Red Sea Flotilla

The Red Sea Flotilla ("Flottiglia del mar rosso") was part of the "Regia Marina Italia" (Italian Royal Navy) based at Massawa in the colony of Italian Eritrea, part of Italian East Africa. In World War II, the Red Sea Flotilla was active against the East Indies Station of the Royal Navy, from the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940 until the fall of Massawa on 8 April 1941.
The squadron was isolated from the main Italian bases in the Mediterranean by distance and British dispositions. The British capture of Massawa and other Italian ports in the region ended the Italian naval presence in the region in April 1941.
Purpose and organisation.
On 10 June 1940, the Red Sea Flotilla had seven destroyers in two squadrons, a squadron of five Motor Torpedo Boats (MAS, "Motoscafo Armato Silurante") and eight submarines in two squadrons. The main base was at Massawa, with other bases at Assab (also in Eritrea) and Kismayu, in southern Italian Somaliland. The Red Sea Flotilla was not used aggressively by the Italians but the British viewed it as a potential threat to Allied convoys travelling East African waters between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. This was a vital route for British forces operating from Egypt. The Red Sea Flotilla was especially well situated to attack convoys headed from the Gulf of Aden through the Red Sea to the Suez Canal, after the Mediterranean was closed to Allied merchant ships, which had to take passage around the Cape of Good Hope.
Actions.
Several attempts were made to stage offensive actions against the British Royal Navy and Allied convoys from Massawa. Some of the earliest failed when submarine air conditioning systems, intended to reduce temperatures in the warm water of the Red Sea proved dangerous under wartime operating conditions. Leakage of chloromethane refrigerants caused central nervous system poisoning in the recirculating air during submerged operations and about twelve sailors died aboard . The submarines and ran aground while their crews were intoxicated by chloromethane and the latter could not be salvaged. The submarines "Galileo Galilei", "Torricelli" and "Galvani" struck early; "Galileo Galilei" sank the Norwegian freighter "James Stove" off Djibouti, before British counter-measures forced the submarines to depart the area.
"Torricelli" was spotted on 23 June, while approaching Massawa and an intensive search was conducted by four warships aided by aircraft from Aden. After fierce resistance, during which the sloop was damaged by return fire, "Torricelli" was sunk. After the engagement, the destroyer was destroyed by an internal explosion. As a mark of respect for the gallantry of the "Torricelli" crew, the Italian captain was guest of honour at a dinner at the British naval base. "Galileo Galilei" had also been found on 18 June, captured and taken to Aden on the same day. "Galvani" sank at the same time that her sisters were fighting and was sunk on the following day.
In October 1940, the destroyers based at Massawa conducted an attack on the 32-ship Convoy BN 7. The escorts beat off the attack and "Nullo" was driven ashore and sunk by air attack the following day. On the British side, only the leading transport ship of the convoy sustained minor splinter damage and was crippled by Italian shore batteries, with three wounded among her crew and had to be towed to Aden by the cruiser .
As Italian fuel stocks at Massawa dwindled, the offensive capability of the Red Sea Flotilla declined. The vessels of the flotilla became a "fleet in being", offering a threat without action and rarely left port. In late March 1941, the three large destroyers, "Leone", "Pantera" and "Tigre", made a night attack on Suez but "Leone" ran aground off Massawa and had to be scuttled by gunfire and the delay caused the operation to be cancelled. The two remaining ships joined three smaller destroyers – "Battisti", "Manin" and "Sauro" on a final raid on Port Sudan in early April. Engine problems kept "Battisti" in port, where she was subsequently scuttled to prevent her capture by the British. The Italian ships were spotted by aircraft while en route and came under attack from land and carrier based aircraft. "Pantera" and "Tigre" were scuttled on the Arabian coast while "Manin" and "Sauro" were sunk by Fairey Swordfish aircraft. On 8 April 1941, the light cruiser was torpedoed and crippled by the Italian torpedo boat "MAS 213" off Massawa. The cruiser was out of action until June 1942.
The armed merchant cruisers , and the colonial dispatch ship were ordered to escape and reach Japan. "Ramb II" and "Eritrea" reached Kobe but "Ramb I" was intercepted and sunk by "Leander". The four Italian submarines that had survived were ordered to join "BETASOM" the Italian submarine flotilla at Bordeaux and succeeded, despite concerted British attempts to intercept them. On 8 April 1941, Massawa fell to the British and the Red Sea Flotilla ceased to exist. Few vessels of the flotilla survived the East African Campaign.
Order of battle.
Destroyers.
Seven destroyers were organised into two divisions:
MAS (Motor torpedo boats).
The five MAS were organised as follows: