Sidetic language

The Sidetic language is a member of the extinct Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family known from legends of coins dating to the period of approximately the 5th to 3rd centuries BCE found in Side at the Pamphylian coast, and two Greek–Sidetic bilingual inscriptions from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE respectively. The Greek historian Arrian in his Anabasis Alexandri (mid-2nd century CE) mentions the existence of a peculiar indigenous language in the city of Side.
Sidetic was probably closely related to Lydian, Carian and Lycian.
The Sidetic script is an alphabet of the Anatolian group. It has about 25 letters, only a few of which are clearly derived from Greek. Consensus is growing that the script has essentially been deciphered.
Evidence.
Inscriptions and coins.
Coins from Side were first discovered in the 19th century, which bore legends in a then-unknown script. In 1914, an altar came to light in Side with a Greek inscription and a Sidetic one, but the latter could not be deciphered. It was only after the discovery of a second Greek-Sidetic bilingual inscription in 1949, that Hellmut Theodor Bossert was able to identify 14 letters of the Sidetic script using the two bilinguals. In 1964 a large stone block was unearthed near the east gate of Side, with two longer Sidetic texts, including loan words from Greek ("istratag" from στρατηγός, 'commander' and "anathema-" from ἀνάθημα, 'votive offering'). In 1972, a text was found outside Side for the first time, at the neighbouring town of Lyrbe-Seleukia. Currently, eleven Sidetic coins and several coins with Sidetic legends are known.
Citations.
In addition to the inscriptions, two Sidetic words are known from ancient Greek texts: ζειγάρη for cicada, mentioned by the ancient lexicographer Hesychius, and λαέρκινον for Valeriana, cited by Galen. In addition, it is believed that some incomprehensible characters in the third book of Hippocrates' "Epidemics" were originally quotations of the doctor Mnemon of Side, which might have been in the Sidetic script.
Catalogue of Sidetic texts.
The designated number and date of discovery are given:
In addition a few Sidetic words have been handed down via classical authors, though not written in Sidetic script: "laerkinon" (λαέρκινον, = the herb valerian), "zeigarê" (ζειγάρη, a cricket, cicada).
Characteristics of Sidetic.
The Sidetic script.
Texts in the Sidetic language are written right to left in an alphabet of about 25 characters. Word borders are often (but not always) marked by a vertical stroke. Since the 2010s consensus has grown with regard to the transliteration of the characters. The meaning of two-thirds of the characters is now firmly established.
The Sidetic language.
The inscriptions show that Sidetic was already strongly influenced by Greek at the time when they were created. Like Lycian and Carian, it was part of the Luwian language family. However, only a few words can be derived from Luwian roots, like "malwadas" 'votive offering' (Luwian "malwa-") and "maśara" 'for the gods' (Luwian "masan(i)-", 'god', 'divinity'). It has been argued that there were also Anatolian pronouns ("ab", he/she/it) and adverbs ("osod", 'there').
The declension of nouns basically follows a familiar Anatolian language pattern:
No verbs have yet been securely identified.
Like the neighbouring Pamphylian language, aphaeresis is frequent in names in Sidetic (e.g. "Poloniw" for Apollonios, "Thandor" for Athenodoros), as is syncope (e.g. "Artmon" for Artemon).