Dryopteris

Dryopteris , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to "Dryopteris filix-mas"), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). There are about 300-400 species in the genus. The species are distributed in Asia, the Americas, Europe, Africa, and the Pacific islands, with the highest diversity in eastern Asia. It is placed in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Many of the species have stout, slowly creeping rootstocks that form a crown, with a vase-like ring of fronds. The sori are round, with a peltate indusium. The stipes have prominent scales.
Hybridization and polyploidy are well-known phenomena in this group, with many species formed via these processes. The North American "Dryopteris" hybrid complex is a well-known example of speciation via allopolyploid hybridization.
Selected species.
The genus has a large number of species. The PPG I classification suggested there were about 400 species; , the "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" listed 328 species and 83 hybrids. Some genera sunk into "Dryopteris", such as "Dryopsis", "Stenolepia" and "Nothoperanema", are distinguished by other sources.
Ecology.
"Dryopteris" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including "Batrachedra sophroniella" (which feeds exclusively on "D. cyatheoides") and "Sthenopiseauratus".
Cultivation and uses.
Many "Dryopteris" species are widely used as garden ornamental plants, especially "D. affinis", "D. erythrosora", and "D. filix-mas", with numerous cultivars.
"Dryopteris filix-mas" was throughout much of recent human history widely used as a vermifuge, and was the only fern listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia.
Traditional use in Scandinavia against red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation is to place fronds in nesting boxes under nesting material and under floor covering material.