Gello

Gello (), in Greek mythology, is a female demon or revenant who threatens the reproductive cycle by causing infertility, miscarriage, and infant mortality. By the Byzantine era, the "gelloudes" () were considered a class of beings. Women believed to be under demonic possession by "gelloudes" might stand trial or be subjected to exorcism.
Gyllou, Gylou, Gillo, or Gelu are some of its alternate forms.
Etymology.
"Gello" possibliy derives from "Gallû", a Babylonian–Assyrian demon believed to bring sickness and death. The theory was advanced by Carl Frank (1881–1945) and supported by M.L. West, Walter Burkert, and others. The name is also preserved in the later word "ghoul".
Greek folk etymology links the word to the root "gel-", "grin, laugh," in the sense of mocking or grimacing, like the expression often found on the face of the Gorgon, to which Barb linked the reproductive demons in origin. Such demons are often associated with or said to come from the sea, and demonologies identify Gyllou with Abyzou, whose name is related to "abyssos", the abyss or "deep."
Classical Antiquity.
According to ancient myth, Gello was a young woman who died a virgin, and returned as a ghost (, "phantasma") to do harm to the children of others. The myth is given as an explanation to a proverb by the 2nd-century compiler Zenobius. It is noted that Sappho mentioned her, implying that Gello was a feared bane of children at least as far back as the 6th century BC.
The lexicographer Hesychius who wrote in the 5th or 6th century AD but drew from earlier lexicons glossed Gello () as a ghost ("eidolon") who attacked both virgins and newborn babies.
Gello, Lamia, and Mormo due to their similar nature, have often been confounded since the Early Middle Ages. Each of these three originated as a single individual woman (with her own origin myth or "aition") in Ancient Greece, but later developed into a type of frightening apparitions or demons, as noted by modern commentators.
Byzantine Period.
The "gello" eventually came to be regarded as a type of being, rather than an individual. The plural form "gelloudes" (), not found in Ancient Greek, came into existence in the Byzantine period, and used in the 7th–8th century by the patriarch John of Damascus, in his treatise "peri Stryggōn" (, "Regarding "striges""). The "gelloudes" were considered synonymous to the "stryggai" () or "witches" by him, and described as beings that flew nocturnally, slipped unhindered into houses even when windows and doors were barred, and strangled infants.
The polymath Michael Psellos of the 11th century inherited the notion that the "stryggai" and "gelloudes" were "interchangeable". He described them as beings that "suck blood and devour all the vital fluids which are in the little infant". Psellus documents a widened scope of the Gello's victims in the beliefs of the 11th century. Gello were being held responsible for the deaths of pregnant women and their fetuses as well. Gello (or Gillo) was also blamed for the condition of newborn infants who wasted away, and such infants were called "Gillobrota" (), according to Psellus.
Psellus sought in vain for Ancient Greek sources of these beliefs, and formulated the theory that the "gello" derived from the Hebrew Lilith. Psellus further stated that the name "Gillo" could not be discovered in his usual sources for demonic names in antiquity, but were to be found in an esoteric or "occult" () Hebrew book ascribed to Solomon. Later, the 17th-century Greek Catholic scholar Leo Allatios would criticize Psellos's confounding of the "gello" and Lilith.
The 14th-century Greek ecclesiastical historian Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos still told of "gelloudes" that "bring the infant from the bedroom, as if about to devour him."
Middle ages to modern age.
Aspects of the superstitions about the "gelloude" may be followed from the Middle Ages from various writings and talismans, to a treatise written by Leo Allatius in the 17th century which reveal that the medieval beliefs were still held and practiced by the populace.
Corporeal and phantom forms.
Although reports of Gello's behavior are consistent, her nature is less determinate. In the 7-8th century, John of Damascus equated the gello with the "stryggai" that sometimes appeared in spirit form while at other times had solid bodies and wore clothing.
The strix could be regarded an "unclean spirit" ("akátharton pneuma") subject to demonic excorcism, according to an exorcism text recorded by 17th century writer Allatius. A woman could also be regarded as being a "gello" by the populace, but the charges were dismissed in an ecclesiastical trial c. 8th century. The orthodox theology of the Church, expounded by Psellos or Ignatius, held that a woman's gendered nature precluded her from turning into a demon, since a demon was officially considered sexless. Johnston prefers to use the Greek word "aōros" or "aōrē", "untimely dead" for this form of transgressive or liminal soul or entity, finding the usual phrase "child-killing demon" to be misleading.
From virgin to witch-hags.
It has been pointed out by modern commentators that even though the original Gello was a young woman who died a virgin, the "gelloudes" which became synonymous with "stryggai" or "witches" in the Christian era, were generally regarded as being old envious crones.
Equating "gelloudes" with the "striggai", which occurred by the 7th–8th century with John of Damascus as already noted, still continued in the times of the 17th century Leo Allatius who said that Striges (in the sense of "witches") was also called "Gellones" (Latinized form) according to popular belief. Allatius also recorded many variant forms, such as "gelu", "gello", "gillo" (in the singular). Leo Allatius wrote that the people who were his contemporaries in Greece were already entrenched in the belief that these witches were generally old crones who contracted with the devil. This, it has been argued, was a transplantation of the image of witch of Western Europe onto the Greek idea of "gelloudes".
Protections against Gello.
In the Byzantine period, mothers who had given birth customarily relied on amulets designed to protect her newborn from evil, including the Gello or Gyllou. The woman was a rare exception who would shun these charms and invest her faith entirely on the power of the Cross.
Leo Allatios in the 17th century would criticize such remnants of sorcery such as these charms, or the hanging of red coral or a head of garlic, and prescribed strictly Christian prophylactics, such as a cross or image of Christ placed by a child's bed to ward off Gello or demons in general, or burning lamps to illuminate sacred images. The practice of baptizing infants was thought to offer protection against demon-snatching, and specifically against the "gello", according to Leo Allatios.
Charm books.
The magico-medical compilation "Cyranides" from the Imperial period provided instructions on how to defend against the gelloudes. The eyeballs of a hyena in a purple pouch was said to be an effective amulet against "all nocturnal terrors, also Gello, who strangles infants and troubles women in childbed". Using an ass's skin as a bedsheet to sleep on was also prescribed as effective against the Gello.
Stones.
The "Lithica" of the late Hellenistic to early Imperial Period listed magical stones as effective charms as well, although they do not explicitly mention "gello" either. However, in these texts, galactite is said to protect against either Megaira ("Envy"), or "frightful woman" ("horrida mulier") who attacked infants.
Early Byzantine amulets.
Some Byzantine amulets against female reproductive demons are said to depict the Gello. This is sometimes asserted as a rule of thumb, without providing reasoning. As no Byzantine amulet exists that actually labels the demon as a Gello or Gyllou, the inference is made these are Gello by association with other figures labeled in the amulets, namely the demon Abyzou, the Saint Sisinnios, or the Evil Eye of "Envy".
Numerous early Byzantine amulets (6th to 7th century label its demon as "Abyzou" identifiable with Obyzouth, a demon that strangles newborns according to the 1st to 3rd century Greek text called the "Testament of Solomon". This Abyzou (Obyzouth) has been equated with the Gello (Gyllou), albeit in later literature, for example, the writings of Michael Psellos of the 11th century.
Some Byzantine amulets also invoke the name of Saint Sisinnios, who is known foremost as the vanquisher of Gello. Again, the textual evidence that connect Sissinios to Gylou are from much later dates, the oldest version of the "Melitine charm" or "Legend of St. Sisinnios" dating to the 15th century.
A concrete example is the Schlumberger No. 1 amulet shown on the right. Several scholars have hinted that the she-demon here, which has been noticed to have fish- or serpent-like attributes below the waist, may refer to Gello-Gyllou. The demon is being stabbed with a lance by a mounted figure (sometimes called the "holy rider" or "rider saint") which may be St. Sisinnios or Solomon. The inscription reads "Flee, detested one, Solomon, Sisinnios and Sisinnarios pursue you".
The same amulet has a second side, which depicts an eye as "Envy" ("phthonos", ), attacked by weapons and animals.
 One of the commentator has specifically connect the Evil Eye of Envy with the Gylou, while the others connect it more vaguely to the child-stealing demon or say that the beings labeled "Envy" are the ghost-demons ("aōrē").
Envy and Evil eye.
Gello or Gylou's curse has been associated with the evil eye of Envy at least since the Byzantine period, according to commentators. Sarah Iles Johnston views the "Phtonos" eye on the amulet and the Megaera ("Envious One") invoked in the entry for "galactite" in one "Lithica" (book of stones), as not just a personfification of "Envy" but an "aōrē" (ghost demons) in their own rights, and insinuates that these charms are meant to apply to one of her specific "aōrē", the Lamia, the Gello, or the Mormo. She fortifies her thesis that these "aōrē" were regarded as envious by pointing to Greek grave-markers that blame "envious demons" for robbing a young child of its life.
Legend of Saint Sisinnios.
The story of St. Sisinnios assisting his sister Melitene against the demon Gyllou occurs in a group of different texts (These are also the texts in which Gyllou is compelled to reveal its "twelve and a half names"). These have been variously referred to as the "historiola" where in "the Greek tradition the woman is usually called Melitene", or "Melitine charm", or "Melitene type of Gylou story", or "gello" exorcism texts. The text group has been analyzed by Richard P. H. Greenfield in 1989, with the oldest example from a 15th cenuty manuscript.
In the 15th century manuscript version, the tale is set in the time of "Trajan the King". After losing six children to the Gyllou, Melitene gives birth to a seventh child inside a fortification she built at (a part of the Constantinople). When her brothers, Sisinnios, Sines, and Sinodoros demand admittance, the "filthy" Gyllou gains entry by transforming into a fly clinging to the horse, and kills the child. The saints pray and an angel appears who instructs them to pursue the Gyllou to Lebanon. The Saints compel the demon to bring back to life all of Melitene's children, which the demon accomplishes after obtaining the mother's milk from Melitene. The saints continue to beat Gyllou, who begs mercy in return for revealing that she could be kept away with a charm inscribed with the names of the saints and with all of her different names. Then she proceeds to divulge her "twelve and a half names" (although what is meant by a "half name" is unclear):
A different version of this story was given by Leo Allatius in the 17th century.
The names of Gello.
Knowledge of a demon's name was required to control or compel it; a demon could act under an alias. Redundant naming is characteristic of magic charms, "stressing," as A.A. Barb noted in his classic essay "Antaura", "the well-known magic rule that the omission of a single one can give the demons a loophole through which they can work their harm."
In the aforementioned Leo Allatius version of the "Legend of St. Sisinnos", the twelve-and-a-half names are given as Gylo, Morrha, Byzo, Marmaro, Petasia, Pelagia, Bordona, Apleto, Chomodracaena, Anabardalaea, Psychoanaspastria, Paedopniktria, and Strigla. Although magic words ("voces magicae") have often been corrupted in transmission or deliberately exoticized, several of these names suggest recognizable Greek elements and can be deciphered as functional epithets: Petasia, "she who strikes"; Apleto, "boundless, limitless"; Paedopniktria, "child suffocator." Byzo is a form of Abyzou, "abyssos", "the Deep," to which Pelagia ("she of the sea") is equivalent.
The names of Gylo also include Chomodracaena, containing "drakaina", "female dragon." In one text dealing with the "gello", she is banished to the mountains to drink the blood of the "drako"; in another, she becomes a "drako" and in this form attacks human beings. In other texts, the child itself is addressed as Abouzin (Abyzou).
Legend of Saint Michael.
In variant tellings, the role of St. Sisinnios is supplanted by the archangel Michael. A 15th-century manuscript versions exists for this as well:
Although the name Gylou is not found on any surviving amulets, Michael is the adversary Gylou encounters most often in medieval Byzantine texts.
Parallels.
Parallels to the lore of a child-killing demon forced to confess its secret names occur as "historiola" or folktales surrounding magic spells, in medieval manuscripts of many languages, including Greek, Coptic, Ethiopian, Armenian, Romanian, Slavonic, Arabic, Syriac, and Hebrew.
The earliest examples, dating to the 5th or 6th century are the Aramaic versions of the historiola found as long inscriptions on objects: a silver "lamella" (metal-leaf sheet) from Palestine and two incantation bowls. In these Aramaic examples, the demon bears the name Sdrws (or Sideros, which in Greek would mean "iron"), and the female victim whose twelve sons are taken is called Smamit ("lizard" or "spider"). This reading is considered to be corroborated by the name of the female demon in the Ethiopian version, Werzelya, which also means "iron". The Ethiopian tradition explains that Werzelya was the evil sister of the Saint Sūsenyōs (which Budge identifies as Sisinnios), and the saint sought out to kill her.
Church attitudes and actions.
In his "Life of Tarasius", Ignatios the Deacon of the ninth century recounts an actual case in which two women were charged as "gelloudes" and brought before the father of Tarasios of Constantinople, who acquitted them.
The psychological aspects of Gello were observed also by Leo Allatius in his work "De Graecorum hodie quorundam opinionibus" ("On the beliefs of the Greeks today"). Textual sources he collected on the Gello included Sappho's poem, the "Suda", exorcisms, a church history, the "Life of Tarasios", and proverbs. Allatios's purpose was to demonstrate the continuity of customs and morals, but also to show that these beliefs distorted or ran contrary to Christian doctrine. Sometimes the acts characteristic of Gello were attributed to "poor and miserable old crones," who could be accused in court as "gelloudes" and might even claim or confess to have acted as such.
A different penance was prescribed "gelloudes", distinguished from infanticides in the Nomocanons of the 17th century theologian Jean-Baptiste Cotelier. Michael Psellos, however, rejected the notion that human beings could transform into demonic beings, and so there would be no need for a particular penance; the official position of Orthodoxy was that such creatures did not exist.
Despite her official non-existence, the "gello" is named in exorcisms, which required the attendance of a priest, and in prayer formularies. The Virgin Mary is invoked against the child-harming demon "gylo":
In one exorcism of the "gello", no fewer than 36 saints are invoked by name along with Mary and the "318 Saints of the Fathers", with a final addendum of "all the saints." Some prayers resemble magic spells in attempting to command or compel the saints, rather than humbly requesting aid. Exorcisms emphasize that Christian families deserve exclusive protection. Gello continued to be named in exorcisms into the 20th century.
The old church regarded childbirth involving blood as unpure, and a newborn had to wait to be baptized for several days, and the mother could not rejoin the community for much longer. The child was considered at greater risk in the birth mother's sphere of influence at this time, as she would attract the female demons seeking blood.
In the story of Melitene, sister of the saints Sisinnios and Sisynodorus, the child is in peril until it is "returned" to the hands of men. In one version, the "gello" swallows the child and must be forced by the male saints to regurgitate it alive. This cycle – death by swallowing, regurgitation, new life – may be symbolized in initiation ceremonies such as baptism, which marked the separation of the child from the taint of its mother's "gello"-attracting blood.
Modern folklore.
The Greek folk belief continued into the modern era.
One exorcism text dating from around the turn of the 19th–20th century gives Baskania as a name for the "gello" as well as for the evil eye.
List of related demons.
Scholarly discussions of Gello associate her with and analyze the meaning of her narrative traditions in relation to the following demons and supernatural beings: