WASP-33b

WASP-33b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 15082. It is the first planet discovered to orbit a Delta Scuti variable star. With a semimajor axis of 0.026 AU and a mass which is likely greater than Jupiter's mass, it belongs to the hot Jupiter class of planets.
Discovery.
In 2010, the SuperWASP project announced the discovery of an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 15082. The discovery was made by detecting the transit of the planet as it passes in front of its star, an event that occurs every 1.22 days.
Orbit.
A study in 2012, utilizing the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect, determined the planetary orbit is strongly misaligned with the equatorial plane of the star, misalignment equal to −107.7°, making the orbit of WASP-33b retrograde.
Physical characteristics.
Limits from radial velocity measurements imply it has less than 4.1 times the mass of Jupiter. The exoplanet orbits so close to its star that its surface temperature is about . The transit was later recovered in Hipparcos data.
Atmosphere.
In June 2015 NASA reported the exoplanet has a stratosphere, and the atmosphere contains titanium oxide which creates the stratosphere. Titanium oxide is one of only a few compounds that is a strong absorber of visible and ultraviolet radiation, which heats the atmosphere, and is able to exist in a gas state in a hot atmosphere. The detection of temperature inversion (stratosphere), water and titanium oxide was disproved with the higher quality data obtained by 2020. Only upper limit of titanium oxide volume mixing rate equal to 1 ppb can be obtained.
In 2020, with the detection of secondary eclipses (when the planet is blocked by its star), the mass of the planet along with temperature profile across its surface was measured. "WASP-33b" has strong winds in its atmosphere, similar to Venus, shifting the hottest spot 28.7±7.1 degrees to the west. The averaged wind speed is 8.5 km/s in the thermosphere. The illuminated side brightness temperature is 3014±60 K, while the nightside brightness temperature is 1605±45 K.
The atmospheric escape driven by hydrogen Balmer line absorption is relatively modest, totaling about one to ten Earth`s masses per billion years.
The water in dayside atmosphere of WASP-33b is mostly dissociated to hydroxyl radicals due to high temperature, as planetary emission spectra indicated.
Non-Keplerian features of motion for WASP-33b.
In view of the high rotational speed of its parent star, the orbital motion of WASP-33b may be affected in a measurable way by the huge oblateness of the star and effects of general relativity.
First, the distorted shape of the star makes its gravitational field deviate from the usual Newtonian inverse-square law. The same is true for the Sun, and part of the precession of the orbit of Mercury is due to this effect. However, it is estimated to be formula_1 greater for WASP-33b.
Other effects will also be greater for WASP-33b. In particular, precession due to general relativistic frame-dragging should be formula_2 greater for WASP-33b than for Mercury, where it is so far too small to have been observed. It has been argued that the oblateness of HD 15082 could be measured at a percent accuracy from a 10-year analysis of the time variations of the planet's transits. Effects due to the planet's oblateness are smaller by at least one order of magnitude, and they depend on the unknown angle between the planet's equator and the orbital plane, perhaps making them undetectable. The effects of frame-dragging are slightly too small to be measured by such an experiment.