Ode to Billie Joe

"Ode to Billie Joe" is a song written and recorded by Bobbie Gentry, a singer-songwriter from Chickasaw County, Mississippi. The single, released on July 10, 1967, was a number-one hit in the US within three weeks of release and a big international seller. "Billboard" ranked the record as the No. 3 song of the year. The recording remained on the Billboard chart for 20 weeks and was the Number 1 song for four weeks.
It generated eight Grammy nominations, resulting in three wins for Gentry and one for arranger Jimmie Haskell. "Ode to Billie Joe" has since made "Rolling Stone"'s lists of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" and the "100 Greatest Country Songs of All Time" and "Pitchfork"'s "200 Best Songs of the 1960s".
The song takes the form of a first-person narrative performed over sparse acoustic accompaniment, though with strings in the background. It tells of a rural Mississippi family's reaction to the news of the suicide of Billie Joe McAllister, a local boy to whom the daughter (and narrator) is connected. Hearsay around the "Tallahatchie Bridge" forms the narrative and musical hook. The song concludes with the demise of the father and the lingering, singular effects of the two deaths on the family. According to Gentry, the song is about "basic indifference, the casualness of people in moments of tragedy".
Narrative.
Gentry's song takes the form of first-person narrative by the young daughter of a Mississippi Delta family. It offers fragments of the dinnertime conversation on the day that a local boy, an acquaintance of the narrator, jumped to his death from a nearby bridge, the account interspersed between everyday, polite, mealtime conversation. The song's final verse conveys the passage of events over the following year.
The song begins on June 3 with the narrator, her brother and her father returning from farming chores to the family house for dinner. After cautioning them about tracking in dirt, Mama says that she "got some news this mornin' from Choctaw Ridge" that "Billie Joe McAllister jumped off the Tallahatchie Bridge". At the dinner table, the father seems unmoved, commenting, "Billie Joe never had a lick o' sense," before asking for the biscuits and adding that there's "five more acres in the lower forty, I've got to plow." Her brother is intrigued ("I saw him at the sawmill yesterday ... And now you tell me Billie Joe has jumped off the Tallahatchie Bridge"), but not enough to be distracted from the lunchtime meal. He recalls a prank that he, "Tom," and Billie Joe played on the narrator, by putting a frog down her back at the Carroll County picture show.
The only person affected is the narrator; one reviewer commented on "the narrator's family's emotional distance, impassive and unmoved by Billie Joe's death." Her mother notices her change of mood following the news ("Child, what's happened to your appetite? I've been cookin' all mornin' and you haven't touched a single bite"). The mother shares the news that a local preacher visited earlier and, as an aside, adds that he mentioned seeing someone looking much like the narrator and Billie Joe "throwin' somethin' off the Tallahatchie Bridge." In the song's final verse, a year has passed. The narrator's brother has married Becky Thompson and has moved to another town ("bought a store in Tupelo"). The father died from a viral infection and the mother is despondent ("Mama doesn't seem to want to do much of anything"). The narrator likewise remains privately affected: she often visits Choctaw Ridge collecting flowers to "drop them into the muddy water off the Tallahatchie Bridge."
Composer's view.
Questions arose among listeners: what did Billie Joe and his girlfriend throw off the Tallahatchie Bridge, and why did Billie Joe commit suicide? Speculation ran rampant after the song hit the airwaves. Gentry said in a November 1967 interview that it was the question most asked of her by everyone she met. She said that the most named items were flowers, an engagement ring, a draft card, a bottle of LSD pills, and an aborted fetus. Although she knew what the item was, she would not reveal it, saying only, "Suppose it was a wedding ring."
"It's in there for two reasons," she said. "First, it locks up a definite relationship between Billie Joe and the girl telling the story, the girl at the table. Second, the fact that Billie Joe was seen throwing something off the bridge – no matter what it was – provides a possible motivation as to why he jumped off the bridge the next day."
When Herman Raucher met Gentry in preparation for writing a novel and screenplay based on the song, she said that she had no idea why Billie Joe killed himself. Gentry has, however, commented elsewhere on the song, saying that it is about indifference: the "unconscious cruelty" of the family when discussing the reported suicide.
A commentary published in 2017 in a British newspaper made this comment: "Fifty years on we're no wiser as to why Billie Joe did what he did and in the context of the song and Gentry's intentions, that's just as it should be".
The bridge mentioned in this song collapsed in June 1972 after a fire. It crossed the Tallahatchie River at Money, about ten miles (16 km) north of Greenwood, Mississippi, and has since been rebuilt. The November 10, 1967, issue of "Life" magazine contained a photo of Gentry crossing the original bridge.
The bridge is steps from now-ruined Bryant's Grocery and Meat Market, where 14-year-old Emmett Till allegedly whistled at the co-owner in 1955, resulting in the boy's being beaten to death. His body was sunk in the Tallahatchie River.
Lyrics.
"Ode to Billie Joe" was originally intended as the B-side of Gentry's first single recording, a blues number called "Mississippi Delta," on Capitol Records. According to some sources, the original recording of "Ode to Billie Joe," which featured no musicians backing Gentry's solo guitar, had eleven verses and ran eight minutes, telling more of Billie Joe's story. The executives realized that this song would work best as a single, so they cut the length by almost half and added background music: two cellos and four violins, according to Gentry.
The only surviving draft of the seven-minute version of "Ode to Billie Joe", which consists of two handwritten pages, is located in the archive of the University of Mississippi.
The first page has been published and includes these words not in the final recording.
"People don't see Sally Jane in town anymore ... There's a lot of speculatin, she's not actin like she did before ... Some say she knows more than she's willin to tell ... But she stays quiet and a few think its just as well ... No one really knows what went on up at Choctaw Ridge ... The day that Billy Jo McAllister jumped off the Tallahatchie Bridge."
In addition to the iconic lyrics that made the final cut, the unused lyrics may showcase Bobbie Gentry's mindset and possible answer to the mystery of what was thrown from the bridge; as well as the narrator's relationship to Billie Joe. The shorter version left more of the story to the listener's imagination, and made the single more suitable for radio airplay.
Adaptations.
The song's popularity proved so enduring that in 1976, nine years after its release, Warner Bros. commissioned author Herman Raucher to expand and adapt the story as a novel and screenplay, "Ode to Billy Joe". The poster's tagline, which treats the film as being based on a true story and gives a date of death for Billy (June 3, 1953), led many to believe that the song was based on actual events. In Raucher's novel and screenplay, Billy Joe kills himself after a drunken homosexual experience, and the object thrown from the bridge is the narrator's rag doll. The film was released in 1976, directed and produced by Max Baer Jr, and starring Robby Benson and Glynnis O'Connor. Only the first, second, and fifth verses were sung by Bobbie Gentry in the film, omitting the third and fourth verses.
In the novel, the rag doll is the central character's confidant and advisor. Tossing it off the bridge symbolizes throwing away her childhood and innocence, and becoming an adult.
Cultural impact.
Soon after the song's chart success, the Tallahatchie Bridge was visited by more individuals who wanted to jump off it. Since the bridge height was only , death or serious injury was unlikely. To curb the trend, the Leflore County Board enacted a law fining jumpers $100.
Success of the recording.
The song was the B-side of the 45 rpm record, with "Mississippi Delta" on the A-side, but radio disc jockeys frequently played "Ode to Billie Joe". The song started as #71 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on August 5, 1967, and reached the #1 spot on August 26. Total sales over the years have been approximately three million copies. "Billboard" rated the record as #3 for the year 1967 and years later, "Rolling Stone" magazine rated it among the top 500 songs of all time.
In a 1974 interview Gentry took full credit for the success of the record. "Did you know that I took 'Ode to Billie Joe' to Capitol, sold it, and produced the album myself? It wasn't easy. It's difficult when a woman is attractive; beauty is supposed to negate intelligence – which is ridiculous. Certainly there are no women executives and producers to speak of in the record business."
The recording earned three Grammy Awards: Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female, Best Solo Vocal Performance, Female and Best New Artist.
Translations.
In 1967 American/French singer-songwriter Joe Dassin recorded a version in French, titled "Marie-Jeanne". It tells exactly the same story nearly word for word, but the lead characters are reversed. The narrator is one of the sons of the household, and the character who committed suicide is a girl named Marie-Jeanne Guillaume.
In 1967, a Swedish translation by Olle Adolphson titled "Jon Andreas visa" was recorded by Siw Malmkvist. It is faithful to the story in "Ode to Billie Joe", but has changed the setting to rural Sweden. The name of Billie Joe was changed to the Swedish name Jon Andreas.
A German translation titled "Billie Joe McAllister" was released in 1978 by Wencke Myhre.
An Italian version (text written by Mogol, who literally translated the title as "Ode per Billie Joe"), was recorded by Paola Musiani.
Other versions.
A number of jazz versions have been recorded, including Willis Jackson, Howard Roberts, Cal Tjader, Mel Brown, Jimmy Smith, Buddy Rich, King Curtis, Wayne Cochran and the C.C. Riders (on a big-band jazz album called "High and Ridin"), Jaco Pastorius, Dave Bartholomew, Patricia Barber, Joe Pass, and Jaki Byard. In a 1967 appearance on "", Ella Fitzgerald sang one full verse of the song. Nancy Wilson covered the song on her 1967 album "Welcome to My Love".
Lou Donaldson released a version of the song on his 1967 album "Mr. Shing-A-Ling" on Blue Note Records.
Diana Ross recorded a solo version of the song which appeared on The Supremes' 1968 album "Reflections".
The Detroit Emeralds released a version of the song as the B-side to their 1968 single, "Shades Down".
A version of the song appears on Tammy Wynette's 1968 album "Take Me to Your World / I Don't Wanna Play House", and later on her 1970 "Greatest Hits" album.
The song was covered by Margret Roadknight, on her 1980 album "Out of Fashion ... Not out of Style".
In 1985, the new wave band Torch Song released a version of the song on I.R.S. Records.
Danish rock band Sort Sol released a version of the song on their 1987 album "Everything That Rises Must Converge".
Sinéad O'Connor released a version of this song in 1995.
Blues duo Satan and Adam released a version on their 1996 album "Living On the River".
Patty Smyth covered the song on the Tom Scott and the L.A. Express album "Smokin' Section" (1999). She would record it a second time for her solo album "It's About Time" (2020).
Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album "Great Women of Country" (2014).
The British Rock Band "Life n Soul" released "Ode to Billy Joe" as their first single in 1967.
Though the song was not included on her 2014 album "The River & the Thread", Rosanne Cash and husband/producer John Leventhal frequently performed the song live on the tour promoting that album, as the album cover featured a photo of Roseanne (taken by Leventhal) standing atop the Tallahatchie Bridge looking at the Tallahatchie River.
Lorrie Morgan covered the song at a slower pace for her 2016 album "Letting Go...Slow". Morgan says of recording the song with producer Richard Landis, "Richard purposely slowed the record down to make the musical passages through there really feel kind of spooky and eerie. Everything just felt so swampy and scary. Everybody has their own interpretation of that song and just what they threw off of the Tallahatchie Bridge." 
In 2017, Lydia Lunch and Cypress Grove covered the song on their album "Under The Covers".
Paula Cole recorded a version on her 2017 "Ballads" album.
Kathy Mattea covered the song on her 2018 "Pretty Bird" album.
Lucinda Williams sings it on the Mercury Rev 2019 album "Bobbie Gentry's The Delta Sweete Revisited".
Parodies and adaptations.
Bob Dylan's "Clothes Line Saga" (recorded in 1967; released on the 1975 album "The Basement Tapes") is a parody of the song. It mimics the conversational style of "Ode to Billie Joe" with lyrics concentrating on routine household chores. The shocking event buried in all the mundane details is the revelation that "The Vice-President's gone mad!". Dylan's song was originally titled "Answer to 'Ode'".
A comedy group named Slap Happy recorded "Ode to Billy Joel" in the 1980s, which was featured on the Dr. Demento show. In this version, the singer is alleged to have jumped from the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge.
Jill Sobule's album "California Years" features "Where is Bobbie Gentry?" which uses the same melody in a lyrical sequel. The narrator, seeking the reclusive Gentry, claims to be the abandoned lovechild of Gentry and Billie Joe, i.e., the object thrown off the bridge. Sobule would later write the introduction to a book on Gentry.
The song was also parodied on a 2008 episode of "Saturday Night Live", in which Kristen Wiig and host Paul Rudd, playing married singer-songwriters Ton and Tonya Peoples, perform a tedious variation titled "Ode to Tracking Number".