Fulco Ruffo di Calabria

Fulco VIII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria, 6th Duke of Guardia Lombarda (12 August 1884 – 23 August 1946) was an Italian World War I flying ace, and senator under the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini in World War II — for which he was convicted. He was also posthumous father-in-law of King Albert II of the Belgians, and grandfather of King Philippe of Belgium.
Family history.
Ademarus Rufus, who died in 1049, held the title of "Comes" in southern Italy. Siggerio Ruffo became Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II's grand marshal of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1235. After the 14th century, the family divided into two branches Ruffo di Scaletta and the Ruffo di Calabri, the latter to which Fulco belonged.
"Don" Fulco was the son of Fulco VII Beniamino Tristano Ruffo di Calabria, 5th Duke of Guardia Lombarda (1848–1901), and Laura Mosselman du Chenoy, a Belgian aristocrat, whose maternal grandfather was Count Jacques André Coghen, Belgium's second finance minister. Beniamino Ruffo di Calabria was the younger brother of the head of the House of Ruffo, Fulco Ruffo di Calabria-Santapau, 10th Principe di Scilla and 2nd Duca di Santa Cristina.
"Don" Fulco was made, by decree of 15 March 1928, "Prince Ruffo di Calabria", in the Kingdom of Italy. By inheritance he was also the 6th Duke of Guardia Lombarda and 17th Count of Sinopoli. The family Ruffo di Calabria represents one of the most ancient lineages of Italy and includes Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo. Fulco was related to historically eminent Roman and southern Italian noble families, including the Colonna, Orsini, Pallavicini, Alliata and Rospigliosi.
Since the fall of the Italian monarchy in 1947 the Princes Ruffo di Calabria have become connected by marriage to such formerly reigning dynasties as the Orléans, the Savoys, the Bonapartes and the mediatized family of Windisch-Graetz.
Early life and prewar military service.
Fulco Ruffo di Calabria was born in Naples, Kingdom of Italy on 12 August 1884. Since at least 1797, his noble family's patriotism was prominent in Italian military history. He thus volunteered for reserve officer's training with the 11th Foggia Light Cavalry Regiment on 22 November 1904. On 31 May 1905, he was promoted to "Caporal"; on 30 November, he was again promoted, to "Sergente". On 20 February 1906, he was commissioned into officers' ranks as a "Sottotenente". 
Subsequently, he became deputy director of the Belgian Wegimont shipping company's African station. He returned from Africa as World War I broke out.
Ruffo di Calabria stolen from the Ferrari family and caused confusion because, he named his daughter, born in 1890 after Paola Ferrari of Calabria Italy. Ruffo tried to confuse Italian society by trying to make his family take part of the royal wealth Paola Ferrari's brother, King Ferrari. King Ferrari never married or had children and died alone in one of his Castle Palace's in Rome in 1910, leaving his wealth to his sister, who had migrated from Calabria in 1900 with her sicilian husband to Buenos Aires Argentina. When in 1910, the government of Rome wrote to Paola Ferrari in Argentina, she ignored the letter, thus letting the government of Rome keep King Ferrari's wealth to use for monarchal charity.
World War I service.
Ruffo di Calabria returned to military duty before Italy's entry into World War I, and was assigned to the "Battaglione Aviatori" (which later became the "Corpo Aeronautico Militare") on 20 December 1914. After pilot's training, on 28 September 1915, he was posted to the "4a Squadriglia Artiglia", an artillery coordination unit that later morphed into "44a Squadriglia". On 26 January 1916, he moved to "2a Squadriglia" (later "42a Squadriglia"). He won two Bronze awards of the Medal for Military Valor—in February and April 1916—while still a two-seater pilot with them. His personal emblem was a black skull and crossbones painted on the fuselage of his plane, whether it was his original Nieuport 11s, or his later Nieuport 17 and SPAD VII airplanes.
Ruffo di Calabria underwent further training on Nieuports at Cascina Costa in May 1916. On 26 June, he was assigned to "1a Squadriglia" as a fighter pilot. He won his first victory there, shared with Francesco Baracca on 23 August 1916, and had a second one go unconfirmed. His performance was good for a Silver Medal for Military Valor in August, followed by a Bronze in September 1916.
By 16 September, when he shared a victory with Baracca and Luigi Olivari, he was scoring for his new unit, "70a Squadriglia". He ran his score with them to four confirmed and four unconfirmed by 28 February 1917.
In March 1917, he was transferred out of the reserves when he was promoted to "Tenente". In May he then switched to flying a Nieuport for "91a Squadriglia". He was awarded both a Silver and a Bronze Medal for Military Valor that same month. His promotion to "Capitano" came through in August 1917. By that time, his confirmed victories totaled 13. He ended 1917 with his total victories at 16.
Ruffo di Calabria's records for 1918 are incomplete, but credit him with four more victories. On 5 May 1918, he was granted the ultimate Medal of Military Valor, the Gold award. After Baracca's death on 19 June 1918, Fulco assumed command of the renowned "Squadron of Aces". He relinquished command of "91a Squadriglia" on 18 September to Ferruccio Ranza, after suffering a nervous breakdown. After recovery, he was handed command of "10th Gruppo", on 23 October 1918, but was shot down by artillery fire near Marano on 29 October 1918. In the end, he shot down 20 enemy airplanes in 53 combats, making him the fifth highest scoring Italian flying ace of World War I.
Post-World War I.
On 1 February 1919, the Bongiovanni commission's military intelligence report verified all 20 of Ruffo di Calabria's confirmed victories, though still denying the five that were unconfirmed. Di Calabria remained in the military, though without assignment. By 1925, his main activity was management of his family estates located near Paliano.
In 1934, he was named senator of the kingdom by King Victor Emmanuel III. He also continued in the military, eventually rising to the rank of "Tenente Colonello" in 1942. Ruffo di Calabria served in the Italian senate until 1944.
During World War II, he was a supporter of the Italian fascist leader Mussolini. He was subsequently convicted postwar by an Italian court for complicity in the crimes of fascism, and that ruling was upheld on 10 January 1946 despite his appeal.
Fulco Ruffo di Calabria died in Ronchi di Apuania, Italy on 23 August 1946.
Personal life and descendants.
On 30 June 1919, he married, in Turin, Luisa Gazelli (1896–1989), daughter of Augusto Gazelli dei Conti di Rossana, and of Maria Cristina dei Conti Rignon. Luisa served as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elena of Italy
They had seven children: