Client-side decoration

Client-side decoration (CSD) is the concept of allowing a graphical application software to be responsible for drawing its own window decorations, historically the responsibility of the window manager.
Sometimes client-side decoration is used to refer to the applications that don't have a traditional title bar, however this is a misuse of the phrase, as even applications that have a basic title bar can be client side decorated.
By using client-side decoration rather than traditional server-side decoration, applications are able to draw their own title bar, which allows for a wide range of possibilities to customize window decorations and add additional functionality (graphical control elements) into what otherwise would be a typical window manager bar with much empty space in the maximized windows.
Terminology.
In Linux and Unix-like systems, it is called "Client-Side Decoration" which comes from X Window System, where a client is the application which renders a window and sends it to the X server. The alternative is called "Server-Side Decoration" (SSD) even though on X the decoration is drawn by the window manager, which is not actually the "server".
Implementations.
Widget toolkits.
GTK.
GTK was the first GUI toolkit on Linux that implemented client-side decoration using the GtkHeaderBar widget.
GtkHeaderBar merges the title bar, menu bar and tool bar into one unified horizontal bar in order to give more space to the application content, potentially reducing the amount of wasted space by showing empty bars. This can help to achieve a flexible UI and consistent UX across different computer form factors from desktop systems to small form factor devices by removing the traditional desktop-oriented parts from applications. These have first-class support in GNOME Shell and are widely used by GNOME applications.
UWP.
Universal Windows Platform applications can choose to draw their own title bars.
macOS.
In macOS, AppKit applications use client-side decoration when using the NSWindow widget.
Electron.
Electron has the option to use a frame-less window (without toolbar, menu bar, tabs), however the application is responsible for drawing its own shadows.
Deepin Tool Kit.
Deepin Tool Kit is a small modified widget toolkit based on Qt5, it is used by Deepin Desktop Environment.
Applications.
Notable applications with client-side decoration:
Display servers.
Wayland.
Wayland was designed to have client-side decorations (including the shadows of windows) by default, but has an optional protocol, known as xdg-decoration, which allows an application (client) to query whether the window manager supports server-side decoration and if so for a client to request it. Mutter, the compositor used by GNOME Shell, under Wayland only supports client side decoration, whilst KWin supports both client and server side decoration.