Giant hummingbird

The giant hummingbird ("Patagona gigas") is the only member of the genus "Patagona" and the largest member of the hummingbird family, weighing and having a wingspan of approximately and length of . This is approximately the same length as a European starling or a northern cardinal, though the giant hummingbird is considerably lighter because it has a slender build and long bill, making the body a smaller proportion of the total length. This weight is almost twice that of the next heaviest hummingbird species and ten times that of the smallest, the bee hummingbird.
Description.
In Bolivia, the giant hummingbird is known in Quechua as "burro q'enti", the Spanish word "burro" referring to its dull plumage.
Members of "P. gigas" can be identified by their large size and characteristics such as the presence of an eye-ring, straight bill longer than the head, dull colouration, very long wings (approaching the tail tip when stowed), long and moderately forked tail, tarsi feathered to the toes and large, sturdy feet. There is no difference between the sexes. Juveniles have small corrugations on the lateral beak culmen.
The subspecies are visually distinguishable. "P. g. peruviana" is yellowish brown overall and has white on the chin and throat, where "P. g. gigas" is more olive green to brown and lacks white on the chin and throat.
The giant hummingbird occasionally glides in flight, a behavior very rare among hummingbirds. Its elongated wings allow more efficient glides than do those of other hummingbirds. The giant hummingbird's voice is a distinctive loud, sharp and whistling "chip".
Taxonomy.
Belonging to the family Trochilidae (hummingbirds), "P. gigas" is one of approximately 331 described species in this family, making it the second largest group of new world birds. Trochilids are further divided into about 104 genera. It is thought that the species is comparatively old and, for the most part, a failed evolutionary experiment in enlarging hummingbird size given it has not diverged and proliferated.
Traditional morphologic taxonomic inquiries show "P. gigas" to be substantially different from the other taxa of hummingbirds. A 2008 phylogenetic review found a 97.5% likelihood that "P. gigas" has diverged substantially enough from the proposed the closest phylogenetic clades to be considered belonging to a single-species clade named Patagonini. This is in accord with International Ornithological Union’s taxonomic classification of "P. gigas" in a genus of its own.
Two subspecies, "P. gigas gigas" and "P. gigas peruviana", are recognised. These subspecies are thought to have emerged as a result of partial geographical separation of populations by volcanic activity in the Andes predating the Miocene; however, there remain areas of contact between the species, hence the lack of full speciation. The proposed phylogenetic system for hummingbirds suggested by McGuire "et al." (2009) accommodates the possible elevation of these subspecies to species rank.
Distribution and habitat.
The giant hummingbird is widely distributed throughout the length of the Andes on both the east and west sides. "P. gigas" typically inhabit the higher altitude scrubland and forests that line the slopes of the Andes during the summer and then retreat to similar, lower altitude habitats in winter months. The species persists through a large altitude range, with specimens retrieved from sea level up to 4600 m. They have shown to be fairly resilient to urbanisation and agricultural activities; however, the removal of vegetation limits their distribution in dense city areas and industrial zones.
"P. g. peruviana" occurs from Ecuador to the southeastern mountains of Peru and "P. g. gigas" from northern Bolivia and Chile to Argentina. Contact between subspecies is most likely to occur around the eastern slopes of the north Peruvian Andes.
Global range and population.
The range of Patagona gigas is sizable, and its global extent of occurrence is estimated at 1,200,000 km2. Its global population is believed to be not less than 10,000 adults.
Behaviour.
Hummingbirds are extremely agile and acrobatic flyers, regularly partaking in sustained hovering flight, often used not only to feed on the wing but to protect their territory and court mates. "P. gigas" is typical in that it will brazenly defend its precious energy-rich flower territory from other species and other giant hummingbirds. These birds are typically seen alone, in pairs or small family groups.
Flight, anatomy and physiology.
"P. gigas" hovers at an average of 15 wing beats per second, very slow for a hummingbird. Its resting heart rate is 300 per minute, with a peak rate of 1020 per minute. Energy requirements for hummingbirds do not scale evenly with size increases, meaning a larger bird such as "P. gigas" requires more energy per gram to hover than a smaller bird. "P. gigas" requires an estimated 4.3 calories per hour to sustain its flight. This huge requirement, along with the low oxygen availability and thin air (generating little lift) at the high altitudes at which the giant hummingbird usually lives, suggests that P. gigas is likely to be very close to the viable maximum size for a hummingbird.
Diet.
"P. gigas" is feeds mainly on nectar, visiting a range of flowers. The female giant hummingbird has been observed ingesting sources of calcium (sand, soil, slaked lime and wood ash) after the reproductive season to replenish the calcium used in egg production; the low calcium content of nectar necessitates these extra source. Similarly, a nectar-based diet is low in proteins and various minerals, and this is countered by consuming insects on occasion.
"P. gigas" regularly feeds from the flowers of the genus "Puya" in Chile, with which it enjoys a symbiotic relationship, trading pollination for food. As a large hovering bird, particularly at high altitudes, "P. gigas" has extremely high metabolic requirements. It is known to feed from columnar cacti, including "Oreocereus celsianus" and "Echinopsis atacamensis ssp. pasacana", and "Salvia haenkei". We do not know the exact scope of its diet, but inferring from the large amount of nectar required to be routinely ingested by such a large hummingbird, it is safe to say it is a generalist out of necessity: the more different flowers it will feed from, the more efficiently it can collect energy.
Considering the energy-rich nature of nectar as a food source, it attracts a large range of visitors apart from the hummingbird, which has often coevolved with a plant to be the flower's most efficient pollinator. These other visitors, because they are not designed to access the well-hidden bounty of nectar, often damage the flowers (for example, piercing them at the base) and prevent further nectar production. "P. gigas", because of its high energy requirements, is known to alter its foraging behaviour as a direct response to nectar robbing from other birds and animals, and this reduces the viability of the hummingbird in an area with many nectar robbers, as well as indirectly affecting the plants by reducing pollination. If alien species are introduced that become nectar thieves, it is reasonable to predict that their activities will significantly impact the local ecosystem. This could prove to be a future risk for "P. gigas" populations because they sit close to the physical limit in their metabolic demands.
Reproduction.
There is little known of "P. gigas’s" reproduction, leaving us to draw on educated generalisations from other hummingbird species. Hummingbird males tend to have polygynous, occasionally promiscuous, behaviours and no involvement after copulation. The female builds the nest and lays a clutch of two eggs during the summer. A "P. gigas" nest is small considering the size of the bird, typically made near water sources and perched on a branch of a tree or shrub parallel to the ground.
Migration.
"P. gigas" migrates in summer to the temperate areas of South America, reaching as low as 44° S. Correspondingly, it migrates north to more tropical climates in winter (March–August), though not usually venturing higher than 28° S.
Cultural significance.
"P. gigas" holds significant value for some of the aboriginal inhabitants of the Andes. The people of Chiloé Island believe that if a woman captures a hummingbird then they will gain great fertility from it. This is also the species that inspired the people of the Nazca culture to create the Nazca hummingbird geoglyph.