M-class minesweeper (Germany)

The M class were the standard minesweeper () of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. The vessels were the primary force in Germany's harbor defense command and were organized administratively into minesweeper flotillas.
History.
M1915 and M1916.
A total of 36 old units from World War I served in World War II. Some of these were converted to experimental ships, artillery school ships, fleet tenders or R-boat tenders, and 1 (ex-M109) was converted into a survey ship. In 1940, most of these converted vessels were re-designated as minesweepers again.
M1935.
The first series; the M1935 were ordered in the late 1930s to replace worn out World War I vintage boats. These ships proved versatile and seaworthy. The vessels could also undertake convoy escort, anti-submarine warfare and minelaying tasks as well as minesweeping. However, the ships were very expensive and complicated to build, and their oil-fired boilers meant they suffered from the fuel shortages in the later years of the war. A total of 69 ships were built in eight different shipyards, between 1937 and 1941. 34 were lost during the war.
M1940.
Although the M1935 was a very satisfactory vessel, it was complex and expensive to build and a simplified design was put into production in 1941. These ships had coal-fired boilers because of oil shortages. A total of 127 ships were built between 1941 and 1944, and 63 M1940 class ships were sunk during the war.
Four vessels of this type were launched for the Romanian Navy in 1943 as the "Democrația" class. They were built locally from German materials. These Romanian warships had a standard displacement of 543 tons and a full load displacement of 775 tons. They measured 62 meters in length, with a beam of 8.5 meters and a draught of 2.3 meters. Armament consisted of two 88 mm guns plus one twin 37 mm and three single 20 mm anti-aircraft guns, as well as two depth charge throwers. Two-shaft triple-expansion coal engines generated an output of 2,400 hp resulting in a top speed of 17 knots and a range 1,043 nautical miles at that speed. Each of the four vessels ("DB-13", "DB-14", "DB-15" and "DB-16") had a crew of 80. In 1951, their power plants were converted to oil. The four ships were commissioned post-war, between 1953 and 1955.
M1943.
This was a further simplified and slightly enlarged version of the M1940. These ships were designed for pre-fabrication and were produced in four versions:
Only 18 vessels were completed by the time the war ended.
Post-war.
After the end of the war the surviving ships were allocated to the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union.
Many were assigned to the German Mine Sweeping Administration under British control to clear the coast of Northern Europe of mines. Several were later also given to France and Norway, and two to Italy.
Eleven of the ships were returned to Germany in 1956/57 and were recommissioned into the "Bundesmarine".
Fourteen M1940-type minesweepers (known as the "Guadiaro" class) were built for the Spanish Navy in Spanish shipyards. Seven of them were modernised with some help from the US Navy and served in the Spanish Navy for more than thirty years.