Fano variety

In algebraic geometry, a Fano variety, introduced by Gino Fano in , is a complete variety "X" whose anticanonical bundle "K"X* is ample. In this definition, one could assume that "X" is smooth over a field, but the minimal model program has also led to the study of Fano varieties with various types of singularities, such as terminal or klt singularities.
Some properties.
The existence of some ample line bundle on "X" is equivalent to "X" being a projective variety, so a Fano variety is always projective. For a Fano variety "X" over the complex numbers, the Kodaira vanishing theorem implies that the sheaf cohomology groups formula_1 of the structure sheaf vanish for formula_2. In particular, the Todd genus formula_3 automatically equals 1. The formula_4 cases of this vanishing statement also tell us that the first Chern class induces an isomorphism formula_5.
By Yau's solution of the Calabi conjecture, a smooth complex variety admits Kähler metrics of positive
Ricci curvature if and only if it is Fano. Myers' theorem therefore tells us that the universal cover of a Fano manifold is compact, and so can only be a finite covering. However, we have just seen that the Todd genus of a Fano manifold must equal 1. Since this would also apply to the manifold's universal cover, and since the Todd genus is multiplicative under finite covers, it follows that any Fano manifold is simply connected.
A much easier fact is that every Fano variety has Kodaira dimension −∞.
Campana and Kollár–Miyaoka–Mori showed that a smooth Fano variety over an algebraically closed field is rationally chain connected; that is, any two closed points can be connected by a chain of rational curves.
Kollár–Miyaoka–Mori also showed that the smooth Fano varieties of a given dimension over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero form a bounded family, meaning that they are classified by the points of finitely many algebraic varieties. In particular, there are only finitely many deformation classes of Fano varieties of each dimension. In this sense, Fano varieties are much more special than other classes of varieties such as varieties of general type.
Classification in small dimensions.
The following discussion concerns smooth Fano varieties over the complex numbers.
A Fano curve is isomorphic to the projective line.
A Fano surface is also called a del Pezzo surface. Every del Pezzo surface is isomorphic to either P1 × P1 or to the projective plane blown up in at most 8 points, which must be in general position. As a result, they are all rational.
In dimension 3, there are smooth complex Fano varieties which are not rational, for example cubic 3-folds in P4 (by Clemens - Griffiths) and quartic 3-folds in P4 (by Iskovskikh - Manin). classified the smooth Fano 3-folds with second Betti number 1 into 17 classes, and classified the smooth ones with second Betti number at least 2, finding 88 deformation classes. A detailed summary of the classification of smooth Fano 3-folds is given in .