Vale S.A.

Vale S.A. () is a Brazilian multinational corporation engaged in metals and mining and one of the largest logistics operators in Brazil.
Vale, formerly "Companhia Vale do Rio Doce" (the Sweet River Valley Company, referring to the Doce River), is the largest producer of iron ore and nickel in the world. Vale also produces manganese, ferroalloys, copper, bauxite, potash, kaolin, and cobalt, currently operating nine hydroelectricity plants, and a large network of railroads, ships, and ports used to transport its products.
The company has had two catastrophic tailings dam failures in Brazil: Mariana, in 2015, and Brumadinho, in 2019; the Brumadinho dam disaster caused the company to lose its license to operate eight tailings dams in Minas Gerais, and its stock to lose nearly 25 percent in value.
The Vale is considered the most valuable company in Latin America, with an estimated market value of US$ 111 billion in 2021.
Current operations.
Although the company's primary operations are in Brazil, Vale has operations in 30 countries, which are detailed below and on the company's website.
Ownership structure.
The company is listed on the stock exchanges of São Paulo, New York City, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Paris and Madrid.
Mining business.
Iron ore: Vale is the world's largest iron ore producer. Sales of iron ore fines and pellets represented 65% of total company revenues in 2014. In 2014, Vale sold 256 million metric tonnes of iron ore fines and 44 million metric tonnes of iron ore pellets. Vale's Mariana Hub was the 9th largest iron ore mining center in the world in 2014, with an output of 39 million metric tonnes. Vale's Serra Sull / S11D is the largest mining reserve in the world. The company's iron ore mines are primarily in Brazil.
Nickel: Vale is the world's largest nickel producer. Sales of nickel represented 17% of total company revenues in 2014. In 2014, Vale sold 272,000 metric tonnes of nickel. The company owns nickel mines in Canada, Indonesia, New Caledonia, and Brazil. Tesla, Inc. is known to buy the majority of their Nickel from Vale.
Fertilizer products, primarily phosphates and nitrogen: Sales of fertilizer products represented 6% of total company revenues in 2014. In 2014, Vale sold 9 million metric tonnes of fertilizer products.
Copper: Sales of copper concentrate represented 4% of total company revenues in 2014. In 2014, Vale sold 353,000 metric tonnes of copper. The company owns copper mines in Brazil, Canada, Chile, and Zambia.
Manganese and alloys: Sales of manganese and alloys represented 1% of total company revenues in 2014. In 2014, Vale sold 2 million metric tonnes of manganese and alloys.
Coal: Sales of coal represented 2% of total company revenues in 2014. In 2014, Vale sold 7.5 million metric tonnes of coal. The company owns coal mines in Australia and Mozambique.
Logistics.
Railroads.
From 2000 to 2006, Vale invested more than $1.3 billion on the acquisition of over 361 locomotives and around 14,090 freight cars, those locomotives were primarily for iron ore transportation, but some were for regular cargo. Some of the locomotives purchased were secondhand for refurbishment but at least 55 of the locomotives acquired were new ones of the model EMD SD70M, each one costing about $2 million.
After those investments, Vale became the owner of over 800 locomotives and more than 35,000 freight cars.
Vale owns the concession of three Brazilian railways: Vitória-Minas Railway (EFVM), Ferrovia Centro-Atlântica (FCA) and Carajás railroad (EFC). 
Ports and container terminals.
Brazil.
On February 5, 2019, the state court of the Province of Minas Gerais ordered Vale to halt use of eight of its tailings dams, including the Laranjeiras dam at Brucutu.
Vale also operates port terminals in the state of Sergipe and two others in the state of Espirito Santo.
Ships.
Vale has also entered the shipping business by ordering 35 Very Large Ore Carriers (VLOC) to transport iron ore between South America and Asia. These , 400,000 DWT ships are the longest and largest dry bulk carriers in the world. The first ship, "Vale Brasil", was delivered in March 2011.
Energy.
Vale's energy business is focused at power production to fulfill the needs of its mining operations, as well as supplying the general Brazilian power grid. In 2005 it consumed 16.9 TWh of electrical power, accounting for 4.4% of Brazil's total consumption in that year.
Vale has participation in 8 hydroelectric plants, with 7 of these located in the state of Minas Gerais. Vale's investment in hydroelectric power plants totals $880 million. The company also plans to build a 600 MW thermoeletric power plant in the state of Pará.
Vale also operates hydroelectric plants in Canada and Indonesia.
Rebranding.
In November 2007, the company retired the name "CVRD" in favour of simplified company name of "Vale", and rebranded.
History.
Founded as Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (widely known as CVRD prior to 2007) (in English, "Doce River Valley Company") was founded in Itabira, Minas Gerais, by the Brazilian Federal Government on 1 June 1942.
One year later the "Vitória a Minas" railroad was inaugurated.
The 1950s marked Companhia Vale do Rio Doce's entry into the global iron ore market, after the company's mine-railroad-port complex was modernized and iron ore prices doubled. At first, sales were mostly to the United States, but exports to Europe increased over the course of the decade.
In 1966, the company inaugurated in Espirito Santo the Port of Tubarão, which was to become the most important port for CVRD and is still used to export iron ore mined from the "Iron Quadrangle" in Minas Gerais.
The company acquired a majority interest in the Carajás Mine, with over 1.5 billion tonnes of iron ore in reserves, in 1970.
In 1974, Vale became the world's biggest exporter of iron ore, a title which it still holds today.
In 1982, Vale began to diversify after it started to produce aluminium in Rio de Janeiro.
In the mid 1980s, profits increased considerably under the leadership of Eliezer Batista, father of Eike Batista.
In 1985, Vale started to explore the Carajás Mine in the state of Pará just after the gauge Carajás railroad was opened.
In 1986, Ponta Madeira port terminal, which is still used to export iron ore mined at the Carajás Mine, was inaugurated in the state of Maranhão.
In March 2017, Vale SA choose a commodities industry veteran, Fabio Schvartsman as chief executive officer. Schvartsman was CEO of Klabin SA, Brazil's largest paper and cardboard producer, for the past six years.
Privatization in 1997.
In May 1997, despite protests by Vale employees and some politicians, the Brazilian Government auctioned a 41.73% interest in the company, which was sold for R$3.34 billion (US$3.13 billion). The largest interest purchased was a 16.3% stake purchased by Brazilian steel company Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional.
Sale of wood pulp businesses.
In 2001, Vale sold its Cenibra wood pulp business for US$670.5 million to focus on mining and logistics.
In 2002, Vale sold 100,000 acres of land and the eucalyptus forests thereon related to its wood pulp business for R$137 million.
Sale of steel businesses.
In 2000, the company sold its stake in Açominas to Gerdau in exchange for preferred shares in Gerdau.
In 2001, Vale sold its stake in Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional for R$520 million.
In 2004, Vale sold its stake in CST to Arcelor for US$415.1 million.
In 2006, Vale sold its interest in Siderar to Ternium for US$107.5 million.
In 2006, the company sold 5,362,928 shares in Usiminas for or R$378.6 million. In 2007, the company sold the majority of its stake in Usiminas. In 2009, the company sold its remaining stake in Usiminas.
Acquisitions of Brazilian iron ore companies.
In May 2000, the company acquired Sociomex, owner of the Gongo Sôco Mine, with proven reserves of approximately 75 million tons.
In May 2000, the company also acquired a controlling interest in Samitri, one of the biggest pelletizing companies of Brazil.
In April 2001, the company acquired Ferteco, then the third largest Brazilian producer of iron ore, with a production capacity of 15 million tonnes per year.
In 2006, the company acquired Rio Verde Mineracao for $47 million.
Acquisition of Caemi and acquisition and partial disposition of MBR.
On 1 April 2000, Vale offered to pay Mitsui US$277 million for 50% of the common shares and US$150 million for 40% of the preferred stock in Caemi. Caemi owned MBR, Brazil's second largest iron ore producer, mining over 60 million tonnes per year.
The acquisition was approved by European regulators subject to conditions.
In September 2003, Vale purchased an additional stake in Caemi from Mitsui for US$426.4 million.
On 23 January 2006, the company announced a stock swap merger to acquire the interest Caemi that it did not already own.
In 2007, increased its ownership in MBR by purchasing additional interests from Mitsui for US$114.5 million.
Also in 2007, Vale announced that it will lease the shares of MBR that it did not already own from their 7 Japanese shareholders for a 30-year period. The agreement required the company to pay a total of US$60.5 million in 2007 and US$48.1 million annually for a 30-year period and gave it total control of MBR.
In 2015, Vale announced the sale of a 36.4% interest in MBR for R$4 billion.
Diversification into non-ferrous metals, coal and phosphate.
In 2001, Vale increased its copper mining operations by purchasing the Sossego mine in Carajas, in northern Brazil, for $48.5 million.
In 2005, Vale acquired Canico Resource, owner of a nickel mine in Brazil, after increasing its offer to $865 million.
In October 2006, Vale acquired Canadian-based nickel producer Inco, for $18.9 billion, including $17.7 billion in cash and the assumption of $1.2 billion in debt. To gain approval from Canadian authorities, Vale promised to continue investments in Canada and not layoff people for 3 years after closing.
In 2007, Vale made a major entry into coal mining by acquiring AMCI Holdings Australia for AU$835 million.
In 2010, Vale launched a public offer to acquire fertilizer and copper producer Paranapanema.
In 2010, Vale acquired a controlling interest in Fosfertil via a series of transactions.
In June 2011, Jason Chenier and Jordan Fram were killed at the 3,000 foot level of the Frood Mine near Sudbury, Ontario.
In 2011, the company sold its aluminum business to Norsk Hydro in a US$5.27 billion transaction.
In July 2012, Vale sold its ferro-manganese plants in Europe to Glencore for $160 million.
In 2014, Vale announced the sale of coal assets in Mozambique to Mitsui in a $950 million transaction.
In 2014, Vale sold its interest in Fosbrasil S.A., a manufacturer of phosphate-based products.
In 2015, the company announced that it would sell a 25% interest in gold produced from its Salobo mine, located in Brazil, to Silver Wheaton for US$900 million.
In 2015, the company entered into a letter of intent to sell bauxite assets to Norsk Hydro.
On 26 November 2015, Vale announced that it planned to reduce its budget for capital expenditures from US$8 billion in 2015 to US$6.2 billion in 2016, with further reductions to US$4–5 billion by 2018.
Disasters.
On 5 November 2015, the Mariana dam disaster caused 19 deaths and massive environmental contamination when a tailings dam collapsed at the Samarco mining site, co-owned by Vale and BHP Billiton. Heavy metal contamination of the Doce River caused water emergencies in many downstream cities which depend on the river for drinking water. Activities at the mine were suspended, and the companies agreed to pay compensation of R$4.4 billion (US$1.55 billion).
On 25 January 2019, the Brumadinho dam disaster occurred at the Córrego do Feijão mine in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, releasing 3 billion gallons of mine waste, in a wave of red iron ore which destroyed the mine's cafeteria, where many workers were present and lost their lives, and which flooded the town of Brumadinho. Reports varied in the wake of the disaster: "The Wall Street Journal" reported, on February 10, 2019, that "the disaster killed at least 157 people"; National Public Radio had reported that, as of February 1, 205 remained missing. 192 were rescued alive after the tailings dam collapsed. Though not as environmentally devastating as the 2015 collapse, the 2019 disaster caused more human deaths.
Following the Córrego do Feijão disaster, a Brazilian court ordered Vale to stop disposing of tailings at eight dams.
Criticism.
In January 2012, Vale received the "people's choice" Public Eye Award as the corporation with the most "contempt for the environment and human rights" in the world. Vale received 25,000 votes, with the Belo Monte Dam cited as a reason.
During the interim between the two dam disasters, of 2015 and 2019; Vale had denied owning an upstream tailings waste structure such as collapsed, causing the Brumadinho dam to burst.
Following the 2019 disaster, BBC News reported that "Correspondents say the alarm system the company had installed to warn residents of any risk did not go off."
In February 2021, an agreement was signed that required Vale to pay over $7bn in compensation to the families of the victims.