Momente

Momente (Moments) is a work by the German composer Karlheinz Stockhausen, written between 1962 and 1969, scored for solo soprano, four mixed choirs, and thirteen instrumentalists (four trumpets, four trombones, three percussionists, and two electric keyboards). A "cantata with radiophonic and theatrical overtones", it is described by the composer as "practically an opera of Mother Earth surrounded by her chicks". It was Stockhausen's first piece composed on principles of modular transposability, and his first musical form to be determined from categories of sensation or perception rather than by numerical units of musical terminology, which marks a significant change in the composer's musical approach from the abstract forms of the 1950s.
History.
Stockhausen began work on "Momente" in January 1962, with a performance planned for the following May. He had been invited by Baron Francesco Agnello to withdraw for the period of composition of the work to his palazzo in Siculiana on the south coast of Sicily. Agnello was an ardent supporter of modern music, and directed the Settimane Internazionali di Nuova Musica di Palermo. The plan was that Stockhausen would go to Sicily first, and Mary Bauermeister would follow a week later, to work on paintings for an exhibition planned for Amsterdam in June. Stockhausen's wife Doris would join them in March, leaving their children in someone's care in Cologne. The palazzo was freezing cold, as it was really intended only as a summer residence, and for three months both Stockhausen and Bauermeister "worked like crazy" on their respective projects, retreating to a small, easily heated room, furnished with a piano and two tables.
Shortly before Doris was to have come to Siculiana a telegram arrived, saying she had been taken seriously ill and required surgery. Stockhausen decided to return to Germany to support her, and they spent a quiet time in the Black Forest, where Doris went to recuperate.
A first version of "Momente", consisting of all the "K" moments, "i"("m"), "i"("d"), "M"("m") and "MK"("d"), was premiered on 21 May 1962 at the Westdeutscher Rundfunk in Cologne. Moment "i" had already been composed, but was not included in the Cologne performance. A second group of moments, including all the remaining "M" moments and some of the "D" moments, was composed for a performance planned for the 1963 Settimane Internazionali di Nuova Musica di Palermo, but the musicians rebelled at the unconventional nature of the music and the performance did not take place. Early in 1964 these moments were revised. Seven of the "M" moments and the "i" moment were added for a tour in October 1965, but the "D" moments were withheld for practical performance reasons.
Some of the "D" moments were subsequently reworked, and the long "i"("k") moment composed for a completely new version, completed in 1969 but only premiered on 8 December 1972 in Bonn. This version was recorded for commercial release and taken on a tour of Europe.
Texts.
Stockhausen draws on a variety of sources for the texts of "Momente":
The main compositional problem was to mediate among all these text fragments, in order to avoid the effect of mere collage.
Timbres.
"Momente" seeks to employ the greatest possible number of vocal phenomena—not just conventional singing but also the communication functions of spoken and whispered language, crying, and laughter, producing an "infinitely rich mode of expression … [that] profoundly touches our emotive sensibility". Isolated syllables and even single phonemes or linguistic segments, including vowels, continuant consonants, and tongue clicks are used "in a scale extending from unvoiced exhaling via aspiration, whispering, giggling, murmuring, speaking, shouting, screaming and laughing, to singing" in order to "permit the composition of timbral transitions and relations between spoken and instrumental sounds".
In addition to singing, the choir members clap their hands, snap their fingers, stamp and shuffle their feet, and slap their thighs. They also play small "auxiliary" instruments: choir I has cardboard tubes of various lengths with glued-on covers, played like drums using light mallets; choir II uses twelve pairs of claves—all with different pitches; choir III shakes plastic soap boxes and refrigerator drink canisters filled with buckshot, which sound like maracas with different pitches, according to the number of pellets and the size of the plastic canisters or boxes; choir IV uses twelve pairs of Volkswagen lug-nut spanners (which kept disappearing during rehearsals, because most of the choristers drove Volkswagens). The purpose of these instruments was to create mediating links between the percussion and vocal timbres. Having the choristers play simultaneously with each syllable they sing or speak automatically and easily solves the problem of rhythmic coordination. However, Stockhausen reported that the WDR choir, which sang for the première, initially objected to these practices and, "because such means of sound and noise production can have a comic effect, . . . one newspaper report talked about a 'cabaret performance' and ridiculed the whole thing".
Form.
"Momente" exemplifies what Stockhausen calls moment form, in which the listener's attention is on the "now", on the "eternity that does not begin at the end of time but is attainable in every moment". At the same time, it constitutes a "polyvalent form", in that its 30 sections (also called "moments") can be arranged in many different sequences.
There are three main groups of moments, designated by letters: eight "M", seven "K", and eleven "D" moments. The letters stand for "Melodie" (melody), "Klang" (sound, or chord), and "Dauer" (duration), and also have an autobiographical significance, with "K" for "Karlheinz" and the other two letters for Stockhausen's first and second wives, "Doris" and "Mary".
The "M" group emphasizes 
The "K" moments concentrate on 
The "D" moments have 
The "K" group always stands at the centre, with either the "D" moments preceding and the "M" moments following (as in the 1972 and 1998 performing versions), or the reverse. Each moment group includes one "pure" type, designated with the simple letter, and a number of "mixed" types containing "influences" from the other types, designated with multiple letters. These occur on four hierarchical levels, the first being the level of the three pure moments. In the second level, only a slight degree of influence from one other type occurs (about 30%), and is indicated with lowercase, bracketed letters, e.g., "M"("k") and "M"("d") in the "M" group. On the third level, there is a nearly equal balance between two types, and the letters are capitals, such as "MK" and "MD" in the "M" group; each of these is partnered by a neighbouring moment that adds a slighter influence from the third type, e.g., "MK"("d") and "MD"("k"). The fourth level is found only in the "D" group, and includes "DKM", the only moment in which all three types are balanced, as well as three partially "self-reflexive" moments, "D"("d"–"m"), "DK"("d"), and "DK"("k"). The "M" group also adds one entirely self-reflective moment, but on the third level: moment "M"("m"). A basic duration is assigned to each moment according to its level. The pure "M", "K", and "D" moments are each to last two minutes; the second-level moments each last one minute; the third- and fourth-level ones thirty and fifteen seconds, respectively.
However, in many cases these basic durations are extended in actual performance, in part because of inserted material, and in part because many of the moments can or must be repeated. Sometimes the repetition of a moment involves a considerable change of speed. For example, "DK"("d") has a basic duration of fifteen seconds, but upon repetition is performed four times slower. Consequently, its actual duration is five times longer, at a minute and a quarter.
With the exception of "M"("m"), each moment at a lower hierarchical level is attached to a pair of moments on the next higher level, and the members of that higher pair may be exchanged, in order to prepare a version for a particular performance. In addition to this mobile condition of the moments, the internal elements ("partial moments") of six of the eight "M" moments ("M"("k"), "M"("d"), "MD", "MK", "MD"("k"), and the central "M" moment itself) are also rearrangeable.
To these three main groupings of moments are added four "I" ("informal", or "indeterminate") moments, which are used to frame and separate the three main sections: "I"("d") always stands between the "M" and "K" groups, "I"("k") always between the "K" and "D" groups. … The "I"("m") moment is independent and can stand at the beginning, or before or after "I"("k"); according to its position it will be read either forwards or backwards. Moment "I" always stands at the end.
The "I" moments are the longest moments in the work, and serve to neutralize the others. As originally planned, "I" (the final, "praying" moment) was to last eight minutes, and "I"("k"), "I"("d"), and "I"("m") four minutes each. This would have meant their combined duration of twenty minutes would have been equal to that of the other twenty-six moments combined. However, in the compositional working-out, the durations of "I" and "I"("m") were increased to about ten and five minutes, respectively, and "I"("k") was even more drastically expanded, to more than twenty minutes—as long as all the other "I" moments put together.
Inserts.
Once the order of the moments has been determined, "inserts" are made from some moments into the immediately preceding or following moment, according to a complex set of rules. These inserts may take on some of the characteristics of the host moment. In the "D" group, for example, most of the inserts must be transposed to match the central tone of the host moment.
Reception.
"Momente" caused a sensation at the first (partial) performance in Cologne on 21 May 1962, in part because the moment used to begin that version, the so-called "clapping moment" I(m), begins with applause in the choirs. This was seen by some as a mockery of the audience, but by others as a means of intensifying the connection between audience and performers.) Besides the opening "I"("m") moment, this first version consisted of just two of the "M" and all of the "K" moments, separated by the I(d) "organ moment".
This version was also heard in the first American performance, at Kleinhans Music Hall in Buffalo, New York, on 1 March 1964. At the Donaueschingen Festival in October 1965, an expanded version was given, which added the remaining "M" moments and the "I"("i") "praying" moment, which is meant to conclude all versions. This version, with additions composed in the summer of 1963 and early 1964, was perceived as more good-humoured and less confrontational than the first version. A recording of this version was released on the Wergo and Nonesuch labels. Completion of the "D" moments was only accomplished in 1969, and the first complete performance took place in Bonn on 8 December 1972, in a version beginning with the newly composed, 25-minute-long "I"("k") moment, which is very different from the previously composed moments and which some critics at the time felt was out of proportion to and out of character with the rest. Rudolph Frisius simply regards the original "applause" moment beginning as being characteristic of the "informal" music in the spirit of the early sixties, whereas the new beginning of the 1972 version looks forward, in its evocative ritual gestures, to Stockhausen's works of the seventies. Although it seemed to some at the time that the "long and exhilaratingly dramatic section" of "I"("k") "could never be anything but an opening", the version prepared under the composer's direction in 1998, begins with the original "I"("m") "applause" moment, and "I"("k") opens the second part, after the intermission.