Phosphorus acid

Phosphorus oxoacid is a generic name for any acid whose molecule consists of atoms of phosphorus, oxygen, and hydrogen. There is a potentially infinite number of such compounds. Some of them are unstable and have not been isolated, but the derived anions and organic groups are present in stable salts and esters. The most important ones — in biology, geology, industry, and chemical research — are the phosphoric acids, whose esters and salts are the phosphates.
In general, any hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom is acidic, meaning that the –OH group can lose a proton leaving a negatively charged – group and thus turning the acid into a phosphorus oxoanion. Each additional proton lost has an associated acid dissociation constant K"a"1, K"a"2 K"a"3, ..., often expressed by its cologarithm (pK"a"1, pK"a"2, pK"a"3, ...). Hydrogen atoms bonded directly to phosphorus are generally not acidic.
Classification.
The phosphorus oxoacids can be classified by the oxidation state(s) of the phosphorus atom(s), which may vary from +1 to +5. The oxygen atoms are usually in oxidation state -2, but may be in state -1 if the molecule includes peroxide groups.
Oxidation state +5.
The most important members of this group are the phosphoric acids, where each phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, one of them through a double bond, arranged as the corners of a tetrahedron. Two or more of these tetrahedra may be connected by shared single-bonded oxygens, forming linear or branched chains, cycles, or more complex structures. The single-bonded oxygen atoms that are not shared are completed with acidic hydrogen atoms. Their generic formula is H"n"−"x"+2P"n"O3"n"−"x"+1, where "n" is the number of phosphorus atoms and "x" is the number of fundamental cycles in the molecule's structure.
These acids, and their esters and salts ("phosphates") include some of the best-known and most important compounds of phosphorus. 
The simplest member of this class is
The smallest compounds of this class with two or more phosphorus atoms are called "oligophosphoric acids", and the larger ones, with linear –P–O– backbones, are "polyphosphoric acids"; with no definite separation between the two. Some of the most important members are:
Thebackbone may be branched, as in 
The tetrahedra may be connected to form closed –P–O– chains, as in
Metaphosphoric acid is general term for phosphoric acids with a single cycle, (–P(O)(OH)–O–)"n", whose elemental formula is .
Another compound that may be included in this class is 
Mixed oxidation states.
Some phosphorus oxoacids have two or more P atoms in different oxidation states. One example is