Ree group

In mathematics, a Ree group is a group of Lie type over a finite field constructed by from an exceptional automorphism of a Dynkin diagram that reverses the direction of the multiple bonds, generalizing the Suzuki groups found by Suzuki using a different method. They were the last of the infinite families of finite simple groups to be discovered.
Unlike the Steinberg groups, the Ree groups are not given by the points of a connected reductive algebraic group defined over a finite field; in other words, there is no "Ree algebraic group" related to the Ree groups in the same way that (say) unitary groups are related to Steinberg groups. However, there are some exotic pseudo-reductive algebraic groups over non-perfect fields whose construction is related to the construction of Ree groups, as they use the same exotic automorphisms of Dynkin diagrams that change root lengths.
 defined Ree groups over infinite fields of characteristics 2 and 3. and introduced Ree groups of infinite-dimensional Kac–Moody algebras.
Construction.
If is a Dynkin diagram, Chevalley constructed split algebraic groups corresponding to , in particular giving groups with values in a field . These groups have the following automorphisms:
The Steinberg and Chevalley groups can be constructed as fixed points of an endomorphism of "X"("F") for the algebraic closure of a field. For the Chevalley groups, the automorphism is the Frobenius endomorphism of , while for the Steinberg groups the automorphism is the Frobenius endomorphism times an automorphism of the Dynkin diagram.
Over fields of characteristic 2 the groups and and over fields of characteristic 3 the groups have an endomorphism whose square is the endomorphism associated to the Frobenius endomorphism of the field . Roughly speaking, this endomorphism comes from the order 2 automorphism of the Dynkin diagram where one ignores the lengths of the roots.
Suppose that the field has an endomorphism whose square is the Frobenius endomorphism: . Then the Ree group is defined to be the group of elements of such that . If the field is perfect then and are automorphisms, and the Ree group is the group of fixed points of the involution of .
In the case when is a finite field of order (with "p" = 2 or 3) there is an endomorphism with square the Frobenius exactly when "k" = 2"n" + 1 is odd, in which case it is unique. So this gives the finite Ree groups as subgroups of B2(22"n"+1), F4(22"n"+1), and G2(32"n"+1) fixed by an involution.
Chevalley groups, Steinberg group, and Ree groups.
The relation between Chevalley groups, Steinberg group, and Ree groups is roughly as follows. Given a Dynkin diagram "X", Chevalley constructed a group scheme over the integers whose values over finite fields are the Chevalley groups. In general one can take the fixed points of an endomorphism of where is the algebraic closure of a finite field, such that some power of is some power of the Frobenius endomorphism φ. The three cases are as follows:
Ree groups of type 2B2.
The Ree groups of type 2B2 were first found by using a different method, and are usually called Suzuki groups. Ree noticed that they could be constructed from the groups of type B2 using a variation of the construction of . Ree realized that a similar construction could be applied to the Dynkin diagrams F4 and G2, leading to two new families of finite simple groups.
Ree groups of type 2G2.
The Ree groups of type 2G2(32"n"+1) were introduced by , who showed that they are all simple except for the first one 2G2(3), which is isomorphic to the automorphism group of . gave a simplified construction of the Ree groups, as the automorphisms of a 7-dimensional vector space over the field with 32"n"+1 elements preserving a bilinear form, a trilinear form, and a bilinear product.
The Ree group has order where "q" = 32"n"+1
The Schur multiplier is trivial for "n" ≥ 1 and for 2"G"2(3)′.
The outer automorphism group is cyclic of order 2"n" + 1.
The Ree group is also occasionally denoted by Ree("q"), R("q"), or E2*("q")
The Ree group 2G2("q") has a doubly transitive permutation representation on points, and more precisely acts as automorphisms of an S(2, "q"+1, "q"3+1) Steiner system. It also acts on a 7-dimensional vector space over the field with "q" elements as it is a subgroup of G2("q").
The 2-sylow subgroups of the Ree groups are elementary abelian of order 8. Walter's theorem shows that the only other non-abelian finite simple groups with abelian Sylow 2-subgroups are the projective special linear groups in dimension 2 and the Janko group J1. These groups also played a role in the discovery of the first modern sporadic group. They have involution centralizers of the form , and by investigating groups with an involution centralizer of the similar form Janko found the sporadic group "J"1. determined their maximal subgroups.
The Ree groups of type 2G2 are exceptionally hard to characterize. studied this problem, and was able to show that the structure of such a group is determined by a certain automorphism of a finite field of characteristic 3, and that if the square of this automorphism is the Frobenius automorphism then the group is the Ree group. He also gave some complicated conditions satisfied by the automorphism . Finally used elimination theory to show that Thompson's conditions implied that in all but 178 small cases, that were eliminated using a computer by Odlyzko and Hunt. Bombieri found out about this problem after reading an article about the classification by , who suggested that someone from outside group theory might be able to help solving it. gave a unified account of the solution of this problem by Thompson and Bombieri.
Ree groups of type 2F4.
The Ree groups of type were introduced by . They are simple except for the first one , which showed has a simple subgroup of index 2, now known as the Tits group. 
 gave a simplified construction of the Ree groups as the symmetries of a 26-dimensional space over the field of order 22"n"+1 preserving a quadratic form, a cubic form, and a partial multiplication.
The Ree group has order
"q"12("q"6 + 1)
where
"q" = 22"n"+1.
The Schur multiplier is trivial.
The outer automorphism group is cyclic of order 2"n" + 1.
These Ree groups have the unusual property that the Coxeter group of their BN pair is not crystallographic: it is the dihedral group of order 16. showed that all Moufang octagons come from Ree groups of type .