting such brutal injuries that she was never able to bear children. She pauses at the painful memory. "I was so desperate," the 95-year-old whispers. "I didn't want to live anymore."

 A Survival Trick

 It wasn't until she was reunited with her husband Karl in 1946 that she began to have hope again, Wölk says. He was marked by years of war and imprisonment, but she nursed him back to health, and the couple spent another 34 happy years together.

 Wölk smiles when she thinks of her husband. After all of her experiences, she is not a bitter woman. Quite the contrary, in fact. She's dressed up in a royal blue sweater and a necklace of wooden beads. She's also put on makeup, or "painted herself," as she calls it. Despite the past, she says she has always tried to be happy. "I didn't lose my humor," she says. "Though it got more sarcastic."

 Instead, she decided not to take it all too seriously. "That was always my trick to survival," she says.

 But for a long time, Wölk didn't want to even think about what happened in Gross-Partsch, much less discuss it. The experience came to her often in dreams, however. It wasn't until this winter, when a local journalist paid her a visit for her 95th birthday and began asking questions, that she spoke about what she calls the worst years of her life. At that moment, she suddenly decided to break her silence. "I just wanted to say what happened there," she says. "That Hitler was a really repugnant man. And a pig."

 This article originally appeared in German on einestages.de, SPIEGEL ONLINE's history portal. ||||| RICHMOND, Va. (AP) -- A farm purchased by a Richmond department store owner during World War II to shelter Jews escaping Nazi Germany has been added to the Virginia Landmarks Register.

 The listing of Hyde Park in Nottoway County is among 13 additions to the register by the state Department of Historic Resources. Others include historic districts in five towns, a New Deal-era elementary school in northern Virginia and houses and homesteads dating back centuries.

 Department store owner William B. Thalhimer purchased Hyde Park in 1938 to create a training farm for students who sought to escape Adolf Hitler's extermination of Jews. From 1938 to 1941, about 30 Jewish immigrants lived and worked at Hyde Farmlands, which was devoted to dairy and poultry operations. Many later went on to fight for the U.S.

 Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. |||||Summary:

– Margot Wölk spent two and a half years tasting Adolf Hitler's food, living in fear that one of the delicious dishes might be poisoned. Now 95, Wölk—who, with time, learned to take pleasure in eating again—just started talking about her experiences. "There was never meat because Hitler was a vegetarian," Wölk tells der Spiegel. "The food was good—very good. But we couldn't enjoy it." As Germany went hungry, Wölk tasted things like white asparagus in sauce made with real butter, noodle dishes, and exotic fruits. She was ordered into the food-tasting service by the SS after she fled Berlin for the East Prussian village of Gross-Partsch, located less than two miles from Hitler's "Wolf's Lair," at age 24. She and 14 other young women made sure the Allied forces hadn't poisoned the food; then it was served to Hitler. A lieutenant ultimately saved her life when the Soviet army was closing in, sending her on a train to Berlin. She later learned the other food tasters were shot by the Soviet soldiers; she herself was eventually caught by the Soviet army, and raped repeatedly. In 1946, she was finally reunited with her husband, who had been at war and imprisoned. She finally decided to talk about her life because, she says, "I just wanted to say what happened there. That Hitler was a really repugnant man. And a pig." Hers is not the only fascinating World War II story to emerge this week: The AP reports that a Virginia farm, used during the war as a refuge for Jews escaping Germany, has been added to the state's Landmarks Register.


Abu Omar says Sabrina De Sousa, who faces extradition to Italy, is a scapegoat and the real culprits are more senior officials

 The radical Egyptian cleric who was kidnapped in Milan by the CIA in 2003 has come to the defence of a former CIA officer convicted for her alleged role in his extraordinary rendition.

 Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr, who is known as Abu Omar, told the Guardian in a telephone interview that he believed Sabrina De Sousa, who faces imminent extradition to Italy, was a scapegoat and ought to be pardoned by Italy’s head of state, Sergio Mattarella. De Sousa, a 60-year-old dual American and Portuguese citizen, faces a four-year prison sentence and is due to be extradited from Portugal on 4 May.

 “Sabrina and the others who were convicted are scapegoats. The US administration sacrificed them. All of those higher up in the hierarchy are enjoying their immunity,” he said. “These people higher up, without doubt they should be convicted in this case. They should face trial.”

 The remarks mark an extraordinary turn of events in a story that has vexed the US and Italian governments since Abu Omar’s case became public in 2005, exposing in great detail the inner workings of a highly classified and controversial Bush-era counter-terrorism programme. The case also exposed US allies’ help in conducting the secret programme. Abu Omar’s views on De Sousa were first reported by ADNKronos, a wire agency.

 Abu Omar’s story began on 18 February 2003 when he was stopped on a street in Milan, grabbed from behind and pulled inside a car by CIA officers, allegedly working with the help of Italian officials. The radical cleric, who had been granted political asylum in Italy in 2001 and was already the subject of a terrorism investigation by other Italian officials, leading to his eventual conviction in absentia, was then transported to Cairo via Germany, where he was allegedly imprisoned, interrogated and tortured.

 Facebook Twitter Pinterest Abu Omar was stopped on a street in Milan, grabbed from behind and pulled inside a car by CIA officers. Photograph: Nasser Nasser/AP

 The case was investigated by an independent prosecutor in Italy, leading to the conviction in 2009 of 22 CIA operatives and other US officials for orchestrating the kidnapping. The US officials, including De Sousa, who was publicly a state department official in Milan but actually an undercover CIA officer, were convicted in absentia as they had left Italy before the trial began. Some officials, including Italians, were later pardoned.

 The US did not invoke diplomatic immunity for De Sousa or other low level officials. The story was dormant for years, largely because successive Italian governments steered clear of the issue and never sought to extradite any of the Americans involved. But that changed the moment De Sousa decided to leave the US last year and travel to Portugal to visit family. She was detained at the airport in Lisbon on her way to India because of an outstanding European arrest warrant that had been issued by law enforcement officials.

 De Sousa has always said she played a minor role as a translator in an early-stage discussion of extraordinary rendition, before Abu Omar had been named as a potential target.

 In the Guardian interview, Abu Omar said he was not sure whether she played a role, but that he had never seen her before.

 He said: “Now she’s 60 years old. If media reports are right, she and the people who kidnapped me were the reason why I left my job in Italy, and a lot of trouble to me and my family happened because of that. They are the reason behind my physical disabilities now. The Italian prosecution actually accused her of this.”

 Whatever her involvement, he added: “She’s threatened to be sentenced between four and six years, and I don’t wish that for her. I’ve been in prison before, and I don’t wish for the same to happen to her, either as a friend or a foe. Especially because she’s a woman.”

 He pointed out that De Sousa had been on her way to visit her 90-year-old mother in India, and that he had been forbidden from paying respects to his own late mother after Egypt’s interior minister at the time refused to release him from jail.

 “[He] refused for me to attend my own mother’s funeral, and Sabrina could be subjected to the same problem,” he said. “As a Muslim, I should wish for her to be pardoned.”

 Italy condemned for its role in abduction of Egyptian imam in 2003 Read more

 He insisted that hers was a humanitarian case, because she “exposed injustices and revealed the injustices through the media”. De Sousa has been a consistent critic of the US government and made a series of allegations in 2013, including that the former CIA station chief Jeffrey Castelli had exaggerated the threat Abu Omar posed to get approval for the rendition, and that the operation had been approved by the then CIA director George Tenet. In a recent interview with the Guardian she suggested she would willingly have discussions with Italian officials in order to defend herself.

 De Sousa said in response to the Abu Omar comments that she appreciated his remarks about her family.

 “Abu Omar also recognises that my imprisonment will not result in real accountability for what he went through in Egypt,” she said.

 De Sousa has said she knows the US government actively lobbied Italy’s president, Mattarella, to pardon two CIA officials who were shown leniency late last year, even though they never served time in Italy.

 The former CIA officer’s predicament comes at an exceedingly tricky moment for the Italian government.

 “The US has been between a rock and a hard place on this for some time and now Italy is poised to wedge themselves in as well,” said Chris Jenks, director of the Criminal Justice Clinic and an assistant law professor at Southern Methodist University’s Dedman School of Law, who has followed the case. A move by Mattarella to pardon De Sousa would be politically problematic in Italy given the country’s ongoing stand-off with Egypt over the recent torture and murder of an Italian citizen, Giulio Regeni, in Cairo.

 Americans, he added, were generally perceived as being unaccountable in matters of justice in Italy, from cases ranging from the 1998 Cavalese cable car disaster, when 20 people were killed after four American pilots accidentally cut a cable supporting a gondola but never faced prosecution, to the case of Amanda Knox, who was found not guilty of murder last year after a contentious murder trial.

 “The Obama administration inherited this debacle and cannot publicly support what the CIA did in Milan. At the same time the US, like all countries, needs an intelligence service and President Obama doesn’t want his legacy to be as allowing the first ever extradition of a CIA agent,” Jenks said.

 Underscoring the point, the conservative Wall Street Journal published an editorial this week that criticised the White House for failing to protect De Sousa, saying Washington had “abandoned one of its operatives to the political whims of foreign prosecutors” and that her case sent a “demoralising message to all who serve in the shadows, even as the war on terror enters a dangerous new phase”.

 The US has refused to comment on the case. But one official told the Guardian that De Sousa had made a decision to break ties with the government when she moved to sue the US for not invoking diplomatic immunity to help her.

 Jenks said it would probably never be known how the US might try to incentivise Italy’s president to “make this go away” but that Italy would probably leverage the situation to get something in return for a pardon.

 The issue could feasibly be discussed as early as Friday, when the US vice-president, Joe Biden, is due to meet Italy’s prime minister, Matteo Renzi, in Rome. ||||| A former CIA officer who was convicted for helping the agency abduct a terrorism suspect off the streets of Milan lost her extradition battle Wednesday and said she fears she’ll end up in an Italian prison while the U.S. government sits on the sidelines.

 Sabrina de Sousa was one of 26 American officials convicted in absentia for the "extraordinary rendition" by the CIA of Osama Mustafa Hassan Nasr, a radical Egyptian cleric, who later claimed Egyptian officials tortured him after being handed over by the U.S. spy agency in 2003.

 De Sousa's lawyers have for years tried to persuade Barack Obama's administration to support her.

 "The U.S. government won't intervene because they don't want me implicating anyone else as I try to counter the charges against me," de Sousa told ABC News from Lisbon, Portugal, where she has spent the past year fighting extradition to Italy over the George W. Bush–era counterterrorism operation.

 "It's prison when I get there. No one wants narrative changed," de Sousa said Wednesday. "I am trying to keep calm for the sake of my family.”

 When she was convicted in 2009, de Sousa told ABC News the U.S. government had “abandoned and betrayed” her and her colleagues.

 “Clearly, we broke a law,” she said then, “and we’re paying for the mistakes right now, whoever authorized and approved this.”

 Khaled Desouki/AFP/Getty Images

 So far, the U.S. government has mostly stayed out the case, at least publicly, so this week de Sousa appealed directly to Rome — penning an open letter to Pope Francis.

 "Your holiness, you have spoken decisively about the [CIA's] rendition, detention and interrogation program. We need your holiness’s voice now more than ever to keep this issue in the forefront for much needed discourse in the court of public opinion," de Sousa wrote to Francis Wednesday in the letter, provided to ABC News. In October 2014, Francis spoke out against torture, illegal detention and countries that allow for the illegal transport of detainees to detention centers where torture is practiced.

 "As of today, my extradition from Portugal to Italy is underway. Italy has guaranteed Portugal that I will be notified of my sentence and have the opportunity to counter the charges against me. Whether that happens remains to be seen," she told the pontiff.

 Nasr has claimed he was innocent of the accusations of terrorism, but in 2013 was reportedly convicted in absentia by an Italian court of criminal association with the goal of terrorism and with aiding illegal emigration with the goal of terrorism.

 The radical imam said this April in an interview with The Guardian that de Sousa and her colleagues were “scapegoats” and should not be held accountable for his abduction or torture. Rather, the U.S. government should own up to it.

 De Sousa in the ABC News interview said she had long wished to respond to Francis' comments on the rendition, detention and interrogation program by CIA, "and since my future is uncertain, I am doing it now.”

 The CIA declined to comment for this report. Last month a representative for the State Department declined to comment on de Sousa’s predicament as well, saying, “We don’t talk about extradition cases.”

 ABC News’ Lee Ferran contributed to this report. ||||| Former CIA Officer Says She Is Set To Be Extradited To Italy

 Enlarge this image toggle caption Barbara L. Salisbury/MCT via Getty Images Barbara L. Salisbury/MCT via Getty Images

 A former CIA officer convicted in Italy of playing a role in a kidnapping under the agency's "extraordinary rendition" program said Wednesday that she will be extradited to Italy and sent to prison.

 Sabrina de Sousa was convicted in absentia by an Italian court — along with 25 other Americans — of the kidnapping of Egyptian cleric Abu Omar off the streets of Milan 13 years ago.

 The kidnapping was part of the CIA's "extraordinary rendition" program, under which, as The Associated Press puts it, "terrorism suspects were kidnapped and transferred to centers where they were interrogated and tortured." The program was greatly expanded during the George W. Bush administration, in the aftermath of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks.

 De Sousa, who was working undercover for the CIA in Italy at the time of Abu Omar's kidnapping, denies personal involvement in the abduction. As NPR's Mary Louise Kelly reported last month, De Sousa says she and her son were on a school trip to the ski slopes in northern Italy, more than 150 miles from Milan, for the entire week during which Abu Omar was abducted.

 Of the 26 Americans convicted of the kidnapping, some have since been pardoned, Mary Louise says, and none have yet served time in jail.

 De Sousa appealed her conviction to Portugal's highest court, but the Constitutional Court said Tuesday that her appeal was rejected, the AP says.

 "De Sousa says she's waiting to hear when she will be taken to Italy, where she faces a four-year sentence," Mary Louise reports. "De Sousa has battled her conviction through lawyers in Washington [D.C.], in Italy, and in Portugal — where she now lives."

 As Mary Louise reported last month, critics of De Sousa point out that if she had stayed in the U.S., "the whole affair would very likely have gone quiet":

 "Instead, De Sousa, who holds both American and Portuguese passports, decided to tempt fate and travel to Europe, when she knew there was a Europol warrant for her arrest. "Asked why, De Sousa says she became convinced her name would never be cleared unless she forced the issue. She also says she has close family in Europe, including cousins and a sibling. " 'As you get older, family becomes more important,' she says. 'While some people may think I did something really stupid, I just, you know, this was important to me.' "

 In an email Wednesday, De Sousa told NPR it's her understanding that she will be heading straight to prison in Italy but that she hopes for some sort of appeal, Mary Louise reports.

 De Sousa wrote, "I hope I am able to go to Italy safely, for the purpose of countering the charges against me, instead of being silenced."

 Italian President Sergio Mattarella has granted clemency to other defendants in this case, the AP reports.

 De Sousa said she wrote a letter to Pope Francis on Wednesday appealing for help. She writes: |||||

Write a summary.

– A former CIA officer says she's days away from being sent to an Italian prison and blames the US government for not doing more to help her, ABC News reports. In 2003, the CIA abducted Egyptian cleric and terror suspect Osama Mustafa Hassan Nasr from Milan, Italy, under its "extraordinary rendition" program. Nasr says he was transferred to Egypt, where he was tortured. At the time, Sabrina de Sousa was working undercover for the CIA in Italy but tells NPR she was 150 miles away on a ski trip with her son during the week Nasr was kidnapped. Nevertheless, de Sousa was one of 26 Americans convicted of violating Italian law by abducting Nasr. She faces four years in prison, the Guardian reports. De Sousa has been living in Portugal and fighting extradition—without any apparent help from the US government. "The US government won't intervene because they don't want me implicating anyone else as I try to counter the charges against me," de Sousa tells ABC. She says she feels "abandoned and betrayed" by her own country. De Sousa appealed her extradition to Portugal's highest court but lost that appeal Wednesday. She believes her next stop is an Italian prison and has asked Pope Francis for help. In a strange twist, while the US government isn't speaking up for de Sousa, the man she is said to have helped kidnap is. “The US administration sacrificed them," Nasr tells the Guardian. "All of those higher up in the hierarchy are enjoying their immunity." He says de Sousa is a "scapegoat." So far, none of the 26 Americans convicted by Italy have seen jail time.


Write a summary based on this article:

You really CAN tell how intelligent a man is just by looking at him, scientists say (and the key is a long face and bigger distance between the eyes)

 Team baffled by results - and found they do not work on women

 Say prediction was not based on face shape - but a combination of facial features

 Researchers have found we have an inbuilt ability to tell how intelligent a man is just by looking at them.

 The team from the Czech Republic found people we unable to perform the same deduction on women.

 The team admit they are baffled as to how we do it - and say it does not appear to be based on symmetry of the alignment of features.

 The Czech team said faces that are perceived as highly intelligent are longer, with a wide distance between the eyes. The perception of lower intelligence is associated with broader, more rounded faces.

 WHAT MAKES MEN LOOK SMART? Faces that are perceived as highly intelligent are rather prolonged with a broader distance between the eyes, a larger nose, a slight upturn to the corners of the mouth, and a sharper, pointing, less rounded chin.

 By contrast, the perception of lower intelligence is associated with broader, more rounded faces with eyes closer to each other, a shorter nose, declining corners of the mouth, and a rounded and massive chin.

 'The ability to accurately assess the intelligence of other persons finds its place in everyday social interaction and should have important evolutionary consequences,' the team wrote in the journal PLoS One.

 The team used static facial photographs of 40 men and 40 women to test the relationship between measured IQ, perceived intelligence, and facial shape.

 Both men and women were able to accurately evaluate the intelligence of men by viewing facial photographs, they discovered.

 'These results suggest that a perceiver can accurately gauge the real intelligence of men, but not women, by viewing their faces in photographs; however, this estimation is possibly not based on facial shape,' they claim.

 'Our study revealed no relation between intelligence and either attractiveness or face shape.

 People can accurately judge intelligence by looking at faces of men, but not women.'

 Researchers found the same effect was not present when they used female faces

 They say this could be due to the fact attractiveness clouds the judgement.

 'Another option is that women are pervasively judged according to their attractiveness,' they add.

 'The strong halo effect of attractiveness may thus prevent an accurate assessment of the intelligence of women.'

 The study, in the journal PLoS One, reports people tend to associate certain facial traits with high intelligence.

 The researchers report these notions 'represent nothing but a cultural stereotype,' but some still-unidentified visual cues apparently point them in the right direction.

 'Faces that are perceived as highly intelligent are rather prolonged with a broader distance between the eyes, a larger nose, a slight upturn to the corners of the mouth, and a sharper, pointing, less rounded chin.

 'By contrast, the perception of lower intelligence is associated with broader, more rounded faces with eyes closer to each other, a shorter nose, declining corners of the mouth, and a rounded and massive chin.

 'By contrast, we found no correlation between morphological traits and real intelligence measured with IQ test, either in men or women.

 Specifically, they write, 'two factors of general intelligence were significantly associated with perceived intelligence from men’s faces: fluid intelligence and figural intelligence.

 ' Fluid intelligence is the capacity to logically solve problems independent of acquired knowledge.

 Figurative intelligence describes the ability to handle objects such as images, patterns and shapes.” ||||| People can predict the IQ of men — but not women — by looking at their face, study finds

 New research published in PLoS One has found that a man’s facial characteristics contain some clues about his intelligence. Surprisingly, the same can’t be said for women’s facial traits. And the particular male facial characteristics linked with intelligence are a mystery.

 “Our raters were able to estimate intelligence with an accuracy higher than chance from static facial photographs of men but not from photos of women. At the same time, we found no differences in the abilities of men and women to assess intelligence from static facial photos: the ratings of both sexes were highly correlated,” Karel Kleisner of Charles University in Prague and her colleagues wrote in their study.

 For their study, the researchers recruited 80 students, who completed an IQ test and had their face photographed with a neutral expression. Another 160 students rated the 80 photographs in random order for either perceived intelligence or attractiveness.

 The researchers found that people who were perceived as more attractive also tended to be perceived as more intelligent by both male and female participants. This link between perceived attractiveness and perceived intelligence was stronger for women’s faces than men’s faces.

 The researchers also found that the participants rated men with a high IQ as more intelligent based solely on their facial photograph. For women, however, the researchers found no statistically significant link between perceived intelligence and their actual IQ.

 Naturally, the findings raised the question of why people could predict men’s intelligence based on their face, but not predict women’s intelligence based on their face. The researchers proposed a number of explanations to be tested by future research.

 “One possible explanation is that cues of higher intelligence are sexually dimorphic and are thus apparent only in men’s faces, e.g. due to some genetic and developmental association to sex steroid hormonal agents during puberty,” Kleisner and her colleagues wrote.

 “Another option is that women are pervasively judged according to their attractiveness. The strong halo effect of attractiveness may thus prevent an accurate assessment of the intelligence of women,” the researchers added.

 By examining the geometric features of the faces, the researchers were able to determine there was a link between certain facial characteristics and perceived intelligence for both men and women.

 “Our data suggest that a clear mental image how a smart face should look does exist for both men and women within the community of human raters,” the researchers explained. “In both sexes, a narrower face with a thinner chin and a larger prolonged nose characterizes the predicted stereotype of high-intelligence, while a rather oval and broader face with a massive chin and a smallish nose characterizes the prediction of low-intelligence.”

 But these facial characteristics were only associated with perceived intelligence. The researchers found no link between these facial traits and actual IQ scores.

 “This means that our raters accurately assessed intelligence from faces of men based on visual cues that simply are not explicable from shape variability in men’s faces,” the researchers wrote.

 But the correlation between these geometric traits and perceived attractiveness suggests there is an intelligence stereotype.

 “These faces of supposed high and low intelligence probably represent nothing more than a cultural stereotype because these morphological traits do not correlate with the real intelligence of the subjects,” the researchers said. ||||| Abstract Background The ability to accurately assess the intelligence of other persons finds its place in everyday social interaction and should have important evolutionary consequences. Methodology/Principal Findings We used static facial photographs of 40 men and 40 women to test the relationship between measured IQ, perceived intelligence, and facial shape. Both men and women were able to accurately evaluate the intelligence of men by viewing facial photographs. In addition to general intelligence, figural and fluid intelligence showed a significant relationship with perceived intelligence, but again, only in men. No relationship between perceived intelligence and IQ was found for women. We used geometric morphometrics to determine which facial traits are associated with the perception of intelligence, as well as with intelligence as measured by IQ testing. Faces that are perceived as highly intelligent are rather prolonged with a broader distance between the eyes, a larger nose, a slight upturn to the corners of the mouth, and a sharper, pointing, less rounded chin. By contrast, the perception of lower intelligence is associated with broader, more rounded faces with eyes closer to each other, a shorter nose, declining corners of the mouth, and a rounded and massive chin. By contrast, we found no correlation between morphological traits and real intelligence measured with IQ test, either in men or women. Conclusions These results suggest that a perceiver can accurately gauge the real intelligence of men, but not women, by viewing their faces in photographs; however, this estimation is possibly not based on facial shape. Our study revealed no relation between intelligence and either attractiveness or face shape.

 Citation: Kleisner K, Chvátalová V, Flegr J (2014) Perceived Intelligence Is Associated with Measured Intelligence in Men but Not Women. PLoS ONE 9(3): e81237. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081237 Editor: Bernhard Fink, University of Goettingen, Germany Received: May 9, 2013; Accepted: October 9, 2013; Published: March 20, 2014 Copyright: © 2014 Kleisner et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This research was supported by Czech Grant Agency project GACR P407/11/1464 (www.gacr.cz) and by Charles University in Prague project UNCE 204004 (www.cuni.cz). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The third author of this study, Jaroslav Flegr, head of IRB of the Faculty of Science, Charles University, was involved in the process of ethical evaluation of Karel Kleisner's project in March, 2010. He was not involved in the research at the time. He and his PhD student, Veronika Chvátalová, joined the project two years later, in May 2012. Karel Kleisner's research has been subject to a process of ethical re-evaluation after this point and Jaroslav Flegr was not involved in this evaluation.

 Introduction The human face is a complex structure with a crucial social signalling function. Though numerous and varied mammalian species exhibit well developed facial structures, the communicative and expressive roles of the face reach a unique level of ability in human beings [1]. It is well established in previous research that faces inform us about personality, sex, age, health, ethnicity, social rank, attractiveness and political affiliation, as well as, to some extent, the intelligence of the bearer [2]–[9]. Some researchers have suggested that people tend to attribute higher intelligence to attractive persons [10], [11]. If women tend to prefer intelligent men because of their generally higher social status and these men in turn tend to prefer attractive women, the alleged covariance of attractiveness and intelligence should be of no surprise [12]. However, such findings are controversial and should be approached cautiously since Kanazawa's research methods and conclusions have attracted strong criticism [13]–[15]. As with physical attractiveness, intelligence is suggested to indicate good genes [16], [17]. This notion is supported by the fact that during the fertile phase of their menstrual cycle, women display a higher preference for men who score highly in creative intelligence [18]. Intelligence is also correlated with humour, which is suggested to have evolved in sexual selection as an intelligence-indicator [19]. By modifying the good genes approach we find a bad genes hypothesis, which argues that even though unattractive faces signal poor genetic fitness, there is no difference in genetic fitness between faces of average and high attractiveness [20]. It has been also suggested that sexual selection has played a role in the evolution of particular facial features, which have evolved to signal high intelligence [10], [21]. Visual cues responsible for a higher attribution of intelligence may honestly reflect the real intelligence of a person and can therefore be used to indicate a preferential sexual or social partner. Past research shows that people are able to judge intelligence from the facial qualities of unknown persons, r = 0.28 [10]. Measured intelligence has been shown to correlate with perceived intelligence and other personality traits, whether self-reported (0.29) or rated either by intimate acquaintances (0.31) or strangers (0.38) [22]. In addition to visual cues, there is evidence of the accurate assessment of intelligence based on behavioural and acoustic cues [23]–[26]. For example, measured intelligence significantly correlates with ratings by stranger in sound-film conditions (0.38) but not in silent-film conditions [22] and the correlation between measured intelligence and ratings of fluent speech is as high as r = 0.53 [23]. In general, inferences of intelligence taken from thin slices of behaviour have been shown to be highly accurate [27]. Gender influences the accuracy of intelligence assessment. Men were more accurately assessed for intelligence than women, while women were more accurate at assessing the intelligence of both men and women [26], [28]. Although a number of studies have examined the perception of intelligence from different visual cues, none of these studies describe the specific facial traits that play a role in intelligence assessment. The specific aim of the present study is to determine which facial shape cues are responsible for the attribution of intelligence, as well as those which correlate with actual intelligence. We also sought to identify which particular factors of general intelligence can accurately be assessed from facial photographs. Finally, using thin-plate spline extrapolation, we provide a statistically supported description of the intelligence-stereotype in order to depict the facial traits responsible for an attribution of intelligence.

 Methods The present study integrates data from two different studies in which two independent groups of students participated: the first group consisted of 80 biology students at the Faculty of Science who were tested for IQ and photographed; the second group involved 160 raters, students at the Faculty of Humanities who rated the photos of the biology students either for intelligence or for attractiveness (each student rated 80 randomized photos). Dataset is available at http://web.natur.cuni.cz/flegr/IQKleisneretal2013.xls Ethics statement The Institutional Review Board of Charles University, Faculty of Science approved this research. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in our study. The data on measured intelligence, perceived intelligence and attractiveness were analyzed anonymously. IQ measurement To measure the intelligence of subjects, we used a Czech version of Intelligence Structure Test 2000 R [29], [30]. The test consists of a basic module, which is comprised of three verbal, three numerical, and three abstract figural reasoning tasks. The test also includes two memory tasks and a knowledge test. The knowledge test is focused on questions from geography/history, business, science, mathematics, arts, and daily life. As a whole, the test obtains a broad spectrum of results: the basic module measures verbal, numerical and figural IQ, as well as memory and reasoning; the knowledge test measures verbally, numerically and figurally coded knowledge; and both parts of the test measures fluid, crystallized, and general IQ. Fluid intelligence is the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge. This sort of reasoning does not reflect cultural differences but arises from biologically given cognitive abilities. Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. This sort of reasoning improves with age and reflects the lifetime achievement of an individual [31]. Verbal intelligence is the ability to use language to analyze and solve problems associated with language-based reasoning. Numerical intelligence is the ability to manipulate numerical symbols and to comprehend quantitative relationships. Figural intelligence is the ability to combine shapes and forms and to analyze spatial patterns. The university students involved in this study showed a broad range of distribution of IQ (see Fig. 1.) PPT PowerPoint slide

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 larger image ( ) TIFF original image ( ) Download: Figure 1. Histogram showing the range of distribution of IQ among university students involved in the present study. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081237.g001 We administered the exam on computers to 10–12 individuals in the same room and at the same time (at 9:15 am). The total length of time was about 145 minutes, including a15 minute break between the basic module and the second module with the memory tasks and knowledge test. The photographs Facial photographs of 80 students (40 men: Mean± SD = 21.8±2.8, range: 19–34, and 40 women: Mean± SD = 20.9±1.6, range: 19–24) from the Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, were used as stimuli. The subjects were seated in front of a white background and photographed with a digital camera, Canon 450D, using studio electronic flash and reflection screen. The subjects were instructed to adopt a neutral, non-smiling expression and avoid facial cosmetics, jewellery, and other decorations. The photos were cropped to place the eyes horizontally at the same height and leave a standard length of neck visible. Rating the photographs One hundred sixty raters (75 men and 85 women) took part in judging the photographs; they had no connection either to the Faculty of Science or the rated subjects and were aged 26.7 years on average (women: Mean± SD = 26.7±7.7, range: 15–58; men: Mean± SD = 26.7±7.5, range: 16–55). Of these, 43 women (Mean± SD = 27.1±8.8, range: 15–58) and 42 men (Mean± SD = 28.5±8.2, range: 20–55) judged the subjects for intelligence. Another 42 women (Mean± SD = 26.2±6.4, range: 21–51) and 33 men (Mean± SD = 24.5±5.7, range: 16–38) judged the photos for attractiveness. Every person rated the whole set of 80 photos, either for perceived intelligence or attractiveness, using a seven-point scale wherein 1 stands for the highest ranking (for intelligence or attractiveness) and 7 the lowest (intelligence or attractiveness). The presentation and judgment of all photographs were performed using the software ImageRater 1.1. The raters were individually invited to judge the photographs. Each rater saw the photographs on a computer screen and indicated their valuation by mouse clicks on a discrete seven-point scale. No time limit was imposed. The order of the photographs was randomized for each rater. In the situation where a rater knew or was acquainted with a person pictured, she/he was instructed not to rate that picture. To eliminate the influence of individual differences between raters, the ratings of all photographs evaluated by each rater were converted to z-scores and the perceived intelligence/attractiveness of each photographed subject was calculated as its average z-score. The z-scores of perceived intelligence and attractiveness ratings were normally distributed. Statistics The relationship between measured IQ and perceived intelligence was tested by linear regression models using a mean z-score of perceived intelligence as the dependent variable and IQ values as the independent variable. The age of photographed individuals and raters was added as a covariate. We measured a Pearson correlation between perceived intelligence and perceived attractiveness to estimate the intensity of the halo effect in our population. Perceived attractiveness was added to the model as a covariate, because perceived intelligence strongly correlates with attractiveness. Each of the intelligence components was tested separately for men and women. Both quadratic and linear models were fitted, their statistical plausibility evaluated by F-test and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The effect size of an explanatory variable was expressed by partial η2. Because the averaging of individual ratings can inflate the effect size of correlations [32], we have also calculated partial Pearson correlation between IQ and perceived intelligence for each rater with perceived attractiveness as a covariate and calculated average partial Pearson correlation for all raters. Significance level was estimated by permutation test with 10,000 randomizations. For each randomization, the order of values, represented by raters' assessment of perceived intelligence for 40 photos, was randomly changed. The partial Pearson correlation coefficient between permuted judgments of each rater and IQ values of photos was then computed and these correlation coefficients were averaged for all raters. A comparison of average correlation coefficient computed with original data with average coefficients computed from randomized sets of data (namely the fraction of higher or equal coefficients computed from randomized data sets) provided the statistical significance of the permutation test. For statistical analyses we used PASW/SPSS 18 and R statistical software version 2.13.2. For the permutation test we used Matlab v. 7.10.0.499. Geometric morphometrics Photographs of 40 men and 40 women were analyzed by geometric morphometric methods (GMM) in order to detect the facial features that are associated with either or both the perception of intelligence and intelligence measured with the Intelligence Structure Test in both men and women. The 72 landmarks (including 36 semilandmarks) were digitized by tpsDig2 software, ver. 2.14 [33]. Landmarks are represented as points that are anatomically (or at least geometrically) homologous in different individuals, while semilandmarks serve to denote curves and outlines. The definitions of landmark and semilandmark locations on human faces were derived from previous work [34]–[37]. Semilandmarks were slid by tpsRelw (ver. 1.49) software. All configurations of landmarks and semilandmarks were superimposed by generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA), implemented in tpsRelw, ver. 1.46 [33]. This procedure standardized the size of the objects and optimized their rotation and translation so that the distances between corresponding landmarks were minimized. To observe the variation among the landmark data configurations of all specimens, the principal component analysis (PCA) – i.e., the relative warp analysis for parameter α = 0 – was carried out in tpsRelw, ver. 1.46. [33]. To observe the shape variation associated with perceived intelligence/IQ, we regressed GPA shape coordinates onto scores of intelligence rating/IQ by using a multivariate regression in which the dependent variable was the shape coordinates and the independent variable was perceived intelligence ratings or IQ scores; this was conducted in tpsRegr, ver. 1.36 [38]. Shape regressions were displayed by thin-plate splines as a deformation from the overall mean configuration (the consensus) of landmarks. The composite images were constructed by tpsSuper 1.14 [39] using the original photographs of men and women that were unwarped to fixed configuration represented by the estimates of shape regressions.

 Discussion Our raters were able to estimate intelligence with an accuracy higher then chance from static facial photographs of men but not from photos of women. At the same time, we found no differences in the abilities of men and women to assess intelligence from static facial photos: the ratings of both sexes were highly correlated, r = 0.88. Perceived intelligence positively correlated with attractiveness in both men and women. Even though this contrasts some previous findings [10], [11], [40], [41], we did not observe any significant correlation between measured IQ and attractiveness. However, it should be noted that evidence for a relationship between actual intelligence and physical attractiveness in adults seems rather weak. Zebrowitz et al [10] did not find any significant correlation between perceived intelligence and attractiveness in individuals older than 18 years, i.e. middle adulthood (30 to 40) and later adulthood (52 to 60); however Zebrowitz et al did not examine individuals of a similar age bracket to our study (21.4 years in average). The existence of a correlation between attractiveness and intelligence in the age cohort from 19 to 29 years would appear questionable at the very least. Moreover, meta-analytic study has shown that physical attractiveness is not correlated to actual intellectual competence in adults, but is modestly correlated in children [15]. Similarly, other studies have reported close to zero correlation between attractiveness and actual intelligence in adults [40], [41]. We also showed that IQ has no statistically significant association in facial morphology in both men and women (at least as it was delimited by the landmark configuration used within this study). This means that our raters accurately assessed intelligence from faces of men based on visual cues that simply are not explicable from shape variability in men's faces. It is important to recall that our subjects were prompted to assume a neutral expression while their photo was taken and only photos of subjects with a neutral expression were included in the study. We can speculate about attributions of intelligence based on particular configurations of eyes or gaze, colour of eyes, hair and skin, or skin texture. These hypotheses should be tested in future studies. Intelligence stereotype Though we were not able to objectively detect an association between IQ and facial morphology, we can provide a statistically supported description of the stereotype of an intelligent-looking face. Our data suggest that a clear mental image how a smart face should look does exist for both men and women within the community of human raters. The intelligence-stereotype shows the same transformations in facial shape space for both men and women. In both sexes, a narrower face with a thinner chin and a larger prolonged nose characterizes the predicted stereotype of high-intelligence, while a rather oval and broader face with a massive chin and a smallish nose characterizes the prediction of low-intelligence (see Figs. 2 and 3). There also seems to be a correlation between semblances of emotions of joy or anger in perceptions of high or low intelligence in faces, respectively. The ‘high intelligence’ faces appear to be smiling more than the ‘low intelligence’ faces. A similar pattern was described for the perception of trustworthiness [37]. Perceived intelligence correlates with perceived trustworthiness and happiness. Conversely, low-intelligence faces are perceived as untrustworthy and considered angrier [42]. Moreover, perceived intelligence was also shown to be positively associated with perceived friendliness and sense of humour in both male and female faces but negatively related with perceived dominance in faces of women [43]. The face shape associated with a higher perception of intelligence also shows the characteristics of higher perception of attractiveness, while the face shape associated with a lower perception of intelligence shows traits of higher perceived dominance. The positive correlation with attractiveness and trustworthiness and negative correlation with dominance may explain the attribution of higher intelligence to longer, narrower faces. Correlation between IQ and perceived intelligence Two factors of general intelligence were significantly associated with perceived intelligence from men's faces: fluid intelligence and figural intelligence. Fluid intelligence is the capacity to logically solve problems independent of acquired knowledge [31]. It depends on a subject's genetic qualities and, largely, cannot be influenced by continuous exercise or life experience. Figural intelligence describes the ability to handle objects such as images, patterns, and shapes. One cannot explicitly say that figural intelligence is independent of experience acquired during life, though the nature of this ability would also be affected by heritable genetic cues (as well as nurturing or other environmental effects). By contrast, verbal and crystallized intelligence largely depend on the social environment. The quadratic shape of the negative relationship between perceived intelligence and IQ points at the constraints that limit the preference of men with a very high IQ. Men with an IQ higher than 140 are perceived as relatively less intelligent (see Fig. 4.), which can reflect an adaptation to an upper intelligence limit as men with an extremely high IQ could find such practical tasks, such as the care and protection of women and offspring, less rewarding. Though intelligence does not positively correlate with mental disorders or anomalies, there are some indications that extremely high intelligence combined with other factors such as creativity might carry a potential risk for various mental disorders [44]–[46]. In a future survey, it would be interesting to search for correlations between perceived intelligence and deviations from facial symmetry. PPT PowerPoint slide

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 larger image ( ) TIFF original image ( ) Download: Figure 4. Graph demonstrating linear positive and quadratic negative relationship between IQ and perceived intelligence in men (a) and women (b). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081237.g004 If intelligence is judged with an accuracy higher than chance, and if intelligence is suggested to be at least partly heritable, we can then expect that intelligence could be an indicator of underlying genetic fitness with interesting consequences for human evolution [16], [17], [47], [48]. Our results necessarily imply the following question: Why does perceived intelligence reflect measured intelligence in men but not women. If facial indicators of intelligence are heritable, and if particular genes are not located on the Y sex chromosome, then both sons and daughters of an intelligent-looking father will obtain the alleles for an intelligent-looking face. One possible explanation is that cues of higher intelligence are sexually dimorphic and are thus apparent only in men's faces, e.g. due to some genetic and developmental association to sex steroid hormonal agents during puberty [49]–[51]. If this is true, then the attribution of intelligence in infant faces should not differ between male and female children. When estimating the intelligence of women's faces, observers mechanically use criteria that “work” in men's faces, i.e. the criteria that objectively reflect intelligence in men. Another option is that women are pervasively judged according to their attractiveness. The strong halo effect of attractiveness may thus prevent an accurate assessment of the intelligence of women. This seems to be supported by a significantly higher correlation of perceived intelligence with attractiveness in women's faces (r = 0.901) in comparison to that in men's faces (r = 0.502). The third possible explanation is that facial indicators of intelligence are signals rather than cues and that the honest signalling of intelligence is adaptive for men but not for women. It can be speculated, for example, that because of their mixed mating strategy, women prefer dominant men as extra-pair sexual partners while at the same time they seek men who are more willing to invest in their offspring as long-term or social partners [52]. It is known that while in the fertile phase of cycle and probably in search of good genes, women prefer creative intelligence to wealth especially in short-term mating [18]. On the other hand, a woman seeking a long term relationship could prefer a less intelligent but honest man, who compensates by long term provisioning, protection and a greater investment in childrearing. At the same time, the prevalence of the mixed mating strategy would influence so as to lead to frequency-dependent selection, and result in the stable coexistence of highly and lowly intelligent men within a population. To test this hypothesis, it will be necessary to search for correlations between women's preferences during their menstrual cycle and the IQ of their preferred partners. To conclude, humans were able to estimate actual intelligence from facial photographs of men but not women. The attractiveness ratings were not statistically related to measured intelligence in both men and women. No difference between men and women existed in the raters' ability to assess intelligence, and no specific traits that correlated with real intelligence were detected with standard geometric morphometric methods. Men and women with specific facial traits were perceived as highly intelligent. However, these faces of supposed high and low intelligence probably represent nothing more than a cultural stereotype because these morphological traits do not correlate with the real intelligence of the subjects.

 Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the students of Charles University in Prague who participated in the research. We thank Jan Havlíček and three anonymous reviewers for helpful suggestions on earlier versions of this paper. We are also indebted to Jakub Kreisinger for valuable comments on statistical analyses and Jan Geryk for performing permutation tests. |||||

– It's easier to guess men's intelligence than women's just by looking at their faces—maybe because we're so distracted by female beauty, according to a new study. Czech researchers gave IQ tests to 80 male and female students, took photos of them, and asked 160 students to rate them in order of attractiveness and perceived intelligence, PsyPost reports. Generally, students deemed more attractive were also deemed smarter, especially among the women. Little surprise there, but somehow the 160 students were more able to spot men's actual IQ. Why is that? Maybe signs of higher intelligence are only visible in men's faces "due to some genetic and developmental association," the researchers write. "Another option is that women are pervasively judged according to their attractiveness," which prevents "an accurate assessment of their intelligence." What's more, our ability to quickly identify a person's IQ may have "evolutionary" consequences, the researchers say, the Daily Mail reports. Neat factoid: The study found that people hold a certain mental image of an intelligent person's face—narrow, with a long nose and thin chin—which didn't correlate to actual IQ.