Variant Chinese character

Variant Chinese characters (; Kanji: ; Hepburn: "itaiji"; ; Revised Romanization: "icheja") are Chinese characters that are homophones and synonyms. Almost all variants are allographs in most circumstances, such as casual handwriting. Some contexts require the usage of certain variants, such as in textbook editing.
Regional standards.
Variant Chinese characters exist within and across all regions where Chinese characters are used, whether Chinese-speaking (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore), Japanese-speaking (Japan), or Korean-speaking (North Korea, South Korea). Some of the governments of these regions have made efforts to standardize the use of variants, by establishing certain variants as standard. The choice of which variants to use has resulted in some divergence in the forms of Chinese characters used in mainland China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. This effect compounds with the sometimes drastic divergence in the standard Chinese character sets of these regions resulting from the character simplifications pursued by mainland China and by Japan.
The standard character forms of each region are described in:
Origins of variants.
Character forms that are most orthodox are known as orthodox characters () or Kangxi Dictionary form (), as the forms found in the Kangxi dictionary are usually the ones consider to be orthodox, at least by late Imperial China standards. Variants that are used in informal situations are known as popular characters (; Revised Romanization: sokja; Hepburn: zokuji). Some of these are longstanding abbreviations or alternate forms that became the basis for the Simplified Character set promulgated by the People's Republic of China. For example, is the popular variant, whereas is the orthodox form of the character meaning 'stupid; demented'. In this case, two different phonetic elements were chosen to represent the same sound. In other cases, the differences between the orthodox form and popular form are merely minor distinctions in the length or location of strokes, whether certain strokes cross, or the presence or absence of minor inconspicuous strokes (dots). These are often not considered true variant characters but are adoptions of different standards for character shape. In mainland China, these are called "xin zixing" (, typically a simplified popular form) and "jiu zixing" (, typically the Kangxi dictionary form). For instance, is the new form of the character with traditional orthography 'recount; describe'. As another example, 'a surname; name of an ancient state' is the 'new character shape' form of the character traditionally written .
Variant graphs also sometimes arise during the historical processes of "liding" () and "libian" (), which refer to conversion of seal script to clerical script by simple regularization and linearization of shape ("liding", lit. 'clerical fixing') or more significant omissions, additions, or transmutations of graphical form ("libian", lit. 'clerical changing'). For instance, the small seal script character for 'year' was converted by more conservative "liding" to a clerical script form that eventually led to the variant , while the same character, after undergoing the more drastic "libian", gave rise to a clerical script form that eventually became the orthodox . A similar divergence in the regularization process led to two characters for 'tiger', and .
There are variants that arise through the use of different radicals to refer to specific definitions of a multisemous character. For instance, the character could mean either 'certain types of hawk' or 'carve; engrave.' For the former, the variant ('bird' radical) is sometimes employed, while for the latter, the variant ('jade' radical) is sometimes used.
In rare cases, two characters in ancient Chinese with similar meanings can be confused and conflated if their modern Chinese readings have merged, for example, and , are both read as "jī" and mean 'famine; severe hunger' and are used interchangeably in the modern language, even though meant 'insufficient food to satiate', and meant 'famine' in Old Chinese. The two characters formerly belonged to two different Old Chinese rime groups ( and groups, respectively) and could not possibly have had the same pronunciation back then. A similar situation is responsible for the existence of variant forms of the preposition with the meaning 'in; to', and in the modern (traditional) orthography. In both cases described above, the variants were merged into a single simplified Chinese character, and , by the mainland (PRC) authorities.
Usage in computing.
Unicode deals with variant characters in a complex manner, as a result of the process of Han unification. In Han unification, some variants that are nearly identical between Chinese-, Japanese-, Korean-speaking regions are encoded in the same code point, and can only be distinguished using different typefaces. Other variants that are more divergent are encoded in different code points. On web pages, displaying the correct variants for the intended language is dependent on the typefaces installed on the computer, the configuration of the web browser and the language tags of web pages. Systems that are ready to display the correct variants are rare because many computer users do not have standard typefaces installed and the most popular web browsers are not configured to display the correct variants by default.
The following are some examples of variant forms of Chinese characters with different code points and language tags.
The following are some examples of variant forms of Chinese characters with the same code points and different language tags.
Graphemic variants.
Some variants are not allographic. For a set of variants to be allographs, someone who could read one should be able to read the others, but some variants cannot be read if one only knows one of them. An example is and , where someone who is able to read might not be able to read . Another example is , which is a variant of , but some people who could read might not be able to read .