Kreuzer

The Kreuzer (), in English usually kreutzer, was a coin and unit of currency in the southern German states prior to the introduction of the German gold mark in 1871/73, and in Austria and Switzerland. After 1760 it was made of copper.
Early history.
In 1559 a value of 60 Kreuzer to 1 gulden had been adopted throughout the Southern states of the Holy Roman Empire, but the northern German states declined to join, and used Groschen instead of Kreuzer. The Kreuzer in turn was worth about 4.2 Pfennig, or pennies. Thus one (golden) Gulden was worth 60 Kreuzer, or 252 Pfennig. Later currencies adopted a standard relationship of 240 Pfennig = 60 Kreuzer = 1 Gulden.
Following the adoption of the in 1754, two distinct Kreuzer came into being. The first, sometimes referred to as the , was worth 1/120 of a , valuing the gulden at half a . This was used in Austria-Hungary. However, the states of southern Germany adopted a smaller Kreuzer worth 1/144 of a , thus valuing the Gulden at 5/12 of a . In fact, the southern German states issued coins denominated in Kreuzer up to 6 Kreuzer (equal to 5 ), but in for higher denominations.
South Germany 1837–1873.
The South German Currency Union of 1837 used a system of 60 Kreuzer = 1 Gulden and 1¾ Gulden = 1 Thaler, with the Kreuzer equal to the old Kreuzer Landmünze. These Kreuzer continued in circulation until decimalization, following the unification of Germany in 1871.
Austria-Hungary 1857–1892.
Austria-Hungary decimalized in 1857, adopting a system of 100 Kreuzer = 1 Gulden, Austrian Florin or Hungarian forint, 1½ gulden = 1 Vereinsthaler. It was known as "krajczár" in Hungarian ("krajcár" in modern orthography), "krejcar" in Czech, "grajciar" in Slovak, "krajcar" in Slovene, "krajcer" in Bosnian, "creițar" or "crăițar" in Romanian, "grajcar" in Polish.