Dino Cube

The Dino Cube is a cubic twisty puzzle in the style of the Rubik's Cube. It was invented in 1985 by Robert Webb, however it was not mass-produced until ten years later. It has a total of 12 external movable pieces to rearrange, compared to 20 movable pieces on the Rubik's Cube.
History.
Robert Webb designed and made the first prototype of what would become the Dino Cube in 1985; his original prototype was made entirely out of paper. Since then the puzzle was reinvented twice, but full mass production of the puzzle did not start until 1995. The first mass-produced version had pictures of dinosaurs depicted on each piece, which led to the adoption of the puzzle's current name of "Dino Cube". It is not known what the puzzle had been called before this dinosaur version was introduced. The later versions, however, adopted the practice of using standard single-colour stickers, in common with most other twisty puzzles.
Overview.
The Dino Cube is a twisty puzzle in the shape of a cube. It consists of 12 movable pieces, all of which are located on the edges of the cube.
The puzzle can be thought of as twisting around its corners: each "move" changes the position of three edge pieces adjacent to the same corner, by rotating them around that corner. There are in fact eight more "hidden" pieces inside the puzzle, which are located at the corners and are fixed to the puzzle's core; these pieces only become visible in the middle of a move.
The vast majority of mass-produced Dino Cubes have the standard six-colour scheme, with one colour on each face of the cube in the solved state. This is in common with most other cubic twisty puzzles, including the Rubik's Cube. However, a few versions with other colour schemes also exist, including one with four colours (where each colour is centred around one corner of the cube in the solved state), and one with just two colours (where each colour present on half of the puzzle).
The purpose of the puzzle is to scramble the colours and then restore them to their original configuration, usually of one colour per face.
Solving.
The Dino Cube is considered to be one of the easiest twisty puzzles to solve. One of the things that make it so easy is the fact that each move only affects three edge pieces at once, which means it is easy to solve one part of the puzzle without disturbing what is already solved. In addition, each edge piece only has one possible orientation, meaning that if a given piece is in the correct position, it will always be orientated the correct way as well. Therefore, the solver never has to worry about changing the orientation of any pieces.
Although not obvious at the first glance, the six-colour Dino Cube actually has two distinct configurations that represent a solved puzzle. The two solutions are mirror images of each other and the only visual difference between them is their colour schemes; for example, one solution has the colours "Blue - Yellow - Red" going clockwise around one vertex, while in the other these colours go anticlockwise.
Mathematically, the puzzle is identical to Hoberman's BrainTwist, which is a tetrahedral puzzle that can "flip" inside out and reveal another set of four faces. Like the Dino Cube, The BrainTwist has twelve movable pieces, and each move rotates three pieces around one corner. It also likewise has two distinct solutions: one with the same colour on each of the faces and one with the same colour at each of the corners.
Number of combinations.
The Dino Cube has twelve edge pieces. This means naturally there are twelve possible positions for the first given edge, however due to the lack of visible fixed "reference" pieces, all of these positions are rotationally symmetrical to each other. Therefore, the position of the first given edge is not taken into account.
The remaining eleven edge pieces can be permutated in 11! different ways, relative to the first edge piece. Only even permutations of these pieces are possible (i.e. it is impossible to swap one pair of pieces while leaving the rest of the puzzle solved), which divides the limit by 2.
The edge pieces cannot be flipped or misorientated (See "Solving"), therefore this is also not taken into account.
The total number of possible combinations on the six-colour Dino Cube is therefore equal to:
This number is low compared to the number of combinations of the Rubik's Cube (which has over 4.3×1019 combinations) but still larger than many other puzzles in the Rubik's Cube family, notably the Pocket Cube (over 3.6 million combinations) and the Pyraminx (just over 930 thousand combinations, excluding rotations of the trivial tips).
Optimal solutions.
The number of possible of configurations, 19 958 400, is sufficiently small to allow a computer search for optimal solutions. The table below summarises the result of such a search, stating the number "p" of positions that require "n" moves to solve the six-colour Dino Cube ("p2" for either solution, "p1" for one specific solution):
This table shows that the God's Number of the six-colour Dino Cube is 10 (when solving into either solution) or 11 (when solving into one specific solution).
Variations.
Several shape modifications of the Dino Cube exist. These include the aforementioned "BrainTwist", in the shape of a tetrahedron that can flip inside out, the "Platypus", whose shape is also based on a tetrahedron, the "Redi Cube", a cubic version with shallower cuts, and the "Rainbow Cube", in the shape of a cuboctahedron. The latter three puzzles, unlike the Dino Cube, also have their "core" pieces visible.