Louis Malle

Louis Marie Malle (; 30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French film director, screenwriter and producer. His film "Le Monde du silence" won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957, although he was not credited at the ceremony; the award was instead presented to the film's co-director Jacques Cousteau. Later in his career he was nominated multiple times for Academy Awards. Malle is also one of only four directors to have won the Golden Lion twice.
Malle worked in both French cinema and Hollywood, and he produced both French and English language films. His most famous films include the crime film "Ascenseur pour l'échafaud" (1958), the World War II drama "Lacombe, Lucien" (1974), the romantic crime film "Atlantic City" (1980), the comedy-drama "My Dinner with Andre" (1981), and the autobiographical film "Au revoir les enfants" (1987).
Biography.
Early life.
Malle was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries, Nord, France, the son of Françoise (Béghin) and Pierre Malle. 
During World War II, Malle attended a Roman Catholic boarding school near Fontainebleau. As an 11-year-old he witnessed a Gestapo raid on the school, in which three Jewish students, including his close friend, and a Jewish teacher were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz. The school's headmaster, Père Jacques, was arrested for harboring them and sent to the concentration camp at Mauthausen. Malle would later address these events in his autobiographical film "Au revoir les enfants" (1987).
As a young man, Malle initially studied political science at Sciences Po from 1950 to 1952 (some sources incorrectly state that he studied at the Sorbonne) before turning to film studies at IDHEC.
He worked as the co-director and cameraman to Jacques Cousteau on the documentary "The Silent World" (1956), which won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the 1956 Academy Awards and Cannes Film Festival respectively. He assisted Robert Bresson on "A Man Escaped" (French title: "Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut", 1956) before making his first feature, "Ascenseur pour l'échafaud" in 1957 (released in the U.K. as "Lift to the Scaffold" and in the U.S. originally as "Frantic", later as "Elevator to the Gallows"). A taut thriller featuring an original score by Miles Davis, "Ascenseur pour l'échafaud" made an international film star of Jeanne Moreau, at the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Française. Malle was 24 years old.
Malle's "The Lovers" ("Les Amants", 1958), which also starred Moreau, caused major controversy due to its sexual content, leading to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the legal definition of obscenity. In "Jacobellis v. Ohio", a theater owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity. The decision was eventually reversed by the higher court, which found that the film was not obscene and hence constitutionally protected. However, the court could not agree on the definition of "obscene", which caused Justice Potter Stewart to utter his "I know it when I see it" opinion, perhaps the most famous single line associated with the court.
Malle is sometimes associated with the "nouvelle vague" movement. His work does not directly fit in with or correspond to the "auteurist" theories that apply to the work of Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Éric Rohmer and others, and he had nothing whatsoever to do with the "Cahiers du cinéma". However, Malle's work does exemplify some of the characteristics of the movement, such as using natural light and shooting on location, and his film "Zazie dans le Métro" ("Zazie in the Metro", 1960, an adaptation of the Raymond Queneau novel) inspired Truffaut to write an enthusiastic letter to Malle.
Other films also tackled taboo subjects: "The Fire Within" centres on a man about to commit suicide, "Le souffle au cœur" (1971) deals with an incestuous relationship between mother and son, and "Lacombe Lucien" (1974), co-written with Patrick Modiano, is about collaboration with the Nazis in Vichy France during World War II. The second of these earned Malle his first (of three) Oscar nominations for "Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced".
Documentary on India.
Malle visited India in 1968, and made a seven-part documentary series, "L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage", and a documentary film, "Calcutta", which was released in cinemas. Concentrating on real India, its rituals and festivities, Malle fell afoul of the Indian government, which disliked his portrayal of the country, in its fascination with the pre-modern, and consequently banned the BBC from filming in India for several years. Malle later claimed his documentary on India was his favorite film.
Move to America.
Malle later moved to the United States and continued to direct there. His later films include "Pretty Baby" (1978), "Atlantic City" (1980), "My Dinner with Andre" (1981), "Crackers" (1984), "Alamo Bay" (1985), "Damage" (1992) and "Vanya on 42nd Street" (1994, an adaptation of Anton Chekhov's play "Uncle Vanya") in English; "Au revoir les enfants" (1987) and "Milou en Mai" ("May Fools" in the U.S., 1990) in French. Just as his earlier films such as "The Lovers" helped popularize French films in the United States, "My Dinner with Andre" was at the forefront of the rise of American independent cinema in the 1980s.
Towards the end of his life, Malle was interviewed extensively for "The Times" by cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter. In 1993, the interviews were included in Camber Porter's book "Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections On Contemporary French Arts And Culture".
Personal life.
Malle was married to actress Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1965 to 1967. He later had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc Malle (born 1971), with German actress Gila von Weitershausen, and a daughter, filmmaker Justine Malle (born 1974), with Canadian actress Alexandra Stewart.
He married actress Candice Bergen in 1980. They had one child, a daughter, Chloé Françoise Malle, on 8 November 1985. He died from lymphoma, aged 63, at their home in Beverly Hills, California, on 23 November 1995.