Choe Hyon

Choe Hyon (, 6 May 1907 – 10 April 1982), also known as Sai Ken (after the Japanese pronunciation of his name), was a North Korean general and politician.
Choe fought in the anti-Japanese struggle since 1932. He became one of the most important military leaders of the armed resistance in Manchuria. His merits surpassed those of Kim Il-sung, including leading troops in the Battle of Pochonbo, later attributed to Kim in North Korean propaganda. The two were, however, close friends during and after the guerrilla years. After the liberation of Korea, the guerrillas chose Kim among themselves to be the leader of North Korea, even though Choe was his senior and had a higher rank in the Communist Party of China (CPC).
In North Korea, Choe assumed command of the highly strategic Kanggye Regiment of the 1st Division in the newly organized Korean People's Army (KPA). During the Korean War, he commanded the KPA II Corps. After the war, Choe was given posts in the politics of North Korea, including the office of Minister of People's Armed Forces, which he held from 1968 until 1976. During this time, several ex-guerrillas were purged, but Choe maintained his position thanks to his personal relationship with Kim Il-sung.
Early life.
Choe Hyon was born on 6 May 1907 in Hunchun, Jilin, China. Choe's father was Choe Hwa-shim. Hwa-shim had served in the Hong Beomdo Unit of the Korean Independence Army in the early 1900s. His mother reportedly died in 1920 after the Japanese invaded Manchuria to suppress the March 1st Movement. As such, Choe Hyon had an advantageous revolutionary background.
The Japanese arrested Choe in 1925 and put him in jail in Yanji for seven years. Upon his release, Choe joined the anti-Japanese guerrilla movement in July 1932. Thereafter, Choe fought as a guerrilla in the anti-Japanese struggle. He rose to a leadership position in the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army of the Chinese, and became a member of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Choe also fought in the Soviet 88th Brigade.
The Battle of Pochonbo in 1937 is highly important in the North Korean cult of personality of Kim Il-sung as its victory is attributed to him. Some evidence, however, point to the conclusion that it was Choe Hyon, not Kim Il-sung, who commanded the troops that raided Pochonbo. Choe reportedly also led troops into battle in Musan and Gansanbong.
The army led by Choe was one of the main targets of the Japanese during a phase of the Pacification of Manchukuo that began in 1939. Dennis Halpin concludes in "The National Interest" that "Choe Hyon may well have been the key leader in the anti-Japanese colonial struggle in Manchuria and along the Korean border". According to Halpin, this discredits the revolutionary legitimacy of the Kim dynasty and lends it to Choe Hyon's son, Choe Ryong-hae, instead. North Korea has subsequently edited photographs from this era to emphasize Kim's role.
Choe Hyon was a close associate of Kim Il-sung during their guerrilla years. Choe was older than Kim Il-sung. As such, Choe did not have to use honorifics when speaking to him, although according to Kim Il-sung's autobiography "With the Century", this was of Kim's insistence:
Career after the liberation of Korea.
After the liberation of Korea, Choe was brought into the politics of North Korea as part of the Guerrilla faction, a group of about 200 ex-guerillas. There is evidence that the top guerrillas, including Kim Il-sung, Kim Chaek, Kim Il, Choe Yong-gon, and Choe Hyon himself, agreed among themselves to promote Kim Il-sung as the leader of the future country just before they returned to Korea in September 1945. This was at odds with the fact that both Kim Chaek and Choe Hyon were higher-ranking members in the CPC. It was decided, however, that Kim Il-sung had the best reputation and abilities. Choe consequentially missed out on the supreme leadership of the country, but became part of its core elite nonetheless.
After the liberation, the Korean People's Army (KPA) was organized. Choe become the commander of the Kanggye Regiment of the 1st Division. The regiment was of particular strategic importance because of its location in Kanggye. Choe also led the Military Liberation College that trained special forces. Additionally, Choe commanded the 2nd Division of the KPA and, during the Korean War, the II Corps.
After the Korean War.
After the Korean War, Choe became a member of the 3rd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) in 1956. Choe rose in the ranks of the party in the late 1960s at a "spectacular" rate. He had been chairman of the party's Military Affairs Commission since 1965, but lacked a seat in the Political Committee, to which he was then appointed in October 1966 as a full member, skipping the usual stage of being an alternate member first.In the late 1960s–early 1970s, Choe was one of the most powerful individuals in North Korean politics and military. As a member of the Central Military Commission of the WPK, Choe was one of "the seven most powerful men in North Korea". With his post as the Minister of People's Armed Forces, Choe was "probably the most powerful individual in the military area other than Kim Il-sŏng himself". By this time, Choe was Kim's best personal friend and renowned for his guerrilla past. Choe lived in high-end neighborhood of Changkwang-dong, near Kim Il-sung's mansion.
Choe became Minister of People's Armed Forces in late 1968, succeeding Choe Kwang, after serving as the vice minister first. Choe served as the minister until 1976, when O Jin-u replaced him "for health reasons". Choe was made minister not for his education – he was "nearly illiterate" – but for his loyalty. Although some members of the Guerrilla faction were purged in the 1960s, Choe maintained his position power. He became a member in the Politburo of the WPK at the 5th Congress of the WPK in 1970 and retained this position after the 6th Congress in 1980. During this time in particular, Choe had considerable power in the army. He remained at the top of the military until the end of his career. Choe had a talent for unconventional warfare in particular.
Legacy and death.
Choe published an autobiography, "Over the Mountain-Waves of Mt. Paektu". Robert A. Scalapino and Chong-Sik Lee critically assess it as follows: "Though very revealing, some sections, particularly on his first encounters with Kim Il-sŏng, are so propagandistic as to be largely unreliable". Choe's first encounter with Kim are also recounted in Choe's memoir "The Unforgettable First Meeting" in "Reminiscences of the Anti-Japanese Guerillas", and in Kim Il-sung's autobiography, "With the Century". A meeting with Choe inspired the poet Cho Ki-chon to write his epic poem, "Mt. Paektu", in 1947 about the Battle of Pochonbo. The resulting poem was a foundational work of Kim Il-sung's cult of personality. Choe's life is also chronicled in the 55th installment of the multi-part film "Nation and Destiny".
Choe died on 10 April 1982. The 30th anniversary of his death in 2012 was marked prominently in North Korea. A memorial service was held, wreaths were laid at the Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery, and the Korean Central News Agency published an article praising him. This came at a time when his son Choe Ryong-hae rose up in the ranks of the WPK and was heavily featured at the 4th Conference of the WPK and an annual meeting of the SPA.
Choe held the title of Hero of the Republic. Choe's son is Choe Ryong-hae (born 1950). He also had a daughter, Gop-dan.

Nobuaki "Warren" Iwatake (岩竹信明. 1923–2012) was an American citizen who was drafted by the Imperial Japanese Army to serve as a radio operator and communications intercepter.
Family history.
Born in Kahului, Hawaii, Iwatake was the eldest son of six children and was raised in Kahului. His father, a Kobayashi store employee, presumed drowned from a fishing trip at Peahi. With the loss of the family breadwinner, his mother, four brothers, and one sister moved to Hiroshima, Japan, to live with an uncle in November, 1940. Warren stayed on Maui to graduate from Maui High School 1941. Six months before Pearl Harbor, he left to rejoin his family in Japan.
Service in Imperial Japanese Army.
Iwatake was drafted into the Imperial Japanese Army from a Japanese college in 1943. Iwatake missed the Battle of Iwo Jima due to a submarine attack on his ship's convoy, and was subsequently stationed on Chichi-jima, 150 miles north of Iwo Jima. American forces bombed Chichi-jima to cut radio communications between the islands. He was present when former United States President George H.W. Bush was shot down over the Pacific in his Avenger bomber, in September 1944, and was later rescued by a submarine. Two American crewman with Bush were killed. Bush's task was to bomb the island's communication towers, and any Imperial Japanese forces. Due to the "island hopping" strategy by American forces, the island was spared an invasion.
Iwatake was also present when Japanese Imperial forces captured an American pilot from Texas by the name of Warren Earl Vaughn. Mr. Iwatake was assigned to guard and work with Warren Earl Vaughn on Chichi Jima. Iwatake and Warren Earl spent many hours talking and developed a personal relationship.
According to Iwatake, one evening after a bath, the two were walking back when Iwatake fell into a bomb pit. "It was pitch black and I couldn't get out. He reached to me and said take his hand," and Warren Earl pulled Iwatake out. Shortly after the fall of Iwo Jima in March 1945, the pilot was taken away by other Japanese naval officers and beheaded. Iwatake adopted and kept the name "Warren" in honor and remembrance of his American friend. The story of Warren Earl Vaughn, Iwatake's observation of the rescue of George H.W. Bush, and the experiences of other Americans on the island is recounted in the book "" by James Bradley. Warren Iwatake and President George H.W. Bush met on Chichi Jima in 2002 in a symbolic reunion of veterans from both sides of the conflict.
Iwatake's youngest brother died in the Hiroshima atomic bomb attack, while attending a school about 500 yards from ground zero. Iwatake's uncle, Dr. Hiroshi Iwatake, was badly burned in the atomic explosion, but regained his health and lived into the 1980s. Hiroshi Iwatake's story is recounted in the 1966 (1969 Kodansha English translation by John Bester) historical novel "Black Rain" by Masuji Ibuse. Though centered around fictional characters, the novel is based on interviews with actual atom bomb survivors, including Hiroshi Iwatake.
After the war, Iwatake served as a translator for the American embassy in Tokyo for 35 years. He died in 2012 at the age of 88.
References.
Verbal References: