Scoloplax

Scoloplax is the only genus in the catfish (order Siluriformes) family Scoloplacidae, the spiny dwarf catfishes.
Species.
The six currently recognized species in this genus are:
Distribution.
"Scoloplax" is distributed in South America in Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. "S. baskini" is from the small tributaries of Rio Aripuanã, Rio Madeira drainage, Amazonas State, Brazil. "S. dicra" has the largest distribution in the Amazon basin, originating from the Amazon and Paraguay River basins. "S. distolothrix" inhabits the Tocantins-Araguaia, Xingu, and Paraguay River basins. "S. dolicholophia" is known from the Rio Negro basin in Brazil, as well as the Lake Amanã. "S. empousa" lives in the Amazon and Paraguay-Paraná River basins.
Description.
Species of "Scoloplax" are readily distinguishable from other catfishes by the presence of a conspicuous shield-shaped rostral plate bearing numerous large and recurved odontodes. These fish have three rows of odontode-bearing plates, two bilateral series and one midventral series. There is also a rostral plate with many recurved odootodes. The adipose fin is absent. The greatest length reached is about SL.
"Scoloplax" species have modified stomachs that are enlarged, thin-walled, and clear. The esophagus enters the stomach along the dorsal side just posterior to the anterior margin of the stomach; the intestine exits the stomach ventrally. A small patch of muscular tissue represents the digestive portion of the stomach, located from the entrance of the esophagus to where the intestine exits. This modified stomach may be for buoyancy control or for breathing air.
Ecology.
"Scoloplax" species are fairly common among leaf litter in clear and blackwater habitats, including oxbow lakes, backwater pools, and well-vegetated streams.