Lloyd Eaton

Lloyd W. Eaton (March 23, 1918 – March 14, 2007) was an American football player, coach, and executive. He served as the head coach at Alma College (1949–1955), Northern Michigan University (1956), and the University of Wyoming (1962–1970), compiling a career college football record of 104–53–4. Eaton then worked as the director of player personnel for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He chose to kick 14 black players off of the Wyoming football team for discussing a protest against discrimination in the 1969 "Black 14" incident.
Early years.
Growing up in Belle Fourche, South Dakota, Eaton was an outstanding football, track, and boxing athlete at Belle Fourche High School. He graduated from Black Hills State Teachers College where he played end and became captain of the team in his junior year.
Professional career.
Eaton remained at Black Hills after graduation, becoming the line coach there for one year. He then coached football at Dupree High School for several years leading up to his service in World War II.
Following the war, he returned to coaching at Bennett County High School in Martin, South Dakota, and then earned a master's degree at the University of Michigan. There he coached the 150-pound football team.
He began doctoral studies at Indiana University Bloomington, then moved on to coach football at Alma College in Michigan. His teams won the 1950 and 1951 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association championship titles, and he compiled a record of 40–20–2. His influence there was felt by player Denny Stolz, who later became a successful coach.
Eaton was a detail-oriented disciplinarian who made a name for himself by introducing new techniques that helped smaller defensive linemen. "[Smaller defensive linemen] became very popular as a result," recalled Paul Roach, Eaton's assistant at Wyoming. "I think this became somewhat of a springboard for him to be elevated as a head football coach, and he certainly had an outstanding career as a head football coach".
Eaton left Alma in 1956, and coached at Northern Michigan University for one year. From 1957 to 1961, Eaton served as defensive line coach at the University of Wyoming, and in 1962, he succeeded Bob Devaney as head coach there. In that role, he became one of the university's most successful coaches, compiling a record of 57–33–2. His greatest success came in the 1966, 1967, and 1968 seasons. In those three years, the team posted back-to-back 10–1 seasons, including a 14-game winning streak from November 5, 1966 to January 1, 1968, then followed this by going undefeated through the 1968 regular season. His teams won the 1966 Sun Bowl and played in the 1968 Sugar Bowl.
In 1969, he dismissed 14 African-American Wyoming players from the team for planning to wear black armbands during a game against BYU. The situation known as the "Black 14", caused harmful repercussions for the University and he was eventually forced to step down after he went 1-9 the next year.
In 1972 Eaton became the Director of Player Personnel for the Green Bay Packers, before being demoted to a scouting position four years later. He later served as the western regional director for the BLESTO player rating service of the NFL, before retiring in the mid-1980s.
In 1973, he was elected to the Alma (College) Athletic Hall of Fame, and in 1984 to the Wyoming Coaches Association Hall of Fame.
"Black 14" controversy.
Eaton was the head coach in 1969, during the "Black 14" incident, in which he dismissed 14 black Wyoming players from the team for planning to wear black armbands during a game against the Brigham Young University (BYU) Cougars. At a victory against BYU the previous year, players from the Cougars had subjected them to racial epithets. A week before the upcoming game, the team's black members were reminded of the incident and also informed about the racial policies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (which owns and operates BYU, and which up until 1978 excluded black people from the church's priesthood as well as any temple ceremonies - also had been proscribed from proxy baptisms on behalf of the dead by David O McKay unlike his predecessors that permitted them for blacks) by Willie Black, leader of Wyoming's Black Student Alliance, and challenged them to do something about it. The day before the game, the players approached coach Eaton to tell him that they were planning to wear black armbands during the game in protest; Eaton forbade it. The players then arranged to meet with Eaton, intending to discuss with him the terms of their protest. According to Joe Williams, a team co-captain before he was suspended from the team, "We wanted to see if we could wear black armbands in the game, or black socks, or black X's on our helmets. And if he had said no we had already agreed that we would be willing to protest with nothing but our black skins."
Eaton took them to the bleachers in the old fieldhouse. Eaton says he listened to their suggestions for ten minutes before deciding to dismiss them from the team. Williams gives a very different account: "He [Eaton] came in, sneered at us and yelled that we were off the squad. He said our very presence defied him. He said he has had some good Negro boys. Just like that." Defensive end Tony McGee said that Eaton "said we could go to Grambling State or Morgan State ... We could go back to colored relief. If anyone said anything, he told us to shut up. We were really protesting policies we thought were racist. Maybe we should've been protesting there." John Griffin, a Wideout, corroborates McGee's memory.
At San Jose State University, the team voted to wear multicolored armbands against Wyoming in support of the 14, and groups at other Western Athletic Conference schools demanded that Wyoming be dropped from their schedules. At the time of the incident, the team was undefeated (4-0) and ranked 12th in the nation. Even though Wyoming beat BYU 40-7 and San Jose State (the next game) without the players, it would lose its last four games of 1969 and went 1-9 the next year, which prompted the school to fire Eaton. Black athletes stayed away from the college athletic programs for the following decade.
The "Black 14" incident spurred the court case "Williams v. Eaton", with the issue of free speech against the principle of separation of church and state. Litigation was lengthy for this case and ended on October 31, 1972.
Personal life.
He was once married and divorced, living purposefully without a phone. Eaton died at the age of 88 on March 14, 2007 in Nampa, Idaho.
Pintupi dialect

Pintupi () is an Australian Aboriginal language. It is one of the Wati languages of the large Pama–Nyungan family. It is one of the varieties of the Western Desert Language (WDL).
Pintupi is a variety of the Western Desert Language spoken by indigenous people whose traditional lands are in the area between Lake Macdonald and Lake Mackay, stretching from Mount Liebig in the Northern Territory to Jupiter Well (west of Pollock Hills) in Western Australia. These people moved (or were forced to move) into the indigenous communities of Papunya and Haasts Bluff in the west of the Northern Territory in the 1940s–1980s. The last Pintupi people to leave their traditional lifestyle in the desert came into Kiwirrkura in 1984. Over recent decades they have moved back into their traditional country, setting up the communities of Kintore (in Pintupi known as "Walungurru") in the Northern Territory, Kiwirrkura and Jupiter Well (in Pintupi "Puntutjarrpa") in Western Australia.
Children who were born in Papunya and Haasts Bluff grew up speaking a new variety of Pintupi, now known as Pintupi-Luritja, due to their close contact with speakers of Arrernte, Warlpiri and other varieties of the WDL. This has continued through the moves west so that most Pintupi people today speak Pintupi-Luritja, although there remains a clear distinction between the more western and eastern varieties.
Pintupi is one of the healthier Aboriginal languages and is taught to local children in schools.
Phonology.
The phonology of Pintupi has been described by K. C. and L. E. Hansen based on fieldwork conducted in Papunya, Northern Territory in 1967–68.
Consonants.
Pintupi has 17 consonant phonemes. The symbols used in the practical orthography are shown in brackets where they differ from the IPA symbols.
The lamino-alveolars are frequently palatalised, and often has an affricated allophone .
The trill usually has a single contact (i.e. a flap ) in ordinary speech, but multiple contacts (a true trill) in slow, emphatic, or angry speech. The retroflex approximant may also be realised as a flap .
Hansen and Hansen (1969) refer to the retroflex consonants as "apico-domal".
Vowels.
Pintupi has six vowel phonemes, three long and three short. All are monophthongal at the phonemic level. Again, the symbols used in the practical orthography are shown enclosed in brackets where they differ from the phonemic symbols.
The short vowel phonemes are devoiced when word-final at the end of a clause, as in 'he finally (came) to camp', 'we all (brought) water for him', and 'it was close'.
Short vowels are rhotacised before retroflex consonants, as in 'tree (generic)', 'spear (one type)', and 'a shelter'.
The open vowel is diphthongised to and before and respectively, as in 'pare (it)' and 'cold ashes'.
Orthography.
An orthography was developed by the Hansens and is used in their publications, which include a dictionary, a grammar sketch and bible portions. This orthography is also used in the bilingual school, and especially in the school's Literature Production Centre. The orthography is shown in the above tables of consonants and vowels.
Phonotactics.
Pintupi has only two possible syllable types: CV (a consonant followed by a vowel) and CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant). In the middle of a word, and may appear in the syllable coda only when followed by a homorganic plosive, as in 'left side' and 'mouse'. Otherwise, only coronal sonorants may appear in the syllable coda. All consonants except the apico-alveolars and may appear in word-initial position; only coronal sonorants (except ) may appear in word-final position. However, at the end of a clause, the syllable is added to consonant-final words, so consonants may not appear in clause-final position.
Short vowels may appear anywhere in the word; long vowels may appear only in the first syllable (which is stressed), as in 'eagle' and 'ignorant'.
Phonological processes.
When a suffix-initial follows a root-final consonant, the assimilates in place of articulation to the preceding consonant, as in → 'younger sibling (transitive subject)', → 'at the spirit ground'. However, the sequence undergoes coalescence and surfaces as simple , as in → 'at Tjintar'.
When two identical CV sequences meet at a word boundary, they undergo haplology and fuse into a single word in rapid speech, as in → 'climbed into the car' and → 'went around the middle'. When a lamino-alveolar consonant or is followed by in the last syllable of a word, and the next word begins with , the word-initial is deleted and the two adjacent -sounds merge into a long , as in → 'they all came' and → 'not west'.
Prosody.
Pintupi words are stressed on the first syllable. In careful speech, every second syllable after that (i.e. the third, fifth, seventh, etc.) may receive a secondary stress, but secondary stress never falls on the final syllable of the word, as in 'for the benefit of Tjakamara' and 'because of mother-in-law'. However, the particle (which indicates a change of subject) is not stressed when it is the first morpheme in a clause, as in '(he) went'.