Two-sided Laplace transform

In mathematics, the two-sided Laplace transform or bilateral Laplace transform is an integral transform equivalent to probability's moment generating function. Two-sided Laplace transforms are closely related to the Fourier transform, the Mellin transform, and the ordinary or one-sided Laplace transform. If "f"("t") is a real- or complex-valued function of the real variable "t" defined for all real numbers, then the two-sided Laplace transform is defined by the integral
The integral is most commonly understood as an improper integral, which converges if and only if both integrals
exist. There seems to be no generally accepted notation for the two-sided transform; the 
formula_3 used here recalls "bilateral". The two-sided transform
used by some authors is
In pure mathematics the argument "t" can be any variable, and Laplace transforms are used to study how differential operators transform the function.
In science and engineering applications, the argument "t" often represents time (in seconds), and the function "f"("t") often represents a signal or waveform that varies with time. In these cases, the signals are transformed by filters, that work like a mathematical operator, but with a restriction. They have to be causal, which means that the output in a given time "t" cannot depend on an output which is a higher value of "t".
In population ecology, the argument "t" often represents spatial displacement in a dispersal kernel.
When working with functions of time, "f"("t") is called the time domain representation of the signal, while "F"("s") is called the s-domain (or "Laplace domain") representation. The inverse transformation then represents a "synthesis" of the signal as the sum of its frequency components taken over all frequencies, whereas the forward transformation represents the "analysis" of the signal into its frequency components.
Relationship to other integral transforms.
If "u" is the Heaviside step function, equal to zero when its argument is less than zero, to one-half when its argument equals zero, and to one when its argument is greater than zero, then the Laplace transform formula_5 may be defined in terms of the two-sided Laplace transform by
On the other hand, we also have
where formula_8 is the function that multiplies by minus one (formula_9), so either version of the Laplace transform can be defined in terms of the other.
The Mellin transform may be defined in terms of the two-sided Laplace transform by
with formula_11 as above, and conversely we can get the two-sided transform from the Mellin transform by
The Fourier transform may also be defined in terms of the two-sided Laplace transform; here instead of having the same image with differing originals, we have the same original but different images. We may define the Fourier transform as
Note that definitions of the Fourier transform differ, and in particular
is often used instead. In terms of the Fourier transform, we may also obtain the two-sided Laplace transform, as
The Fourier transform is normally defined so that it exists for real values; the above definition defines the image in a strip formula_16 which may not include the real axis.
The moment-generating function of a continuous probability density function "ƒ"("x") can be expressed as formula_17.
Properties.
For any two functions formula_18 for which the two-sided Laplace transforms formula_19 exist, if formula_20 i.e. formula_21 for every value of formula_22 the formula_23 almost everywhere.
One property is like that of the unilateral transform but with an important difference:
Region of convergence.
Bilateral transform requirements for convergence are more difficult than for unilateral transforms. The region of convergence will be normally smaller.
If "f" is a locally integrable function (or more generally a Borel measure locally of bounded variation), then the Laplace transform "F"("s") of "f" converges provided that the limit
exists. The Laplace transform converges absolutely if the integral
exists (as a proper Lebesgue integral). The Laplace transform is usually understood as conditionally convergent, meaning that it converges in the former instead of the latter sense.
The set of values for which "F"("s") converges absolutely is either of the form Re("s") > "a" or else Re("s") ≥ "a", where "a" is an extended real constant, −∞ ≤ "a" ≤ ∞. (This follows from the dominated convergence theorem.) The constant "a" is known as the abscissa of absolute convergence, and depends on the growth behavior of "f"("t"). Analogously, the two-sided transform converges absolutely in a strip of the form "a" < Re("s") < "b", and possibly including the lines Re("s") = "a" or Re("s") = "b". The subset of values of "s" for which the Laplace transform converges absolutely is called the region of absolute convergence or the domain of absolute convergence. In the two-sided case, it is sometimes called the strip of absolute convergence. The Laplace transform is analytic in the region of absolute convergence.
Similarly, the set of values for which "F"("s") converges (conditionally or absolutely) is known as the region of conditional convergence, or simply the region of convergence (ROC). If the Laplace transform converges (conditionally) at "s" = "s"0, then it automatically converges for all "s" with Re("s") > Re("s"0). Therefore the region of convergence is a half-plane of the form Re("s") > "a", possibly including some points of the boundary line Re("s") = "a". In the region of convergence Re("s") > Re("s"0), the Laplace transform of "f" can be expressed by integrating by parts as the integral
That is, in the region of convergence "F"("s") can effectively be expressed as the absolutely convergent Laplace transform of some other function. In particular, it is analytic.
There are several Paley–Wiener theorems concerning the relationship between the decay properties of "f" and the properties of the Laplace transform within the region of convergence.
In engineering applications, a function corresponding to a linear time-invariant (LTI) system is "stable" if every bounded input produces a bounded output.
Causality.
Bilateral transforms do not respect causality. They make sense when applied over generic functions but when working with functions of time (signals) unilateral transforms are preferred.