Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase

Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC) is a protein consisting of an adenylyl cyclase enzyme domain directly linked to a BLUF (blue light receptor using FAD) type light sensor domain. When illuminated with blue light, the enzyme domain becomes active and converts ATP to cAMP, an important second messenger in many cells. In the unicellular flagellate "Euglena gracilis," PACα and PACβ (euPACs) serve as a photoreceptor complex that senses light for photophobic responses and phototaxis. Small but potent PACs were identified in the genome of the bacteria "Beggiatoa" (bPAC) and "Oscillatoria acuminata" (OaPAC).
Use of PACs as optogenetic tools.
As PACs consist of a light sensor and an enzyme in a single protein, they can be expressed in other species and cell types to manipulate cAMP levels with light. When bPAC is expressed in mouse sperm, blue light illumination speeds up the swimming of transgenic sperm cells and aids fertilization. When expressed in neurons, illumination changes the branching pattern of growing axons. Recently, it has been shown that expression of PAC together with K+-specific cyclic-nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGs) can be used to hyperpolarize neurons at very low light levels.
Other light-activated cyclases.
Photoactivated guanylyl cyclases have been discovered in the aquatic fungi "Blastocladiella emersonii" and "Catenaria anguillulae". Unlike PACs, these light-activated cyclases use retinal as their light sensor and are therefore rhodopsin guanylyl cyclases (RhGC). When expressed in Xenopus oocytes or mammalian neurons, RhGCs generate cGMP in response to green light. Therefore, they are considered useful optogenetic tools to investigate cGMP signaling.