Pterygium

Pterygium refers to any winglike triangular membrane occurring in the neck, eyes, knees, elbows, ankles or digits.
The term comes from the Greek word "pterygion" meaning "wing".
Types.
A pterygium grows in response to exposure to ultraviolet light. They are more common in light-skinned people living nearer the equator, particularly where outdoor activities are popular.
As the pterygium grows, it replaces the corneal epithelium, and erodes the superficial layers beneath it. These layers are Bowman's membrane, and the anterior corneal stromal lamellae. The pterygium pulls and distorts the cornea as it enlarges.
Effects.
A pterygium reduces the vision in several ways:
Surgical removal.
Indications for surgery, in order of decreasing importance:
Surgery is usually performed under local anaesthetic with light sedation as day surgery. The pterygium is stripped carefully off the surface of the eye. If this is all that is done, the pterygium regrows frequently. The technique with the lowest recurrence rate uses an auto graft of conjunctiva from under the eyelid. This is placed over the defect remaining from the removed pterygium. The graft can be stitched in place, which is time consuming, and painful for the patient afterwards.
An alternative is the use of tissue adhesive fibrin glue (Tisseel or Full Link or Beriplast P or Quixil). A Cochrane Review including 14 studies and last updated October 2016, found that using fibrin glue when doing conjunctival autografting was associated with a reduced likelihood of the pterygium recurring compared with sutures. The review found that operations may take less time but fibrin glue may be associated with more complications (for example, rupture, shrinking and inflammation (granuloma). A 3-year clinical study on the application of ologen collagen matrix as excision site grafts showed significantly improved surgery success rates.
The mechanism of the collagen matrix graft (commercially available as ologen®) works by promoting healthy cell growth into the matrix, thus preventing conjunctiva overgrowth that can cover the iris.
Natural history.
A pterygium grows very slowly. Usually it takes several years or decades to progress.