Solovey (Alyabyev song)

Solovey (Соловей, The Nightingale) is a Russian-language art song by Russian composer Alexander Alexandrov Alyabyev (1787-1851) based on the poem "Russkaya pesnya" by Anton Delvig. It was composed while Alyabyev was in prison, in 1826. The song is a showpiece for coloratura sopranos and is the only work Alyabyev to become part of the standard performance repertory.
Text and composition.
The poem itself was probably developed by Delvig during the summer of 1825 from the words to a folk-song melody, as were many of the poems in his "Russian Melodies". Alyabyev did not know baron Delvig, so probably encountered the poem as printed as "Russian Melody no.6" in the second volume of Delvig and Pushkin's almanac "Northern Flowers", which was approved for printing by the censor 26 February 1826. Accounts of the composition of the song vary - one has it that the composer had his piano delivered to his damp cell.
Performance in Russia.
Due to the composer's imprisonment, and then exile in Tobolsk, the exact circumstances of the song's first performances are unclear. Whatever the case the song quickly became known in the salons of St Petersburg, which would likely include being performed in the salon of Delvig's own wife where singers such as the tenor N.K. Ivanov premiered new works. On January 7, 1827, the romance was performed from the stage of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. Having been textually drawn from folk-song material, and the setting by Alyabyev very emphatically playing on folk elements, and being playable by amateurs, the song gradually acquired folk song status.
Reception in the West.
The song became one of the earliest Russian art songs to become widely known in Western Europe. The song became known outside Russia after known after Pauline Viardot introduced it into Rosina's singing lesson scene in Gioachino Rossini's "The Barber of Seville". In this she was followed by the Italian soprano Adelina Patti and Marcella Sembrich and others. By the early years of the Twentieth Century the song had become a popular choice to showcase singers who would add their own cadenzas to ornament the melody. Well known vocal pedagogue Estelle Liebling wrote an English language adaptation of the song which was published under the title "The Russian Nightingale" in 1928. That translation has been used widely in the United States.
Adaptions by other composers.
No other composer set the Delvig poem after Alyabyev. "Solovey" Op60. No.4 by Tchaikovsky is a setting not of the Delvig poem but of a different, and more complex, poem by Pushkin.