Solanum mauritianum

Solanum mauritianum is a small tree or shrub native to South America, including Northern Argentina, Southern Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. It has become a widespread invasive weed in Azores Islands, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hawai‘i, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Réunion Island, Mauritius, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, India, Sri Lanka and several southern African countries. Its common names include earleaf nightshade (or "ear-leaved nightshade"), woolly nightshade, flannel weed, bugweed, tobacco weed, tobacco bush, wild tobacco and kerosene plant.
The plant has a life of up to thirty years, and can grow up to tall. Its large oval leaves are grey-green in color and covered with felt-like hairs. The flower is purple with a yellow center. The plant can flower year round but fruiting occurs in late spring to early summer. It is tolerant of many soil types and quickly becomes established around plantations, forest margins, scrub and open land.
As invasive species.
Woolly nightshade has naturalized in New Zealand. It had arrived there by 1880, and is now well established from Taupo northward. Woolly nightshade is poisonous and handling the plants can cause irritation and nausea. The dust-like fine hairs from the plant can cause irritation to the throat, nose, eyes and skin. Because of its ability to affect human health and because of its aggressive and fast growing character it is illegal in all areas of New Zealand to sell, propagate, or distribute any part of the plant, under the National Pest Plant Accord.
This plant has also become naturalized in Australia, particularly on the east coast and in desert ranges (South Australia). In Australia this plant is known colloquially as "tobacco bush weed", although Australia possesses many species of "Nicotiana", which are more correctly known as wild tobaccos.
In South Africa, biological control is being used in an attempt to manage "Solanum mauritianum" – the flowerbud weevil "Anthonomus santacruzi" is being used as a control agent. "S. mauritianum" is a favoured food plant of the African olive pigeon ("Columba arquatrix"), the Cape bulbul, the black-collared barbet, the red-eyed dove and red-whiskered bulbul. In New Zealand biological control with woolly nightshade lace bug ("Gargaphia decoris") has been attempted since 2010.
Toxicity.
It is alleged that all parts of the "Solanum mauritianum" plant are poisonous to humans, especially the unripe berries, and furthermore that human fatalities have resulted from the consumption of the berries, and cases of fatal poisoning in pigs and illness in cattle have been reported in Queensland. However, mountain possums appear to eat it without ill effect, and stripping of bark, leaves, and terminal shoots has destroyed pure stands of "S.mauritianum". Watt & Brandwijk state that horses, domestic chickens and all birds eat the fruit with impunity, and further state that no records of poisoning in children exist, casting doubt on contrary published accounts.
The main toxic compound is the alkaloid, solasodine, with the highest content in the unripe green berry (2-3.5% dry weight). Solauricine, solauricidine, and solasodamine have also been found in "Solanum mauritianum".
Synonyms.
The name "Solanum mauritianum" was applied by Blanco to "S. erianthum" and by Willdenow based on Roth to "S. sisymbriifolium".
In addition, wooly nightshade has a number of synonyms: