
Chaetodiadema japonicum

Chaetodiadema japonicum is a species of sea urchins of the Family Diadematidae. Their armor is covered with spines. "Chaetodiadema japonicum" was first scientifically described in 1904 by Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen.
Manganese monosilicide is a non-stoichiometric compound, meaning that the 1:1 Mn:Si composition, lattice constant and many other properties vary depending on the synthesis and processing history of the crystal. 
MnSi has a cubic crystal lattice with no inversion center; therefore its crystal structure is helical, with right-hand and left-hand chiralities.
At low temperatures and magnetic fields, the magnetic structure of MnSi can be described as a stack of ferromagnetically ordered layers lying parallel to the (111) crystallographic planes. The direction of magnetic moment varies from layer to layer by a small angle due to the antisymmetric exchange.
Upon cooling to temperatures below Tc = 29 K, MnSi changes from a paramagnetic into a ferromagnetic state; the transition temperature Tc decreases with increasing pressure, vanishing at 1.4 GPa. 
Electron spins in MnSi show dissimilar, yet regular spatial arrangements at different values of applied magnetic field. Those arrangements are named helical, skyrmion, conical, and regular ferromagnetic. They can be controlled not only by temperature and magnetic field, but also by electric current, and the current density required for manipulating skyrmions (~106 A/m2) is approximately one million times smaller than that needed for moving magnetic domains in traditional ferromagnets. As a result, skyrmions in MnSi have potential application in ultrahigh-density magnetic storage devices.
Synthesis.
Centimeter-scale single crystals of MnSi can be prepared by direct crystallization from the melt using the Bridgman, zone melting or Czochralski methods.