Marcello-class submarine

The "Marcello" class was a class of nine submarines built in 1937 and 1938 by CRDA in Trieste for the Royal Italian Navy (). Two similar submarines built in 1939 at La Spezia by Oto Melara are sometimes considered part of the class. All eleven served in the Mediterranean Sea at the start of the Second World War. After s 1940 sinking, the remaining boats were transferred to the BETASOM Atlantic submarine base at Bordeaux in August 1940. After four boats had been sunk in the Atlantic, and were then selected for conversion to "transport submarines" in order to exchange rare or irreplaceable trade goods with Japan. Cargo capacity of 160 tons reduced reserve buoyancy from 20–25% to 3.5–6%; and armament was reduced to defensive machine guns. Only was in operational condition at the end of the war.
Class members.
"Marcello".
 (pennant number ML) was launched on 20 November 1937 and completed on 5 March 1938. When Italy declared war, "Marcello" was temporarily disabled by air conditioning system leaks. Leakage of chloromethane refrigerants during submerged operations had caused central nervous system poisoning of the crew. After unsuccessful patrols in the Mediterranean, "Marcello" sailed on 31 October 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 5 November for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 2 December. "Marcello" sank one ship on its first BETASOM patrol and was lost to unknown causes on its next patrol in late February 1941.
"Dandolo".
"Dandolo" (pennant number DO) was launched 20 November 1937 and completed on 25 March 1938. After unsuccessful patrols in the Mediterranean, "Dandolo" sailed on 13 August 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 16 August for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 10 September. "Dandolo" sank one ship and damaged another en route to Bordeaux. After an unsuccessful patrol, "Dandolo" sank one ship on its second BETASOM patrol. After another unsuccessful patrol, "Dandolo" sailed from Bordeaux on 26 June, passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 2 July, and returned to Naples on 7 July. "Dandolo" spent the remainder of the war in the Mediterranean damaging a neutral French tanker on 4 November 1941, sinking the neutral Spanish freighter "Castillo Oropesa" on 8 November 1941, and damaging the cruiser on 16 July 1943. "Dandolo" sailed to the United States after the Italian armistice, and was scrapped in 1948.
"Mocenigo".
 (pennant number MO) was launched 20 November 1937. "Mocenigo" was sunk off Cagliari during a 13 May 1943 USAAF air raid.
"Nani".
 (pennant number NI) was launched 16 January 1938. After unsuccessful patrols in the Mediterranean, "Nani" sailed on 29 September 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 4 November. "Nani" sank two ships en route to Bordeaux. "Nani" was lost to unknown causes sometime after 3 January 1941 on its first BETASOM patrol.j According to the Daily Telegraph obituary of Cpt Humphrey Boyes-Smith RN who died 24/6/99, Nani was sunk by depth charges from the Flower-class corvette HMS "Anemone" on 7/1/41.
"Veniero".
 (pennant number VN) was launched 14 February 1938 and completed on 6 June. After an unsuccessful Mediterranean patrol, "Veniero" passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 7 July 1940 for an Atlantic patrol near the Canary Islands and returned past Gibraltar on 27 July. This was the first Axis submarine to pass Gibraltar during World War II, and the report of conditions delivered upon return to Naples on 1 August assisted future attempts to pass the strait. "Veniero" sailed on 28 September 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 2 November. After sinking two ships in six BETASOM patrols, "Veniero" sailed from Bordeaux on 8 August 1941 and returned through the Strait of Gibraltar to La Spezia on 2 September. On its seventh patrol after return to the Mediterranean, "Veniero" was sunk by a Consolidated PBY Catalina on 7 June 1942.
"Provana".
"Provana" (pennant number PR) was launched 16 March 1938. "Provana" was the first Italian submarine lost after Italy's declaration of war. "Provana" was sunk by the French sloop "La Curieuse" on 16 June 1940.
"Barbarigo".
"Barbarigo" (pennant number BO) was launched 12 June 1938. After unsuccessful patrols in the Mediterranean, "Barbarigo" sailed on 13 August 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 8 September. After unsuccessful BETASOM patrols from 14 October to 13 November 1940 and from 10 February to 8 March 1941, "Barbarigo" damaged the British freighter "Manchester Port" on 15 May 1941. "Barbarigo" sank two ships on its fourth BETASOM patrol. After an unsuccessful patrol from 22 October to 12 November 1941, "Barbarigo" sank the neutral Spanish freighter "Navemar" on 23 January 1942. "Barbarigo" sank one ship and damaged another during its seventh BETASOM patrol. Following an encounter with cruisers and coming to assist the damaged ship, Captain Grossi notoriously asserted he had sunk a battleship of the United States Navy. On the following patrol, a similarly unsuccessful launch of torpedoes at the HMS "Petunia" was reported as the sinking of another battleship. "Barbarigo" sank two Allied ships and another neutral Spanish freighter "Monte Igueldo" on its ninth BETASOM patrol. After conversion to a transport submarine, "Barbarigo" sailed from Bordeaux on 17 June 1943 and was sunk by aircraft in the Bay of Biscay. 
"Emo".
 (pennant number EO) was launched 29 June 1938 and completed on 10 October. After an unsuccessful first war patrol in the Mediterranean, "Emo" sailed on 29 August 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 3 October. "Emo" sank one ship en route to Bordeaux. After unsuccessful patrols from 31 October to 6 November 1940 and from 5 December to 1 January 1941, "Emo" sank one ship on its third BETASOM patrol. After another unsuccessful BETASOM patrol, "Emo" sailed from Bordeaux on 20 August and passed the Strait of Gibraltar to return to Naples on 1 September 1941. After spending two months as a training boat at the submarine school in Pula, "Emo" completed several Mediterranean war patrols before being sunk by the naval trawler HMS "Lord Nuffield" on 7 November 1942 during the preliminary stages of Operation Torch.
"Morosini".
 (pennant number MS) was launched 28 July 1938. After unsuccessful war patrols in the Mediterranean, "Morosini" sailed on 25 October 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 31 October for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 28 November. After unsuccessful patrols from 22 January to 24 February and from 30 April to 20 May 1941, "Morosini" sank two ships on its third BETASOM patrol. After two more unsuccessful patrols, "Morosini" sank two ships during Operation Neuland. While returning to France after sinking another ship during a second patrol to the Caribbean Sea, "Morosini" was lost to unknown causes after 8 August 1942.
"Comandante Alfredo Cappellini".
"Cappellini" (pennant number CL) was launched 14 May 1939 as the first boat of the "improved "Marcello" class". After an unsuccessful war patrol in the Mediterranean, "Cappellini" sailed on 29 September 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 5 October for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 5 November. "Cappellini" sank one ship en route to Bordeaux and two ships on its first BETASOM patrol. After unsuccessful patrols from 16 April to 20 May, 29 June to 6 July, and 17 November to 29 December 1941, "Cappellini" sank two ships on its fifth BETASOM patrol. During the following patrol, "Cappellini" participated in rescue operations of the Laconia incident. After another unsuccessful patrol, "Cappelini" was converted to a transport submarine. "Cappellini" sailed on 11 May and reached Singapore on 13 July 1943 with 160 tons of mercury, aluminum, welding steel, 20mm guns, ammunition, bomb prototypes, bombsights and tank blueprints. "Cappellini" was seized by Germany following the Italian armistice of September 1943 and commissioned into the "Kriegsmarine" as "UIT-24". "UIT-24" was then seized by the Imperial Japanese Navy following German surrender in May 1945 and renamed "I-503". "I-503" was found at Kobe when Japan surrendered and scuttled in Kii Suido by the United States Navy.
"Comandante Faà di Bruno".
 (also called "Faà di Bruno") (pennant number FB) was launched 18 June 1939 and completed on 23 October 1939 as the second boat of the "improved "Marcello" class". After two unsuccessful war patrols in the Mediterranean, "Faà di Bruno" sailed on 28 August 1940 and passed the Strait of Gibraltar on 3 September for an Atlantic patrol to Bordeaux on 5 October. "Faà di Bruno" was lost to unknown causes on its first BETASOM patrol after sailing from Bordeaux on 31 October 1940.