Enthemonae

Description.
The Enthemonae is a suborder of sea anemones in the order Actiniaria. It comprises those sea anemones with typical arrangement of mesenteries for actiniarians.
The enthemonae is any member of the invertebrate suborder characterised by soft bodied, marine animals that look like flowers which primarily attach to hard or rigid surfaces. An enthemonae is a suborder of sea anemone of the order Actiniaria, which includes the overall majority of the actiniarians, which belong to the former groups of Protantheae, Ptychodacteae, and Nynantheae . It is part of a highly diverse order that successfully occupies marine habitats across all depths of the ocean, ranging from the tidal zone to more than 33,000 feet. There are 3 superfamilies and up to 48 family’s within, thus making it one of the largest suborders of the sea anemones long side the Anenthemonae.
Classification.
Within the suborder of Ethemonae there are 46 families showing the large amount of diversity within the species. This diversity stems from the depth, heat and environment of the water they are growing in.
The differential feature between the 2 suborders of sea anemone; Enthemonae and Anenthemonae is that they are primarily characterised by having basilar muscles, mesoglea marginal sphincter and they lack acontia and arotinoids (Gusmao. L, Berniker. L & Harris. O, 2019). They however, rarely lack these types of basilar muscles and sphincters causing the outer column to be smooth in texture.
Superfamilies.
Within the Enthemonae suborder, there are 3 different superfamilies; Actinostoloidea, Actinoidea and Metridioidea, all having family other families within.
Actinostoloidea and  Metridioidea is known for the rare phenomenon of brooding which is only seen in 57 species out of approximately 1100 within Actiniaria. These superfamilies which are predominately found in the Southern Ocean and therefore brood externally as well as having a combination of morphological features including 12 mesenteries and an oral disc similar to glandular sacs (Gusmão, ,L.C., Berniker, Harris, O, & Rodríguez, E. 2019).Whereas, the Actinoidea is a shallow water enthemonae.
Superfamilies and families in the suborder Enthemonae include:
Reproduction.
All suborders of sea anemones can reproduce both sexually and asexually. The sexual reproduction is a simple and straightforward process involving the fertilisation of an egg which evolves into a planula further to a polyp then an adult (Stewart, Z.K &Pavasovic, A. 2017). In comparison, there are multiple ways they can reproduce asexually including budding, fragmentation or by  longitudinal or transverse binary fission (Galliot, B.; Schmid, V. 2002).
Musculature.
Musculature is the arrangement of muscles in a body or organism.
The simple body plan of actiniarians shows the high level of morphological convergence (a form of evolution which results in unrelated organisms independently producing similarities of form, usually because they become adapted to living in similar types of environment) which implies that both the endodermal  and mesogleal marginal muscles represent this derivation, which was further transformed into the endodermal muscle lineage (Rodriguez. E, 2014).
Within Enthemonae, their marginal musculature has shown to be phylogenetically consistent revealing that on occasion these features have been lost several times over centuries. The enthemonae’s feature of marginal musculature was lost in the Family Edwardsioidea and Family Actinoidea which stemed from a reduction in total body size or a shift in habitat. (Rodriguez. E, 2014)
Venom.
Enthemonae produce venom dependent on the superfamily with vast molecular diversity which are classified according to pharmacological activity and amino acid sequence. However, the exact receptors they target are either unknown or incomplete (Madio. B, 2019).
Venom System.
All cnidarians lack a centralised venom system and in replace produce numerous venom tissues throughout the body, using 2 different cell types; nematocytes and ectodermal gland cells (Reft, A.J.; Daly, M. 2012). Nematocysts are the main venom delivery tissue which are capsules containing extremely powerful discharge (Nuchter, T.; Benoit, M.; Engel, U.; Ozbek, S.; Holstein, T.W, 2006). The most functional and common venom tissue within enthemonae include tentacles which are used to capture prey, immobilise threats and used in digestion (Daly, M. 2017).  The other cell type is ectodermal gland cells which is responsible for producing a distinct collections of toxins. These toxins can be released in greater quantities due to the larger capacity of the gland in comparison to the nematocytes.
Venom Tissue.
The venom that is found within these tissues are a complex combination of proteins, polypeptides and other non-protein based compounds. These components are grouped into 4 functional categories according to Anderluh, G.; Macek, P in the ‘Cytolytic peptide and protein toxins from sea anemones’. 
They are:
1.    Phospholipase A2
·      Degrades the membrane of the neurological and muscle cells which causes never damage and muscle inflammation
2.    Cytolysins
·      Causes cell lysis on the cell membrane
3.    Neurotoxins
·      Interact with the receptors causing an altered neural transmission
4.    Non-protein compounds
·      Induce pain when there is an interaction with the venom