Commutative diagram

In mathematics, and especially in category theory, a commutative diagram is a diagram such that all directed paths in the diagram with the same start and endpoints lead to the same result. It is said that commutative diagrams play the role in category theory that equations play in algebra (see ).
Description.
A commutative diagram often consists of three parts:
Arrow symbols.
In algebra texts, the type of morphism can be denoted with different arrow usages: 
Verifying commutativity.
Commutativity makes sense for a polygon of any finite number of sides (including just 1 or 2), and a diagram is commutative if every polygonal subdiagram is commutative.
Note that a diagram may be non-commutative, i.e., the composition of different paths in the diagram may not give the same result.
Phrases.
Phrases like "this commutative diagram" or "the diagram commutes" may be used.
Examples.
In the left diagram, which expresses the first isomorphism theorem, commutativity of the triangle means that formula_7. In the right diagram, commutativity of the square means formula_8.
In order for the diagram below to commute, three equalities must be satisfied:
Here, since the first equality follows from the last two, it suffices to show that (2) and (3) are true in order for the diagram to commute. However, since equality (3) generally does not follow from the other two, it is generally not enough to have only equalities (1) and (2) if one were to show that the diagram commutes.
Diagram chasing.
Diagram chasing (also called diagrammatic search) is a method of mathematical proof used especially in homological algebra, where one establishes a property of some morphism by tracing the elements of a commutative diagram. A proof by diagram chasing typically involves the formal use of the properties of the diagram, such as injective or surjective maps, or exact sequences. A syllogism is constructed, for which the graphical display of the diagram is just a visual aid. It follows that one ends up "chasing" elements around the diagram, until the desired element or result is constructed or verified.
Examples of proofs by diagram chasing include those typically given for the five lemma, the snake lemma, the zig-zag lemma, and the nine lemma.
In higher category theory.
In higher category theory, one considers not only objects and arrows, but arrows between the arrows, arrows between arrows between arrows, and so on ad infinitum. For example, the category of small categories Cat is naturally a 2-category, with functors as its arrows and natural transformations as the arrows between functors. In this setting, commutative diagrams may include these higher arrows as well, which are often depicted in the following style: formula_12. For example, the following (somewhat trivial) diagram depicts two categories ' and ', together with two functors , : ' → ' and a natural transformation : ⇒ :
There are two kinds of composition in a 2-category (called vertical composition and horizontal composition), and they may also be depicted via pasting diagrams (see 2-category#Definition for examples).
Diagrams as functors.
A commutative diagram in a category "C" can be interpreted as a functor from an index category "J" to "C;" one calls the functor a diagram.
More formally, a commutative diagram is a visualization of a diagram indexed by a poset category. Such a diagram typically include:
Conversely, given a commutative diagram, it defines a poset category, where:
However, not every diagram commutes (the notion of diagram strictly generalizes commutative diagram). As a simple example, the diagram of a single object with an endomorphism (formula_13), or with two parallel arrows (formula_14, that is, formula_15, sometimes called the free quiver), as used in the definition of equalizer need not commute. Further, diagrams may be messy or impossible to draw, when the number of objects or morphisms is large (or even infinite).