Convoy SQ-36

Convoy SQ-36 was a trade convoy of merchant ships during the Second World War. It was one of the numbered SQ convoys from Sydney to Quebec. The convoy was found on 15 September 1942 by , which then destroyed two ships from the convoy while sank another and damaged two.
Background.
The SQ convoys were a series of merchant ship formations escorted by warships ranging in size from destroyers to Motor Launches to protect against attack by German submarines in the St. Lawrence River and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The convoys travelled from Sydney, Nova Scotia to Quebec City, Quebec and were the reverse direction of river traffic of the QS convoys. The March 1942 St. Lawrence Conference reviewed plans for Quebec-Sydney convoys for defence against U-boats in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence River as well as establishing a base at Gaspé, Quebec for the St. Lawrence patrol force, named Gaspé Force. However, by Spring 1942 the only deterrent active within the St. Lawrence were air patrols. In early May, the first U-boat arrived in the St. Lawrence, . It entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and sank two merchant vessels.
Following the attacks, all independent sailings were cancelled and the QS-SQ convoy system was adopted. As a result of merchant ship losses in the Atlantic Ocean, many slow lake freighters, vessels built for shipping on the Great Lakes, had been brought into service supplying St. Lawrence ports. The large number of slow ships prevented the adoption of slow and fast convoys of merchants, making all the convoys uniform in speed with a maximum of .
From 6 to 10 September 1942, and successfully attacked Convoy QS-33 and caused severe losses to the merchants travelling within it. On 11 September, "U-517" sank the corvette in the St. Lawrence River. Following the failure of QS-33, which despite air cover and warship escort, the Naval Service Headquarters in Ottawa transferred two destroyers from the Western Local Escort Force to augment the convoy escort of future sailings.
Ships in the convoy.
Merchant ships.
SQ-33 was one of the larger convoys in the series. There were twenty-two merchant vessels in the convoy. Thirteen were travelling in ballast, six were loaded with coal and three with paper. The vessels were arranged in seven columns, with the middle row containing four vessels. Each ship was to be spaced five cables apart (roughly ) and from the one ahead of it. The Convoy Commodore was situated aboard "Llangollen" and the Convoy Vice Commodore aboard "Essex Lance". The convoy commodore was responsible for station keeping among the merchants and to relay any orders to the rest of the merchant fleet from the senior escort officer.
Escort.
The escort initially comprised five vessels, led by the , also containing the and three Fairmile B Motor Launches. The destroyer , commanded by Lieutenant M.H.R. Crichton, joined the escort late on the first day. "Salisbury" was one of the destroyers temporarily assigned to Gaspé Force. The destroyer was equipped with Type 271 radar which made the vessel capable of locating surfaced submarines. The Fairmiles "Q-082" and "Q-063" remained with the convoy.
The convoy was provided with air cover from detachments based at Mont-Joli and Gaspé, Quebec, Charlottetown and Summerside, Prince Edward Island and Chatham, New Brunswick. A Canso amphibious aircraft accompanied the convoy as close air cover from sunrise to nightfall. On 15 September, the convoy escort was reinforced by the corvette and the minesweeper .
Battle.
Attack by "U-517".
SQ-36 was due to sail on 11 September bound for Quebec City. However, due to the attacks on QS-33 and the resulting decision to have destroyers accompany Gulf convoys, SQ-36's sailing was delayed until 13 September in order to allow "Salisbury" to join the escort. The convoy departed Sydney at 05:30 on 13 September, with "Salisbury" joined the convoy's screen at 17:45 directly from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador where the destroyer had been undergoing repairs. On 15 September, the escorts "Summerside" and "Chedabucto" joined the convoy screen off the Baie des Chaleurs. During this period, "U-517" had begun to move its patrol area from around the Magdalen Islands to Gaspé. While in transit on 15 September, the submarine spotted a Canso overhead and took it as a sign of nearby convoy. The submarine spotted the convoy at 12:00 and the submarine's commander, "Kapitänleutnant" Paul Hartwig, used the same tactics that had worked successfully during his attack on QS-33. Hartwig moved the submarine into the predicted path of the convoy and let the convoy sail towards him. However, the convoy made a change of direction and the submarine ended up off the starboard side of the convoy.
The sequence of events that followed were confused. In research by historians Michael L. Hadley and Roger Sarty, the logs of the submarine and the convoy do not match and certain events could not be corroborated. Furthermore, the chemically treated paper used in "Salisbury"s asdic returns faded so quickly that even in the immediate investigation following the attack by command staff at Halifax, Nova Scotia found it useless.
As "U-517" moved to avoid "Salisbury", which had been sweeping back towards the rear of the convoy. According to Hartwig's log, he fired four torpedoes at two vessels in separate columns at 13:33. He was forced to dive shortly after firing and claimed only one hit. Unknown to him, two of his torpedoes had struck targets, with the other two exploding in the rocks below Cap-des-Rosiers roughly away. The first merchant hit, "Inger Elizabeth" was the lead vessel in one of the columns and suffered an explosion amidships between hold #2 and the boiler room. The vessel had been transporting coal bound for Port-Alfred, Quebec and sank within five minutes of the torpedoing. Twenty-three of the twenty-six were rescued. The second vessel to be hit was "Saturnus", a defensively equipped merchant ship (DEMS), sailing in ballast bound for Montreal. "Saturnus" was the second ship in its column, dead centre of the convoy. Lookouts aboard "Saturnus" spotted the torpedo as it closed with the ship and increased speed and made to turn. However, the torpedo struck the vessel's stern. "Saturnus" sank in fifteen minutes with thirty-five of thirty-six of its crew being rescued. The survivors were landed north of Gaspé and trucked into town and then took a train to Montreal.
According to the convoy record, "Llangollen", another DEMS, spotted a periscope between the columns a few minutes after "Saturnus" was hit. "Llangollen" opened fire with its guns and at 13:45, the DEMS "Cragpool" and "Janetta" also began firing on contacts. A sixteen-minute delay between the first torpedoing and reaction by the convoy escorts elapsed, which Hadley states was the result of the Royal Navy "Salisbury" being unfamiliar with routines and procedures of Canadian tactics in gulf convoys. "Salisbury" turned towards sound of gunfire and spotted a periscope, which disappeared at 13:50 as Hartwig dove to . "Salisbury" made asdic contact with the submarine and dropped five depth charges at 14:00. "Arrowhead", which had been sweeping ahead of the convoy, joined "Salisbury" at the site of the asdic contact and dropped nine depth charges, with some set to and others to . "Arrowhead" and "Salisbury" made two more attacks before "Summerside" arrived to relieve the destroyer. The corvettes continued to hunt in the area until the Fairmiles arrived to relieve them, with "Arrowhead" departing to rejoin the convoy at 15:40 and "Summerside" at 16:20. The depth charges that the escorts had dropped damaged the storage tubes for reserve torpedoes on the exterior of the submarine's hull. Hartwig kept the submarine submerged until nightfall and gave up chasing the convoy as heavy fog set in.
Attack by "U-165".
Following the first attack, the convoy changed its organization with five columns of four merchant vessels. "Salisbury" was stationed ahead of the centre column, with "Vegreville", "Summerside" and "Q-063" on the port side of the column and "Chedabucto", "Arrowhead" and "Q-082" on the starboard side. "U-165" had been patrolling off Les Méchins, Quebec in the St. Lawrence River, approximately west of where the convoy came under attack by "U-517". On 16 September, the convoy approached "U-165"s patrol area, where the submarine had been alerted by "U-517" of the convoy's arrival. Under the command of "Fregattenkapitän" Eberhard Hoffman, the submarine moved to attack the convoy while submerged, entering the convoy between positions of "Vegreville" and "Summerside". At 07:09, lookouts aboard "Essex Lance", which was in ballast heading for Montreal, spotted a torpedo track in the water off the starboard bow. "Essex Lance" was the lead ship in the port side column, closest to shore. The torpedo struck the ship at 07:10 between the rudder and the propeller. "Essex Lance" settled by the stern but did not sink. The crew of fifty took to the lifeboats, but one of the crew drowned.
A few minutes later the merchant "Joannis" spotted a periscope within the convoy. "Joannis" was behind "Essex Lance" in the same column and was sailing in ballast bound for Montreal. Just as the vessel began evasive manoeuvres, a torpedo struck the ship aft. "Joannis" sank quickly, though the entire crew of thirty-seven escaped the ship. The survivors of both torpedoed merchants were loaded aboard "Q-082" and landed at Saint-Paulin-Dalibaire (now part of Les Méchins). "Salisbury" moved to where the periscope had been sighted and at 07:17 got a contact on asdic, but had problems manoeuvering within the convoy. "Arrowhead" and "Summerside" which had moved to join "Salisbury", could not relocate the contact. "Vegreville" attempted to tow "Essex Lance" which had not sunk. The stern of "Essex Lance" had dropped a further in the water and the bow of the vessel had begun to cant upward, forcing "Vegreville" to abandon the tow. The minesweeper abandoned the vessel, which remained loose in the St. Lawrence River until the arrival of the salvage tug "Lord Strathcona" on 17 September which towed the damaged merchant to Quebec City, arriving on 22 September. "Essex Lance" was repaired and returned to service. "U-165" torpedoed one more vessel of the convoy, "Pan York", which survived. "Salisbury" and "Arrowhead" made more depth charge attacks at 08:04, neither of which were reported by "U-165".
Aftermath.
At 11:00 on 16 September, "Salisbury" departed the convoy's screen to join its next convoy. The rest of the convoy arrived at Quebec on 16 September. "U-165" had expended all its torpedoes and began the return voyage home. At 10:00 the submarine was caught on the surface by a Hudson light bomber of No. 113 Squadron RCAF. The bomber went into a steep dive, using its camouflage to approach the submarine without being detected. The Hudson fired 361 machine gun rounds, strafing the submarine, before dropping four depth charges, fused for . The depth charges bracketed the submarine but did no damage. "U-165" was later sunk in the Bay of Biscay on its return to base in France. On 21 September, "U-517" was nearly rammed and sunk by while approaching SQ-38. On 29 September, the submarine was bombed by another aircraft from 113 Squadron, with one unexploded depth charge lodged in the "U-517"s foredeck. The submarine withdrew from the area on 2 October.
These losses contributed to the Canadian government's decision to close the Gulf and St. Lawrence River to overseas shipping. Additionally, the pressing need for escorts in the upcoming Invasion of North Africa by Allied forces prevented Canada from allocating further reinforcements to the gulf convoys. On 9 September, the Canadian government informed their allies that all overseas shipping bound for ports on the St. Lawrence River be diverted to Saint John, New Brunswick, Sydney or Halifax. Furthermore, the government intended to shut down the QS series of convoys within two weeks.