Venu

The venu (Sanskrit: ; ) is one of the ancient transverse flutes of Indian classical music. It is an aerophone typically made from bamboo, that is a side blown wind instrument. It continues to be in use in the South Indian Carnatic music tradition. In Northern Indian music, a similar flute is called "bansuri". In the South, it is also called by various other names such as "pullankudal" (புல்லாங்குழல்) in Tamil (Tamil Nadu) , "oodakuzhal "(ഓടകുഴൽ) or " kurungu kuzhal " (കുറുന് കുഴൽ) in Malayalam (Kerala) and "ಕೊಳಲು (koḷalu)" in Kannada (Karnataka) . It is known as "pillana grōvi" (పిల్లన గ్రోవి) or "Vēṇuvu" (వేణువు) in Telugu (Andhra Pradesh). It is also called as Carnatic Flute.
The "venu" is discussed as an important musical instrument in the "Natya Shastra", the classic Hindu text on music and performance arts. The ancient Sanskrit texts of India describe other side blown flutes such as the "murali" and "vamsika", but sometimes these terms are used interchangeably. A "venu" has six holes, is about the thickness of a thumb, and twelve fingers long. A longer "murali" has four holes and two hands longs. The "vamsika" has eight holes, between twelve and seventeen fingers long.
A "venu" is a part of the iconography of Hindu god Krishna.
Construction and technique.
One of the oldest musical instruments of India, the instrument is a key-less transverse flute made of bamboo. The fingers of both hands are used to close and open the holes. It has a blowing hole near one end, and eight closely placed finger holes. The instrument comes in various sizes. The venu is also a highly respected instrument and those who play it are expected to appreciate it, for it is considered a gift to be able to play it.
The "venu" is capable of producing two and half octaves with the help of over-blowing and cross fingering. The flute is like the human voice in that it is monophonous and also has a typical two and half octave sound reproduction. Sliding the fingers on and off the holes allows for production of variety of Gamakas, important in the performance of raga-based music.
History.
The flute (Venu) finds great mention in Indian mythology and folklore having been listed as among the 3 original instruments meant for music along with the human sound and Veena (vaani-veena-venu). However it is strange that there is no name mentioned for the typical flute that the Lord plays.
The "venu" is associated with the Hindu god Krishna, who is often depicted playing it. This kind of flute is mainly used in South India. Lord Vishnu is portrayed as Sri Venugopala - playing the Flute of Creation.
In the Hindustani style, it is known as Bansuri. In the Carnatic style, it is known as flute.
Venu had not been a part of the Carnatic classical music until the pioneering innovations of Shri Sharaba Shastri and later revisions and updates on his design by Shri T.R. Mahalingam (fondly called Flute Mali). Due to the underlying physics of sound production, flutes have a natural "cut" or a discontinuity when going from the lowest note to the highest note. This discontinuity appears between the notes "ga" and "ma" on a Carnatic flute and between "Ma" and "Pa" for a Hindustani flute (mainly because of the fingering technique differences). In order to adapt the flute to Carnatic Music, certain modifications were necessary such as the addition of the 7th hole, usage of thicker walled bamboos, the technique of lifting the head to change the angle of embouchure when shifting between "ga" and "ma" notes. These innovations enabled artists to perform the Carnatic ragas with all the necessary Gamakas and ornamentations without losing the "Bhaava" of the raga.
Difference between Bansuri and Venu.
Often beginners in India find themselves in a dilemma on what kind of flute to begin playing on as India has two distinct kinds of traverse flutes. They are the Bansuri (North Indian Bamboo Flute) and the Venu (South Indian Bamboo Flute).
The main differences between these two are the raw material, construction and style of playing.
Raw material for Venu is thicker and denser and grows in Kerala. It is darker and produces clear and rich mellow tone. (Examples such as Shri Kudamaloor Janardanan, J.A. Jayanth, Dr. N Ramani etc. use the Carnatic Flute).
Bansuri uses a thinner walled bamboo (but longer in length and diameter). It is lighter in color and produces an light airy tone (it is called Jawaari). This bamboo grows in Assam (Silchar)
Venu is constructed with 8 playing holes and 1 blowing hole. Of these 8 playing holes, 7 are actually used for playing and the last finger hole is used in tuning. Bansuri uses 6 playing holes and 1 blowing hole. There have been certain artists that have experimented with additional Pancham Hole (thumb hole to achieve the note Pa) and Teevra ma hole at the end. However, standard bansuri usually contains only 6 holes. These differences are mainly to accommodate the different styles of music that are played on it.
The Sa on Venu is achieved by closed the top 2 finger holes. On a bansuri the top 3 finger holes are closed to achieve this note. The way the notes are played is also slightly different. Carnatic music emphasizes the "gayaki style" or "the style of imitating the human voice". Hence the usage of gamakas and andolans require a nimble hold and a way to bend the notes smoothly on a Venu. Bansuri is more suited to Hindustani style of music due to its importance on long sustained notes and fast taans. These two instruments serve different styles of music and hence the difference in playing and construction.
Flute sizes and pitches.
The flute pitch is usually marked on the blowing end. It is denoted either in numbers on a Venu from 1 to 7 with or without (1/2, indicating one semitone higher) or as per the standard Pitch letters on a Bansuri from A to G with or without (#-Sharps/b-Flats). The size varies up to 12 sizes in length, each providing different pitches. The diameter of the flute also varies based on the pitch. With Lower octaves the diameter and length of flute increase, whereas in case of Higher octaves,the diameter and length of the flute is smaller. 
There are many custom sized flutes available. Some flutes even go beyond 1 meter length. There is no limit in the imagination of these kind of flute constructions. Few examples are Double contrabass flute, Contrabass flute and Anahat Venu, which can go up to 12 feet.
Even a PVC pipe can be used to construct a flute in a very simple way, simply using common scissors.
Making the first sound.
In order to get an initial sound out of the flute, one can blow air into the embouchure hole. This technique is common for all tranverse flutes such as the Western flute, the Bansuri, the Chinese Dizi flute etc.
Musical notes.
Playing includes a Musical Scale or Sargam, which usually has 7 notes Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni; in Hindustani Classical Music.
In Carnatic Music, the swaras are denoted as per the Melakarta System.
The Transition from Ga to Pa is an essential aspect which is to be practiced appropriately under the Guidance of a Flute Teacher.
The blowing intensity needs to be changed carefully without distorting the sound.
Extreme strong blows allow the artist to even play few extra notes beyond the range the flute (some times leads to whistle sound).
Angling the flute against the blowing hole , allows the artist to modify and fine tune a note to the origiinal pitch.
While blowing the air, the artist can choose either continuous blowing or non-continuous blowing or even use the tough/lips to vibrate the air to play the music.
Half finger closed musical notes.
The artist can use the finger to close the hole half or quarter or three quarter to make different sounds, even though the sound does not falls in the standard keyboard but it is up to the imagination of the music artist to make those sounds.
This technique allows the artist to play almost 30+ notes in one flute. As a standard the black keys in a keyboard can be sounded in a flute with half finger closed on the corresponding hole.
Slow opening and slow closing the hole allows the music curves/pitching to move between one note to another note while continuously blowing, even two/three fingers can be slow closed and slow opened while continuously blowing. This sound curving technique produces Gamak from Carnatic music.
This technique allows the artist to play like a Song of male from the bird Asian koel. This can be related to hard pressing the Veena string to get the bending/pitching note or using a Pitch Wheel in an Electronic/MIDI keyboard.