Settled Land Acts

The Settled Land Acts were a series of English land law enactments concerning the limits of creating a settlement, a conveyancing device used by a property owner who wants to ensure that provision of future generations of his family.
Two main types of settlement.
By using the device of the strict settlement the ownership of the property was divided over time by using limited freehold estates.
The limited freehold estates.
The most common example of strict settlement occurs where a landowner provides in his will that the land is to go to his eldest son for life and then the remainder is to pass to his son's eldest son in fee tail.
Settlement would often provide for payment of an annuity to the widow (jointure). Provision could be made for the younger children of the landowner by giving them a capital sum on reaching a certain age or getting married (portions). These were capital sums designed to set them up for life. They were secured by charging them on the land.
The strict settlement meant that the land was effectively inalienable.
Collective title.
The Settled Land Acts 1882 to 1890 is the collective title of the following Acts:
Legislation.
The primary aim of this legislation was as Lord Halsbury stated in "Bruce v. Ailesbury" "to release the land from the fetters of the settlement – to render it a marketable article not withstanding the settlement".
The legislation achieved this by giving the tenant for life statutory powers to deal with the land which far exceeded the powers he had previously under common law. The most important of these powers was the power of the tenant for life to sell the fee simple interest in the land and not just a life estate "pur autre vie".
Second aim of the legislation was to protect the interests of the beneficiaries under the settlement. Their interests were over-reached i.e. they detached from the land and became attached to the proceeds of sale instead, their interests shifted to the money – i.e. the settlement now applied to the proceeds of sale.
The Acts apply whenever there is a settlement.
A settlement is defined by s2(1) of the 1882 Act as "any land or any estate or interest in land, which stands for the time being limited to or in trust for any persons by way of succession".
Basically whenever a document creates a succession of interests in land the "Settled Land Acts" will apply.
Generally there must be an element of succession. Section 59 creates one situation of settled land where there is no element of succession – where an infant is entitled in possession to land it is deemed to be settled land even though it may not be limited by way of succession i.e. he might he entitled to a fee simple. This was to ensure the commerciability of land owned by a minor as a purchaser would be reluctant to sign a contract with him given that it was voidable once the minor reached the age of majority.
Generally it is the tenant for life who exercises the powers created by the Acts
The Acts ensures that the powers created are available whenever there is a settlement by designating in every possible case one person to be the tenant for life.
Section 25 of the 1882 Act defines the tenant for life as "the person who is for the time being, under a settlement, beneficially entitled to possession of settled land, for his life…" – usually the person entitled to the life estate in possession or entitled to the fee tail in possession.
Where powers conferred do not apply.
There are two scenarios where the tenant for life does not exercise the powers conferred by the Act.
Under s.50(1) the powers of the tenant for life cannot be assigned to another and s.50(2) renders void any contract under which the tenant for life agrees not to exercise his statutory powers.
Also, the settlor cannot through the provisions of the settlement curtail either directly or indirectly the powers of the tenant for life under the Acts. Any provision attempting to do so will be void under s.51 of the 1882 Act
An example of an indirect attempt to curtail the exercise of the powers is found "In re Fitzgerald" 1902 IR 162
Section 56(1) provides that where there is a conflict between the provisions of a settlement and the provisions of the Act in relation to his powers where the settlement is more restrictive, the provisions of the Act will prevail.
Note s.57 provides that nothing in the Acts prevent a settlor from conferring on the tenant for life any powers additional to those conferred by the act.
Controls.
Three controls were incorporated into the legislation to prevent the tenant for life abusing his powers:
Regard to interests of other parties.
A s 53 tenant for life must "have regard to the interests of all parties entitled under the settlement."
He is required to have regard to the interests of the beneficiaries but he is not the same as the usual trustee since he is always one of the beneficiaries. In "Re Earl of Stamford and Warrington" (1916) 1 Ch Younger J described the tenant for life as a "highly interested" trustee.
"He may legitimately exercise his powers with some, but not of course, an exclusive regard for his own personal interests" – per Vaisey J in "Re Boston's Will Trusts" 1956 Ch 395.
He is entitled to a certain measure of discretion, "Wheelwright v. Walker" [1883] 23 Ch. 752 and "Wheelwright v. Walker" [1883] Weekly Reporter 912.
Under s 37 of the 1882 Act the tenant for life has the power to sell heirlooms so long as he gets a court order – "Re Earl of Radnor's Will Trusts" 1890 45 Ch D402.
Where land is involved the court will only intervene if the exercise of the power would financially affect the beneficiaries e.g. "Re Earl Somers" 1895 11 TLR 567.
However where the financial loss is only speculative the court will not intervene as in "Thomas v. Williams" 1883 24 Ch D 558.
One other situation where the courts will intervene is where the transaction is not bona fide or seems to involve an element of fraud, "Middlemas v. Stevens" (1901) 1 Ch.
Role of trustees.
This is the role played by the trustees of the settlement.
Powers not equivalent to ownership.
The powers are not equivalent to the powers of an absolute owner. Limits and restrictions are put on them by the legislation.
Specific powers.
Sell/exchange.
Under s.3 of the 1882 act the life tenant has the power to sell or exchange land or any part of it or any interest right or privilege of any kind over or in relation to it. A restriction is imposed by s 4 which provides that in selling "he must obtain the best price that can be reasonably obtained".
Also certain procedures must be followed. Once these procedures are followed, on a sale by the tenant for life the purchaser receives the fee simple absolute in the land freed from all the interests attaching to it under the settlement. The interests under the settlement are over-reached i.e. shifted to the proceeds of sale.
Under s.45(3) the purchaser, if he is dealing in good faith with the tenant for life, is not required to satisfy himself that the requisite notice has been given to the trustees. Over-reaching will still apply so long as the purchaser is acting in good faith even if this procedural requirement is not followed.
In "Hughes v. Fanagan" (1891) 30 LR IR the court held that when a lessee under a 35-year lease granted by the tenant for life knew that there were not trustees of the settlement he was not granted the protection of S45(3).
Another of the procedural requirements is that the sale proceeds or the capital money must be paid to the trustees of the settlements or into court – s22 of the 1882 Act.
Under s.54 on a sale, exchange, lease or mortgage a bona fide purchaser/lessee/ mortgagee shall if dealing in good faith with the tenant for life, be conclusively taken, as against the beneficiaries of the settlement, as having paid the best price that could reasonably be obtained and to have complied with all requisitions under the acts.
See "obiter" comments made by Black J in "Gilmore v. The O'Conor Don" 1947 IR 462
To lease the land.
Section 6 allows a tenant for life to lease the land or any part of it. The lease will last for the full term even if the tenant for life dies before its termination.
There are certain conditions and restrictions –
• There are maximum limits on the lengths of such leases
Building leases could only be granted for 99 years.
Mining leases could only be granted for 60 years.
Other leases could only be granted for 35 years.
• Section 7 laid out certain requirements – the lease had to be made by deed and must come into effect in possession within 12 months of its date
• Every lease must reserve the best rent that can reasonably be obtained
• Every lease must contain a covenant by the lessee for payment of the rent and a condition for re-entry in the event of the rent remaining unpaid for a period not exceeding 30 days.
• A counterpart of the lease had to executed by the lessee and delivered to the tenant for life
• Notice must be given to the trustees of the settlement before the lease is granted – s.45. However under S7 of the 1890 Act the tenant for life can grant a lease for under 21 years provided a fine is not payable, the lessee is not exempted for liability for waste and it reserves the best rent that can reasonably be obtained without giving notice and notwithstanding the fact that there are no trustees of the settlement.
The general rule laid down in "Re Wix" 1916 1Ch is that the rent reserved in leases is to be treated as part of the tenant's income from the land. It is never capitalised i.e. put by for the other beneficiaries.
The 1882 Act makes an exception in the case of mining leases as the capital value of the land will be diminished by the mining –
s 11 provides that unless a contrary intention is expressed in the settlement part of the rent is to be set aside as capital money and the rest goes to the tenant as income. If the tenant for life is impeachable for waste ¾ of the rent is capitalised if he is unimpeachable ¼ of the rent is capitalised.
To mortgage.
"The Settled Land Acts" did not radically change the tenant for life's power to mortgage.
Under s.18 he can mortgage the land if money is required for equality of exchange, to buy out the ground rent or to raise money to discharge incumbrances of a permanent nature. Any money raised by the mortgage is treated as capital money and under s.22 must be paid to the trustees or into court. Even in these instances s.53 still applies.
See: "Hampden v. Earl of Buckinghamshire" 1893 CH 53.
To carry out improvements.
Improvements are expenditures over and above day to day expenses e.g. repairs which he must pay for himself. See s.25 of the 1882 Act and s.13 of the 1890 Act.
The improvements can only be made out of capital money and cannot become a charge on the settlement – "Standing v. Grey" 1903 1 IR 49.
Other miscellaneous powers.
Other miscellaneous powers conferred on the tenant are more restrictive e.g. under s.10(2) of the 1890 Act the Principal Mansion house and its grounds cannot be sold, exchanged or leased by the tenant for life without the consent of the trustees of the settlement or an order of the court. Under s.37 of the 1882 Act heirlooms such as family pictures, antiques cannot be sold without an order of the court.
Trustees of the settlement.
The role of the trustees is mainly supervisory.
They generally have no powers to actively deal with the land as these powers are vested in the tenant for life. The trustees of the settlement have a more active role in two scenarios –
Section 2(8) of the 1882 Act as supplemented by s.16 of the 1890 Act identifies 5 categories of persons who qualify as trustees of the settlement:
Categories provided by s16 of the 1890 Act:
Powers of the trustees of the settlement.
The role of the trustees of the settlement was created to ensure that the tenant for life in exercising his statutory powers does not harm the interests of the other beneficiaries under the settlement.
"Hughes v. Fanagan" 1891 30 LR IR: the main aim of the trustees of the settlement is to protect the interests of those entitled in remainder.
To enable them to achieve this aim the legislation imposed 3 statutory requirements – they are required to receive the capital money, they are required to receive notice and to consent
Consents – some transactions such as the sale of the principal mansion house will require the consent of the trustees – sale of the mansion house s.10(2). This can be given informally without the need for writing as per "Gilbey v. Rush" 1 Ch 11.