Stacky curve

In mathematics, a stacky curve is an object in algebraic geometry that is roughly an algebraic curve with potentially "fractional points" called stacky points. A stacky curve is a type of stack used in studying Gromov–Witten theory, enumerative geometry, and rings of modular forms.
Stacky curves are deeply related to 1-dimensional orbifolds and therefore sometimes called orbifold curves or orbicurves.
Definition.
A stacky curve formula_1 over a field is a smooth proper geometrically connected Deligne–Mumford stack of dimension 1 over that contains a dense open subscheme.
Properties.
A stacky curve is uniquely determined (up to isomorphism) by its coarse space (a smooth quasi-projective curve over ), a finite set of points (its stacky points) and integers (its ramification orders) greater than 1. The canonical divisor of formula_1 is linearly equivalent to the sum of the canonical divisor of and a ramification divisor :
Letting be the genus of the coarse space , the degree of the canonical divisor of formula_1 is therefore:
A stacky curve is called spherical if is positive, Euclidean if is zero, and hyperbolic if is negative.
Although the corresponding statement of Riemann–Roch theorem does not hold for stacky curves, there is a generalization of Riemann's existence theorem that gives an equivalence of categories between the category of stacky curves over the complex numbers and the category of complex orbifold curves.
Applications.
The generalization of GAGA for stacky curves is used in the derivation of algebraic structure theory of rings of modular forms.
The study of stacky curves is used extensively in equivariant Gromov–Witten theory and enumerative geometry.