Alnus incana

Alnus incana, the grey alder or speckled alder, is a species of tree in the birch family, with a wide range across the cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
Description.
It is a small- to medium-sized tree tall with smooth grey bark even in old age, its life span being a maximum of 60 to 100 years. The leaves are matte green, ovoid, long and broad. The flowers are catkins, appearing early in spring before the leaves emerge, the male catkins pendulous and long, the female catkins long and one cm broad when mature in late autumn. The seeds are small, long, and light brown with a narrow encircling wing. The grey alder has a shallow root system, and is marked not only by vigorous production of stump suckers, but also by root suckers, especially in the northern parts of its range. The wood resembles that of the black alder ("Alnus glutinosa"), but is somewhat paler and of little economic value.
Subspecies.
There are four to six subspecies, some treated as separate species by some authors:
Ecology.
"Alnus incana" is a light-demanding, fast-growing tree that grows well on poorer soils. In central Europe, it is a colonist of alluvial land alongside mountain brooks and streams, occurring at elevations up to . However, it does not require moist soil, and will also colonize screes and shallow stony slopes. In the northern part of its range, it is a common tree species at sea level in forests, abandoned fields and on lakeshores. Several species of Lepidoptera use grey alder as a food plant for their caterpillars. See List of Lepidoptera that feed on alders. In the boreal forest area of Canada, "A. incana" is often associated with black spruce in the forest type termed black spruce–speckled alder. The larvae of the alder woolly sawfly sometimes cause considerable defoliation to the grey alder.
"A. rugosa" provides cover for wildlife, is browsed by deer and moose, and the seeds are eaten by birds.
Chemistry.
Pedunculagin is an ellagitannin found in the Manchurian alder ("A. hirsuta var. microphylla").
Uses.
The tree is cultivated in parks and gardens. The cultivar 'Aurea', with green-gold leaves, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
It is sometimes used for afforestation on non-fertile soils which it enriches by means of nitrogen fixing bacteria in its root nodules.
The Zuni people use the bark of the "tenuifolia" subspecies to dye deerskin reddish brown.
The Ho-Chunk people eat the bark of the "rugosa" subspecies when their stomachs are "sour" or upset.