Pavel K. Oshchepkov

Pavel Kondratyevich Oshchepkov (June 24, 1908 – December 1, 1992) was a Russian physicist who had a leading role in the development of radio-location (radar) in the USSR. During the Great Purge he was sent to a Gulag labor camp for 10 years. Upon release, he began a new life and gained recognition in other scientific areas.
Career and accomplishments.
Pavel (also known as Piotr) Oshchepkov was born in the village of Zuevy Kluchi, Karakulinski district, Udmurtia Republic. A child of the Russian Revolution and the associated strife in life, he lost his parents and, uneducated, roamed the streets until he was 12. He was then placed in school at the Shalashinsk Commune where he first learned to read. By 1928 he was able to enter the Plekhanov Russian Academy of Economics in Moscow to study economics of electrical power. His early performance there was excellent, and he was allowed to transfer to Moscow University, where in 1931 he completed his undergraduate education in the physics curriculum.
Pre-internment.
Upon graduation, Oshchepkov was employed as an electrical engineer in a power station, but before the end of 1932, was on the Moscow engineering staff of the "Voiska Protivo-vozdushnoi aborony" (PVO, Air Defense Forces) of the Red Army. Assigned to work on improving optical instruments for aircraft detection, his technical and leadership abilities were quickly recognized
Engineers at the PVO came up with the concept of "radiolokatory" (radio location) for extending the reconnaissance range, and Oshchepkov was assigned to prepare a paper for the Defense Commissar, asking that a special research unit be set up for a "razvedyvlatl’naya elektromagnitnaya stantsiya" (reconnaissance electromagnetic station). The proposal was accepted, and in June 1933, Oshchepkov was transferred to Leningrad to be in charge of a Special Construction Bureau (SCB), as well as being responsible for the related "experino-tekknicheskii sektor" (technical expertise component) of the PVO.
Most of the work at other organization concerned radio location using continuous waves, with interference of transmitted and reflected signals to indicate a target. At the SCB, Oshchepkov worked with scientists at the Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute (LPTI) on a pulsed system, the first in the USSR. His work was closely followed by Abram Ioffe, Scientific Director of the LPTI and generally considered the leading physicist at that time in the nation.
In April 1937, initial tests of Oshchepkov’s pulsed radio-location system resulted in detecting an aircraft at a range of about . The system, however, could not yet directly measure range (distance) to the target, a firm requirement for detection systems that would later be called radar.
Although Oshchepkov had a good plan for completing his system, he was not allowed to carry this out. In June 1937, the Great Purge swept over the military high commands and the supporting scientific community. Hundreds of thousands of victims were falsely accused of various political crimes, with a large number executed. Oshchepkov was charged with “high crimes” and sentenced to 10 years at a "Gulag" penal labor camp. Ioffe pleaded without success for Oshchepkov to be restored. Over the years of Oshchepkov’s internment, Ioffe assisted in his survival by providing food packages and letters of encouragement.
Post-internment.
Oshchepkov was released from the "Gulag" camp in 1946. Returning to academic studies, he eventually earned both the "Kandidat Nauk" (Candidate of Sciences, C.Sc. — approximately the same as the Ph.D.) degree and the "Doktor nauk" (Doctor of Science, Sc.D., habilitation in the West) degree. He never returned to radar research, but found entirely new avenues for his creativity: material science and thermal physics.
From 1964 to 1968, Oshchepkov headed the Introscopy Research Institute, under which he led in creating the new science and technology of introscopy — non-destructive testing using the full radiation spectrum.
The last years of Oshchepkov’s life were dedicated to problems of entropy, particularly radically different ways of using energy. He established the Public Institute of Energy Inversion, based on the thesis that "energy is impossible to eliminate, but it can be dissipated; energy is impossible to create, but it can be collected." In this, his theories were considered highly “off center,” and were criticized by the academic community.