Legionnaire (video game)

Legionnaire is a computer wargame for the Atari 8-bit series created by Chris Crawford in 1982, and released through Avalon Hill. Recreating Julius Caesar's campaigns in a semi-historical setting, the player takes command of the Roman legions in real-time battles against the barbarians.
Gameplay.
Similar to the earlier groundbreaking "Eastern Front (1941)" in terms of display and general gameplay, "Legionnaire" added a real-time computer opponent, and is one of the earliest examples of a real-time tactics (RTT) game.
The player took the side of the Romans, playing the role of Caesar, giving orders to their forces in real time. The computer played the barbarians, in blue, with the player's legions in pink. There were three types of units; infantry was represented by a sword, cavalry as a horse head, and Caesar's own Imperial Guard as an eagle. Orders were given to the units by moving a cursor over them with the joystick and then holding down the joystick button; existing commands would be displayed as a moving arrow, and new orders could be entered by pressing the joystick in the four cardinal directions.
Like "Eastern Front", the "Legionnaire" playfield consists of a large grid of square cells with various terrain features displayed on it. Unlike "Eastern Front" the new map included altitude, displayed as a series of contour lines. Movement was affected by the contours as well as the underlying terrain, making positional combat an important part of the overall strategy. The screen showed only a small portion of the entire map at one time, smooth-scrolling around it when the joystick-controlled cursor reached the edges of the screen. Unlike "Eastern Front", the map contained no cities or strategic locations, and the game started with both forces placed at random locations on the map.
While the user was entering the orders for their units, the computer was calculating moves for its own units. A basic form of multitasking was implemented by having the "easy" jobs of reading the joystick and recording the user's inputs during the vertical blank interrupt (VBI), while the computer AI ran during non-interrupt time. The player was forced to search the map for the enemy, and then attempt to gather their units into a fighting line on favorable terrain. The challenge was doing this quickly enough before the enemy forces arrived and attacked your units piecemeal. As in "Eastern Front" the AI was not particularly strong, but the real-time action made the game more difficult, as well as eliminating several "tricks" one could use to fool the AI.
The game lacked any strategic component driving the gameplay so the player could simply move to an advantageous position, form up a solid line, and wait. In combat, the Roman forces were much more powerful than the barbarians and would win any one-on-one fight. The scoring system attempted to make up for this, awarding higher points for faster victories. In pursuit of a higher score the player is forced to seek out and attack the barbarian units on terms that might not be as favorable, and without quick retreats after combat, might result in encirclement or exhaustion.
Development.
Crawford had written an earlier "Legionnaire" for the Commodore PET in 1979, his platform before moving to Atari. This was a fairly simple game using character graphics and featuring a limited amount of logic. He later ported this to the Atari platform and released it as "Centurion", but this saw limited sales.
After writing "Eastern Front", Crawford was looking for ways to use the new scrolling-map technology introduced in that game. Avalon Hill had approached Crawford with positive comments about "Eastern Front", and he promised to make a game for them. After three months of preliminary work, he started development in January 1982, delivering the first version in February and a final version in June. Crawford published an article on game design in the December 1982 "BYTE", using "Legionnaire" as example.
"Legionnaire" was the last game Crawford would release using the original "Eastern Front" engine. His next game for the Atari was "Excalibur", which used a different model of interaction based on moving from room to room within a virtual castle. When Atari collapsed in 1984 he turned his attention to the Macintosh computer, releasing the famous "Balance of Power" in 1985.
Reception.
"Computer Gaming World" in 1982 described "Legionnaire" as "a game that anyone can sit down and play without reading endless instructions or learning complex strategies". The reviewer stated that "the real time action in this game is my favorite point ... I know I'll be at the computer for an hour at the most", and concluded it was "as challenging as "Eastern Front" and immensely more playable". In 1990 and 1993 surveys of strategy and war games, however, the magazine gave the game two-plus stars out of five, calling it a "marginally historical simulation of Roman tactics". "Compute!" compared the game to "Eastern Front" and felt it would "appeal to a much broader audience because the game is faster-paced, has fewer units to control, and is, therefore, a faster game." "Softline" called "Legionnaire" "a well-documented and thought-out program ... easy to learn and difficult to play well", with graphics that were "a fine piece of work", and concluded that "On a scale of 1 to 100, this is a 95".
"Creative Computing"s review was mixed, calling it a "successful effort" but pointing out several issues. "InfoWorld"s lengthy review was much more positive, rating it highly in its checkbox review, but giving it a somewhat more muted conclusion that "Legionnaire is a special game for a certain kind of player." "BYTE" mocked "Legionnaire"s cover art as being of poor quality, but called the game "great entertainment, even for those who haven't been war-game fans before" A later review called it "the perfect solitaire game", citing as improvements on "Eastern Front" multiple scenarios and durations and real-time play, and concluded that "Legionnaire" "is a wonderful game that ... combines the graphics and movement of arcade games with the depth of strategy games". By contrast "BYTE" columnist Jerry Pournelle, a fan of Avalon Hill board games, disliked "Legionnaire". He stated that its real-time made it "an arcade game masquerading as a game of strategy", and described the Apple II version's interface and graphics as poor. "The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 1984" gave the game an overall A rating, criticizing the "annoying" sound but praising the graphics, and concluded that it was "a very good introduction to war game playing".
"Legionnaire" was nominated for "Best Adventure Game for Home Computer" at the 1983 Origins Game Fair. Even as the game was being released, however, Crawford expressed his doubt that it would have the lasting power of "Eastern Front". He later wrote in "Chris Crawford on Game Design" that he considered it competent, but "Neither the original version nor the Avalon-Hill version of the game was a great game ...certainly no masterpiece. It was good experience for me, but I would have spent my time better had I moved on to something that fired my imagination."
Legacy.
In 2013 Crawford publicly released the source code of several of his games, including "Legionnaire".