Inductive dimension

In the mathematical field of topology, the inductive dimension of a topological space "X" is either of two values, the small inductive dimension ind("X") or the large inductive dimension Ind("X"). These are based on the observation that, in "n"-dimensional Euclidean space "R""n", ("n" − 1)-dimensional spheres (that is, the boundaries of "n"-dimensional balls) have dimension "n" − 1. Therefore it should be possible to define the dimension of a space inductively in terms of the dimensions of the boundaries of suitable open sets.
The small and large inductive dimensions are two of the three most usual ways of capturing the notion of "dimension" for a topological space, in a way that depends only on the topology (and not, say, on the properties of a metric space). The other is the Lebesgue covering dimension. The term "topological dimension" is ordinarily understood to refer to Lebesgue covering dimension. For "sufficiently nice" spaces, the three measures of dimension are equal.
Formal definition.
We want the dimension of a point to be 0, and a point has empty boundary, so we start with
Then inductively, ind("X") is the smallest "n" such that, for every "formula_2" and every open set "U" containing "x", there is an open set "V" containing "x", such that the closure of "V" is a subset of "U", and the boundary of "V" has small inductive dimension less than or equal to "n" − 1. (If "X" is a Euclidean "n"-dimensional space, "V" can be chosen to be an "n"-dimensional ball centered at "x".)
For the large inductive dimension, we restrict the choice of "V" still further; Ind("X") is the smallest "n" such that, for every closed subset "F" of every open subset "U" of "X", there is an open "V" in between (that is, "F" is a subset of "V" and the closure of "V" is a subset of "U"), such that the boundary of "V" has large inductive dimension less than or equal to "n" − 1.
Relationship between dimensions.
Let formula_3 be the Lebesgue covering dimension. For any topological space "X", we have
Urysohn's theorem states that when "X" is a normal space with a countable base, then
Such spaces are exactly the separable and metrizable "X" (see Urysohn's metrization theorem).
The Nöbeling–Pontryagin theorem then states that such spaces with finite dimension are characterised up to homeomorphism as the subspaces of the Euclidean spaces, with their usual topology. The Menger–Nöbeling theorem (1932) states that if formula_7 is compact metric separable and of dimension formula_8, then it embeds as a subspace of Euclidean space of dimension formula_9. (Georg Nöbeling was a student of Karl Menger. He introduced Nöbeling space, the subspace of formula_10 consisting of points with at least formula_11 co-ordinates being irrational numbers, which has universal properties for embedding spaces of dimension formula_8.)
Assuming only "X" metrizable we have (Miroslav Katětov)
or assuming "X" compact and Hausdorff (P. S. Aleksandrov)
Either inequality here may be strict; an example of Vladimir V. Filippov shows that the two inductive dimensions may differ.
A separable metric space "X" satisfies the inequality formula_13 if and only if for every closed sub-space formula_14 of the space formula_7 and each continuous mapping formula_16 there exists a continuous extension formula_17.