Bed (geology)

Beds are the layers of sedimentary rocks that are distinctly different from overlying and underlying subsequent beds of different sedimentary rocks. Layers of beds are called strata. They are formed from sedimentary rocks being deposited on the Earth's solid surface over long periods of time. The strata are layered in the same order that they were deposited, permitting discrimination as to which beds are younger and which ones are older (the Law of Superposition). The structure of a bed is determined by its bedding plane, the surface that separates two layers. Beds can be differentiated in various ways, such as by particle size or rock or mineral type. The term is generally applied to sedimentary strata, but may also be used for volcanic flows or ash layers.
Types of beds include cross-beds and graded beds. Cross-beds, or "sets," are not layered horizontally and are formed by a combination of local deposition on the inclined surfaces of ripples or dunes, and local erosion. Graded beds show a gradual change in grain or clast sizes from one side of the bed to the other. A normal grading occurs where there are larger grain sizes on the older side, while an inverse grading occurs where there are smaller grain sizes on the older side. By determining the type of beds, geologists are able to determine the relative ages of the rocks.
Bed thickness.
A bed is the smallest lithostratigraphic unit, usually ranging in thickness from 1 cm to several meters, and distinguishable from the beds above and below it. A bedding layer is distinct to a lamina, which is commonly defined as a sedimentary layer with a thickness of less than 1 cm. 
Engineering considerations.
In geotechnical engineering a bedding plane often forms a discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behaviour (strength, deformation, etc.) of soil and rock masses in tunnel, foundation, or slope construction.
Geologic principles.
There are geologic principles that the beds normally follow. Even though there can be cases where the principles do not apply mostly due to faults, they are true for most cases. 