Calycanthus chinensis

Calycanthus chinensis, known as Chinese sweetshrub, is a species of flowering plant in the family Calycanthaceae, native to . It was first given a valid scientific name in 1964. It is cultivated as an ornamental flowering shrub, and has been hybridized with two other species in the genus "Calycanthus" to combine its larger and broader tepalled flowers with their scented and more colourful ones.
It has been treated as the only species in the genus Sinocalycanthus.
Description.
"Calycanthus chinensis" is a deciduous shrub or small tree up to high and the same across. Older twigs are hairless and have greyish or greyish-brown bark. The leaves are aromatic and arranged in an opposite fashion. The leaf petiole (stalk) is about long. The leaf blade is variable in shape but broadly ovate, long by wide. The base of the leaf petiole hides the lateral buds.
In its original habitat in China, it flowers in May. The nodding flowers are terminal, about across, and borne singly on a short pedicel long. There is no clear distinction into sepals and petals. There are about 10–14 white outer tepals, often flushed pink, especially as they age, and about 7–16 yellowish inner tepals, with purple marks near the base. The inner tepals are shorter and thicker than the outer ones, and curve inwards. The fruit matures in October in the wild. It is ovoid, with a spiral of marks at the top showing the former position of the tepals. The seeds are achenes, about long, and have silky hairs.
Taxonomy.
"Calycanthus chinensis" has a somewhat confused taxonomic history. It was first described in 1963 as "Calycanthus chinensis" by W.C. Cheng and S.Y. Chang. However, their use of the name was invalid under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, because two different collections were both given as holotypes. (Article 9.1 requires the holotype to be only one specimen.) The authors then described it validly in 1964 in their new genus "Sinocalycanthus". In 1979, P.T. Li rejected the genus "Sinocalycanthus", and validated the original name "Calycanthus chinensis" (inadvertently according to the International Plant Names Index).
A 2006 molecular phylogenetic study of the family Calycanthaceae found that the three widely recognized species of "Calycanthus" formed a monophyletic group. Relationships among the three species differed depending on whether chloroplast or nuclear data was used: "C. chinensis" was either sister to "C. floridus" plus "C. occidentalis", or formed a clade with "C. occidentalis", "C. floridus" being sister to both.
Distribution and habitat.
"Calycanthus chinensis" is known from Zhejiang Province in southeastern China, where it is found at elevations of in woods, particularly along streams.
Cultivation.
"Calycanthus chinensis" is cultivated as an ornamental shrub. In the United States, it is usually considered hardy in zones 6–8. In Europe, it is hardy as far north as eastern Scotland. Well-drained but moist, acid soils are recommended. In cooler climates, full sun is recommended, and it will have a long flowering season, beginning in June in southern England. In warmer climates in the US, it will grow in some shade and has a shorter but earlier flowering season, beginning in April. It can be propagated by softwood cuttings in summer, or by seed.
Hybridization.
"Calycanthus chinensis" has been hybridized with the two North American species of "Calycanthus", the aim being to combine the larger flowers of "C. chinensis" with the colour and fragrance of those of "C. floridus" and "C. occidentalis". The North American species are also hardier. The first cross, made in 1991 by Richard Hartlage at North Carolina State University, was between "C. chinesis" and "C. floridus". The hybrid has been given the scientific name "C." × "raulstonii", with the original cross treated as the cultivar 'Hartlage Wine'. Further crosses have been made. 'Venus' also involves "C. occidentalis".