Schottky effect

The Schottky effect or field enhanced thermionic emission is a phenomenon in condensed matter physics named after Walter H. Schottky. In electron emission devices, especially electron guns, the thermionic electron emitter will be biased negative relative to its surroundings. This creates an electric field of magnitude "F" at the emitter surface. Without the field, the surface barrier seen by an escaping Fermi-level electron has height "W" equal to the local work-function. The electric field lowers the surface barrier by an amount Δ"W", and increases the emission current. It can be modeled by a simple modification of the Richardson equation, by replacing "W" by ("W" − Δ"W"). This gives the equation