Jean de Reszke

Jean de Reszke (14 January 18503 April 1925) was a Polish tenor and opera star.
Early years.
Jan Mieczysław Reszke was born into comfortable circumstances in Warsaw, Congress Poland, in 1850. Both his parents were Poles; his father was a state official and his mother a capable amateur singer, their house being a recognized musical centre. Reszke sang as a boy in Warsaw Cathedral and later studied law at the city's university, but after a few years he abandoned his legal schooling to study at the Warsaw Conservatory with the Italian tenor Francesco Ciaffei, who trained him as a baritone. When he was 19, Reszke and his father visited Italy. In Venice he attended a performance in which the Italian baritone Antonio Cotogni sang. Cotogni's singing made such a profound impression on him that the young Reszke followed him for the next five years wherever he performed, including to London and Saint Petersburg. During that time he was under Cotogni's tutelage, also as a baritone.
In January 1874, Reszke made his debut in Venice as Jan de Reschi, later changing the spelling to Reszke, undertaking the baritone part of Alfonso in a production of Donizetti's "La favorite" . The following April, he sang for the first time in London, performing at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and a little later in Paris, essaying an array of different baritone roles.
Reszke displayed limitations as a baritone and withdrew from the stage to allow for a further period of study, this time with Giovanni Sbriglia in Paris. Under Sbirgilia's tutelage, his voice gained remarkably in the freedom of its upper register. Accordingly, when he made his first operatic reappearance in 1879 in Madrid, it was as a tenor, scoring a success in the title-role of Meyerbeer's "Robert le diable". Indeed, the then 29-year-old Reszke's immense fame as a singer dates from this moment.
Fame.
Reszke sang regularly at the Paris Opéra during the ensuing years of his vocal prime. In 1887, he was re-engaged by the management at London's Drury Lane, delivering among other things a notable Radamès in Verdi's "Aida". The following year he was heard again in London, appearing no longer at Drury Lane but at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, lending his unique blend of dash and charm to the following roles: Vasco da Gama in "L'Africaine" and Raoul in "Les Huguenots" (both by Meyerbeer), Faust in "Faust" (by Gounod), Lohengrin in "Lohengrin" (by Wagner), Riccardo in "Un ballo in maschera" (by Verdi), and Radamès again.
Reszke's Covent Garden appearances in 1888 proved exceedingly popular with audiences. Indeed, they were mainly responsible for the revival of the operatic art form as a fashionable amusement in London. Reszke would sing in the British capital nearly every year until 1900, adding a number of new roles to his canon during this time. They included, among others, John of Leyden in Meyerbeer's "Le prophète", Don José in Bizet's "Carmen", Roméo in Gounod's "Roméo et Juliette", Wagner's Tristan in "Tristan und Isolde", Walther von Stolzing in "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" and the title role in "Siegfried". In 1894 he sang in a single performance as the tenor lead in Massenet's "Werther". Reszke's singing was admired by Queen Victoria, and between 1889 and 1900 he was invited to take part in a number of royal galas mounted at Covent Garden and command performances held privately at Windsor Castle.
In 1891, Reszke sang in the United States for the first time. From 1893 to 1899 he starred in every season at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, virtually duplicating his London list of operatic roles and having an equally charismatic effect on trans-Atlantic audiences. One of his colleagues, the Australian lyric soprano Nellie Melba, became a close personal friend of his during this period. She replaced the ageing star Adelina Patti as the most celebrated of his various stage partners, and she speaks admiringly of him in her memoirs.
 Reszke was closely associated with the French and Wagnerian operatic repertoires during the peak of his career at Covent Garden and the Met. His French signature parts were considered to be Meyerbeer's three big tenor heroes (Vasco, Jean, and Raoul), Gounod's Faust and Romeo, and the title role in Massenet's "Le Cid", which was written expressly for him.
Reszke was equally successful at singing in German, and his appearances as Lohengrin, Walther von Stolzing, Siegfried, and Tristan were lauded by music critics, who praised him for demonstrating how the extremely demanding and often declamatory music that Wagner wrote for his "heldentenors" could be sung with beauty of tone and, wherever practicable, a smooth legato line. American-born Lillian Nordica was the most illustrious of the dramatic sopranos that partnered him in Wagner's operas.
During his heyday, Reszke sang Italian operas less frequently than French or Wagnerian ones. Indeed, in 1891, his keenly awaited interpretation of the title role in Verdi's last tragic masterpiece, "Otello", had disappointed the critics somewhat; while expertly sung, it lacked the clarion ring and elemental force that his main tenor rival, Francesco Tamagno (1850–1905), had brought to the part. On this occasion Shaw also chided him for his laziness and his customary lateness in meeting cues, though by and large he was highly appreciative of both Jean and Edouard de Reszke's abilities.
Retirement activities, the 'lost' recordings and death.
In 1896 Reszke married Marie de Mailly-Nesle, a French countess who ran away from her husband to be with the singer. He reduced his performance load during the opening years of the 20th century. Prudently, in 1904, he decided to retire while his voice was still in good shape, citing illness as the reason for his departure. Enrico Caruso, 23 years Reszke's junior, took up his mantle as the world's most famous tenor. (Unlike Reszke, however, Caruso did not choose to become an exponent of Wagnerian opera) Both, Jean de Reszke and Enrico Caruso, were baritones with an excellent technique (a certain way of humming), which allowed them to sing as tenors by overstretching their vocal folds for a relatively long time before this method failed. (Tenors are always earning more money than baritones.)
He subsequently busied himself breeding racehorses in Poland and teaching singing in Paris and Nice on the French Riviera. His pupils came from a variety of countries and included Bidu Sayão, Bessie Abott, Louise Edvina, Claire Croiza, Willy Niering (possibly identical with Maurice Renaud; he took lessons with Jean de Reszke in Paris and met there Leo Slezak; Niering told Felix Rolke that they had to pay tickets in gold coins from de Reszke which were cancelled by the servant at the beginning of each lesson), Arthur Endrèze, Vladimir Rosing, Mafalda Salvatini, Clive Carey, Maggie Teyte, Miriam Licette, Edna de Lima, and Isabel Stevens Lathrop. The already well established Austrian tenor Leo Slezak also took lessons from Reszke in 1908–1909, seeking advice on how to further improve his vocal technique. 
Reszke died at his villa in Nice in 1925, having contracted influenza. He was aged 75.
Noted for his rounded timbre and matchless ability to combine a virile singing style with an exceptional degree of gracefulness and vocal refinement, Reszke is generally regarded as being one of the very greatest tenors of all time. It is therefore highly unfortunate that the release of his only two commercial recordings, made in Paris in 1905 for the Fonotipia label, never took place. The matrices and test pressings of these two discs appear to have been destroyed at Reszke's own insistence, after he expressed his disappointment with the results. (Rumours of a record collector possessing a test pressing of one of these records in the 1950s turned out to be false). Only a few Mapleson Cylinders, primitive recordings made privately during actual performances at the Metropolitan Opera in 1901, exist to give us a faint souvenir of him at work. They have been released on CD by the Symposium label, together with transfers of similar cylinders bearing snatches of the voices of other Met artists of the era.
Sibling singers.
Jean de Reszke's younger brother Édouard de Reszke was also internationally famous as an operatic singer—but in the bass range. Édouard's operatic debut was in "Aida" in Paris in April 1876, under Verdi's baton. His debut was a success and he proceeded to sing with distinction alongside his brother for many years on the London–Paris–New York circuit. Édouard de Reszke was said to have had an even more impressive voice than the his older brother’s; but music critics considered Jean to have been the more cultured, conscientious, and sophisticated artist of the two.
The Reszke brothers had a sister, the soprano Josephine de Reszke, who gave up a promising operatic career in Paris in 1885 at the request of her aristocratic husband. Édouard de Reszke, however, continued to sing in opera until 1903. After living for a time in London, he went back to Poland, where he died in reduced circumstances in 1917. Unlike his brother, Édouard left a few commercial recordings of his voice, made by Columbia Records in New York. Unfortunately, these were made when he was past his prime as a singer.