Nil ideal

In mathematics, more specifically ring theory, a left, right or two-sided ideal of a ring is said to be a nil ideal if each of its elements is nilpotent. 
The nilradical of a commutative ring is an example of a nil ideal; in fact, it is the ideal of the ring maximal with respect to the property of being nil. Unfortunately the set of nil elements does not always form an ideal for noncommutative rings. Nil ideals are still associated with interesting open questions, especially the unsolved Köthe conjecture.
Commutative rings.
In commutative rings, the nil ideals are better understood than in noncommutative rings, primarily because in commutative rings, products involving nilpotent elements and sums of nilpotent elements are both nilpotent. This is because if "a" and "b" are nilpotent elements of "R" with "a"n=0 and "b"m=0, and r is any element of R, then ("a·r")n = "a"n·r"n = 0, and by the binomial theorem, ("a"+"b")m+n=0. Therefore, the set of all nilpotent elements forms an ideal known as the nilradical of a ring. Because the nilradical contains every nilpotent element, an ideal of a commutative ring is nil if and only if it is a subset of the nilradical, and so the nilradical is maximal among nil ideals. Furthermore, for any nilpotent element "a" of a commutative ring "R", the ideal "aR" is nil. For a noncommutative ring however, it is not in general true that the set of nilpotent elements forms an ideal, or that "a·"R" is a nil (one-sided) ideal, even if "a" is nilpotent.
Noncommutative rings.
The theory of nil ideals is of major importance in noncommutative ring theory. In particular, through the understanding of nil rings—rings whose every element is nilpotent—one may obtain a much better understanding of more general rings. 
In the case of commutative rings, there is always a maximal nil ideal: the nilradical of the ring. The existence of such a maximal nil ideal in the case of noncommutative rings is guaranteed by the fact that the sum of nil ideals is again nil. However, the truth of the assertion that the sum of two left nil ideals is again a left nil ideal remains elusive; it is an open problem known as the Köthe conjecture. The Köthe conjecture was first posed in 1930 and yet remains unresolved as of 2010.
Relation to nilpotent ideals.
The notion of a nil ideal has a deep connection with that of a nilpotent ideal, and in some classes of rings, the two notions coincide. If an ideal is nilpotent, it is of course nil. There are two main barriers for nil ideals to be nilpotent:
Clearly both of these barriers must be avoided for a nil ideal to qualify as nilpotent.
In a right artinian ring, any nil ideal is nilpotent. This is proven by observing that any nil ideal is contained in the Jacobson radical of the ring, and since the Jacobson radical is a nilpotent ideal (due to the artinian hypothesis), the result follows. In fact, this has been generalized to right noetherian rings; the result is known as Levitzky's theorem. A particularly simple proof due to Utumi can be found in .