Scottish Cemetery at Calcutta

The Scottish Cemetery at Calcutta was established in 1820 catering to the specific needs of the large Scottish population in the Kolkata area. These Scots, including soldiers, missionaries, jute traders and businessmen, were attached to numerous enterprises in the area such as the headquarters of the East India Company, and the administration of the British Raj, whose capital was here. The cemetery was utilised until the 1940s but was abandoned in the 1950s and neglected following India's independence. Well over 90% of those buried bear recognisably Scots names such as Anderson, McGregor, Campbell and Ross. Around 10% are Bengali.
Description.
Extending to the cemetery lies within the dense urban area on Karaya Bazar Road. It is roughly square in plan and is laid out largely in a grid pattern, but with more random tombs closest to the road, in the oldest, south-west section. It contains over 1809 burial plots, with at least 2000 burials. The entrance, which bears the title "Scottish Cemetery" over an archway is flanked by a gatehouse. The entire cemetery is enclosed by a high wall.
Stones are generally of Scottish sandstone or granite. Since they bear inscriptions of their makers or sculptors, it is possible to assess that almost all have been made in Scotland and transported here for use. Apart from the indigenous Indian plant life, and buildings beyond the perimeter, the cemetery has a strong Scots character.
Almost all original lead (used in lettering) and cast iron, was systematically removed in the second half of the 20th century.
Restoration.
The Scottish Cemetery was laid out in Calcutta (Kolkata) from 1820 over an area of 3 acres. It contains 1,809 headstones and monuments and around 4,000 burials. Although its use continued after Indian Independence (1947) it fell into disrepair in the 1970s. In 2008 the Kolkata Scottish Heritage Trust (KSHT), Scotland, was established to restore the cemetery. The project is run by a board of trustees operating as a registered Scottish Charity via a MoU with the site owner, St. Andrew’s Church. KSHT raises funds from private donors, charitable trusts and foundations. 
Conservation of the Scottish Cemetery aims to improve the environment, built landscape, and the quality of lives, of the people connected with it through optimum use of local and sustainable re-sources, maintaining an ecological balance, and preserving history and cultural values. The development processes take into account the current needs of the times without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same. The project has at its core the interests of history, ecology, and people.
The Scottish Cemetery is an important repository of memory containing thousands of detailed burial records. This data is providing a rich source for research into the growth and world-wide impact of the Scottish Diaspora in the nineteenth century.
Its urban parkland setting will offer the dense city not only a much needed ‘green lung’ but will also encourage tourism especially related to genealogy and provide an opportunity for research, training, and education, in several fields.
Since the cemetery is surrounded by a neglected urban precinct populated by under-privileged families, the project proposes to continue community development in the neighbourhood.
Conservation of the Historic Precinct:
Encourages a sensitivity to the Indian world view which is formulated on the concept of material impermanence and thus has a different approach towards ‘authenticity’ and ‘originality’ when compared to the Western world. This view encourages ‘continuity’ and accepts ‘change’ which is more resilient, thus sustainable, as a living organism, rather than its monumentalisation as ‘heritage’.
Restoration of monuments using local, simple, and energy saving techniques; local and easily available materials, and traditional methods of construction to suit the local climate and conditions; conducting research and training in the same systems. The use of local materials and techniques not only keeps the budget low but also encourages the continuity of traditional crafts which are very essential for restoration.
Recycle and reuse of materials and debris that are excavated, then collected, and stored for use in the construction and restoration works. This prevents the depletion of natural resources like stone and soil, reduces the garbage of the city, and also saves money for the client, a win win situation for all.
Post industrialisation and the partition of India, the large open areas around historic monuments and precincts often became illegal camps for refugees and factory workers and a degenerate locality of the city, and a nuisance for the city authorities. Development and community regeneration of the urban precinct, to restore its historic value for the city, in tune with the overall development goals of the city, is an integral part of the project.
Ecological Conservation at the Scottish Cemetery
Kolkata lies along the river Hooghly in the eastern Gangetic delta, and supports a segment of Bengal’s diverse ecology. It is categorized by heavy rainfall in a humid, tropical climate and a variety of regional flora & fauna that include remaining sections of monsoon-type forests (or moist, deciduous forests). The city’s landform contains pockets of rainwater collected within dense, clayey soils; old growth trees, bamboo forests, palm plantations and wetland ecosystems together create the designed and natural landscape.Although these landforms are disappearing as a result of development pressures, several important ecological sites - such as the Scottish Cemetery - survive as protected spaces within the urban environment. 
Following the cemetery’s disuse in the 1970s the site reverted to a natural state. The city grew and continued to develop around it, but the 3-acre site remained untouched and became a habitat for several indigenous endemic and threatened species which together form a rich biodiversity of microbes, plants and animals along with preserved sections of semi-aquatic grassland and forested ecosystems.In parallel with the conservation of historic monuments, the cemetery’s natural heritage is being preserved as a priority of the landscape plan, as urban parkland and as a biodiversity conservation park. This will provide several conservation benefits such as reduced air and noise pollution, replenishing of groundwater, and the conservation of soil, flora and fauna.
Graves of note.
Towns of origin mentioned on the various stones include Paisley, Broughty Ferry, Sutherlandshire, Fife, Campbeltown, and many from Dundee (the latter largely linked to the jute industry).
Scottish archive material.
A photographic album held in the Dundee archives holds photographs of 25 individual graves, taken in the mid 20th century. These 25 were re-recorded in 2008, giving evidence of the intervening decay.
Recently, Presidency University has created a digital archive of the graves in the cemetery from its foundation to the beginning of the Raj (1858) and this can be accessed at http://scotscemeteryarchivekolkata.com/,
References.
7. James Wilson https://m.economictimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/remembering-james-wilson-founder-of-the-economist-and-standard-chartered-bank/articleshow/4885353.cms