British K-class submarine

The K-class submarines were a class of steam-propelled submarines of the Royal Navy designed in 1913. Intended as large, fast vessels with the endurance and speed to operate with the battle fleet, they gained notoriety and the nickname of "Kalamity class" for being involved in many accidents. Of the 18 built, none were lost through enemy action, but six sank, with significant loss of life, in accidents. Only one ever engaged an enemy vessel, "K-7" hitting a U-boat amidships, though the torpedo failed to explode with what has been described as typical "K" luck; "K-7" escaped retaliation by steaming away at speed.
The class found favour with Commodore Roger Keyes, then Inspector Captain of Submarines, and with Admirals Sir John Jellicoe, Commander-in-Chief British Grand Fleet, and Sir David Beatty, Commander-in-Chief Battlecruiser Squadrons. An opponent of the class was Admiral Jacky Fisher, later First Sea Lord, who on the class' suggestion in 1913 had responded 'The most fatal error imaginable would be to put steam engines in submarines.'
Thinking about submarines and their use at the time was still in its infancy. Submarines, which later acted only by stealth, are no longer expected to be within a surface warship formation.
Design and development.
In 1913, a design outline was prepared for a new class of submarine which could operate with the surface fleet, sweeping ahead of it in a fleet action. It was intended that the submarines would get around the back of the German High Seas Fleet and ambush it as it retreated from the superior British Grand Fleet.
The boats were to be long and displace 1,700 tons on the surface. It was chosen not to proceed until results from trials of two prototypes, and , had taken place. Following the trials with "Nautilus", the slightly smaller J class was designed with a conventional diesel propulsion system.
By the middle of 1915 it was clear that the J class would not meet expectations; the triple-screw diesel configuration could only enable them to make on the surface, less than the of , which would need to be matched to accompany the fleet. It was judged that the only way to give submarines sufficient surface speed to keep up with the fleet was to power them by steam turbines.
The K-class design was resurrected and 21 boats ordered in August at a cost of £340,000 each. Only 17 were constructed, the orders for the last four being cancelled and replaced by orders for the M class. Six improved versions, "K22" to "K28" were ordered in October 1917, but only was completed by the end of the First World War.
The double hull design had a reserve buoyancy of 32.5 percent. Although powered on the surface by oil-fired steam turbines, they were also equipped with an diesel generator to charge the batteries and provide limited propulsive power in the event of problems with the boilers.
This pushed the displacement up to 1,980 tons on the surface, 2,566 tons submerged. They were equipped with four torpedo tubes at the bow, two on either beam and another pair in a swivel mounting on the superstructure for night use. The swivel pair were later removed because they were prone to damage in rough seas. The K-class submarines were fitted with a proper deckhouse, built over and around the conning tower, which gave the crew much better protection than the canvas screens fitted in previous Royal Navy submarines.
The great size of the boats (compared to their predecessors) led to control and depth-keeping problems, particularly as efficient telemotor controls had not yet been developed. This was made worse by the estimated maximum diving depth of being much less than their overall length. Even a 10-degree angle on the 339-foot-long hull would cause a difference in depth of the bow and stern, and 30 degrees would produce , which meant that while the stern would almost be on the surface, the bow would almost be at its maximum safe depth. The submarines were made more dangerous because the eight internal bulkheads were designed and tested during development to stand a pressure equivalent to only , risking their collapse if the hull was compromised at a depth below this figure.
Service.
 was the first of the class to be completed in May 1916, and trials revealed numerous problems, such as the aforementioned swivel tubes, and that their low freeboard and great length made them awkward to handle either surfaced or submerged. An early criticism of the class questioned the wisdom of combining such a large hull with so great a surface speed, producing a vessel with the pace of a destroyer and the turning circle of a battle-cruiser. Steam power required air intakes, smoke exhausts and funnels—unique on a submarine. One critic said the K-class had "too many holes"; water would pour through these holes if they were not closed tightly.
A dive from steam-powered surface operation normally required 30 minutes. Minimum time needed to secure the main engines, shift to battery motors and dive under emergency conditions was nearly 5 minutes, which, though better than the 15 minutes of the "Swordfish" prototype, was considered barely adequate. The boiler fires were first extinguished to prevent submerged buildup of fumes; a complicated series of hydraulics and mechanical rods and levers lowered the twin funnels away from each other to a horizontal position in wells in the superstructure as well as simultaneously closing hatches over the funnel uptakes. The main intake ventilators were likewise closed along with sea water connections for condensers and boiler feed. It was considered that with their of speed the submarines could turn and outrun almost any threat if they were attacked on the surface, dispensing with a need for a rapid dive. This perhaps just excused the fact that the fast 'crash dives' of conventional submarines were unattainable.
The high temperatures in the boiler room were problematical; this was to some extent alleviated by installing bigger fans. Steaming at speed tended to push the bow into the water, making the already poor sea-keeping worse. To fix this a bulbous "swan bow" was added, which also incorporated a 'quick blowing' ballast tank to improve handling. Nevertheless, there were still problems with seaworthiness, such as that in a heavy storm, sea water could enter the boat through the short twin funnels and put the boiler fires out. The boats suffered numerous accidents, largely caused by their poor manoeuvrability when operating with the surface fleet, including:
 and were both trapped on the bottom of Gareloch; their crews were luckier than that of "K13" in that after several hours submerged they managed to claw their way back to the surface.
 held the unofficial record for maximum diving depth () following an uncontrolled descent to the bottom of the Pentland Firth. The ship managed to surface without further difficulty despite spending an unrecorded period below 'crush depth.'
"K4" ran aground on Walney Island in January 1917 and remained stranded there for some time.
Morale was a frequent problem. Submariners were 'Volunteers Only,' and the class reputation as being designated 'K' for Kalamity (or Killer) did little to endear them to their crews, or provide a steady stream of volunteers. Sailors serving aboard the boats blackly dubbed themselves the "Suicide Club."
With a dive time of around 5 minutes (with the record being 3 minutes 25 seconds which was claimed by ) it allowed the captain the luxury of being able to walk around the superstructure to ensure that the funnels were securely folded. The last, improved, boat, "K26" was completed slowly, being commissioned in 1923. She had six bow torpedo tubes but retained the 18-inch beam tubes. Her higher casing almost cured the problems of seawater entering the boiler room, and improved ballast tank arrangements cut the diving time to 3 minutes 12 seconds to get to . She also had an increased maximum diving depth of .
Most were scrapped between 1921 and 1926 but "K26" survived until 1931, then being broken up because her displacement exceeded the limits for submarine displacement in the London Naval Treaty of 1930. "K18", "K19" and "K20" became the new M-class submarines. "K21", "K23", "K24", "K25", "K27" and "K28" were cancelled. Although the concept of a submarine fast enough to operate with a battle fleet eventually fell out of favour, it was still an important consideration in the design of the in the late 1920s.