Actinomyces

Actinomyces is a genus of the Actinobacteria class of bacteria. They all are Gram-positive. "Actinomyces" species are facultatively anaerobic (except "A. meyeri" and "A. israelii" are obligate anaerobe), and they grow best under anaerobic conditions. "Actinomyces" species may form endospores, and while individual bacteria are rod-shaped, "Actinomyces" colonies form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae. The aspect of these colonies initially led to the incorrect assumption that the organism was a fungus and to the name "Actinomyces", "ray fungus" (from Greek , ray or beam, and , fungus).
"Actinomyces" species are ubiquitous, occurring in soil and in the microbiota of animals, including the human microbiota. They are known for the important role they play in soil ecology; they produce a number of enzymes that help degrade organic plant material, lignin, and chitin. Thus, their presence is important in the formation of compost. Certain species are commensal in the skin flora, oral flora, gut flora, and vaginal flora of humans and livestock. They are also known for causing diseases in humans and livestock, usually when they opportunistically gain access to the body's interior through wounds. As with other opportunistic infections, people with immunodeficiency are at higher risk. In all of the preceding traits and in their branching filament formation, they bear similarities to "Nocardia".
Like various other anaerobes, "Actinomyces" species are fastidious, thus not easy to culture and isolate. Clinical laboratories do culture and isolate them, but a negative result does not rule out infection, because it may be due simply to reluctance to grow "in vitro".
Genomics.
Phylogenetic trees based on 16S ribosomal RNA (16SrRNA) sequences have shown that the genus "Actinomyces" is quite diverse, exhibiting polyphyletic branching into several clusters. The genera "Actinomyces" and "Mobiluncus" form a monophyletic clade in a phylogenetic tree constructed using RpoB, RpoC, and DNA gyrase B protein sequences. This clade is also strongly supported by a conserved signature indel consisting of a three-amino-acid insertion in isoleucine tRNA synthetase found only in the species of the genera "Actinomyces" and "Mobiluncus".
Pathology.
Actinobacteria are normally present in the gums, and are the most common cause of infection in dental procedures and oral abscesses. Many "Actinomyces" species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and other mammals, particularly in the oral cavity. In rare cases, these bacteria can cause actinomycosis, a disease characterized by the formation of abscesses in the mouth, lungs, or the gastrointestinal tract. Actinomycosis is most frequently caused by "A. israelii", which may also cause endocarditis, though the resulting symptoms may be similar to those resulting from infections by other bacterial species. "Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans" has been identified as being of note in periodontal disease.
The genus is typically the cause of oral-cervicofacial disease. It is characterized by a painless "lumpy jaw". Lymphadenopathy is uncommon in this form of the disease. Another form of actinomycosis is thoracic disease, which is often misdiagnosed as a neoplasm, as it forms a mass that extends to the chest wall. It arises from aspiration of organisms from the oropharynx. Symptoms include chest pain, fever, and weight loss. Abdominal disease is another manifestation of actinomycosis. This can lead to a sinus tract that drains to the abdominal wall or the perianal area. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and weight loss. "Actinomyces" species have also been shown to infect the central nervous system in a dog "without history or evidence of previous trauma or other organ involvement."
Pelvic actinomycosis is a rare but proven complication of use of intrauterine devices. In extreme cases, pelvic abscesses might develop. Treatment of pelvic actinomycosis associated with intrauterine devices involves removal of the device and antibiotic treatment.
Diagnosis.
Actinomycosis may be considered when a patient has chronic progression of disease across tissue planes that is mass-like at times, sinus tract development that may heal and recur, and refractory infection after a typical course of antibiotics.
Treatment.
Treatment for actinomycosis consists of antibiotics such as penicillin or amoxicillin for 5 to 12 months, as well as surgery if the disease is extensive.