Aberlemnia

Aberlemnia is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the Early Devonian (around ), which consisted of leafless stems with terminal spore-forming organs (sporangia). Fossils found in Scotland were initially described as "Cooksonia caledonica". A later review, which included new and more complete fossils from Brazil, showed that the specimens did not fit the circumscription of the genus "Cooksonia"; accordingly a new genus "Aberlemnia" was proposed.
Description.
Fossils from which the genus was first described were found in the Aberlemno quarry, Scotland. Other fossils now assigned to "Aberlemnia caledonica" have been found in Wales, Brazil and possibly Bolivia. Plants consisted of smooth leafless stems (axes) up to 1.4 mm wide, decreasing in width at each branching. Specimens branched up to five times, at angles between 25 and 55°, mainly dichotomously, although those from Brazil had some trichotomies. Spore-forming organs or sporangia were borne at the ends of the stems. Individual sporangia varied in shape. Smaller ones were more or less circular in outline, larger ones were kidney-shaped (reniform), up to 2 mm high and 3 mm wide. The difference in shape is interpreted as being due to growth and maturation. To release their spores, the sporangia split into two valves along the border opposite to the stem on which they were attached (i.e. distally).
Taxonomy.
Specimens were first attributed to "Cooksonia caledonica" by Edwards in 1970. According to a review of the genus "Cooksonia" by Gonez and Gerrienne, the sporangium of the type species ("C. pertoni") is formed by a widening of the end of a stem. At maturity the sporangium is topped by a flattish disk (an operculum) and releases its spores when this breaks up. The sporangia of "C. caledonica" are quite different. No existing genus was considered to cover the precise morphology of this plant, so that a new genus "Aberlemnia" was put forward. The name is based on the location where the first fossils were found, Aberlemno in Scotland.
In 2013, Hao and Xue classified "Aberlemnia" as a rhyniopsid, in the subgroup they called "renalioids", along with "Renalia" and "Hsua".
Phylogeny.
Gonez and Gerrienne consider that "Cooksonia" is the most basal of the stem group of the lycophytes, whereas their genus "Aberlemnia" diverged later and is more derived. Consistent with this position, the genus has a combination of inherited features or plesiomorphies, such as dichotomous branching and terminal sporangia, with more advanced features, such as bivalved sporangia, which are characteristic of the lycophytes. A cladistic study in which they included the two best-characterized species of "Cooksonia", "C. paranensis" and "C. pertonii", together with "Aberlemnia caledonica" (then still called "C. caledonica") produced the following cladogram: