Barbarossa-class ocean liner

The "Barbarossa" class was a class of ocean liners of North German Lloyd and the Hamburg America Line of the German Empire. Of the ten ships built between 1896 and 1902, six were built by AG Vulcan Stettin, three were built by Blohm & Voss, and one was built by Schichau-Werke; all were built in Germany. They averaged and featured twin screw propellers driven by quadruple-expansion steam engines.
History.
Early career.
The first four ships of the class, , , , and , were launched in 1896 for North German Lloyd ( or NDL) in a combination class usable on several of NDL's routes. The class was intended to be called the "Bremen" class, but delays in the building of that ship caused the class to instead be named after "Barbarossa". Despite the name of the class, the first ship launched was "Friedrich der Grosse" in August—at , the first German ship over —followed by "Barbarossa", "Königin Luise", and "Bremen" at monthly intervals. These first four ships were used on Australian, Far East, and North Atlantic routes for NDL. On Australian and Far East voyages, the liners transited the Suez Canal, and were, along with NDL's , the largest ships regularly using the canal. The size of these liners was a principal reason for the canal's deepening; "Bremen", on one trip to Australia, became the first ship to transit the newly deepened canal.
The latter six ships, two for NDL and four for the Hamburg America Line (German: "Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Aktien-Gesellschaft" or HAPAG) were launched between June 1899 and November 1901. NDL's two liners, and were launched a year apart in June 1899 and June 1900, respectively, and were used on Far East and North Atlantic routes. Beginning in 1904 they were mainly used on the Italy–New York route.
Of the four HAPAG liners, two, and , were launched in November 1899 and September 1900 for the Far East mail routes that HAPAG and NDL shared. Displeased with the Far East service, HAPAG withdrew and transferred "Hamburg" to North Atlantic service and traded "Kiautschou" to NDL for five freighters in 1904. "Kiautschou", renamed by NDL to "Princess Alice", became the only "Barbarossa"-class ship to sail for both of the major German passenger lines. She stayed on the Far East mail route until 1914.
The last two "Barbarossa" ships were and , launched in August and November 1901. "Moltke" spent time on North Atlantic and Mediterranean routes; "Blücher" on North Atlantic and South American routes.
World War I.
At the outbreak of World War I, rather than face capture or destruction at the hands of the British Royal Navy, most of the "Barbarossa"-class ships were interned in neutral ports. "König Albert" and "Moltke" were interned at Genoa, while "Blücher" was interned at Pernambuco, Brazil. Five ships were interned at U.S.-controlled ports: four—"Barbarossa", "Friedrich der Grosse", "Prinzess Irene", and "Hamburg"—were interned at Hoboken, New Jersey, and "Princess Alice" was interned at Cebu, Philippine Islands. Only "Königin Luise" and "Bremen" were in German ports, where they remained throughout the war. In September 1914, "Hamburg" was briefly renamed and chartered to the American Red Cross. Sailing under the name "Red Cross", she made one roundtrip voyage to Europe before returning to New York, and her previous name.
As Italy, the United States, and Brazil successively joined the war, each seized the interned "Barbarossa" ships (along with all other German and Austro-Hungarian ships) and renamed them. In Italy, "Moltke" became "Pesaro", while "König Albert" became hospital ship "Ferdinando Palasciano"; in Brazil, "Blücher" became "Leopoldina". The five ships interned under U.S. control all became United States Navy transport ships, and were renamed as follows:
These five ex-German transports carried over 95,000 American troops to France before the Armistice.
Postwar service.
At the conclusion of World War I, war reparations permanently assigned the eight seized ships to the nations that held them. Further, "Königin Luise" and "Bremen", safely laid up in Germany during the war, were assigned to the UK. Apart from those two, only two other "Barbarossa"-class ships changed national registry after the war. Brazil sold "Leopoldina" (the ex-"Blücher") to the French "Compagnie Générale Transatlantique" which operated her under the name "Suffren". "Pocahontas" (the ex-"Prinzess Irene") was laid up in Gibraltar after mechanical failures and was purchased by NDL in 1923. She became the only member of the "Barbarossa" class to resume sailing under the German flag. First renamed "Bremen" and later "Karlsruhe" (to free the name "Bremen" for a newer ship), she sailed primarily on the Bremen–New York route.
In 1922, "City of Honolulu" (the ex-"Friedrich der Grosse"), sailing on her first roundtrip on the Los Angeles–Honolulu route for the Los Angeles Steamship Company, caught fire and burned in a calm sea. No one on board was killed or injured when the lifeboats were launched, and when towing the burned hulk proved unsuccessful, the ship was sunk by gunfire from a United States Coast Guard Cutter; she was the only member of the "Barbarossa" class to sink. By the end of the 1920s, six more "Barbarossa" ships had met their ends at the hands of shipbreakers, and none of the remaining three ships would survive the next decade. All were scrapped by 1935, bringing an end to the career of the "Barbarossa" class.