Flat (geometry)

In geometry, a flat or Euclidean subspace is a subset of a Euclidean space that is itself a Euclidean space (of lower dimension). The flats in two-dimensional space are points and lines, and the flats in three-dimensional space are points, lines, and planes.
In a -dimensional space, there are flats of every dimension from 0 to . Flats of dimension are called hyperplanes.
Flats are the affine subspaces of Euclidean spaces, which means that they are similar to linear subspaces, except that they need not pass through the origin. Flats occur in linear algebra, as geometric realizations of solution sets of systems of linear equations.
A flat is a manifold and an algebraic variety, and is sometimes called a "linear manifold" or "linear variety" to distinguish it from other manifolds or varieties.
Descriptions.
By equations.
A flat can be described by a system of linear equations. For example, a line in two-dimensional space can be described by a single linear equation involving and :
In three-dimensional space, a single linear equation involving , , and defines a plane, while a pair of linear equations can be used to describe a line. In general, a linear equation in variables describes a hyperplane, and a system of linear equations describes the intersection of those hyperplanes. Assuming the equations are consistent and linearly independent, a system of equations describes a flat of dimension .
Parametric.
A flat can also be described by a system of linear parametric equations. A line can be described by equations involving one parameter:
while the description of a plane would require two parameters:
In general, a parameterization of a flat of dimension would require parameters .
Operations and relations on flats.
Intersecting, parallel, and skew flats.
An intersection of flats is either a flat or the empty set.
If each line from one flat is parallel to some line from another flat, then these two flats are parallel. Two parallel flats of the same dimension either coincide or do not intersect; they can be described by two systems of linear equations which differ only in their right-hand sides.
If flats do not intersect, and no line from the first flat is parallel to a line from the second flat, then these are skew flats. It is possible only if sum of their dimensions is less than dimension of the ambient space.
Join.
For two flats of dimensions and there exists the minimal flat which contains them, of dimension at most . If two flats intersect, then the dimension of the containing flat equals to minus the dimension of the intersection.
Properties of operations.
These two operations (referred to as "meet" and "join") make the set of all flats in the Euclidean -space a lattice and can build systematic coordinates for flats in any dimension, leading to Grassmann coordinates or dual Grassmann coordinates. For example, a line in three-dimensional space is determined by two distinct points or by two distinct planes.
However, the lattice of all flats is not a distributive lattice.
If two lines and intersect, then is a point. If is a point not lying on the same plane, then , both representing a line. But when and are parallel, this distributivity fails, giving on the left-hand side and a third parallel line on the right-hand side.
Euclidean geometry.
The aforementioned facts do not depend on the structure being that of Euclidean space (namely, involving Euclidean distance) and are correct in any affine space. In a Euclidean space: