Forterre

The Forterre is a small natural region on the western edge of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of France. 
Name.
The name Forterre is a contraction of "forte terre", "strong earth". 
Geography.
The Forterre is neighbored by the Puisaye to the west and northwest, the Auxerrois to the northeast, the Yonne river valley to the east, and the hills of Nivernais to the south. 
Its main town is Courson-les-Carrières. Significant villages include Bouhy, Druyes-les-Belles-Fontaines, Etais-la-Sauvin, Ouanne, and Thury. 
It is traversed by the water divide between the respective catchment areas of the Loire and the Seine. The Loing, a significant tributary of the Seine, has its source in the Forterre, in Sainte-Colombe-sur-Loing. 
Today the Forterre is bypassed by major infrastructures, but that was not always the case. The local topography still has traces of the Roman road between Auxerre ("Autissiodorum") and Entrains-sur-Nohain ("Intaranum"), and of a 19th-century railroad, the , most of which was dismantled in 1943 by German occupation forces to supply rails to the Russian front. The is the railroad's most spectacular local legacy. 
The Forterre's terrain is comparatively dry and stands in contrast to the neighboring Puisaye with its lakes, rivers and forests. 
Lying mid-way between Sancerre and Chablis, it used to be a wine-producing region. One late-medieval chronicle records a vineyard planted in the 1450s in Perreuse by Antoine de Chabannes, lord of Puisaye. The Forterre's grapevines, however, were ravaged by the early-20th-century outbreak of phylloxera. Recent attempts have been made to revive wine production, with grapes including Pinot noir, César, Pinot gris, Chardonnay, Pinot blanc and Sauvignon blanc.
Administration.
Apart from its southwestern tip (Bouhy) in the département of Nièvre, the Forterre's territory is overwhelmingly in the Yonne département, and within it in the Canton of Vincelles since the latest cantonal redistricting took effect in 2015. The same Canton also includes parts of the Puisaye to the west of the Forterre, and of the Yonne valley to its east including its seat in Vincelles. 
All of the Forterre is within the , established on 1 January 2017, of which it constitutes the southeastern third. 
Together with neighboring Puisaye, the Forterre has always been a borderland between different counties, provinces and later administrative regions within France. In the High Middle Ages it was on the border between the counties of Nevers and Auxerre. During the Hundred Years' War it found itself between the warring duchies of Berry and Burgundy in the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, then at the intersection between the respective domains of Charles VII and Henry VI as rival claimants to the French throne and of Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy. By the end of the Ancien Régime the Forterre was divided between Orléanais, Nivernais and the Duchy of Burgundy, with Champagne immediately to the north. 
History.
The territory of the Forterre was christianized in late antiquity. Some villages are traditionally associated with late-Antiquity saints, e.g. Mamertinus or Mammert in Perreuse and Romanus or Romain in Druyes. A Carolingian manuscript lists several Forterre parishes on the itinerary of Saint Aunarius, Bishop of Auxerre in the late 6th century, namely Courson-les-Carrières ("Curcedonus"), Druyes ("Drogia"), Bouhy ("Balgiacus"), Thury ("Tauriacus"), Levis ("Livadiacus"), and Ouanne ("Odona"). 
In 841, the Battle of Fontenoy was fought mostly in western Forterre. Memories of the battle survive in a number of local place names. One example is the wood of "Roichat" near Thury, named after King Charles the Bald ("roi Charles") who stayed there before the battle. A memorial obelisk was erected in 1860 near the village of Fontenoy at the initiative of local scholar .
In the 12th and early 13th century, the Forterre was dominated by the Capetian House of Courtenay, a branch of France's royal family. The Courtenays, several of which became Emperors of Constantinople, built the Château de Druyes in Druyes-les-Belles-Fontaines, now one of the region's foremost landmarks. 
The Forterre suffered severe depopulation and decline during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages, and renewal from the second half of the 15th century. Many village churches were entirely rebuilt at that time, which now constitute what is arguably the region's most characteristic architecture. Several of these churches have ornate portals and/or prominent towers, e.g. in Charentenay, Ouanne, Sainpuits, Sougères, Taingy, and Thury. This period of dynamism and prosperity, however, ended in the time of the French Wars of Religion. 
The Forterre was briefly occupied by Coalition forces in the summer of 1815, and more durably by German forces in 1940-1944. An armed "résistance" group or "maquis" was established on the "Montagne des Alouettes" near Sougères-en-Puisaye, for a month between late July 1944 and the region's liberation in late August. About 250-strong, the group had weapons parachuted by Allied planes. 
The history of the Forterre, especially its western part, is interwoven with that of the neighboring Puisaye. In the 15th and early 16th centuries, some of its villages such as Thury belonged to the Lordship of Puisaye. In 1955, the village of Sougères-les-Simon changed its name to Sougères-en-Puisaye, despite this being a misnomer if Puisaye is taken as the distinct geographical region to the northwest. 