Orthonormality

In linear algebra, two vectors in an inner product space are orthonormal if they are orthogonal (or perpendicular along a line) unit vectors. A set of vectors form an orthonormal set if all vectors in the set are mutually orthogonal and all of unit length. An orthonormal set which forms a basis is called an orthonormal basis.
Intuitive overview.
The construction of orthogonality of vectors is motivated by a desire to extend the intuitive notion of perpendicular vectors to higher-dimensional spaces. In the Cartesian plane, two vectors are said to be "perpendicular" if the angle between them is 90° (i.e. if they form a right angle). This definition can be formalized in Cartesian space by defining the dot product and specifying that two vectors in the plane are orthogonal if their dot product is zero.
Similarly, the construction of the norm of a vector is motivated by a desire to extend the intuitive notion of the length of a vector to higher-dimensional spaces. In Cartesian space, the "norm" of a vector is the square root of the vector dotted with itself. That is,
Many important results in linear algebra deal with collections of two or more orthogonal vectors. But often, it is easier to deal with vectors of unit length. That is, it often simplifies things to only consider vectors whose norm equals 1. The notion of restricting orthogonal pairs of vectors to only those of unit length is important enough to be given a special name. Two vectors which are orthogonal and of length 1 are said to be "orthonormal".
Simple example.
What does a pair of orthonormal vectors in 2-D Euclidean space look like?
Let u = (x1, y1) and v = (x2, y2).
Consider the restrictions on x1, x2, y1, y2 required to make u and v form an orthonormal pair.
Expanding these terms gives 3 equations:
forms an orthonormal set.
However, this is of little consequence, because C[−π,π] is infinite-dimensional, and a finite set of vectors cannot span it. But, removing the restriction that "n" be finite makes the set dense in C[−π,π] and therefore an orthonormal basis of C[−π,π].