Topological ring

In mathematics, a topological ring is a ring "R" that is also a topological space such that both the addition and the multiplication are continuous as maps
where "R" × "R" carries the product topology. That means "R" is an additive topological group and a multiplicative topological semigroup.
General comments.
The group of units "R"× of "R" is a topological group when endowed with the topology coming from the embedding of "R"× into the product "R" × "R" as ("x","x"−1). However, if the unit group is endowed with the subspace topology as a subspace of "R", it may not be a topological group, because inversion on "R"× need not be continuous with respect to the subspace topology. An example of this situation is the adele ring of a global field; its unit group, called the idele group, is not a topological group in the subspace topology. If inversion on "R"× is continuous in the subspace topology of "R" then these two topologies on "R"× are the same.
If one does not require a ring to have a unit, then one has to add the requirement of continuity of the additive inverse, or equivalently, to define the topological ring as a ring that is a topological group (for +) in which multiplication is continuous, too.
Examples.
Topological rings occur in mathematical analysis, for example as rings of continuous real-valued functions on some topological space (where the topology is given by pointwise convergence), or as rings of continuous linear operators on some normed vector space; all Banach algebras are topological rings. The rational, real, complex and "p"-adic numbers are also topological rings (even topological fields, see below) with their standard topologies. In the plane, split-complex numbers and dual numbers form alternative topological rings. See hypercomplex numbers for other low-dimensional examples.
In algebra, the following construction is common: one starts with a commutative ring "R" containing an ideal "I", and then considers the "I"-adic topology on "R": a subset "U" of "R" is open if and only if for every "x" in "U" there exists a natural number "n" such that "x" + "I""n" ⊆ "U". This turns "R" into a topological ring. The "I"-adic topology is Hausdorff if and only if the intersection of all powers of "I" is the zero ideal (0).
The "p"-adic topology on the integers is an example of an "I"-adic topology (with "I" = ("p")).
Completion.
Every topological ring is a topological group (with respect to addition) and hence a uniform space in a natural manner. One can thus ask whether a given topological ring "R" is complete. If it is not, then it can be "completed": one can find an essentially unique complete topological ring "S" that contains "R" as a dense subring such that the given topology on "R" equals the subspace topology arising from "S".
If the starting ring "R" is metric, the ring "S" can be constructed as a set of equivalence classes of Cauchy sequences in "R", this equivalence relation makes the ring "S" Hausdorff and using constant sequences (which are Cauchy) one realises a (uniformly) continuous morphism (CM in the sequel) such that, for all CM where is Hausdorff and complete, there exists a unique CM such that 
formula_1. If "R" is not metric (as, for instance, the ring of all real-variable rational valued functions i.e. all functions endowed with the topology of pointwise convergence) the standard construction uses minimal Cauchy filters and satisfies the same universal property as above (see Bourbaki, General Topology, III.6.5).
The rings of formal power series and the "p"-adic integers are most naturally defined as completions of certain topological rings carrying "I"-adic topologies.
Topological fields.
Some of the most important examples are also fields "F". To have a topological field we should also specify that inversion is continuous, when restricted to "F"\{0}. See the article on local fields for some examples.