Birecik

 
Birecik (Greek and Latin: "Birtha", ; ; , ), also formerly known as "Bir", "Biré", "Biradjik" and during the Crusades as "Bile", is a town and district of Şanlıurfa Province of Turkey, on the River Euphrates.
Built on a limestone cliff 400 ft. high on the left/east bank of the Euphrates, "at the upper part of a reach of that river, which runs nearly north-south, and just below a sharp bend in the stream, where it follows that course after coming from a long reach flowing more from the west".
Archaeology.
Birecik Dam Cemetery is an Early Bronze Age cemetery near Birecik. It was used extensively for about 500 years at the beginning of the third millennium BC. More than 300 graves were excavated here in 1997 and 1998. The site was discovered during the building of the Birecik Dam as part of the GAP project.
The cemetery was used between 3100-2600 BC.
Ancient city.
The 1911 "Encyclopædia Britannica" identified Birecik with ancient Apamea or its suburb Seleucia and described it as opposite Zeugma, with which it was connected by a bridge of boats. At the same time, it added that "the place seems to have had a pre-Seleucid existence as Birtha, a name which revived under Roman rule". Later discoveries have shown that the identification with Apamea and its Zeugma (the word "zeugma" meant "junction" and referred to a junction of roads at a point where a pontoon bridge crossed a river) is false: Bali, some 17 kilometres upstream is now seen as the site of Zeugma, and there may have been no bridge of boats at Birtha/Birecik until the crossings at Zeugma and at Tell-Ahmar (further down) lost popularity. These, rather than the crossing at Birecik/Birtha may therefore be what the 1911 publication said "was used from time immemorial in the passage from North Syria to Haran (Charrae), Edessa and North Mesopotamia, and was second in importance only to that at Thapsacus, by which crossed the route to Babylon and South Mesopotamia."
The placing of Apamea-Zeugma further upstream and the identification of Birecik with Roman Birtha was already stated in the "American Journal of Archaeology" in 1917; and William Smith's "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography" (1854) clearly identified Birtha with Birecik, although at another point it seems to confuse it with "[[Zeugma, Commagene|the Zeugma of Commagene"]], the province on the right/west bank of the river.
The name "Birtha" is found in no ancient Greek or Roman writer, although "Bithra" ([[Greek language|Greek]]: ) (probably meant for "Birtha") appears in the account by [[Zosimus]] of the invasion of [[Mesopotamia]] by [[Roman Empire|Roman Emperor]] [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]] in AD 363.
The Greeks at one stage called what is now Birecik by the name Macedonopolis (anglicized also as Makedonoupolis) The city represented by bishops at the [[First Council of Nicaea]] and the [[Council of Chalcedon]] is called by this name in Latin and Greek records, but Birtha in [[Syriac language|Syriac]] texts. A 6 AD inscription in Syriac found at Birecik contains an epitaph of Zarbian, "commander of Birtha".
Bishopric.
As an [[episcopal see]], Birtha/Birecik was a [[suffragan]] of the [[metropolitan see]] of [[Edessa]], the capital of the [[Roman province]] of [[Osrhoene]]. This is attested in a "[[Notitia Episcopatuum]]" of 599, which assigns to it the first place among the suffragans.
The names of three of its bishops are recorded in extant documents. Mareas signed the acts of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 as bishop of Macedonopolis, The chronicle of [[Michael the Syrian]] speaks of a Daniel of Birtha at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, while [[Giovanni Domenico Mansi]] calls him bishop of Macedonopolis. The Chronicle of [[Joshua the Stylite]] tells of a Bishop Sergius of Birtha who was entrusted by the [[Byzantine Empire|Emperor]] [[Anastasius I Dicorus]] with refortifying the city, something that must have occurred after peace was made with the Persians in 504. The work was completed by [[Justinian]].
No longer a residential bishopric, Birtha is today listed by the [[Catholic Church]] as a [[titular see]].
Modern history.
[[Timur Leng]] destroyed the town in the 14th century.
Birecik was the scene of an unusually cruel massacre and persecution of Armenians in 1895.
[[Birecik Dam]] and hydroelectric power plant, part of the [[Southeastern Anatolia Project]], is situated within the district. The [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] city of [[Zeugma, Commagene|Zeugma]] is now drowned in the reservoir behind the dam. Zeugma's famous mosaics, including the 'river god', have been taken to [[Gaziantep]] Museum, but some rescued remains of Zeugma are exhibited in Birecik. With its rich architectural heritage, Birecik is a member of the [[Norwich]]-based [[European Association of Historic Towns and Regions]] ([[EAHTR]]) 
The [[northern bald ibis]] used to nest here and winter in the deserts of Arabia, up to 1,000 pairs in the 1960s. Now a few dozen birds remain and these no longer migrate but remain protected year-round in Birecik.
Birecik is a bridge across the Euphrates and a useful stopping place on the road from Şanlıurfa to Gaziantep, with waterside restaurants.
External links.
[[Category:Greek colonies in Anatolia]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated places in Şanlıurfa Province]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]]
[[Category:Districts of Şanlıurfa Province]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Asia]]
[[Category:Aleppo Vilayet]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Turkey]]