Old San Juan

Old San Juan () is a historic district located at the "northwest triangle" of the islet of San Juan. Its area roughly correlates to the Ballajá, Catedral, Marina, Mercado, San Cristóbal, and San Francisco subbarrios of barrio San Juan Antiguo in the municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Old San Juan is the oldest settlement within Puerto Rico and the historic colonial section of the city of San Juan. This historic district is a National Historic Landmark District and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Old San Juan Historic District. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Location.
Old San Juan is located on a small and narrow island which lies along the north coast, about from the east end of Puerto Rico, and is united to the mainland of Puerto Rico by three bridges. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and to the south by San Juan Bay (or "Bahia de San Juan")—which lies between the city and the mainland. On a cliff about high, at the west end of the island and commanding the entrance to the harbor, rise the battlements of Fort San Felipe del Morro, in which there is a lighthouse.
The "Caño de San Antonio" lies to the southeast, where the island of Old San Juan connects to the mainland through Santurce, by three bridges, "Puente Dos Hermanos" (Ashford Avenue), "Puente G. Esteves" (Ponce de León Avenue) and "Puente San Antonio" (Fernández Juncos Avenue).
The city is characterized by its narrow, blue cobblestone streets, and flat roofed brick and stone buildings which date back to the 16th and 17th century—when Puerto Rico was a Spanish possession. Near Fort San Felipe del Morro, is the Casa Blanca, a palace built on land which belonged to the family of Ponce de León.
History.
Origins.
In 1508, Juan Ponce de León founded the original settlement, Caparra (named after the [[Province of Cáceres]], [[Spain]], birthplace of the then-governor of Spain's Caribbean territories, [[Nicolás de Ovando]]). The ruins of Caparra are known as the Pueblo Viejo sector of [[Guaynabo]], behind the almost land-locked harbor just to the west of the present San Juan metropolitan area. In 1509, the settlement was abandoned and moved to a site which was called at the time "Puerto Rico" (meaning "rich port" or "good port"), a name that evoked that of a similar [[geography|geographical]] harbor in the island of [[Gran Canaria]], [[Canary Islands]]. In 1521, the name "San Juan" was added, and the newer settlement was given its formal name of "San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico", following the usual custom of [[baptism|christen]]ing the town with both its formal name and the name which [[Christopher Columbus]] had originally given the islands, honoring [[John the Baptist]].
Expansion and growth.
[[File:Puerta San Juan SJU 06 2019 8631.jpg|thumb|left|The wall that surrounds Old San Juan (as seen near the San Juan Gate)]]
Constructed in 1521, [[Casa Blanca (San Juan)|Casa Blanca]] served as the first fortification of the settlement and residence of [[Juan Ponce de León]] descendants, until the mid-eighteenth century.
La Fortaleza was built between 1533 and 1540, which was followed by the construction of a battery at "the Morro." Plans for the castle portion of San Felipe del Morro were made in 1584. Extensions to the Morro, plus construction of [[Fortín San Juan de la Cruz|El Cañuelo]], and [[Fortín de San Gerónimo|El Boquerón]], were made between 1599 and 1609. [[Circumvallation]] of the city commenced in 1630 and was concluded by 1641. San Cristobal fort was completed by 1771.
By 1776, the population totaled 6000, half of which were soldiers. The garrison town of San Juan included 250 acres of military installations and 62 acres of public and private use. By 1781, the city's fortifications included 376 cannon. By 1876, 24,000 lived inside the walls of San Juan, encompassing 62 acres, and 926 buildings.
Prior to the 19th century, the area outside the city walls occupying the east side of Old San Juan Island, was almost uninhabited. In 1838 the so-called area of [[Puerta de Tierra, Puerto Rico|Puerta de Tierra]] (or "Land Gate") had a population of 168 residents, mainly of African descent. According to a census made in 1846, the population had risen to 223 inhabitants living in 58 houses. On March 3, 1865, the municipal government of San Juan approved a resolution promoting the city expansion across the Puerta de Tierra which included the plan for demolishing the city walls along the eastern side. On May 28, 1897, the wall demolition was officially started after a proclamation was issued by Queen [[Maria Christina of Austria|Maria Christina]]. By the year 1899, the population of Puerta de Tierra had risen to 5,453; while the area comprising the old walled city had a civilian population of roughly 18,103 inhabitants.
Maintaining architectural integrity.
During the late 1940s, disrepair in the old city was evident. The local authorities were considering development proposals for renovating the old city and incorporating modern architecture on new constructions. Anthropologist [[Ricardo Alegría]] vehemently advised against the idea of razing old colonial buildings in favor of contemporary building designs. He followed the example suggested by his father, a local civic leader who had successfully prevented the demolition of the "[[Capilla del Cristo]]" in favor of a traffic redesign. He advised mayor Rincón de Gautier in having local zoning laws changed to favor remodeling and the incorporation of Spanish colonial motifs in any new construction. This helped preserve the city's architectural profile, and has been a key to San Juan's current status as a tourist destination.
[[Luis Muñoz Marín]], as a senator and later as governor of Puerto Rico, supported and implemented what became known as [[Operation Bootstrap]], which included the development of the tourism industry. In 1948 the government invited one of the organizers of Colonial Williamsburg to lead its tourism development efforts. These efforts were further supported by the 1955 creation of the [[Institute of Puerto Rican Culture]] ("Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña") head by Alegría. He sought legal and administrative changes that would allow for major remodeling efforts to be successful. At the time, most real estate in Old San Juan had devalued under appraised values because the city was perceived as unsafe (particularly because of building disrepair and social ills such as [[prostitution]]) and not profitable for business (because of [[rent control]] statutes, as well as the reluctance of commercial banks to fund remodelings). Under combined efforts by the institute and the Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico, "model" remodelings were made to show potential property owners how their renewed properties could look. Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city. As with other Operation Bootstrap projects, mainland corporate investors were lured in with tax breaks and other incentives. When a project proposal suggested that the old Carmelite Convent in San Juan be demolished to erect a new hotel, the Institute had the building declared a historic building, and asked that it be converted to a hotel in a renewed facility. As in other Operation Bootstrap projects, the Woolworth family was invited in 1957 to reconstruct the former convent (which had more recently been a low-rent apartment building and city garage) into the luxury "[[Hotel El Convento]]". The Bank provided low interest loans to remodelers, and the government gave triple tax exemptions to commercial activities in the old city (they were exempted for a limited time, not only from property taxes and municipal taxes, but from income tax from activities generated in their properties as well). At least one retailer from the shopping district in Charlotte Amalie was given incentives to set up shop in the "Calle del Cristo" (the city's red light district during the early 1940s) in order to persuade other retailers to follow suit and somehow "clean up" the district. Potential developers were offered sketches of their properties after a remodeling, as to suggest which architectural elements to improve or change. The paradigm to reconstruct and renovate the old city and revitalize it has been followed by other cities in Latin America, particularly [[Havana]], [[Lima]] and [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena de Indias]].
[[File:Paseo de la Princesa.jpg|thumb|center|750px|Paseo de La Princesa]]
Historic designations.
[[File:Painted door and street art in Old San Juan.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Painted door and street art in Old San Juan]]
The [[San Juan National Historic Site]] was established in 1949 to preserve historic fortifications in Old San Juan. The historic site was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1966. [[La Fortaleza]] along with the [[San Juan National Historic Site]] were then declared a [[World Heritage site|World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) in 1983. The "casco" (old city within the city walls) of San Juan was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2013.
Today.
[[File:La Casita, Old San Juan, Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|La Casita in Old San Juan]]
With its abundance of shops, historic places, museums, open air cafés, restaurants, colorful homes, tree-shaded plazas, and its old beauty and [[architecture|architectural]] peculiarity, Old San Juan is a main spot for domestic and international tourism.
The district is characterized by numerous public plazas, which are filled with local shops that sell traditional craftwork, such as [[Taino]] sculptures and typical musical instruments. Moreover, Old San Juan is known for its churches, such as [[San José Church]] and the [[Catedral Metropolitana Basílica de San Juan Bautista (San Juan, Puerto Rico)|Cathedral of San Juan Bautista]], which contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer [[Juan Ponce de León]].
Tourists' main spot to visit at Old San Juan is Castillo San Felipe del Morro, a fort built by the Spaniards when settled on the Island. Besides the magnificent fort, tourists are drawn to La Perla, a colorful neighborhood outside of the historic city wall.
Old San Juan is one of the two "barrios", in addition to Santurce, that made up the [[municipality]] of San Juan after 1864 and prior to 1951, in which the former independent municipality of [[Río Piedras, Puerto Rico|Río Piedras]] was annexed.
Blockhouses and subbarrios.
[[File:OldSanJuanMap.png|thumb|right|250px|Old San Juan]]
The oldest parts of the district of Old San Juan remain partly enclosed by massive walls. Several defensive structures and notable forts, such as the [[Castillo San Felipe del Morro|Fort San Felipe del Morro]], [[Castillo San Cristóbal (San Juan)|Castle of San Cristóbal]], and "el [[La Fortaleza|Palacio de Santa Catalina]]" (also known as [[La Fortaleza]]), acted as the primary defense of the settlement which has been subjected to numerous attacks. La Fortaleza continues to serve also as the executive mansion for the [[Governor of Puerto Rico]]. Many of the historic fortifications are part of [[San Juan National Historic Site]]. Old San Juan's land area roughly correlates to the following subbarrios of barrio San Juan Antiguo: Ballajá, Catedral, Marina, Mercado, San Cristóbal, and San Francisco.
Public transportation.
Old San Juan is the location for one of two transportation hubs serving Metropolitan San Juan. At one time, a free trolley provided limited service to Old San Juan seven days a week but is not available any longer. People get around the city on foot or by car.
Popular culture.
Old San Juan is the setting for films, books, song lyrics and music videos, including the following.
[[Noel Estrada]], a Puerto Rican composer, wrote the popular song "[[En mi Viejo San Juan]]" in 1943. The song has been recorded by over 1,000 times by artists around the world, including many Puerto Rican musicians such as [[Trio Vegabajeño]], [[Danny Rivera]], [[Marc Anthony]], [[Luis Miguel]], [[José Feliciano]], among many others.
[[The Rum Diary]], a film based with [[Johnny Depp]] based on [[Hunter S. Thompson]]’s memoir was filmed in Old San Juan; the film is set in the 1960s.
[[United States of Banana]] (2011), a geopolitical tragicomedy about [[Puerto Rican independence]] by [[Giannina Braschi]], has battle scenes set in old San Juan, including [[La Fortaleza]], [[La Perla, San Juan, Puerto Rico|La Perla]], [[Capitol of Puerto Rico|El Capitolio]], [[El Morro National Monument|El Morro]], and El Escambron beach. 
Music videos by [[Luis Fonsi]], [[Daddy Yankee]], [[Ricky Martin]], [[Bad Bunny]], and [[Marc Anthony]] are set in Old San Juan. The song [[Despacito]], which won [[Latin Grammy Awards]] for [[Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]], [[Latin Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]], [[Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Fusion/Performance|Best Urban Fusion/Performance]], and [[Latin Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video|Best Short Form Music Video]]. The music video of "[[Despacito]]" featured La Perla.
External links.
[[Category:Old San Juan, Puerto Rico|Old San Juan]]
[[Category:History of San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Districts of San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in the United States]]
[[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1509]]