
Early Cambrian geochemical fluctuations

The start of the Cambrian period is marked by 'fluctuations' in a number of geochemical records, including Strontium, Sulfur and Carbon isotopic excursions. While these anomalies are difficult to interpret, a number of possibilities have been put forward. They probably represent changes on a global scale, and as such may help to constrain possible causes of the Cambrian explosion.
The chemical signature may be related to continental break-up, the end of a "global glaciation", or a catastrophic drop in productivity caused by a mass extinction just before the beginning of the Cambrian.
Isotopes.
Isotopes are different forms of elements; they have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus, meaning they have very similar chemical properties, but different mass. The weight difference means that some isotopes are discriminated against in chemical processes – for example, plants find it easier to incorporate the lighter 12C than heavy 13C. Other isotopes are only produced as a result of the radioactive decay of other elements, such as 87Sr, the daughter isotope of 87Rb. Rb, and therefore 87Sr, is common in the crust, so abundance of 87Sr in a sample of sediment (relative to 86Sr) is related to the amount of sediment which originated in the crust, as opposed to from the oceans.
The ratios of three major isotopes, 87Sr / 86Sr, 34S / 32S and 13C / 12C, undergo dramatic fluctuations around the beginning of the Cambrian.
Carbon isotopes.
Carbon has 2 stable isotopes, carbon-12 (12C) and carbon-13 (13C). The ratio between the two is denoted , and represents a number of factors.
Because organic matter preferentially takes up the lighter 12C, an increase in productivity increases the of the rest of the system, and vice versa. Some carbon reservoirs are very isotopically light: for instance, biogenic methane, produced by bacterial decomposition, has a of −60‰ – vast, when 1‰ is a large fluctuation! An injection of carbon from one of these reservoirs could therefore account for the early Cambrian drop in .
Causes often suggested for changes in the ratio of 13C to 12C found in rocks include:
Strontium isotopes.
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Sulfur isotopes.
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Other chemical fluctuations.
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