Western larch

The western larch ("Larix occidentalis") is a species of larch native to the mountains of western North America (Pacific Northwest, Inland Northwest); in Canada in southeastern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta, and in the United States in eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, northern Idaho, and western Montana. It is the most productive of the three species of larch native to North America.
Description.
It is a large deciduous coniferous tree reaching tall, with a trunk up to diameter. The largest known western larch is tall and in circumference with a crown, located at Seeley Lake, Montana. The crown is narrow conic; the main branches are level to upswept, with the side branches often drooping. The shoots are dimorphic, with growth divided into long shoots (typically long) and bearing several buds, and short shoots only long with only a single bud. The leaves are needle-like, light green, long, and very slender; they turn bright yellow in the fall, leaving the pale orange-brown shoots bare until the next spring.
The seed cones are ovoid-cylindric, long, with 40 to 80 seed scales; each scale bearing an exserted bract. The cones are reddish purple when immature, turning brown and the scales opening flat or reflexed to release the seeds when mature, four to six months after pollination. The old cones commonly remain on the tree for many years, turning dull gray-black.
It grows at elevations between , and is very cold tolerant, able to survive winter temperatures down to about . It only grows on well-drained soils, unable to thrive on waterlogged ground. 
The seeds are an important substitute winter food for some birds. Notably the pine siskin but also the redpoll, and Two-barred crossbill as it is known in Europe; White-winged crossbill in North America. This is frequently during times when other conifer cones that are a more preferred diet are in short supply.
In autumn, the foliage frequently turns yellow before it falls off.
Uses.
Some Plateau Indian tribes drank an infusion from the young shoots to treat tuberculosis and laryngitis.
The wood is tough and durable, but also flexible in thin strips, and is particularly valued for yacht building; wood used for this must be free of knots, and can only be obtained from old trees that were pruned when young to remove side branches. Small larch poles are widely used for rustic fencing.
Western larch is used for the production of Venice turpentine.
The wood is highly prized as firewood in the Pacific Northwest where it is often called "tamarack," although it is a different species than the tamarack larch. The wood burns with a sweet fragrance and a distinctive popping noise.
Indigenous peoples used to chew gum produced from the tree as well as eat the cambium and sap.
The sweetish galactan of the sap can be made into baking powder and medicine. Grouse browse the tree's leaves and buds.
Assisted migration.
In 2010, the Government of British Columbia implemented an assisted migration program of western larch to a new habitat in Northern British Columbia, about 1000 kilometers north of its current range. Assisted migration of canadian forests had been proposed as an adaptation measure in response to climate change. Indeed, as average temperatures rise, the optimal climate conditions for trees species are also moving North. Research had shown that western larch trees have no trouble growing in northern BC, an area whose climactic conditions are predicted to match the western larch's historical range by 2030.
British Columbia started seeding western larch trees in Northern BC in the early 2010s. This was the first assisted migration program for a North American tree. The western larch was selected for because of its significant commercial importance and the fear that climate change and parasites such as the mountain pine beetle would considerably diminish its supply. To pre-empt opposition from biologists and other groups, the government avoided making public consultation on the program. Instead, they framed the policy as an introduction of a non-exotic species to a similar environment, and implemented the program through the province's existing legal and regulatory framework.