Firehose instability

The firehose instability (or hose-pipe instability) is a dynamical instability of thin or elongated galaxies. The instability causes the galaxy to buckle or bend in a direction perpendicular to its long axis. After the instability has run its course, the galaxy is less elongated (i.e. rounder) than before. Any sufficiently thin stellar system, in which some component of the internal velocity is in the form of random or counter-streaming motions (as opposed to rotation), is subject to the instability.
The firehose instability is probably responsible for the fact that elliptical galaxies and dark matter haloes never have axis ratios more extreme than about 3:1, since this is roughly the axis ratio at which the instability sets in. It may also play a role in the formation of barred spiral galaxies, by causing the bar to thicken in the direction perpendicular to the galaxy disk.
The firehose instability derives its name from a similar instability in magnetized plasmas. However, from a dynamical point of view, a better analogy is with the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, or with beads sliding along an oscillating string.
Stability analysis: sheets and wires.
The firehose instability can be analyzed exactly in the case of an infinitely thin, self-gravitating sheet of stars. If the sheet experiences a small displacement formula_1 in the formula_2 direction, the vertical acceleration for stars of formula_3 velocity formula_4 as they move around the bend is
provided the bend is small enough that the horizontal velocity is unaffected. Averaged over all stars at formula_3, this acceleration must equal the gravitational restoring force per unit mass formula_7. In a frame chosen such that the mean streaming motions are zero, this relation becomes
where formula_9 is the horizontal velocity dispersion in that frame.
For a perturbation of the form
the gravitational restoring force is
where formula_12 is the surface mass density. The dispersion relation for a thin self-gravitating sheet is then
The first term, which arises from the perturbed gravity, is stabilizing, while the second term, due to the centrifugal force that the stars exert on the sheet, is destabilizing.
For sufficiently long wavelengths:
the gravitational restoring force dominates, and the sheet is stable; while at short wavelengths the sheet is unstable. The firehose instability is precisely complementary, in this sense, to the Jeans instability in the plane, which is "stabilized" at short wavelengths, formula_15.
A similar analysis can be carried out for a galaxy that is idealized as a one-dimensional wire, with density that varies along the axis. This is a simple model of a (prolate) elliptical galaxy. Some unstable eigenmodes are shown in Figure 2 at the left.
Stability analysis: finite-thickness galaxies.
At wavelengths shorter than the actual vertical thickness of a galaxy, the bending is stabilized. The reason is that stars in a finite-thickness galaxy oscillate vertically with an unperturbed frequency formula_16; like any oscillator, the phase of the star's response to the imposed bending depends entirely on whether the forcing frequency formula_17 is greater than or less than its natural frequency. If formula_18 for most stars, the overall density response to the perturbation will produce a gravitational potential opposite to that imposed by the bend and the disturbance will be damped. These arguments imply that a sufficiently thick galaxy (with low formula_16) will be stable to bending at all wavelengths, both short and long.
Analysis of the linear normal modes of a finite-thickness slab shows that bending is indeed stabilized when the ratio of vertical to horizontal velocity dispersions exceeds about 0.3. Since the elongation of a stellar system with this anisotropy is approximately 15:1 — much more extreme than observed in real galaxies — bending instabilities were believed for many years to be of little importance. However, Fridman & Polyachenko showed that the critical axis ratio for stability of homogeneous (constant-density) oblate and prolate spheroids was roughly 3:1, not 15:1 as implied by the infinite slab, and Merritt & Hernquist found a similar result in an N-body study of inhomogeneous prolate spheroids (Fig. 1).
The discrepancy was resolved in 1994. The gravitational restoring force from a bend is substantially weaker in finite or inhomogeneous galaxies than in infinite sheets and slabs, since there is less matter at large distances to contribute to the restoring force. As a result, the long-wavelength modes are not stabilized by gravity, as implied by the dispersion relation derived above. In these more realistic models, a typical star feels a vertical forcing frequency from a long-wavelength bend that is roughly twice the frequency formula_20 of its unperturbed orbital motion along the long axis. Stability to global bending modes then requires that this forcing frequency be greater than formula_20, the frequency of orbital motion parallel to the short axis. The resulting (approximate) condition
predicts stability for homogeneous prolate spheroids rounder than 2.94:1, in excellent agreement with the normal-mode calculations of Fridman & Polyachenko and with N-body simulations of homogeneous oblate and inhomogeneous prolate galaxies.
The situation for disk galaxies is more complicated, since the shapes of the dominant modes depend on whether the internal velocities are azimuthally or radially biased. In oblate galaxies with radially-elongated velocity ellipsoids, arguments similar to those given above suggest that an axis ratio of roughly 3:1 is again close to critical, in agreement with N-body simulations for thickened disks. If the stellar velocities are azimuthally biased, the orbits are approximately circular and so the dominant modes are angular (corrugation) modes, formula_23. The approximate condition for stability becomes
with formula_25 the circular orbital frequency.
Importance.
The firehose instability is believed to play an important role in determining the structure of both spiral and elliptical galaxies and of dark matter haloes.