Nihonmatsu Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in southern Mutsu Province. It was centered on Nihonmatsu Castle in what is now the city of Nihonmatsu, Fukushima, and its territory included all of Nihonmatsu, Motomiya, Ōtama and most of the present-day city of Kōriyama. For most of its history it was ruled by the Niwa clan. The Nihonmatsu Domain was also the scene of a major battle of the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration.
History.
The area around Nihonmatsu was territory of the Hatakeyama clan during the late Kamakura and Muromachi periods. In 1586, Date Masamune destroyed the Hatakeyama and annexed the area to his territories. However, following the Siege of Odawara (1590), Toyotomi Hideyoshi re-assigned the area to Aizu Domain under the rule of the Gamō clan. Hideyoshi later reduced the holdings of the Gamō clan, giving Nihonmatsu and surrounding areas to Asano Nagamasa. This change was very short-lived, as Aizu domain was then reassigned to the Uesugi clan, and their holdings were expanded to encompass Nihonmatsu. The Uesugi were then shifted to Yonezawa Domain following the Battle of Sekigahara by Tokugawa Ieyasu. The Gamō recovered Nihonmatsu, but the domain was soon beset by a variety of natural disasters, including a massive earthquake, bad weather and flooding, leading to crop failure and widespread famine. This in turn led to a peasant revolt, and the Gamō clan was eventually dispossessed by the Tokugawa shogunate and sent to Iyo Province in Shikoku.
In 1627, Matsushita Shigetsuna, "daimyō" of Karasuyama Domain and the son-in-law of Katō Yoshiaki was transferred to the re-established Nihonmatsu Domain, with a "kokudaka" of 50,000 "koku". He died a few months later, and his son was transferred to the much smaller Miharu Domain in 1628.
The Matsushita were replaced by Katō Akitoshi, the third son of Katō Yoshiaki, who had formerly held Miharu Domain. The Katō clan took steps to increase their revenues by development of new rice lands and development of non-rice based sources of income. However, their efforts were complicated by increasing demands for military support from the shogunate in policing the northern frontier areas of Ezo. The situation became critical in 1642–1643, after a crop failure. Many peasants were forced to sell themselves into servitude to pay for the high taxation, leading to unrest and even a revolt by senior retainers. As a result, the Katō were replaced by the Niwa clan, formerly of Shirakawa Domain, with an increase in the nominal "kokudaka" of the domain to 100,700 "koku". 
The Niwa rebuilt Nihonmatsu Castle and reformed the domain's financial situation and remained in control of Nihonmatsu until the Meiji Restoration. The Niwa clan had sided against the Tokugawa at the Battle of Sekigahara and was dispossessed. The victorious Tokugawa Ieyasu chose to be magnanimous, and with the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, awarded Niwa Nagashige with a 10,000 "koku" domain in Hitachi Province. Nagashige's forces fought well at the 1614 Siege of Osaka, and in 1619 his revenues were increased to 20,000 "koku", and in 1622 he was transferred to the 50,000 "koku" Tanakura Domain in Mutsu Province. In 1627, he was transferred once again to Shirakawa Domain, at 100,700 "koku". They were assigned repair work on the Nikkō Tōshōgū, Zōjō-ji and various tasks by Tokugawa shogunate which proved a severe drain on their resources. Despite efforts at fiscal and land reform, the domain was deeply in debt, which was complicated during the time of the 7th "daimyō", Niwa Nagayoshi, when the Great Tenmei famine struck. The 9th "daimyō", Niwa Nagatomi, built a han school, but also suffered a problem when some of his senior retainers absconded with 3400 "ryō" of domain funds shortly before the domain was hit by the Tenpō famine. During the Bakumatsu period, the 10th "daimyō", Niwa Nagakuni, was assigned to the defense of Edo Bay, and with the start of the Boshin War, joined the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei. The domain’s forces were defeated in battle by the Satchō Alliance, Nihonmatsu Castle was burned, and he was forced to flee to Yonezawa Domain. His successor, Niwa Nagahiro made peace with the imperial forces but with a domain reduced in status to 50,700 "koku".
After the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Nihonmatsu became part of Nihonmatsu Prefecture, which later became part of Fukushima Prefecture.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period.
As with most domains in the han system, Nihonmatsu Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. 
List of "daimyō".
Niwa Mitsushige.
 was the 2nd Niwa "daimyō" of Shirakawa Domain, and 2nd hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. Mitsushige was the third son of Niwa Nagashige. As both of his older brothers died in childhood, he was named heir in 1628. In 1634, he was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu, and received a "kanji" from Iemitsu's name, becoming Niwa Mitsushige. In 1643, the Tokugawa shogunate ordered the Niwa clan to relocate to Nihonmatsu. Upon entering Nihonmatsu Castle in 1644, he immediately embarked on a program to rebuild the surrounding "jōkamachi". Mitsushige was also noted as a patron of the arts, and especially favoured the Sekishū-branch of the Japanese tea ceremony. He was also a painter, having been trained in the Kanō school, using the pseudonym Gyokuhō (玉峰). He retired from public life in 1679, turning the domain over to his eldest son Niwa Nagatsugu. He died in 1701. His courtesy title was "Saikyō-no-daifu", and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.
Niwa Nagatsugu.
 was the 2nd Niwa "daimyō" of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 3rd hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was "Saikyō-no-daifu", and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the eldest son of Niwa Mitsushige, and was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Ietsuna in 1653. he became "daimyō" in 1679 on the retirement of his father. he did not share his father's love of the arts, or of Confucianism, and his tenure was largely uneventful. In 1692, he received the honorary court title of chamberlain ("Jijū") shortly before his death. As he had no son, the domain went to his younger brother.
Niwa Nagayuki.
 was the 3rd Niwa "daimyō" of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 4th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was "Echizen-no-kami", and his Court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the younger brother of Niwa Nagatsugu, and was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi in 1684. He became "daimyō" in 1692 on the death of his brother. He had a son and daughter by a concubine, but never took a formal wife. His grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Hidenobu.
 was the 4th Niwa "daimyō" of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 5th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was "Saikyō-no-daifu", and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the eldest son of Niwa Nagayuki and became "daimyō" in 1701 on the death of his brother. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi the same year. His wife was a daughter of Abe Masakune of Fukuyama Domain. He died in 1728 without heir. His grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Takahiro.
 was the 5th Niwa "daimyō" of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 6th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was "Saikyō-no-daifu", and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was a "hatamoto" descendant of the sixth son of Niwa Nagahide and was posthumously adopted by the childless Niwa Hidenobu to become "daimyō" in 1728. He was received in formal audience by Sh Jijū gun Tokugawa Yoshimune the same year. His wife was a daughter of Niwa Nagayuki. He retired in 1745 due to illness. He died in 1769. His grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Takayasu.
 was the 6th Niwa "daimyō" of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 7th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was "Wakasa-no-kami", and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the eldest son of Niwa Takahiro and was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune in 1741. He became "daimyō" in 1745 on the retirement of his father. In 1747, the domain was ordered by the shogunate to undertake flood control projects on the Kiso, Ibi and Nagara Rivers in Owari Province, work which was part of the 1754 Hōreki River incident. Takayasu was married to a daughter of Tokugawa Munenao of Kishū Domain. He predeceased his father in 1766. His grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Nagayoshi.
 was the 7th Niwa "daimyō" of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 8th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was "Saikyō-no-daifu", and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the eldest son of Niwa Takayasu by a concubine and became "daimyō" in 1766 on the death of his father. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Ieharu the same year. He was married to a daughter of Date Muratoki of Uwajima Domain. During his tenure, the domain suffered from the effects of the Great Tenmei famine. He died in 1796 and his grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Nagaakira.
 was the 8th Niwa "daimyō" of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 9th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was "Saikyō-no-daifu", and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the eldest son of Niwa Nagayoshi by a concubine. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Ienari in 1792, and became "daimyō" in 1796 on the death of his father. He was married to a daughter of Arima Yoritaka of Kurume Domain. He died in 1813 and his grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Nagatomi.
 was the 9th Niwa "daimyō" of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 10th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was "Saikyō-no-daifu", and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the eldest son of Niwa Nagaakira by a concubine. He became "daimyō" in 1813 on the death of his father and ruled Nihonmatsu Domain. He built a han school. He retired in 1858. He was married to a daughter of Arima Yorinao of Kurume Domain. He died in 1866 and his grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Nagakuni.
 was the 10th "daimyō" of Nihonmatsu Domain, and the 11th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was "Saikyō-no-daifu", and his Court rank]was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.
Nagakuni was born in Nihonmatsu as the 6th son of Niwa Nagatomi. He succeeded to the family headship upon his father's retirement in 1858. He was ordered by the Tokugawa shogunate to send military forces to increase security in Kyoto in 1864 and 1865. In 1868, with the start of the Boshin War, Nihonmatsu joined the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei, but was defeated by the forces of the Satchō Alliance, with Nihonmatsu Castle burning down during the Battle of Nihonmatsu on September 15, 1868. He subsequently made peace with the Meiji government, which ordered him to retire, and which reduced Nihonmatsu Domain from its previous "kokudaka" of 100,700 "koku" to 50,700 "koku". After the deaths of his son and grandson, he reassumed the chieftainship of the Niwa clan in 1902, and also the "kazoku" title of "shishaku" (viscount). He died in 1904 and his grave is at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.
Niwa Nagahiro.
Viscount was the 11th (and final) "daimyō" of Nihonmatsu Domain and the 12th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. Nagahiro was the 9th son of Uesugi Narinori of Yonezawa Domain; his mother was a daughter of Matsudaira Yorihiro of Takamatsu Domain. He was married to the eldest daughter of Niwa Nagakuni. Following the defeat of Nihonmatsu Domain during the Boshin War in 1868, Nagakuni was placed under house arrest in Tokyo by the new Meiji government, which also ordered him to retire. Nagakuni formally adopted his son-in-law, Nagahiro who then became "daimyō", with Nihonmatsu reduced to 50,700 "koku" (half of what it had previously held). When the post of "daimyō" was abolished, Nagahiro remained as Imperial governor of Nihonmatsu until the abolition of the han system. Nihonmatsu was incorporated into Fukushima Prefecture. In 1884, with the creation of the "kazoku" peerage system, Nagahiro received the title of "shishaku" (viscount). He died in 1886 and his brother Niwa Nagayasu (Uesugi Narinori's 11th son) became the 13th chieftain of the Niwa clan.