Adjunct professor

Adjunct professor (adjunct lecturer, adjunct instructor, adjunct faculty or contingent academic labor collectively) is a type of academic appointment in higher education.
North America.
In the United States, an adjunct is a non-tenure-track faculty member, though it can also be a scholar or teacher whose primary employer is not the school or department with which they have adjunct status. 
Adjunct professors make up the majority of instructors in higher education (post-secondary) institutions. Their contracts are generally renewed by the course. As with other part-time workers, they are paid less than full-time professors and do not receive employee benefits such as health insurance or an office.
In most cases adjunct professors need a master's degree, but in some cases only require a bachelor's degree and relevant experience. However, over a third have a doctoral degree. In many universities, the title "adjunct professor" (or variations thereof, such as "adjunct associate professor") implies a PhD or other terminal degree; those with a master's or bachelor's degree may receive the title of "adjunct lecturer". The American Association of University Professors (AAUP) has expressed concern that only a quarter of university positions are tenure-track, with implications for job security and academic freedom. In a 2018 analysis, AAUP determined that 73% of university teaching positions in the United States are non-tenure track.
In Canada, adjunct professors are often nominated in recognition of active involvement with the appointing institution, while they are employed by government, industry, a profession or another institution. The position course lecturer, rather than adjunct, is used if the appointment is strictly to teach one or more courses. In contrast, the US uses this title for all instructors.
Europe.
In Portugal the designation "professor adjunto" implies a stable full-time employment in a polytechnic university. Notably, in countries such as Argentina and Brazil, a similar designation, "professor adjunto", also implies a stable employment. The same term used in Argentina and Brazil refers to a non-tenured position in parts of Spain.
In Hungary, there exists a similar term "adjunktus", as well as "adiunkt" in Poland, meaning "assistant professor".
In Finland, the Docents' Union of Finland and the Finnish Ministry of Education recommend the term adjunct professor in English as a translation of the title of docent. A docentship should be regarded as an educational title not connected with the employment pyramid as such, rather an assurance of the level of expertise, to enable the person to advance further in their academic career. The rank of a docent entitles scientists to be principal investigators, lead research groups and act as the supervisors of doctoral students.
South Asia.
In Bangladesh, private universities follow the title adjunct professor or adjunct associate professor to imply non-tenure faculty members.
In Pakistan, adjunct (assistant/associate) professors are also considered as non-regular faculty members and usually posts are given to Pakistani overseas scientists under a faculty development program.
Southeast Asia and Oceania.
In Australia, the term "adjunct" is reserved for academics and researchers from outside the university who have a close association with the university, e.g. through supervision of PhD students, recognised by an honorary title reflective of their rank and standing (adjunct lecturer, senior lecturer, associate professor or professor).
In Thailand, adjunct (assistant/associate) professors are considered "non-regular officers".