John Zorn

John Zorn (born September 2, 1953) is an American composer, arranger, record producer, saxophonist, and multi-instrumentalist. His music crosses genres that include jazz, rock, hardcore, classical, contemporary, surf, metal, soundtrack, ambient, and improvised music. Zorn incorporates diverse styles and compositional methods in his works, which he identifies as avant-garde or experimental. In 2013, "Down Beat" described Zorn as "one of our most important composers" and in 2020 "Rolling Stone" noted "Though Zorn has operated almost entirely outside the mainstream, he’s gradually asserted himself as one of the most influential musicians of our time".
Zorn established himself within the New York City downtown music movement in the 1970s, collaborating with avant-garde musicians and developing new methods of composing experimental music. After releasing albums on several independent US and European labels, Zorn earned wider exposure and acclaim with "The Big Gundown", an album reworking the compositions of Ennio Morricone released by Elektra Nonesuch in 1986. "Spillane" in 1987, "Spy vs Spy" in 1989, and "Naked City" in 1990 demonstrated Zorn's ability to merge disparate styles through new compositional methods. 
After living between Japan and the US for several years, he returned to Lower East Side Manhattan permanently and established his own record label, Tzadik, in 1995. Tzadik enabled Zorn to maintain independence from the mainstream music industry and ensured the continued availability of his growing catalog of recordings. He prolifically recorded and released new material for the label, issuing several new albums each year, in addition to releasing recordings by many other musicians. 
Zorn has led the bands Naked City, Painkiller, and Masada and conducts a variety of ensembles such as those related to his Masada Books, Moonchild and Simulcrum projects. He has composed concert music for classical ensembles and orchestras, and produced music for opera, sound installations, film and documentary. He has toured Europe, Asia, and the Middle East extensively, usually featuring at festivals with musicians and ensembles that perform his diverse repertoire.
Early life and career.
Early life.
John Zorn was born in New York City, in a Jewish Family, attended the United Nations International School, and studied piano, guitar and flute from an early age. Zorn's family had diverse musical tastes: his mother, Vera (née Studenski; 1918–1999), listened to classical and world music; his father, Henry Zorn (1913–1992), was interested in jazz, French chansons, and country music; and his older brother collected doo-wop and 1950s rock and roll records. Zorn spent his teenage years exploring classical music, film music, "listening to The Doors and playing bass in a surf band." He explored the experimental and avant-garde music of György Ligeti, Mauricio Kagel and Karlheinz Stockhausen as well as cartoon soundtracks and film scores. He taught himself orchestration and counterpoint by transcribing scores and studied composition under Leonardo Balada.
Zorn began playing saxophone after discovering Anthony Braxton's album "For Alto" (1969) when he was studying composition at Webster College (now Webster University) in St. Louis, Missouri, where he attended classes taught by Oliver Lake. While at Webster, he incorporated elements of free jazz, avant-garde and experimental music, film scores, performance art and the cartoon scores of Carl Stalling into his first recordings, which were later released as "First Recordings 1973" (1995).
Zorn left Webster after three semesters initially living on the West Coast before moving to Manhattan where he gave concerts in his apartment and other small NY venues, playing saxophone and a variety of reeds, duck calls, tapes, and other instruments. Zorn immersed himself in the underground art scene, assisting Jack Smith with his performances and attending plays by Richard Foreman. In 1975, he founded a performance art project called the Theatre of Musical Optics and became a major participant in the downtown music scene as a composer, performer, and producer of music that challenged the confines of any single musical genre.
Early composition.
Zorn's early major compositions included several game pieces described as "complex systems harnessing improvisers in flexible compositional formats". These compositions "involved strict rules, role playing, prompters with flashcards, all in the name of melding structure and improvisation in a seamless fashion". Zorn's game pieces were often titled after sports, and include "Track & Field" (1974), "Baseball" (1976), "Lacrosse" (1976), "Dominoes" (1977), "Curling" (1977), "Golf" (1977), "Hockey" (1978), "Cricket" (1978), "Fencing" (1978), "Pool" (1979), and "Archery" (1979), several of which were recorded and originally released on Eugene Chadbourne's Parachute label, becoming the first albums under Zorn's leadership.
His most enduring game piece is "Cobra", composed in 1984 and first released on album in 1987 and in subsequent versions in , and , and revisited in performance many times. In the early 1980s, Zorn was heavily engaged in improvised performance which included "blowing duck calls in buckets of water at fringe venues" as both a solo performer and with other like-minded artists. Zorn's first solo saxophone (and duck call) recordings were originally released in two volumes as "The Classic Guide to Strategy" in 1983 and 1986 on the Lumina label. Zorn's early small group improvisations are documented on "Locus Solus" (1983) which featured Zorn with various combinations of other improvisers including Christian Marclay, Arto Lindsay, Wayne Horvitz, Ikue Mori, and Anton Fier. "Ganryu Island" featured a series of duets by Zorn with Michihiro Sato on shamisen, which received limited release on the Yukon label in 1984. Zorn has subsequently released these recordings as CDs on Tzadik, making them more widely available than the original vinyl pressings.
Breakthrough recordings.
Zorn's breakthrough recording was 1985's widely acclaimed "The Big Gundown: John Zorn Plays the Music of Ennio Morricone", where Zorn offered radical arrangements of music from Ennio Morricone soundtracks, that incorporated elements of traditional Japanese music, soul jazz, and other genres. "The Big Gundown" was endorsed by Morricone himself, who said: "This is a record that has fresh, good and intelligent ideas. It is realization on a high level, a work done by a maestro with great science-fantasy and creativity ... Many people have done versions of my pieces, but no one has done them like this".
Zorn followed this with his second major-label release "Spillane" in 1987, which included performances by Albert Collins and the Kronos Quartet, and the extended title track, one of Zorn's file-card compositions, which featured text by Arto Lindsay over a film noir inspired collage. This method of combining composition and improvisation involved Zorn writing descriptions or ideas on file-cards and arranging them to form the piece. Zorn described the process in 2003:
I write in moments, in disparate sound blocks, so I find it convenient to store these events on filing cards so they can be sorted and ordered with minimum effort. Pacing is essential. If you move too fast, people tend to stop hearing the individual moments as complete in themselves and more as elements of a sort of cloud effect ... I worked 10 to 12 hours a day for a week, just orchestrating these file cards. It was an intense process.
Zorn's file-card method of organizing sound blocks into an overall structure largely depended on the musicians he chose, the way they interpreted what was written on the file cards, and their relationship with Zorn. "I'm not going to sit in some ivory tower and pass my scores down to the players." said Zorn,
I have to be there with them, and that's why I started playing saxophone, so that I could meet musicians. I still feel that I have to earn a player's trust before they can play my music. At the end of the day, I want players to say: this was fun—it was a lot of fucking work, and it's one of the hardest things I've ever done, but it was worth the effort.
Two other critically acclaimed releases on Nonesuch followed—"Spy vs Spy" in 1989, and "Naked City" in 1990—before Zorn broke with the label.
Music.
Jazz.
Beginning in 1986, Zorn participated in several projects focused on the compositions of modern jazz musicians which highlighted his unique saxophone style. He formed the Sonny Clark Memorial Quartet recording "Voodoo" in 1986 and performed hardcore punk covers of Ornette Coleman's music with Tim Berne released as "Spy vs Spy" in 1989. "News for Lulu" (1988) and "More News for Lulu" (1992) featured Zorn, Bill Frisell and George Lewis performing compositions by Kenny Dorham, Sonny Clark, Freddie Redd, and Hank Mobley. He performed on two recordings by organist Big John Patton and recorded alongside Lee Konitz, who Zorn has described as "one of my all-time heroes".
Film music.
Zorn stated that "After my record "The Big Gundown" came out I was convinced that a lot of soundtrack work was going to be coming my way". While interest from Hollywood was not forthcoming he attracted the attention of many independent filmmakers. The first director to commission him was Rob Schwebber for the 1986 short "White and Lazy" followed by his work for Sheila McLaughlin's film, "She Must Be Seeing Things" (1986) and in 1990, he composed the soundtrack for the Raúl Ruiz film "The Golden Boat". Zorn did attract the interest of filmmaker Walter Hill who contracted him to compose music for a film to be called "Looters". The film was finally released in 1992 as "Trespass" (1992) featuring a score by Ry Cooder. Although Zorn's score was not used in the final release he used the commission he received for composing to establish his own record label, Tzadik, and released "" in 1995.
Zorn produced a series of commercial soundtracks for the advertising firm Wieden+Kennedy, including one directed by Jean-Luc Godard, a long-term Zorn inspiration. ' re-released the themes that Zorn produced for a Japanese cartoon which had only been previously available in limited release in Japan. Zorn regained the rights to these recordings by trading a booking at the Knitting Factory to Sony executives.
Zorn often used his film work to introduce new groups or experiment with new compositional methods; "Filmworks 1986–1990" (1991) featured a sixty-four-second interpretation of the theme from "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" which links his Morricone tribute to the musicians who would become Naked City; ' (1997) featured the first recordings by the Masada lineup produced for Joe Chappelle's independent feature "Thieves Quartet"; ' featured the Masada String Trio; and "" highlighted Zorn's growing interest in composing for vocal groups.
From the mid-1990s, Zorn composed film music only for projects which he found personally interesting or of artistic merit. These included underground films dealing with BDSM and LGBT culture, documentaries exploring the Jewish experience, and films about outsider artists.
On occasion, Zorn would produce soundtracks for productions with more mainstream appeal such as 2002's ' for a black comedy about a man selling tickets to his own suicide to save his father's life, ' (2005) for a documentary portraying hazardous employment undertaken in developing countries, ' (2006) for Oren Rudavsky's romantic comedy based on the tango music of Astor Piazzolla, and ' (2008) for a Russian animated short film.
In 2013, after releasing 25 volumes in his Filmworks Series, Zorn announced that he would no longer be releasing music for film.
Hardcore.
Naked City.
Zorn established his band Naked City in 1988 as a "compositional workshop" to test the limitations of a rock band format. Featuring Zorn (saxophone), Bill Frisell (guitars), Fred Frith (bass), Wayne Horvitz (keyboards), Joey Baron (drums), and occasional vocals from Yamatsuka Eye (and later Mike Patton), Naked City incorporated Zorn's appreciation of hardcore bands like Agnostic Front and grindcore bands like Napalm Death along with influences like film music, country or jazz into compositional experiment.
Named after a 1945 book of graphic black and white photographs by Weegee, the band performed an aggressive mix of "soundtrack themes, bluesy hard bop, speedy hardcore rock, squealing free jazz [and] metallic funk". Zorn stated that "Naked City started with rhythm and blues/"Spillane" type things then went into this hard-core thing ... because I was living in Japan and experiencing a lot of alienation and rejection ... My interest in hard-core also spurred the urge to write shorter and shorter pieces." This approach culminated in a string of "hardcore miniatures", intense brief compositions often lasting less than a minute, 42 of which were featured on the EP, "Torture Garden" (1989). Some of these tracks had also featured on the band's debut "Naked City" and others would resurface on the band's next full-length release, "Grand Guignol" (1992), which also included performances of works by Claude Debussy, Alexander Scriabin, Orlande de Lassus, Charles Ives, and Olivier Messiaen.
The band's third album, "Heretic" (1992), featured more of these short improvisations produced for the soundtrack of an underground S/M film "Jeux des Dames Cruelles". The band released a second EP, "Leng Tch'e", in 1992 featuring a single composition which lasted just over half an hour. "Radio", released in 1993, was the first Naked City album composed solely by Zorn, and featured tracks crediting a wide range of musical influences.
The final recording from the band, "Absinthe" (1993), featured a blend of ambient noise-styled compositions with tracks titled after the works of Paul Verlaine, Charles Baudelaire and other figures in the "fin de siècle" Decadent movement, and a dedication to Olivier Messiaen. Zorn disbanded Naked City after this release but briefly reformed the band for a European tour in 2003.
Painkiller.
In 1991, Zorn formed his band Painkiller with Bill Laswell on bass and Mick Harris on drums. Painkiller's first two releases, "Guts of a Virgin" (1991) and "Buried Secrets" (1992), also featured short grindcore and free jazz-inspired compositions. They released their first live album, "", in 1993, followed by the double CD "Execution Ground" (1994), which featured longer dub and ambient-styled pieces.
A second live album, "", was released in 2002 and the band was featured on Zorn's "50th Birthday Celebration Volume 12" (2005) with Hamid Drake replacing Harris on drums and guest vocalist Mike Patton. Both bands attracted worldwide interest, particularly in Japan, where Zorn had relocated following a three-month residency in Tokyo.
Other.
Zorn continued his interest in hardcore improvisations with the release of "Hemophiliac" in 2002, with Mike Patton and Ikue Mori. The trio also released a live recording as part of Zorn's 50th Birthday Celebration Series.
In 2006, Zorn formed the hardcore voice/bass/drums trio of Mike Patton, Trevor Dunn, and Joey Baron which became known as the Moonchild Trio. That year, two albums of Zorn's compositions performed by the trio were released: "" and "Astronome". A third album with the trio, but also featuring Zorn, Ikue Mori, Jamie Saft and chorus, "Six Litanies for Heliogabalus", was released in 2007.
Their fourth release, "The Crucible", appeared in 2008 followed by "Ipsissimus", both of which featured Marc Ribot, in 2010 and "", which added John Medeski in 2012.
Concert music.
John Zorn has established a diverse repertoire of music written for chamber music and orchestral settings. As Zorn's interest in Naked City waned, he "started hearing classical music in [his] head again." Zorn started working on compositions that drew on chamber music arrangements of strings, percussion and electronic instruments. "Elegy", a suite dedicated to Jean Genet, was released in 1992. This was followed by the piece "Kristallnacht" recorded in November 1992, his premiere work of radical Jewish culture, featuring seven compositions reflecting the "Kristallnacht" ("Night of Broken Glass") in late 1938 where Jews were targets of violence and destruction in Germany and Austria.
The establishment of Tzadik allowed him to release many compositions which he had written over the previous two decades for classical ensembles. Zorn's earliest released classical composition, "Christabel" (1972) for five flutes, first appeared on "Angelus Novus" in 1998. Zorn credits the composition of his 1988 string quartet "Cat O' Nine Tails" (commissioned and released by the Kronos Quartet on "Short Stories") to awakening him to the possibilities of writing for classical musicians. This composition also appeared on "The String Quartets" (1999) and "Cartoon S/M" (2000) along with variations on "Kol Nidre", inspired by the Jewish prayer of atonement which was written at the same time as the first Masada Book.
" (1998) was Zorn's first full-scale orchestral release featuring pianist Stephen Drury, the Hungarian Radio Children's Choir and the American Composers Orchestra conducted by Dennis Russell Davies.
Much of Zorn's classical work is dedicated or inspired by artists who have influenced him: 
Several of Zorn's later concert works drew inspiration from mysticism and the works of Aleister Crowley in particular; "Magick" (2004) featured a group called the Crowley Quartet. A 2009 performance of the album's centerpiece "Necronomicon" was described as "... frenetic vortexes of violent, abrasive motion, separated by eerily becalmed, suspenseful sections with moody, even prayerful melodies. The music is sensational and evocative, but never arbitrary; you always sense a guiding hand behind the mayhem".
Later works expanded to include vocal and operatic works; "Mysterium" released in 2005 featured "Frammenti del Sappho" for female chorus; "Rituals" (2005) featured Zorn's opera composed for the Bayreuth Opera Festival in 1998; and "La Machine de l'Être" composed in 2000, premiered at the New York City Opera in 2011, and recorded for the 2012 album "Music and Its Double".
Zorn's concert works have been performed all over the world and he has received commissions from the New York Philharmonic, Brooklyn Philharmonic and BBC Radio 3.
Masada books.
Book One.
The experience of composing "Kristallnacht" prompted Zorn to explore his Jewish heritage and examine methods of composing using the Phrygian dominant scale. Zorn set himself the task of writing 100 compositions within a year. Within three years, the number of compositions had grown to 205 and became known as the first Masada Book. Zorn explained:
The initial fruits of this compositional approach were ten albums by Masada appearing on the Japanese DIW label from 1994. Masada (later referred to as "acoustic" Masada) was an Ornette Coleman-inspired quartet with Zorn (alto saxophone), Dave Douglas (trumpet), Greg Cohen (bass), and Joey Baron (drums) that performed jazz-styled compositions based on Sephardic scales and rhythms.
The original Masada albums were named after the first ten letters of the Hebrew alphabet and contained compositions with Hebrew titles. Further releases by Masada consisted of live performances of the band recorded in Jerusalem, Taipei, Middleheim, Seville and in New York at the Knitting Factory and at Tonic (2001) and as a DVD (1999), and a double CD of unreleased studio recordings, "Sanhedrin 1994–1997" (2005). The quartet released a live recording as part of Zorn's 50th Birthday Celebration Series.
In 1996, Zorn released "Bar Kokhba" featuring Masada compositions recorded by a rotating group of musicians. Two ensembles arose from this album: the Masada String Trio, composed of Greg Cohen (bass), Mark Feldman (violin), and Erik Friedlander (cello); and the Bar Kokhba Sextet which added Marc Ribot (guitar), Cyro Baptista (percussion), and Joey Baron (drums), both of which were featured on 1998's "The Circle Maker". The Masada String Trio were also featured on Zorn's , as part of his 50th Birthday Celebration, and released two albums as part of the Book of Angels project, ' and '. In 2003, Zorn formed Electric Masada, a band featuring Zorn, Baptista, Baron, and Ribot, along with Trevor Dunn (bass), Ikue Mori (electronics), Jamie Saft (keyboards), and Kenny Wollesen (drums) releasing their debut live album from Zorn's 50th Birthday Concert series and a recorded in 2004.
A Tenth Anniversary Series of Masada recordings was released by Zorn beginning in 2003. The series featured five albums of Masada themes including "Masada Guitars" by Marc Ribot, Bill Frisell, and Tim Sparks; "Masada Recital" by Mark Feldman and Sylvie Courvoisier; "Masada Rock" by Rashanim; and two albums featuring various artists, "Voices in the Wilderness" and "The Unknown Masada".
Book Two.
In 2004, Zorn began composing the second Masada Book, "The Book of Angels", resulting in an additional 316 compositions. Zorn explained:
He has released twenty volumes of Masada Book Two compositions all performed by other artists. The titles of many Masada Book Two compositions are derived from demonology and Judeo-Christian mythology.
The Masada quartet performed at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in March 2007 for what were billed as their final concerts. Zorn reformed the band as a sextet with Uri Caine and Cyro Baptista in 2009 saying:
Zorn's Masada compositions and associated ensembles have become a central focus of many concerts and festivals and he has established regular 'Masada Marathons' that feature various bands and musicians performing music from the Masada Books.
Book Three.
Zorn completed the third Masada book, titled "The Book Beriah", in 2014.
The Dreamers.
Zorn released one of his most popular albums, "The Gift", in 2001, which surprised many with its relaxed blend of surf, exotica and world music. On February 29, 2008, at St Ann's Warehouse in Brooklyn, Zorn premiered "The Dreamers", which saw a return to the gentle compositions first featured on "The Gift" and established the band of the same name. The Dreamers released their second album, "O'o", in 2009, an album of Zorn's in 2010 and a Christmas album in 2011.
Other work.
Tzadik Records.
In 1992, John Zorn curated the Avant subsidiary of the DIW label and released several Naked City recordings on the label as well as many other albums featuring Zorn affiliated musicians including Derek Bailey, Buckethead, Eugene Chadbourne, Dave Douglas, Erik Friedlander, Wayne Horvitz, Ikue Mori, Bobby Previte, Zeena Parkins and Marc Ribot.
In 1995, in co-operation with jazz producer Kazunori Sugiyama, Zorn established the Tzadik record label to ensure the availability of his catalogue and promote other musicians.
The label's releases are divided into series:
Tzadik also releases special-edition CDs, DVDs, books and T-shirts. Since 1998, the designs of Tzadik releases have been created by graphic artist Heung-Heung "Chippy" Chin.
The Stone (music venue).
Zorn's earliest New York performances occurred at small artist-run performance spaces including his own apartment. As his profile grew, he became associated with several Lower East Side alternative venues such as the Knitting Factory and Tonic. On Friday April 13, 2007, Zorn played the final night at Tonic before it closed due to financial pressures.
Zorn was the principal force in establishing The Stone in 2005, an avant-garde performance space in New York's Alphabet City which supports itself solely on donations and the sale of limited-edition CDs, giving all door revenues directly to the performers. Zorn holds the title of artistic director and regularly performs 'Improvisation Nights'. Zorn feels that "The Stone is a unique space and is different from Tonic, the Knitting Factory, and most of the other venues we have played at as there is no bar ... so there is NO pressure to pack the house with an audience that drinks, and what night you perform has nothing to do with your power to draw a crowd or what kind of music you might play". On January 10, 2008, Zorn performed with Lou Reed and Laurie Anderson at a special benefit night at The Stone which was also released on "" on CD. In December 2016 Zorn announced that The Stone would close in February 2018 but that he was hopeful that a new location could be found, stating "Venues come and go, but the music continues on forever!" By March 2017 Zorn had negotiated with The New School to move The Stone to Greenwich Village. On February 25, 2018 the last performance was held at the original venue and Zorn moved operations to The New School's The Glass Box Theatre on the basis of a handshake deal.
50th and 60th birthday concert series.
In September 2003, Zorn celebrated his 50th birthday with a month-long series of performances at Tonic in New York, repeating an event he had begun a decade earlier at the Knitting Factory. He conceptualized the month into several different aspects of his musical output. Zorn's bands performed on the weekends, classical ensembles were featured on Sundays, Zorn performed improvisations with other musicians on Mondays, featured his extended compositions on Tuesdays and a retrospective of game pieces on Wednesdays. A total of 12 live albums were released on his 50th Birthday Celebration Series.
Zorn's 60th birthday celebrations encompassed concerts across the globe from festival appearances to unique events in art galleries and unusual venues across 2013 and into 2014. The first concerts under the Zorn@60 banner were performed at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis in April 2013. This was followed by performances at the Museum of Modern Art and Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. The European leg of Zorn@60 commenced at the Barbican Theatre in London in July 2013. Festival appearances in Belgium, Poland, Spain and Germany followed soon after. These were followed by concerts in Victoriaville, Canada. Returning to New York City other concert appearances occurred at Alice Tully Hall and Lincoln Centre.
Zorn undertook another of his celebrated Masada Marathons at the Skirball Center for the Performing Arts in August. Further New York City concerts in September included performances of music for film at the Anthology Film Archives, classical works and "Cobra" at the Miller Theatre, a day-long concert at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and a performance of improvised duets with Ryuichi Sakamoto. In October, the International Contemporary Ensemble performed a retrospective of Zorn's classical music at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. The final Zorn@60 concerts were performed as part of the Adelaide Festival in Australia in March 2014 featuring a four concerts covering the breadth of his compositional and improvisational range.
"Arcana" (book series).
In 2000, Zorn edited the book "Arcana: Musicians on Music" featuring interviews, essays, and commentaries by musicians including Anthony Coleman, Peter Garland, David Mahler, Bill Frisell, Gerry Hemingway, George Lewis, Fred Frith, Eyvind Kang, Mike Patton and Elliott Sharp, on the compositional process. Zorn released the second volume of "Arcana: Musicians on Music" in the summer of 2007. According to the preface by Zorn, "This second installment of what will be a continuing series of books presenting radical, cutting-edge ideas about music is made, like the initial volume, out of necessity." New volumes have since been released; the eighth volume was published in September 2017.
Awards.
In 2001, John Zorn received the Jewish Cultural Award in Performing Arts from the National Foundation for Jewish Culture. In 2006, Zorn was named a MacArthur Fellow. In 2007, he was the recipient of Columbia University's School of the Arts William Schuman Award, an honor given "to recognize the lifetime achievement of an American composer whose works have been widely performed and generally acknowledged to be of lasting significance."
In 2011, Zorn was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame by Lou Reed, and was awarded the Magister Artium Gandensis, an honorary degree from the University of Ghent. In 2014, he received honorary doctorates from The State University of New York and the New England Conservatory of Music.