Herbrand quotient

In mathematics, the Herbrand quotient is a quotient of orders of cohomology groups of a cyclic group. It was invented by Jacques Herbrand. It has an important application in class field theory.
Definition.
If "G" is a finite cyclic group acting on a "G"-module "A", then the cohomology groups "H""n"("G","A") have period 2 for "n"≥1; in other words
an isomorphism induced by cup product with a generator of "H""2"("G",Z). (If instead we use the Tate cohomology groups then the periodicity extends down to "n"=0.)
A Herbrand module is an "A" for which the cohomology groups are finite. In this case, the Herbrand quotient "h"("G","A") is defined to be the quotient
of the order of the even and odd cohomology groups. 
Alternative definition.
The quotient may be defined for a pair of endomorphisms of an Abelian group, "f" and "g", which satisfy the condition "fg" = "gf" = 0. Their Herbrand quotient "q"("f","g") is defined as
if the two indices are finite. If "G" is a cyclic group with generator γ acting on an Abelian group "A", then we recover the previous definition by taking "f" = 1 - γ and "g" = 1 + γ + γ2 + ... .
Properties.
is exact, and any two of the quotients are defined, then so is the third and
These properties mean that the Herbrand quotient is usually relatively easy to calculate, and is often much easier to calculate than the orders of either of the individual cohomology groups.