Simple shear

Simple shear is a deformation in which parallel planes in a material remain parallel and maintain a constant distance, while translating relative to each other.
In fluid mechanics.
In fluid mechanics, simple shear is a special case of deformation where only one component of velocity vectors has a non-zero value:
And the gradient of velocity is constant and perpendicular to the velocity itself:
where formula_4 is the shear rate and:
The displacement gradient tensor Γ for this deformation has only one nonzero term:
Simple shear with the rate formula_7 is the combination of pure shear strain with the rate of formula_7 and rotation with the rate of formula_7:
The mathematical model representing simple shear is a shear mapping restricted to the physical limits. It is an elementary linear transformation represented by a matrix. The model may represent laminar flow velocity at varying depths of a long channel with constant cross-section. Limited shear deformation is also used in vibration control, for instance base isolation of buildings for limiting earthquake damage.
In solid mechanics.
In solid mechanics, a simple shear deformation is defined as an isochoric plane deformation in which there are a set of line elements with a given reference orientation that do not change length and orientation during the deformation. This deformation is differentiated from a pure shear by virtue of the presence of a rigid rotation of the material. When rubber deforms under simple shear, its stress-strain behavior is approximately linear. A rod under torsion is a practical example for a body under simple shear.
If e1 is the fixed reference orientation in which line elements do not deform during the deformation and e1 − e2 is the plane of deformation, then the deformation gradient in simple shear can be expressed as
We can also write the deformation gradient as
Simple shear stress–strain relation.
In linear elasticity, shear stress, denoted formula_13, is related to shear strain, denoted formula_14, by the following equation:
formula_15
where formula_16 is the shear modulus of the material, given by
formula_17
Here formula_18 is Young's modulus and formula_19 is Poisson's ratio. Combining gives
formula_20