Completion of a ring

In abstract algebra, a completion is any of several related functors on rings and modules that result in complete topological rings and modules. Completion is similar to localization, and together they are among the most basic tools in analysing commutative rings. Complete commutative rings have a simpler structure than general ones, and Hensel's lemma applies to them. In algebraic geometry, a completion of a ring of functions "R" on a space "X" concentrates on a formal neighborhood of a point of "X": heuristically, this is a neighborhood so small that "all" Taylor series centered at the point are convergent. An algebraic completion is constructed in a manner analogous to completion of a metric space with Cauchy sequences, and agrees with it in case "R" has a metric given by a non-Archimedean absolute value.
General construction.
Suppose that "E" is an abelian group with a descending filtration
of subgroups. One then defines the completion (with respect to the filtration) as the inverse limit:
This is again an abelian group. Usually "E" is an "additive" abelian group. If "E" has additional algebraic structure compatible with the filtration, for instance "E" is a filtered ring, a filtered module, or a filtered vector space, then its completion is again an object with the same structure that is complete in the topology determined by the filtration. This construction may be applied both to commutative and noncommutative rings. As may be expected, when the intersection of the formula_3 equals zero, this produces a complete topological ring.
Krull topology.
In commutative algebra, the filtration on a commutative ring "R" by the powers of a proper ideal "I" determines the Krull topology (after Wolfgang Krull) or "I"-adic topology on "R". The case of a "maximal" ideal formula_4 is especially important, for example the distinguished maximal ideal of a valuation ring. The basis of open neighbourhoods of 0 in "R" is given by the powers "I""n", which are "nested" and form a descending filtration on "R":
(Open neighborhoods of any "r" ∈ "R" are given by cosets "r" + "I""n".) The completion is the inverse limit of the factor rings,
pronounced "R I hat". The kernel of the canonical map from the ring to its completion is the intersection of the powers of "I". Thus is injective if and only if this intersection reduces to the zero element of the ring; by the Krull intersection theorem, this is the case for any commutative Noetherian ring which is either an integral domain or a local ring.
There is a related topology on "R"-modules, also called Krull or "I"-adic topology. A basis of open neighborhoods of a module "M" is given by the sets of the form
The completion of an "R"-module "M" is the inverse limit of the quotients
This procedure converts any module over "R" into a complete topological module over formula_9.
Examples.
Completions can also be used to analyze the local structure of singularities of a scheme. For example, the affine schemes associated to formula_20 and the nodal cubic plane curve formula_21 have similar looking singularities at the origin when viewing their graphs (both look like a plus sign). Notice that in the second case, any Zariski neighborhood of the origin is still an irreducible curve. If we use completions, then we are looking at a "small enough" neighborhood where the node has two components. Taking the localizations of these rings along the ideal formula_22 and completing gives formula_23 and formula_24 respectively, where formula_25 is the formal square root of formula_26 in formula_27 More explicitly, the power series:
Since both rings are given by the intersection of two ideals generated by a homogeneous degree 1 polynomial, we can see algebraically that the singularities "look" the same. This is because such a scheme is the union of two non-equal linear subspaces of the affine plane.
Properties.
1. The completion is a functorial operation: a continuous map "f": "R" → "S" of topological rings gives rise to a map of their completions,
Moreover, if "M" and "N" are two modules over the same topological ring "R" and "f": "M" → "N" is a continuous module map then "f" uniquely extends to the map of the completions:
where formula_31 are modules over formula_32
2. The completion of a Noetherian ring "R" is a flat module over "R".
3. The completion of a finitely generated module "M" over a Noetherian ring "R" can be obtained by "extension of scalars":
Together with the previous property, this implies that the functor of completion on finitely generated "R"-modules is exact: it preserves short exact sequences. In particular, taking quotients of rings commutes with completion, meaning that for any quotient "R"-algebra formula_34, there is an isomorphism
4. Cohen structure theorem (equicharacteristic case). Let "R" be a complete local Noetherian commutative ring with maximal ideal formula_36 and residue field "K". If "R" contains a field, then
for some "n" and some ideal "I" (Eisenbud, Theorem 7.7).