The Elder Scrolls

The Elder Scrolls is a series of action role-playing video games primarily developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. The series focuses on free-form gameplay in a detailed open world. ', ' and "" all won Game of the Year awards from multiple outlets. The series has sold more than 58 million copies worldwide.
Within the series' fictional universe, each game takes place on the continent of Tamriel. The setting combines pre-medieval real-world elements, such as a powerful Roman-like Empire, with high fantasy medieval tropes, including limited technology, widespread magic use, and the existence of many mythological creatures. The continent is split into a number of provinces inhabited by humans and popular humanoid fantasy races such as elves, orcs and anthropomorphic animals. A common theme in the lore is that a chosen hero rises to defeat an incoming threat, usually a malevolent being or an antagonistic army.
Since debuting with "" in 1994, the series has produced a total of five main games (of which the last three have each featured two or three expansions) as well as several spin-offs. In 2014, a massively multiplayer online role-playing game, "The Elder Scrolls Online", was released by Bethesda's affiliated ZeniMax subsidiary ZeniMax Online Studios.
Development history.
Before "The Elder Scrolls".
Prior to working on "The Elder Scrolls" series, Bethesda had worked predominantly with sports and action games. In the six years from its founding to "Arena" 1994 release, Bethesda had released ten games, six of them sports games, with such titles as "Hockey League Simulator", "NCAA Basketball: Road to the Final Four ('91/'92 Edition)", and "Wayne Gretzky Hockey", and the remaining four adaptations from other media, primarily the "Terminator" series. Bethesda's
course changed abruptly when it began its first action role-playing venture. Designer Ted Peterson recalls: "I remember talking to the guys at Sir-Tech who were doing "" at the time, and them literally laughing at us for thinking we could do it." Ted Peterson worked alongside Vijay Lakshman as one of the initial designers of what was then simply "Arena", a "medieval-style gladiator game.""
"Arena".
Peterson and Lakshman were joined by Julian Lefay who, according to Peterson, "really spear-headed the initial development of the series". Peterson, Lakshman, and LeFay were longtime aficionados of pen-and-paper role-playing games, which greatly influenced the creation of the world of Tamriel. They were also fans of Looking Glass Studios' "" series, their main inspiration for "Arena". Initially, "Arena" was not to be a role-playing game at all. The player, and a team of his fighters, would travel the world, fighting other teams in their arenas until the player became "grand champion" in the world's capital, the Imperial City. Along the way, side quests of a more role-playing nature could be completed. As the process of development progressed, however, the tournaments became less important and the side quests more. Role-playing game elements were added, as it expanded to include cities outside the arenas, and dungeons beyond the cities. Eventually it was decided to drop the idea of tournaments altogether, and focus on quests and dungeons, making the game a "full-blown [role-playing game]". Although the team had dropped all arena combat from the game, all the material had already been printed up with the title, so the game went to market as "The Elder Scrolls: Arena". According to Peterson, "I think Vijay was the guy who tacked on the surtitle "The Elder Scrolls." I don't think he knew what the ... it meant any more than we did, but the opening voice-over was [changed to "It has been foretold in the Elder Scrolls ..." [Vijay Lakshman who then worked at Christopher Weaver's Bethesda Softworks came up with the name of "The Elder Scrolls", and the words eventually came to mean "Tamriel's mystical tomes of knowledge that told of its past, present, and future". The game's initial voice-over was changed in response, beginning: "It has been foretold in the Elder Scrolls ..."
Bethesda missed their Christmas 1993 deadline. The game was released in the first quarter of 1994, a "really serious [mistake] for a small developer/publisher like Bethesda Softworks". The packaging included a scantily clad female warrior, which further contributed to distributor concern, leading to an initial distribution of only 20,000 units. Having missed the Christmas sales season, the development team was concerned that they "had screwed the company". Nevertheless, sales continued to grow, month after month, as news of the game was passed by word-of-mouth. Despite some initial bugginess, and the formidable demands the game made on players' machines, it became a cult hit. Evaluations of the game's success varied from "modest" to "wild". Still, the game maintained traction with its audience. Game historian Matt Barton concluded that "the game set a new standard for this type of role-playing video game, and demonstrated just how much room was left for innovation."
"Daggerfall".
Work on "The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall" began after "Arena" release in March 1994. Ted Peterson was assigned the role of lead game designer. "Daggerfall" plot was less clichéd than "Arena" and involved a "complex series of adventures leading to multiple resolutions." With "Daggerfall", "Arena" experience-point-based system was replaced with one rewarding the player for actually role-playing their character. "Daggerfall" came equipped with an improved character generation engine, one that included a GURPS-influenced class creation system, offering players the chance to create their own classes, and assign their own skills. "Daggerfall" was developed with an XnGine engine, one of the first truly 3D engines. "Daggerfall" realized a game world the size of Great Britain, filled with 15,000 towns and a population of 750,000. It was influenced by analog games and literature that Julian LeFay or Ted Peterson happened to be playing or reading at the time, such as Dumas's "The Man in the Iron Mask" and "". It was released on August 31, 1996. Like "Arena", "Daggerfall" initial release suffered from some bugs, leaving consumers disgruntled. These early anomalies were fixed in later versions. This experience led to a more prudent release schedule for future games.
"Battlespire" and "Redguard".
Following the release of "Daggerfall", work began on three separate projects at once: ', ', and "Morrowind". "Battlespire", originally titled "Dungeon of Daggerfall: Battlespire", was the first of the three to be released, on November 30, 1997. Originally designed as an expansion pack for "Daggerfall", it was repackaged as a stand-alone game. "Battlespire" focused on dungeon romping and offered multiplayer gaming—player versus player deathmatch— the only series title to do so before the release of "The Elder Scrolls Online" in 2014. "Redguard" was the second of the three titles to be released, on October 31, 1998. It was a pure action-adventure game inspired by "Tomb Raider", "Prince of Persia", and the "Ultima" series. "Redguard" did not offer the player the chance to create their own character. Instead, players would play the prefabricated "Cyrus the Redguard". Both games did poorly with Bethesda's audience. Players used to the vast open spaces of "Daggerfall" did not take well to the reduced worlds of "Redguard" and "Battlespire". Based upon its customers' clear desire for massive role-playing game worlds, Bethesda redoubled its efforts to build the next major chapter.
"Morrowind".
The third title in "The Elder Scrolls" series was first conceived during the development of "". Initially designed to encompass the whole province of Morrowind and allow the player to join all five Dunmer Great Houses, it was decided that the scope of the game was too much for the technology available at the time. At publication, it covered the isle of Vvardenfell and allowed the player to join three of the Great Houses. The XnGine was scrapped and replaced with Numerical Design Limited's Gamebryo, a Direct3D powered engine, with T&L capacity, 32-bit textures and skeletal animation. It was decided that the game world would be populated using the methods the team had developed in "Redguard"; with the game objects crafted by hand, rather than generated using the random algorithmic methods.
The project took "close to 100-man-years to create". Bethesda tripled their staff and spent the first year developing "The Elder Scrolls Construction Set". This allowed the game staff to easily balance the game and to modify it in small increments rather than large. Ted Peterson, who had left following the release of "Daggerfall", returned to work as an author of in-game material, and as a general consultant on the lore-based aspects of the work. The PC version of "Morrowind" had gone gold by April 23, 2002, and was released on May 1 in North America, with the Xbox release set at June 7. On January 3, Bethesda announced that game publisher Ubisoft would take control of "Morrowind" European distribution, in addition to those of eight other Bethesda games.
The expansion pack "The Elder Scrolls III: Tribunal" went gold on November 1 and was released, with little fanfare, on November 6. "Tribunal" puts the player in the self-contained, walled city of Mournhold, which can be teleported to and from Morrowind's land mass. Development on the expansion began after "Morrowind" shipped, giving the developers a mere five-month development cycle to release the game. The prior existence of the "Construction Set", however, meant that the team "already had the tools in place to add content and features very quickly." Interface improvements, and specifically an overhaul of "Morrowind" journal system, were among the key goals. "Morrowind" second expansion, "The Elder Scrolls III: Bloodmoon", went gold by May 23, and was released on June 6. It had been worked on since the release of "Tribunal". In the expansion, the player travels to the frozen island of Solstheim and is asked to investigate the uneasiness of the soldiers stationed there.
"Oblivion".
 began in 2002, after "Morrowind" publication. "Oblivion" was developed by Bethesda Softworks, and the initial Xbox 360 and Personal computer (PC) releases were co-published by Bethesda and Take-Two Interactive subsidiary 2K Games. "Oblivion" was released on March 21, 2006. The game centers around an event referred to as "The Oblivion Crisis", where portals to the planes of Oblivion open and release hordes of Daedra upon Tamriel. Developers working on "Oblivion" focused on providing a tighter storyline, more developed characters, and to make information in the game world more accessible to players. "Oblivion" features improved AI, improved physics, and improved graphics. Bethesda developed and implemented procedural content creation tools in the creation of "Oblivion" terrain, leading to landscapes that are more complex and realistic than those of past titles, but had less of a drain on Bethesda's staff. Two downloadable expansion packs, ' and ' were released in 2006 and 2007, respectively. "Knights of the Nine" added a questline surrounding the search for a set of Crusader relics, while "The Shivering Isles" added the eponymous plane to the game.
"Skyrim".
In August 2010, Todd Howard revealed Bethesda was working on a game that had been in development since the release of "Oblivion", and that progress was very far along. While the game was conceptualized after "Oblivion"s release, main development was restricted until after "Fallout 3" was released. In November, Kristian West, then the editor-in-chief of Eurogamer's Danish outlet, reported overhearing a developer on a plane talking about the project; a new "The Elder Scrolls" game, although Bethesda did not comment on the report. At the Spike Video Game Awards in December, Todd Howard appeared on stage to unveil a teaser trailer and announce the title of the game. "The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim" was released on November 11, 2011 to widespread critical acclaim. It was awarded 'Game of the Year' by IGN, Spike and others. The game is set after the events of "Oblivion", when the great dragon Alduin the World Eater returns to Skyrim; a beast whose existence threatens all life in Tamriel. The setting is heavily based on Scandinavia, as seen in the climate and creatures the character encounters. Three pieces of add-ons were released on PC and Xbox 360 in 2012 – ', ' and "", with a PlayStation 3 release in February 2013. "Dawnguard" added two joinable factions and an associated questline revolving around Vampires and the Dawnguard, a group of vampire hunters, while "Hearthfire" added more home customisation options including a house creation kit and the ability to adopt children. "Dragonborn" added the island of Solstheim to the northeast. On October 28, 2016, "Skyrim – Special Edition" was released. On November 17, 2017, "Skyrim – Virtual Reality" was released for PlayStation 4. On June 10, 2018, "Skyrim: Very Special Edition", a voice-activated text adventure game poking fun at the game's many releases, was released for Amazon Alexa devices.
"Online" and "Legends".
On May 3, 2012, "The Elder Scrolls Online" was revealed. "The Elder Scrolls Online" was released for Windows and macOS on April 4, 2014, with the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions initially slated to follow in June 2014 but later delayed until June 9, 2015. The game originally required a subscription to play, but this requirement was dropped on March 17, 2015. There is however a subscription service entitled "ESO Plus" which grants access to all current and future downloadable content (DLC). The DLC is otherwise available for individual purchase in the Crown Store. Additionally, the optional subscription grants various perks that allow players to progress slightly faster than a free player, and grants them a payment of 1650 crowns per month. On June 14, 2015, "", a collectible card game, was announced by Bethesda during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015. It was released on March 9, 2017 for Microsoft Windows and is in beta for Android, iOS, and macOS.
"Skyrim Pinball".
In 2016, on the fifth anniversary of "Skyrim"'s release, Zen Studios developed and released a virtual pinball adaptation of the game as part of the "Bethesda Pinball" collection, which became available as part of "Zen Pinball 2", "Pinball FX 2" and "Pinball FX 3", as well as a separate free-to-play app for iOS and Android mobile devices.
"Blades".
At Bethesda's E3 2018 press conference, Todd Howard announced "The Elder Scrolls: Blades", originally planned for release in Q3 2018. It is expected to be released for Apple and Android phones first, followed by PC and console, including VR. The player will be able to play as a member of the faction the Blades who has returned home to their town to find it destroyed. There will be a survival, arena, and town-building mode, with multiplayer support through its arena and town-building mode, as well as cross-platform. The game will also be able to be played in portrait mode, unusual for an RPG. The Early access of Blades began March 27, 2019 for those who pre-ordered the game. 'Blades' was expected to fully release some time in early 2019.
"The Elder Scrolls VI".
At Bethesda's E3 2018 press conference, Todd Howard announced "The Elder Scrolls VI," which is expected to be released after their next franchise, "Starfield".
Gameplay.
"The Elder Scrolls" games are action role-playing games and include elements taken from action and adventure games. In "Arena", players advance by killing monsters (and thereby gaining experience points) until a preset value is met, whereupon they level-up. However, in "Daggerfall", "Morrowind", and "Oblivion", the series took a skill-based approach to character advancement. Players develop their characters' skills by applying them and only level-up when a certain set of skills have been developed. "Skyrim" took a new approach, where the more a skill is leveled, the more it helps to level the character. This shifted the focus away from character creation and more onto character development. The flexibility of the games' engines has facilitated the release of game extensions (or mods) through The Elder Scrolls Construction Set.
"The Elder Scrolls" main series of games emphasizes different aspects of the gaming experience than most role-playing games. A brief article by Joystiq in early November 2006 compared BioWare's creations to Bethesda's by noting a difference in emphasis. Bethesda's creations focused on "aesthetic presentation and open-ended adventuring"; BioWare's on a combat system and modular architecture. This overarching aim has been noted by their designers as well. Bethesda has described their motivations in creating the first series game, "Arena", as those of any good pen-and-paper role-playing games: creating an environment in which the player could be what the player wants and do what the player wants. "Daggerfall" manual begins with a design manifesto, declaring the developers' intention to "create a book with blank pages," and "a game designed to encourage exploration and reward curiosity." Choices, in the form of paths taken by the player, to do good, to chase after evil, are left open to the player, "just like in real life." This design trend continued with "Morrowind", following the hiatus of similarly epic games in the interim, though Joystiq's previously noted insistence on graphics came again to the fore. During the development of "Morrowind", Bethesda tripled its staff, so as to perfectly color its newly hand-made world. In their own words, "We knew we had to exceed the visual polish of the other games on the market, and we made it our goal to put "The Elder Scrolls" back into the forefront of game innovation."
Series overview.
Setting.
"The Elder Scrolls" takes place in a high fantasy world with influences from real world cultures. Like most works of high fantasy, "The Elder Scrolls" games are typically serious in tone and epic in scope, dealing with themes of a grand struggle against a supernatural or evil force. Many races exist in the world of "The Elder Scrolls", some typical of high fantasy works, such as humans, orcs and elves; some atypical, such as the lizard-like Argonians and cat-like Khajiit; and some subversions, such as the extinct Dwemer, known colloquially as "dwarves", who follow the high fantasy stereotype of being subterranean, skilled metallurgists and masons, but are actually classified as a variety of elf who are highly technologically advanced, possessing steampunk machinery. As is also typical in high fantasy works, magic and sorcery, mythical creatures, factions with their own political agendas, walled medieval cities and strongholds, and plot elements driven by prophecies and legends are common.
"The Elder Scrolls" is known for its attention to detail, including extensive lore, scenery and back story. There is no omniscient narrator. Instead, the lore is presented in-universe, as written by the fictional scholars who inhabit the world, and it is subject to their biases and speculation. Players are encouraged to form their own interpretations of the lore and have developed extensive fan works. The developers avoid invalidating or overruling fan theories through canon. Internal inconsistencies are explained as errors in scholarship. Some inconsistencies, such as incorporating mutually exclusive endings to earlier games, are intentionally introduced and explained as magical paradoxes. Other elements of the lore are intentionally contradictory or made ambiguous to allow players to decide for themselves what is true. Players can, for example, deny being a prophesied hero or accept the role.
The first game in the series, "Arena", featured little in the way of lore and lacks many elements that would come to define the series. An elaborate system of gods and myths were introduced in the second game, "Daggerfall". The lore's complexity came from a desire to improve on the writing in "Arena", which had been criticized as lackluster. After "Daggerfall", the designers focused on further expanding the lore once they realized they still did not know much about the world's fictional history or religions. The series' fictional cosmology is inspired by Gnosticism. There are contradictory creation myths, one of which claims that some of the gods were tricked into creating the mortal world, surrendering a portion of their power. These became the Nine Divines (also known as Aedra), who are worshipped as benevolent deities. A separate pantheon of more demonic deities known as the Daedra retain their full power and reside in Oblivion, a separate dimension. Individual Daedra are not necessarily evil, though they are often depicted as lacking empathy." The Elder Scrolls" games primarily take place on the continent of Tamriel, located on the planet of Nirn. The exceptions are ', which is set in a different dimension; portions of ' and the entirety of its expansion, , which take place in Oblivion; quests in Oblivion during the "Dawnguard" and "Dragonborn" add-ons of ""; and further quests in Oblivion from "The Elder Scrolls Online". Other continents exist on Nirn aside from Tamriel, such as Akavir, Yokuda, and Atmora.
Tamriel comprises nine provinces, each of which is dominated by a distinct race: Black Marsh is home to the Argonians; Cyrodiil is home to the Imperials; Elsweyr is home to the Khajiit; Hammerfell is home to the Redguards; High Rock is home to the Bretons; Morrowind is home to the Dunmer, or Dark Elves; Skyrim is home to the Nords; Summerset Isle is home to the Altmer, or High Elves; and Valenwood is home to the Bosmer, or Wood Elves. A tenth race, the Orsimer, or Orcs, reside in settlements scattered across Tamriel and, at some points in history, a kingdom inside High Rock known as Orsinium.
Various empires have controlled Tamriel, but the series takes place during the rule of the Third Empire. In "Arena", players are tasked with freeing the Emperor from a magical prison engineered by his court wizard, who has usurped the throne and magically disguised himself as the Emperor. In "Daggerfall", the Emperor tasks the player with finding a powerful artifact. The player can give it to any of several factions, which will use it to reshape the regional power structure. In "Morrowind", the player is prophesied to be the reincarnation of a great elven hero. Taking advantage of this, the Empire tasks the player with stabilizing the region by putting down a rebellion by a would-be god. In "Oblivion", a religious cult opens a dimensional gate to a Hell-like realm and throws the Empire into chaos by killing the Emperor and all his heirs. Although the player assists an illegitimate heir in closing the gate, the weakened Empire erupts into civil war, and many provinces break away. In "Skyrim", chronologically the latest-set game, the Empire is recovering from a devastating war against several breakaway elven provinces. Amid the tensions of this cold war, civil war breaks out in Skyrim and dragons return despite having died long ago.
The Elder Scrolls themselves play a very limited role in the storyline of the series, usually only as a framing plot device (i.e. "[the events in this game] were foretold in the Elder Scrolls..."). The Elder Scrolls are rarely referenced in the games. "The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion" marks the first appearance of the Scrolls in the final quest of the Thieves Guild quest-line. The Scroll appears as an incomprehensible chart containing luminous glyphs. "Oblivion" further introduces monks who dedicate their lives to the study the scrolls. In "The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim", the Scrolls are integrated into the series' creation myth and are portrayed as potentially causing insanity when deciphered. The Scrolls are used in the main quest to travel back in time and learn how to defeat the antagonist, an immortal dragon. "Skyrim"s "Dawnguard" expansion adds a quest to acquire the Scrolls to either assist or stop a vampire from blotting out the sun.
Future.
At E3 2016, Bethesda Game Studios director Todd Howard reported that the studio was already working on a sixth installment in "The Elder Scrolls" franchise, although it would still be "a very long way off" and at E3 2017, Bethesda Softworks vice president of public relations stated that no new title was in active development, and that they have "at least two major titles" to complete before this would change.
At E3 2018, Howard revealed a small teaser trailer for "The Elder Scrolls VI" and announced that it would be released following "Starfield".
Related media.
In 2009, science-fiction author Gregory Keyes released "The Infernal City", a novel set approximately 40 years after the Oblivion Crisis. "Lord of Souls" was released in 2011 as Keyes's second novel in his "The Elder Scrolls" book series.
Reception.
In 2012, "Complex" ranked "The Elder Scrolls" at number 20 on the list of the best video game franchises. In 2013, "The Elder Scrolls" was voted as the Greatest Game Series of the Decade on GameSpot, beating out 64 other competitors. "The Elder Scrolls" reached the final round, beating the "Grand Theft Auto" series by a margin of 52.5% of the vote for "The Elder Scrolls" to 47.5% for "Grand Theft Auto".
Controversies.
The fourth main game of the series, "Oblivion", was initially released with a Teen rating by the ESRB, but after reports that its developers failed to disclose content that would not be encountered through normal gameplay but would be inconsistent with that rating, the ESRB took a second look at "Oblivion" that took the obscured content into consideration and in an unprecedented move that drew large public attention, .
In August 2011, Bethesda Softworks contacted the developer of "Minecraft", Mojang, claiming that the intended trademark of the title "Scrolls" for its new game breached Bethesda's trademark on "The Elder Scrolls". On March 10, 2012, Markus Persson tweeted that the two had come to an agreement over the use of the name. The agreement prohibits Mojang from using the title "Scrolls" in any future sequels of the game.
In May 2019, Bethesda Softworks released a promotional free tabletop RPG titled "Elsweyr." It was quickly accused of being plagiarized as it not only shared a very similar plot to the Dungeons and Dragons adventure "The Black Road," written by Paige Leitman and Ben Heisler, but contains reworded text that substitutes some words for synonyms. Soon after Leitman posted about the similarities on Facebook the RPG was removed from their The Elder Scrolls Online Facebook page.