Max Beerbohm

Sir Henry Maximilian "Max" Beerbohm (24 August 1872 – 20 May 1956) was an English essayist, parodist and caricaturist under the signature Max. He first became known in the 1890s as a dandy and a humorist. He was the drama critic for the "Saturday Review" from 1898 until 1910, when he relocated to Rapallo, Italy. In his later years he was popular for his occasional radio broadcasts. Among his best-known works is his only novel, "Zuleika Dobson", published in 1911. His caricatures, drawn usually in pen or pencil with muted watercolour tinting, are in many public collections.
Early life.
Born in 57 Palace Gardens Terrace, London which is now marked with a blue plaque, Henry Maximilian Beerbohm was the youngest of nine children of a Lithuanian-born grain merchant, Julius Ewald Edward Beerbohm (1811–1892). His mother was Eliza Draper Beerbohm (c. 1833–1918), the sister of Julius's late first wife. Although the Beerbohms were supposed by some to be of Jewish descent, on looking into the question in his later years Beerbohm told a biographer:
Beerbohm was close to four half-siblings, one of whom, Herbert Beerbohm Tree, was already a renowned stage actor when Max was a child. Other older half-siblings were the author and explorer Julius Beerbohm and the author Constance Beerbohm. His nieces were Viola, Felicity and Iris Tree.
From 1881 to 1885 Max – he was always called simply "Max" and it is thus that he signed his drawings – attended the day school of a Mr Wilkinson in Orme Square. Wilkinson, Beerbohm later said, "gave me my love of Latin and thereby enabled me to write English". Mrs Wilkinson taught drawing to the students, the only lessons Beerbohm ever had in the subject.
Beerbohm was educated at Charterhouse School and Merton College, Oxford, from 1890, where he was Secretary of the Myrmidon Club. It was at school that he began writing. While at Oxford Beerbohm became acquainted with Oscar Wilde and his circle through his half-brother, Herbert Beerbohm Tree. In 1893 he met William Rothenstein, who introduced him to Aubrey Beardsley and other members of the literary and artistic circle connected with The Bodley Head. Though he was an unenthusiastic student academically, Beerbohm became a well-known figure in Oxford social circles. He also began submitting articles and caricatures to London publications, which were met enthusiastically. "I was a modest, good-humored boy", he recalled. "It was Oxford that has made me insufferable." In March 1893 he submitted an article on Oscar Wilde to the "Anglo-American Times" under the pen name "An American". Later in 1893 his essay "The Incomparable Beauty of Modern Dress" was published in the Oxford journal "The Spirit Lamp" by its editor, Lord Alfred Douglas.
By 1894, having developed his personality as a dandy and humorist, and already a rising star in English letters, he left Oxford without a degree. His "A Defence of Cosmetics" ("The Pervasion of Rouge") appeared in the first edition of "The Yellow Book" in 1894, his friend Aubrey Beardsley being art editor at the time. At this time Wilde said of him, "The gods have bestowed on Max the gift of perpetual old age."
In 1895 Beerbohm went to the United States for several months as secretary to his half-brother Herbert Beerbohm Tree's theatrical company. He was fired when he spent far too many hours polishing the business correspondence. There he became engaged to Grace Conover, an American actress in the company, a relationship that lasted several years.
Writer and broadcaster.
[[File:Max Beerbohm, Vanity Fair, 1897-12-09.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Beerbohm caricatured by [[Walter Sickert]] in "[[Vanity Fair (UK magazine)|Vanity Fair]]" (1897)]]
On his return to England Beerbohm published his first book, "[[The Works of Max Beerbohm]]" (1896), a collection of his essays which had first appeared in "[[The Yellow Book]]". His first piece of fiction, "[[The Happy Hypocrite]]", was published in volume XI of "The Yellow Book" in October 1896. Having been interviewed by [[George Bernard Shaw]] himself, in 1898 he followed Shaw as drama critic for the "[[Saturday Review (London)|Saturday Review]]", on whose staff he remained until 1910. At that time the "Saturday Review" was undergoing renewed popularity under its new owner, the writer [[Frank Harris]], who would later become a close friend of Beerbohm's.
It was Shaw, in his final "Saturday Review" piece, who bestowed upon Beerbohm the lasting epithet, "the Incomparable Max" when he wrote, "The younger generation is knocking at the door; and as I open it there steps spritely in the incomparable Max".
In 1904 Beerbohm met the American actress [[Florence Kahn (actress)|Florence Kahn]]. In 1910 they married and moved to [[Rapallo]] in Italy, partly as an escape from the social demands and the expense of living in London. Here they remained for the rest of their lives except for the duration of [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], when they returned to Britain, and occasional trips to England to take part in exhibitions of his drawings.
Beerbohm and his wife Florence spent the period of the first world war (1914 to 1918) in a cottage belonging to William Rothenstein, next to Rothenstein's own residence Iles Farm, in Far [[Oakridge, Gloucestershire|Oakridge]], Gloucestershire. The Arts and Crafts architect [[Norman Jewson]] remarked on his dapper appearance there: "At first it amazed me to see him, in the depths of the country, in war time, always perfectly groomed and immaculately dressed as if for a garden party at Buckingham Palace, but as I got to know him better I realised that he just could not do anything else."
In his years in Rapallo Beerbohm was visited by many of the eminent men and women of his day, including [[Ezra Pound]], who lived nearby, [[Somerset Maugham]], [[John Gielgud]], [[Laurence Olivier]] and [[Truman Capote]] among others. Beerbohm never learned to speak Italian in the five decades that he lived in Italy.
From 1935 onwards, he was an occasional though popular radio broadcaster, talking on cars and carriages and music halls for the [[BBC]]. His radio talks were published in 1946 as "[[Mainly on the Air]]". His wit is shown often enough in his caricatures but his letters contain a carefully blended humour—a gentle admonishing of the excesses of the day—whilst remaining firmly tongue in cheek. His lifelong friend [[Reginald Turner (writer)|Reginald Turner]], who was also an [[Aestheticism|aesthete]] and a somewhat witty companion, saved many of Beerbohm's letters.
Beerbohm's best-known works include "[[A Christmas Garland]]" (1912), a [[parody]] of literary styles, "[[Seven Men]]" (1919), which includes "[[Enoch Soames]]", the tale of a poet who makes a deal with the Devil to find out how posterity will remember him, and "[[Zuleika Dobson]]" (1911), a satire of undergraduate life at [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. This was his only novel, but was nonetheless very successful.
Caricaturist.
[[File:Beerbohm-club-types.jpg|thumb|140px|'Club Types' in "[[The Strand Magazine]]" Vol. 4 (1892)]]
[[File:Max-oscar-1916.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Oscar Wilde]] caricatured in "[[Rossetti and His Circle]]" (1916)]]
In the 1890s, while a student at [[Oxford University]], Beerbohm showed great skill at observant figure sketching. His usual style of single-figure [[caricature]]s on formalised groupings, drawn in pen or pencil with delicately applied watercolour tinting, was established by 1896 and flourished until about 1930. In contrast to the heavier artistic style of the "[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]" tradition, he showed a lightness of touch and simplicity of line. Beerbohm's career as a professional caricaturist began when he was twenty: in 1892 "[[The Strand Magazine]]" published thirty-six of his drawings of 'Club Types'. Their publication dealt, Beerbohm said, "a great, an almost mortal blow to my modesty". The first public exhibition of his caricatures was as part of a group show at the [[Fine Art Society]] in 1896; his first one-man show at the Carfax Gallery in 1901. Explaining his system for caricature, Beerbohm wrote: "The whole man must be melted down in a crucible and then, from the solution, fashioned anew. Nothing will be lost but no particle will be as it was before." He concluded: "The most perfect caricature is that which, on a small surface, with the simplest means, most accurately exaggerates, to the highest point, the peculiarities of a human being, at his most characteristic moment, in the most beautiful manner."
Beerbohm was influenced by French cartoonists such as "[[Sem (artist)|Sem]]" (Georges Goursat) and "[[Caran d'Ache]]" (Emmanuel Poir). He was hailed by "[[The Times]]" in 1913 as "the greatest of English comic artists", by [[Bernard Berenson]] as "the English [[Francisco Goya|Goya]]", and by [[Edmund Wilson]] as "the greatest ... portrayer of personalities – in the history of art".
Usually inept with hands and feet, Beerbohm excelled in heads and with dandified male costume of a period whose elegance became a source of nostalgic inspiration. His collections of caricatures included "[[Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen]]" (1896), "[[The Poets' Corner]]" (1904), "[[Fifty Caricatures]]" (1913) and "[[Rossetti and His Circle]]" (1922). His caricatures were published widely in the fashionable magazines of the time, and his works were exhibited regularly in London at the Carfax Gallery (1901–08) and [[Leicester Galleries]] (1911–57). At his [[Rapallo]] home he drew and wrote infrequently and decorated books in his library. These were sold at auction by [[Sotheby's]] of London on 12 and 13 December 1960 following the death of his second wife and [[literary executor]] [[Elisabeth Jungmann]].
His Rapallo caricatures were mostly of late [[Victorian era|Victorian]] and [[Edwardian era|Edwardian]] political, literary and theatrical personalities. The court of [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]] had a special place as a subject for affectionate ridicule. Many of Beerbohm's later caricatures were of himself.
Major collections of Beerbohm's caricatures are in the [[Ashmolean Museum]], [[Oxford]]; the [[Tate]] collection; the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]; [[Charterhouse School]]; the [[William Andrews Clark Memorial Library|Clark Library]], [[University of California]]; and the [[Lilly Library]], [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]]; depositories of both caricatures and archival material include [[Merton College, Oxford]]; the [[Harry Ransom Center]], [[University of Texas at Austin]]; the Robert H. Taylor collection, [[Princeton University Library]]; the [[Houghton Library]], [[Harvard University]]; and the privately owned [[Mark Samuels Lasner]] collection.
Personal life.
[[File:Max-beerbohm-later.jpg|thumb|140px|Beerbohm in his later years. As a young man in 1894 [[Oscar Wilde]] had said of him, "The gods have bestowed on Max the gift of perpetual old age."]]
[[File:Beerbohm-plot.jpg|thumb|140px|Beerbohm's ashes are interred under the tile marked "MB"]]
Beerbohm married the actress [[Florence Kahn (actress)|Florence Kahn]] in 1910. There has been speculation that he was a non-active homosexual ([[Malcolm Muggeridge]], who much disliked him, imputed homosexuality to him), that his marriage was never consummated, that he was a "natural celibate" or even just [[Asexuality|asexual]]. [[Lord David Cecil|David Cecil]] wrote that, "though he showed no moral disapproval of homosexuality, [Beerbohm] was not disposed to it himself; on the contrary he looked upon it as a great misfortune to be avoided if possible." Cecil quotes a letter from Beerbohm to [[Oscar Wilde]]'s friend [[Robbie Ross|Robert Ross]] in which he asks Ross to keep [[Reginald Turner (writer)|Reggie Turner]] from the clutches of [[Lord Alfred Douglas]], "I really think Reg is at a rather crucial point of his career – and should hate to see him fall an entire victim to the love that dare not tell its name." The fact is that not much is known of Beerbohm's private life.
[[Evelyn Waugh]] also speculated that Beerbohm had made a "[[mariage blanc]]" but added: "Beerbohm remarked of [[John Ruskin|Ruskin]] that it was surprising he should marry, without knowing he was impotent." Waugh also observed, "the question is of little importance in an artist of Beerbohm's quality."
There was also some speculation during his lifetime that Beerbohm was [[Jew]]ish. Muggeridge assumed that Beerbohm's Jewishness was certain. Beerbohm responded by saying that, disappointingly for him, he was not. However, both of his wives were Jews of German stock, although Florence was born and reared in Memphis, Tennessee, in an immigrant family. She is described as an American. When asked by [[George Bernard Shaw]] if he had any Jewish ancestors, Beerbohm replied: "That my talent is rather like Jewish talent I admit readily... But, being in fact a Gentile, I am, in a small way, rather remarkable, and wish to remain so." In his poem "[[Hugh Selwyn Mauberley]]" [[Ezra Pound]], a neighbour in Rapallo – and later a supporter of fascism and anti-Semitism – caricatured Beerbohm as "Brennbaum", a Jewish artist.
The Maximilian Society.
Beerbohm was knighted by [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] in 1939; it was thought that this mark of esteem had been delayed by his mockery in 1911 of the king's parents, about whom he had written a satiric verse, "Ballade Tragique a Double Refrain". In August 1942, on the occasion of Beerbohm’s seventieth birthday, the Maximilian Society was created by a London drama critic in his honour. It had seventy distinguished members, including [[J. B. Priestley]], [[Walter de la Mare]], [[Augustus John]], [[William Rothenstein]], [[Edward Lutyens]], [[Osbert Lancaster]], [[Siegfried Sassoon]], [[Osbert Sitwell]], [[Leonard Woolf]], [[John Betjeman]], [[Kenneth Clark]], [[E. M. Forster]], [[Graham Greene]], and [[Laurence Housman]], and planned to add one more member on each of Beerbohm's successive birthdays. In their first meeting a banquet was held to pay homage to the great man, and he was presented with seventy bottles of wine.
Death.
He died at the Villa Chiara, a private hospital in [[Rapallo]], Italy, aged 83, shortly after marrying his former secretary and companion, [[Elisabeth Jungmann]]. Beerbohm was cremated in [[Genoa]] and his ashes were interred in the crypt of [[St. Paul's Cathedral]], London, on 29 June 1956.
Bibliography.
Collections of caricatures.
[[File:Dante Gabriel Rossetti in His Back-Garden.gif|thumb|right|'[[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] in His Back-Garden' from "[[The Poets' Corner]]" (1904)]]
External links.
[[Category:Works by Max Beerbohm|Max Beerbohm]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Beerbohm family|Max]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Burials at St Paul's Cathedral]]
[[Category:English caricaturists]]
[[Category:English humorists]]
[[Category:English people of German descent]]
[[Category:English people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:20th-century Latin-language writers]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:Oscar Wilde]]
[[Category:People of Baltic German descent]]
[[Category:Vanity Fair (British magazine) artists]]
[[Category:Artists from London]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]
[[Category:Victorian writers]]
[[Category:19th-century British writers]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]