Schaerbeek

Schaerbeek (obsolete Dutch spelling, retained in French, pronounced ) or Schaarbeek (Dutch, ) is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region (Belgium). Located in the north-eastern part of the region, it is bordered by the City of Brussels, Etterbeek, Evere and Saint-Josse-ten-Noode. In common with all of Brussels' municipalities, it is legally bilingual (French–Dutch).
, Schaerbeek had a total population of 132,861 inhabitants, 66,010 men and 66,851 women, for an area of , which gives a population density of .
The eastern part of Schaerbeek (the area that includes Vergote Square, /, the Fleurs Quarter, Jamblinne de Meux Square, the Diamant Quarter and Josaphat Park) is a affluent area noted for its architecture and its convenient location (close to the EU institutions and the financial heart of the city, as well as NATO's headquarters in the neighbouring municipality of Evere).
The western part of Schaerbeek (the area near the Brussels-North railway station, / and the Van Praet bridge) is home to Brussels' large Belgian Turkish community. The area around St. Mary's Royal Church is dubbed "Little Anatolia" because of all the Turkish restaurants and shops on Chaussée de Haecht. The area is also home to a significant Belgian Moroccan population and other immigrant communities such as Spanish, Congolese, and Asian immigrants. However, the district offers a social blend because of the numerous schools like the Hogeschool Sint-Lukas Brussel, the municipal administrations and the proximity of Rue Royale/Koningsstraat.
The Schaerbeek Cemetery, despite its name, is actually located in Evere.
Toponymy.
Etymology.
The first mention of Schaerbeek's name was "Scarenbecca", recorded in a document from the Bishop of Cambrai in 1120. The origin of the name may come from the Franconian (Old Dutch) words ("notch", "score") and ("creek").
Schaerbeek is nicknamed "the city of donkeys" (French: , Dutch: ). This name is reminiscent of times when people of Schaerbeek, who were cultivators of sour cherries primarily for Kriek production, would arrive at the Brussels marketplace with donkeys laden with sour cherries. Donkeys are still kept in Josaphat Park, and sour cherry trees line the streets of the Diamant Quarter of Schaerbeek (/, /, and /). The / is named after these trees.
History.
Antiquity and Middle Ages.
The period at which human activity started in Schaerbeek can be inferred from the Stone Age flint tools that were recovered in the Josaphat valley. Tombs and coins dating from the reign of Roman Emperor Hadrian (2nd century) were also found near the old Roman roads that crossed Schaerbeek's territory.
The first mention of the town's name appears in a legal document dated 1120, whereby the Bishop of Cambrai granted the administration of the churches of "Scarenbecca" and "Everna" (today's neighbouring Evere) to the canons of Soignies. Politically, the town was part of the Duchy of Brabant. In 1301, John II, Duke of Brabant, had the town administered by the schepen (aldermen) of Brussels. A new church to Saint Servatius was built around that same time, at the same location as the old church.
At the end of the 14th century, the Schaerbeek lands that belonged to the Lords of Kraainem were sold and reconverted into a hunting ground. The official entry of the visiting Dukes of Burgundy into Brussels, their second capital, was also through Schaerbeek, where they had to swear to uphold the city's privileges. The game reservation and the rural character of the village lasted until the end of the 18th century. The areas not covered by woods were used to cultivate vegetables and grow vines. In 1540, Schaerbeek counted 112 houses and 600 inhabitants.
16th–19th centuries.
Up until the 16th century, the village had lived in relative peace. This would change in the middle of the 16th century as the Reformation set in. Schaerbeek suffered through ravages and destruction about a dozen times over the following two centuries, starting in the 1570s with William the Silent's mercenary troops fighting the Catholic Duke of Alba. Spanish, French, British, and Bavarian troops all came through Schaerbeek, with the usual exactions and requisitions inflicted on the population.
After the French Revolution, it was decreed that Schaerbeek would be taken away from Brussels and proclaimed an independent commune, with its own mayor, schepen, and municipal assembly.
On 27 September 1830, during the Belgian Revolution, some fighting occurred in the Josaphat valley between the revolutionary troops and the retreating Dutch troops.
In 1879, a more modern St. Servatius Church was built near the old one, which was eventually demolished in 1905. The Town Hall and Schaerbeek railway station were built in 1887 and 1902, respectively. In 1889, the shooting range known as the "Tir national" was established.
At the end of the 19th and in the early 20th centuries, Schaerbeek became home to the gentry. / was laid out to herald a new, tree-filled residential district for the city's burgeoning middle classes, many of whom employed the period's best architects to design their new homes. Gustave Strauven, and were just three of the architects who reinvented family houses, apartment buildings and educational buildings in the Art Nouveau style.
20th and 21st centuries.
In 1904, the newly landscaped Josaphat Park was inaugurated. One year later, the old St. Servatius Church, the last witness to Schaerbeek's medieval past, was demolished.
In 1915, the British nurse Edith Cavell was executed by an occupying German Army firing squad at the "Tir national".
Dwight D. Eisenhower came to visit the municipality at the close of World War II. Five years later, the population of Schaerbeek peaked at 125,000 inhabitants.
Nowadays, the city is governed by a liberal-ecologist majority, after a disputed run between Bernard Clerfayt (FDF) and Laurette Onkelinx (PS).
2003 election incident.
In the federal election of 18 May 2003, one candidate received 4,096 unexplained extra votes. After an inquiry, the anomaly was attributed to a single event upset in an electronic voting machine, presumably caused by an ionising particle.
2016 terrorist attacks.
On the morning of 22 March 2016, three coordinated bombings occurred in Belgium in which the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility. In these attacks, at least 31 victims and two suicide bombers were killed, and 300 other people were injured. Hours after the attacks, police were pointed to a home in Schaerbeek by the taxi driver who drove the suspects to Brussels Airport. They raided the home and found a nail bomb, of acetone peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and an ISIL flag. Inside a waste container near the house, they also found a computer belonging to Ibrahim El Bakraoui who is believed to have carried out suicide bombings during the attacks along with his brother.
Nearly seven months later, on 5 October, three police officers were attacked by a man with a camping knife in Schaerbeek. Two of them suffered stab wounds, while the third was physically assaulted but otherwise uninjured. The assailant was then shot in the leg, subdued, and taken to hospital for medical treatment. He was charged with attempted terrorism-related murder but the court did not see these charges proven. He was convicted to a nine-year prison sentence for assault and battery.
Demographics.
Schaerbeek has a large concentration of immigrants from other countries, and their children, including many of Turkish ancestry, a significant part of which originates from Afyon or Emirdağ, Turkey.
, the largest share of Muslims in Schaerbeek are of Moroccan origin, but there are also Albanians and Turks. There are as non-Muslim foreign populations such as Congolese, Bulgarians, Polish, and Romanians. Mayor of Schaerbeek Bernard Clerfayt argued that the diversity in the foreign population means there is a lack of a ghetto effect, and Molenbeek mayor Françoise Schepmans stated that the foreigner population in Schaerbeek was more diverse than that of Molenbeek.
, 22% of young people in Schaerbeek are unemployed. The municipality is in an area of Brussels called the "poor croissant".
Education.
Public communal French-language secondary schools include:
French-language subsidised religious secondary schools include:
Koninklijk Atheneum Emmanuel Hiel serves as the public Dutch-language secondary school in Schaerbeek, operated by the Flemish Community of Belgium.