Gintonin

Gintonin is a glycolipoprotein fraction isolated from ginseng. The non-saponin ingredient was designated as gintonin, where "gin" was derived from ginseng, "ton" from the tonic effects of ginseng, and "in" from protein. The main component of gintonin is a complex of lysophosphatidic acids (LPA) and ginseng proteins such as Ginseng major latex-like protein151 (GLP151) and ginseng ribonuclease-like storage protein.
GLP151 is a first plant-derived LPA binding protein as one of Bet v 1 superfamily. GLP151 has a LPA binding domain on H147 and H148 at C-terminal. These two histidine residues bind to phosphate group of LPA and deliver LPA to its cognate receptors to elicit cellular effects such as [Ca2+]i transient and morphological changes.
Lysophospholipid receptors are the high affinity and selective target receptor of gintonin. Gintonin induces [Ca2+]i transient in animal cells. Gintonin also shows "in vivo" anti-Alzheimer's disease effects through LPA receptor-mediated non-amyloidogenic pathways and enhances cognitive functions in elderly human Alzheimer's disease patients and boosting of hippocampal cholinergic system, hippocampal neurogenesis, anti-depression and "in vivo" anti-metastatic and anti-atopic dermatitis effects
by inhibition of autotaxin activity.