Pontederia azurea

Pontederia azurea is a water hyacinth from the Americas, sometimes known as anchored water hyacinth. It is the type species of Pontederia subg. Eichhornia, which was previously recognized as part of the polyphyletic genus Eichhornia. It is of some interest as an aquarium plant.
Description.
The anchored water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic perennial plant. It is known by various common names such as, water orchid, and floating water hyacinth. The water hyacinth could be identified by its distinct thick, waxy green leaves that has a rounded or elliptical shape. It is able to grow under water and above water due to its long stem that is able to produce up to 5 flowers on a single stem. The hyacinth produces large blossoms with lavender blue petals and a yellow blotch at the center, the flower bearing great resembles with that of a lilac. The petals of the flower are normally 2 inches wide with six petals making up the flower. It can grow up to three feet above water surface and is rooted in the soil underwater.
Distribution.
The Anchored Water Hyacinth ("Eichhornia azurea") is native to Central and South America, inhabiting warm bodies of water. In 1884, the species was introduced to New Orleans from South America.
The species has expanded to Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Vermont. "E. azurea" also has been introduced into Japan, China, Singapore, and New Zealand. The "E. azurea" species is considered to be a noxious species by the United States and is prohibited in the following states: Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, and Vermont.
In 1884, the anchored water hyacinth was introduced from South America to the United States as an ornamental. The species is able to grow rapidly once introduced and rapidly forms expansive mats of the water hyacinths. Hyacinths are known to double its population size in just two weeks and can reproduce through their seeds and horizontal stems. When they wither, their stems bend and they are able to release their seeds into the soil below. Fragmenting a piece of the plant allows for the plant to be transported and planted elsewhere.
Invasive Species.
"E. azurea" poses a threat as a noxious weed. Due to its enlarged bulb-like petioles, the plant is able to not only grow under the surface of the water, but also is able to float and extend above water. In competition with other species for similar requirements in water surface area or bank rooting positions, "E. azurea" is extremely successful. As an invasive species, the "E. azurea" is able to accumulate on the surface of water that smothers native species while also lowering light penetration and dissolved oxygen levels. This contributes to the decline of biodiversity as aquatic animals suffocate and die with the lack of dissolved oxygen and resources. Water quality also suffers as result of the lack of dissolved oxygen in the water. This also impacts the fauna that rely on the diverse native species that die against the "E. azurea". It also poses a threat towards native aquatic animals as "E. azurea" is able to reduce their food and habitats. Additionally, the "E. azurea" is a good habitat for disease vectors such as mosquitoes and parasitic flatworms which bring about diseases such as malaria and schistosomiasis.
The anchored water hyacinths also contributes to water loss in introduced areas through transpiration and also negatively affects recreational activities as it clogs waterways. The clogging of water ways prevents swimming, boating and fishing.
Control.
"Eichhornia azurea" are very similar to "Eichhornia crassipes" in that the only way to differentiate them is that "E. crassipes" is a free floating plant. Both are considered a weed and invasive, but "E. crassipes" are more known and studied as an invasive species so the control methods applied to the "E. crassipes" are the same for "E. azurea". There are three types of mechanisms that can be applied for control. There is biological, chemical, and chemical control, but chemical control is the least favorite as the long term effects of chemicals on the environment and surrounding species.
Chemical Control.
Chemical control consists of herbicides and the one applied to water hyacinths are 2,4-D, Diquat and Glysophate which requires skilled operators.
Physical Control.
Physical control is not suited for large infestations, but when used consists of using a mechanical mower or manual extraction methods.
Biological Control.
The last type of control, biological, is the more favored of the three. This control consists of the use of the species’ natural enemies such as insects and fungi.