Japanese submarine I-4

I-4 was a "J1 type" submarine built by Kawasaki, Kobe, for the Imperial Japanese Navy in the 1920s. She was a large cruiser submarine displacing 2,135 tons that entered service in 1929 and served in the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. During the latter conflict she operated in support of the attack on Pearl Harbor, conducted anti-shipping patrols in the Indian Ocean, supported the Indian Ocean raid, and took part in the Aleutian Islands campaign, Guadalcanal campaign, and New Guinea campaign before she was sunk in December 1942.
Construction and commissioning.
Built by Kawasaki at Kobe, Japan, "I-4" was laid down on 17 April 1926. She was launched on 22 May 1928 and was completed and commissioned on 24 December 1929.
Service history.
Early service.
Upon commissioning, "I-4" was attached to the Yokosuka Naval District, assigned to Submarine Division 7 in Submarine Squadron 2 in the 2nd Fleet. On 1 August 1930, she was reassigned to Submarine Division 8. She was off Kyushu near the Mishima Islands taking part in a exercise in which a group of submarines practiced a mock combined attack on a line of zigzagging battleships on 14 June 1932 when she unexpectedly surfaced in front of the battleships. The battleship , making , took evasive action at the last minute and managed to avoid a direct collision with the stationary "I-4", although "Hyūga" suffered minor damage to her hull plating when her bow grazed "I-4"′s hull.
Second Sino-Japanese War.
On 7 July 1937 the first day of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident took place, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War. In September 1937 Submarine Squadron 1 was reassigned to the 3rd Fleet, which in turn was subordinated to the China Area Fleet for service in Chinese waters. The squadron, consisting of "I-4" and her sister ships , , , , and , deployed to a base at Hong Kong with the submarine tenders and in September 1937. From Hong Kong, the submarines began operations in support of a Japanese blockade of China and patrols of China′s central and southern coast. From 21 to 23 August 1937, all six submarines of Submarine Squadron 1 operated in the East China Sea as distant cover for an operation in which the battleships , , , and and the light cruiser ferried troops from Tadotsu, Japan, to Shanghai, China.
Submarine Squadron 1 was based at Hong Kong until the autumn of 1938. In an effort to reduce international tensions over the conflict in China, Japan withdrew its submarines from Chinese waters in December 1938.
1938–1941.
Submarine Squadron 2 was resubordinated to the 6th Fleet on 15 November 1940. On 7 January 1941, "I-4" became flagship of Submarine Division 8.
On 10 November 1941 — by which time "I-4", "I-5", "I-6", and the submarine made up Submarine Division 8 in Submarine Squadron 2 in the 6th Fleet, with "I-7" serving as squadron flagship — the commander of the 6th Fleet, Vice Admiral Mitsumi Shimizu, gathered the commanding officers of the fleet′s submarines together for a meeting aboard his flagship, the light cruiser , which was anchored in Saeki Bay. Shimizu briefed them on the upcoming attack on Pearl Harbor, which would bring Japan and the United States into World War II. As the Imperial Japanese Navy began to deploy for the upcoming conflict in the Pacific, "I-4", "I-5", "I-6", and "I-7" got underway from Yokosuka on 16 November 1941, bound for the Hawaiian Islands. The submarines received the message "Climb Mount Niitaka 1208" () from the Combined Fleet on 2 December 1941, indicating that war with the Allies would commence on 8 December 1941 Japan time, which was on 7 December 1941 on the other side of the International Date Line in Hawaii.
World War II.
First war patrol.
On 7 December 1941, the submarines of Submarine Squadron 2 took up patrol stations across a stretch of the Pacific Ocean from northeast to northwest of Oahu, with "I-4"′s patrol area adjacent to that of "I-6". The submarines had orders to conduct reconnaissance in the area and attack any ships which sortied from Pearl Harbor during or after the attack, which occurred that morning. At around 03:55 on 14 December 1941, "I-4" hit the starboard side of the Norwegian merchant ship "Hųegh Merchant" — which had been on a voyage from San Francisco, California, to Manila in the Philippines with 7,500 tons of general cargo including 100 tons of explosives and when the war broke out and had been diverted to Honolulu, Hawaii — with a torpedo east-northeast of Makapuʻu Point, Oahu. "Hųegh Merchant" caught fire, and at around 04:05 "I-4" fired another torpedo which hit her near the same place as the first. "Hųegh Merchant" sank at 05:33, and the United States Navy destroyer minesweeper rescued her passengers and crew. Oil barrels from "Hųegh Merchant"′s cargo drifted ashore on Kauai a number of days later.
On 9 January 1942, "I-4" was ordered to divert from her patrol and search for the United States Navy aircraft carrier , which the submarine had sighted, but she did not find "Lexington". She arrived at Kwajalein on 22 January 1942, then got back underway on 24 January 1942 bound for Yokosuka, which she reached on 2 February 1942.
Second war patrol.
While "I-4" was at Yokosuka, Submarine Squadron 2 — consisting of "I-1", "I-2", "I-3", "I-4", "I-6", and the squadron flagship, "I-7" — was assigned to the Dutch East Indies Invasion Force on 8 February 1942. Accordingly, "I-4" departed Yokosuka on 12 February 1942 bound for Palau, where she arrived on 16 February 1942, then got back underway on 17 February bound for the Netherlands East Indies. She arrived at Staring Bay on the Southeast Peninsula of Celebes just southeast of Kendari on 22 February 1942, then put back to sea on 23 February, heading for the Indian Ocean south of Java, where she was to conduct her second war patrol.
At about 16:15 on 28 February 1942, "I-4" sank an unidentified Allied steamship — sometimes identified as Singapore-based merchant steamer , although "Ban Ho Guan" may have not been in the area at the time — in the Indian Ocean southwest of Bali. She bombarded the Cocos Islands on 3 March, and concluded her patrol with her arrival at Penang in Japanese-occupied British Malaya at 12:50 Japan Standard Time on 8 March 1942. 
Third war patrol.
Orders arrived from the headquarters of the Combined Fleet for all the submarines of Submarine Squadron 2 except for "I-1" to conduct reconnaissance operations along the coast of Ceylon and western coast of India in preparation for Operation C, the upcoming Indian Ocean raid by the aircraft carriers of the Combined Fleet′s Mobile Force. Accordingly, "I-4" departed Penang on 28 March 1942 with the commander of Submarine Division 8 embarked and with orders to conduct a reconnaissance in the Indian Ocean of Eight Degree Channel and the waters off Colombo, Ceylon.
At the western entrance of Eight Degree Channel at about 15:55 on 6 April 1942 — the day after Japanese carrier planes raided Colombo — "I-4" fired two Type 96 torpedoes at the American 6,617-ton steamer , which was on a voyage from Suez, Egypt, to Colombo. "Washingtonian" sighted one of the torpedoes approaching on her port side at a distance of and began a slow turn in an attempt to avoid it, but both torpedoes hit, setting "Washingtonian"′s fuel tanks on fire. Fire soon engulfed the ship, and she had taken on a 25-degree list to port when her crew of 29 and two passengers abandoned ship at 16:05. "Washingtonian" eventually sank. On 10 April 1942 after 01:00, "I-4" surfaced off Colombo in the vicinity of and opened fire with both of her deck guns on a 200-ton Maldivian buggalow, firing fourteen rounds and heavily damaging the vessel.
"I-4"′s patrol ended with her arrival at Singapore on 16 April 1942. She departed Singapore on 21 April 1942 to head for Yokosuka, which she reached on 1 May 1942.
Fourth war patrol.
While "I-4" was at Yokosuka, the Aleutian Islands campaign began on 3–4 June 1942 with a Japanese air raid on Dutch Harbor, Alaska, followed quickly by the unopposed Japanese occupation in the Aleutian Islands of Attu on 5 June and Kiska on 7 June 1942. On 10 June 1942, "I-1", "I-2", "I-3", "I-4", "I-5", "I-6", and "I-7" were reassigned to the Northern Force for duty in the Aleutians, and on 11 June 1942 "I-4" set out for Aleutian waters in company with "I-1", "I-2", "I-3", and "I-7" to begin her fourth war patrol. On 20 June 1942, "I-1", "I-2", and "I-4" joined the "K" patrol line in the North Pacific Ocean between and . "I-4" remained on the patrol line until 3 July 1942. On 20 July 1942, she was reassigned to the Advance Force and ordered to return to Japan. She arrived at Yokosuka on 1 August 1942 and began an overhaul.
Guadalcanal campaign.
During "I-4"′s stay at Yokosuka, the Guadalcanal campaign began on 7 August 1942 with U.S. amphibious landings on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, Florida Island, Gavutu, and Tanambogo in the southeastern Solomon Islands. On 20 August 1942, Submarine Division 8 was disbanded, and "I-4" was reassigned to Submarine Division 7. On 8 September 1942 she departed Yokosuka to head to the Solomons war zone and, after calling at Truk from 15 to 19 September 1942, set out for her fifth war patrol, assigned a patrol area south of San Cristobal. 
On 29 September 1942, "I-4" was on the surface southwest of Cape Sidney on San Cristobal when at 23:00 she sighted the U.S. Navy cargo ship on her port bow steaming east-southeast at , escorted by the destroyer . "I-4" submerged and began an approach at . At 23:44, she fired two Type 96 torpedoes at "Alhena" and at 23:51 observed the first torpedo hit "Alhena"′s stern near No. 5 hold, blowing a hole open on either side of her stern and igniting several fires. The second torpedo also hit, but did not explode. "Alhena" went dead in the water at and took on a 10-degree stern list. Assuming "Alhena" would sink, "I-4" descended to and began to exit the area at . She broke contact with "Monssen" at 00:25 on 30 September 1942. At 00:47 her sound operator reported contact with another destroyer, but "I-4" soon lost this contact as well. She surfaced at 01:45 and at 04:32 reported that she had sunk a 7,000-ton cargo ship. However, although "Alhena" suffered six U.S. Navy and 24 United States Marine Corps personnel killed or missing she remained afloat, and in mid-1943 returned to combat reconfigured as an attack cargo ship, redesignated AKA-9.
On 5 October 1942, "I-4" was reassigned to the "A" patrol group. On 10 October 1942, she and "I-7" were resubordinated directly to the Advance Force and she received orders to divert from her patrol and proceed to the Espiritu Santo area, where a submarine-launched raid was scheduled to take place. The raid was cancelled, and "I-4" was again assigned to the "A" patrol group on 13 October 1942. On 14 October 1942, she received orders to bombard the airfield on Espiritu Santo, but encountered limited visibility as she approached the island from the east and could not find the airfield. On 16 October 1942, she was ordered to patrol in the waters between the Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides. She was west of Espiritu Santo on 25 October 1942 when she sighted a westbound battleship — probably — and two destroyers, but she lost them in a rain squall and did not attempt an attack. She returned to Truk on 3 November 1942.
While at Truk, "I-4" underwent a conversion between 4 and 16 November 1942 in which her after gun was replaced with a mounting abaft her conning tower for a waterproof "Daihatsu"-class landing craft that would allow her to discharge cargo along coastlines in the Solomon Islands, and she was reassigned to the "B" patrol unit on 15 November 1942. As her conversion was being completed, the commander of the 6th Fleet, Vice Admiral Teruhisa Komatsu, addressed a meeting of the commanding officers of his fleet′s submarines on 16 November 1942 to inform them that the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, had ordered the 6th Fleet to organize a system of supply runs to the 17th Army forces fighting on Guadalcanal via submarine. 
Assigned to these supply missions, "I-4" departed Truk on 20 November 1942 bound for Rabaul. She stopped at Rabaul from 23 to 25 November 1942 and embarked a waterproof "Daihatsu" on her new mounting, then proceeded to Shortland Island in the Shortland Islands, her commanding officer receiving a briefing on supply procedures at Guadalcanal while she was at sea off Bougainville. She reached Shortland on 26 November 1942. Carrying her "Daihatsu", she departed on 28 November with a cargo of 20 tons of food and medicine and reached Kamimbo Bay on the northwest coast of Guadalcanal on 30 November 1942. She quickly unloaded the "Daihatsu" and got back underway for Rabaul, which she reached on 3 December 1942. On 5 December 1942 at 16:00, she began another supply run to Guadalcanal, again carrying 20 tons of food and medicine, which she unloaded quickly at Kamimbo Bay on 8 December 1942 before stopping at Shortland Island from 10 to 12 December and then moving on to Rabaul, which she reached on 14 December 1942.
New Guinea campaign.
On 16 December 1942, "I-4" departed Rabaul on an urgent supply run to Buna, New Guinea, to support Japanese forces fighting in the New Guinea campaign. She arrived off the mouth of the Mambare River on the coast of New Guinea at 22:15 on 18 December 1942, but while she was on the surface the U.S. Navy PT boats "PT-121" and "PT-122" detected her. The PT boats fired two torpedoes at her, both of which missed, but they forced her to withdraw. She returned to the area a few hours later, but was unable to contact Japanese forces on shore. Her commanding officer transmitted a message saying that he had decided to abort the supply mission and return to Rabaul.
Loss.
The submarine , alerted to "I-4"′s presence by Ultra intelligence information, sighted "I-4" at the southern entrance to St. George's Channel off New Ireland, heading north on the surface at , at 06:21 on 21 December 1942. Misidentifying "I-4" as an "I-168"-class submarine, "Seadragon" described her as painted black and with the number "4" painted on her conning tower. At 06:37, "Seadragon" fired three Mark 10 Mod 3 torpedoes at a range of . "I-4"′s lookouts apparently sighted the approaching torpedoes because "I-4" turned in an apparent attempt to comb their wakes. "Seadragon"′s first torpedo suffered a gyroscope failure and missed ahead and her second torpedo detonated prematurely after running for only 18 seconds. Her third torpedo struck "I-4"′s stern, resulting in a ball of flames and much smoke. "Seadragon" saw "I-4"′s bow rise vertically as she sank by the stern at with the loss of all 90 men on board.
On 5 January 1943, the Imperial Japanese Navy officially declared "I-4" to be presumed lost with all hands off Rabaul. She was stricken from the Navy list on 1 March 1943.