FOXA2

Forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2), also known as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta (HNF-3B), is a transcription factor that plays an important role during development, in mature tissues and, when dysregulated or mutated, also in cancer.
Structure.
FOXA2 belongs to a subfamily of the Forkhead box (FOX) transcription factors, the other members being FOXA1 and FOXA3. This subfamily of mammalian FOX proteins was first identified because of their ability to bind DNA in rat liver nuclear extracts. The proteins were therefore originally named hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 alpha, beta and gamma. These transcription factors contain a forkhead domain (also known as the winged-helix domain) flanked by sequences necessary for nuclear localization Their N- and C-termini are also conserved and serve as transactivation domains.
Functions.
FOXA transcription factors have “pioneering” property, i.e. they can directly bind to condensed chromatin. This feature has been observed both "in vitro" and "in vivo", where FOXA transcription factors can bind nucleosome-bound target DNA sequences. The pioneering property is conferred by the factors’ highly conserved DNA-binding domain, which is structurally similar to the linker histones H1 and H5 This feature enables FOXA2 to access closed chromatin and displace linker histones. In this way, FOXA2 promotes local chromatin opening, permits the recruitment of alternative histones and facilitates the subsequent binding of other transcription factors. Thus, FOXA2 have important roles in cell type specification by promoting chromatin accessibility for the binding of lineage- or tissue-specific factors The FOXA factors also facilitate the maintenance of cell identity by bookmarking cell type-specific genes so that these genes can be rapidly reactivated after cytokinesis. One example is that ectopic expression of FOXA2 together with HNF4A drives transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells.
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Consistent with its role as a pioneering transcription factor, FOXA2 is expressed in early development and essential for the development and homeostasis of various cell types and tissues. In mice, Foxa2 expression emerges in the primitive streak and node at embryonic day (E) 6.5, and in the mesoderm and definitive endoderm at E7.5. Its expression is subsequently maintained in endoderm-derived tissues, including the pancreas, liver, prostate, thyroid and lung, throughout development and in mature tissues. In addition, Foxa2 is expressed in ectoderm-derived neural tissues. "Foxa2" knockout is embryonically lethal to mice, which die between E10 and E11 and show defects in all three germ layers. Mice with heterozygosity for "Foxa2" knockout are viable and exhibit a phenotype similar to Parkinson’s disease upon aging. Conditional knockout studies show that Foxa2 is important for the formation of pancreatic islets and maturation of alpha and beta cells, thereby being essential for glucose homeostasis.
Dysregulation of FOXA transcription factors have been linked to several types of human cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia and cancer of the esophagus, lung, thyroid, pancreas, breast and prostate. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the "FOXA2" gene are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, especially in males. This association has been replicated in mice and may depend on androgen receptor-mediated regulation 