Lepidotes

Lepidotes (previously known as Lepidotus)
is an extinct genus of semionotid neopterygian ray-finned fish from the Jurassic period (Toarcian age) and Early Cretaceous. Fossils have been found in marine sediments of France, England, and Germany, and in Early Cretaceous sediments of Brazil and Bornholm, Denmark (Jydegaard Formation). Isolated scales from the Late Cretaceous Bahariya Formation (Egypt) have been attributed to "Lepidotes" and Late Triassic remains from the Fleming Fjord Formation (Greenland) may also belong to "Lepidotes".
In 1895, many species were assigned to it by Arthur Smith Woodward. They include "L. elvensis", "L. semiserratus", "L. tuberculatus", "L. gallineki", "L. leedsi", "L. latifrons", "L. haydeni", "L. occidentalis", "L. macrocheirus", "L. subovatus", "L. minor", "L. affinis", "L. unguiculatus", "L. laevis", "L. maximus", "L. mantelli", "L. degenhardti", "L. hauchecorni", "L. mawsoni", "L. notopterus" and "L.? pustulatus". Numerous additional species have been assigned to it which Woodward considered indistinguishable from others. It has been considered a wastebasket taxon, characterised by "general features, such as thick rhomboid scales and, for most of the species, by semi-tritorial or strongly tritorial dentition."
Description.
Inhabiting both freshwater lakes and shallow seas, "Lepidotes" was typically about long. The body was covered with thick, enamelled scales. Batteries of peg-like teeth enabled "Lepidotes" to crush the shells of its molluscan prey. Fossil examples of these teeth were collected in medieval times as 'toadstones', claimed to be found within the heads of toads and to have magical powers against poisoning.
"Lepidotes" was one of the earliest fish in which the upper jawbones were no longer attached to the jugal bone. This allowed the jaws to be stretched into a 'tube' so that the fish could suck in prey from a greater distance than in previous species. This system is still seen in some modern fish, such as carp.
"Lepidotes" scales are ovular in shape, and are long and thick at the thickest point. The scales are smooth and shiny on the external surface, with only a few small depressions scattered toward the centre that are shaped like punctures.
Distinguishing characteristics.
Many characteristics were identified by Woodward in 1895, and they are listed below:
"L. elvensis".
"L. elvensis" is the type species of "Lepidotes". It was described by Ducrotay de Blainville in 1818. It is known from an almost complete specimen housed in the Paris Museum of Natural History. The specimen measures up to long. The specimen is from the Upper Lias, in Bavaria. The specimens P. 7406, P. 7407, P. 7408, P. 2014, P. 2054, P. 3529a, P. 3529b, 18992, 18993/94 19662, 32421, and 32422 have all been assigned to this species. The external bones of this species are smooth, but some have sparsely-placed coarse tuberculations (protuberances). The frontal bone is more than twice the length of the parietal in the specimens. It also has a comparatively narrow marginal symphysis (articulation).
"L. semiserratus".
This species was named by Agassiz in 1837 and is known from some incomplete remains. It has been classified as closely related to "L. elvensis". It is more elongate than "L. elvensis", being four times as long as tall. It also has more sharply angulated sutures between its parietals, and the parietals are also proportionally longer. It is known from the specimens P. 1127, P. 7409, P. 2012, P. 2012a, P. 3527, P. 3528, P. 3528a, P. 5213, P. 5228, P. 6394, P. 7410, and 35556, all from the Upper Lias of Yorkshire.
"L. gallineki".
"L. gallineki" is known from only an imperfect internal cast of the head and neck, assigned to "Lepidotes" by Michael (1863). The estimated length of the species is . The eternal bones are almost all apparently smooth. On the hinder margin, the scales are smooth and not serrated. The specimen was from the Rhaetic of Upper Silesia.
"L. tuberculatus".
This species, named in 1837 by Louis Agassiz, is known from a single suboperculum (scale-shaped lower opercular bone). It includes an assortment of unidentified remains from Stonesfield Slate. The formation dates back to the Bathonian of England. The only certain remain that can be assigned to "L. tuberculatus" is the suboperculum, so all the other material is considered to be unlikely to belong to it. The specimens provisionally assigned to "L. tuberculatus" by Woodward are P. 471, P. 1111, P. 1111a, P. 3524, P. 7411, 28606, 28607, 30569, 37219, 47141, and 47980.
"L. macrocheirus".
"L. macrocheirus" was described by Sir Philip Egerton in 1845. It could grow up to long. The trunk of the specimens are very robust, and the head measures one fifth of the total length. Like in "L. elvensis", the parietals measure less than half of the frontals. The frontals are three times as long as they are wide. It possessed slightly tumid, but styliform marginal teeth. The inner teeth were large and obtuse, but there pedicles were only moderately high. The species lacked any signs of ring-vertebrae. The fin-fulcra were large, but on the medial fins they were slender. The specimens assigned to it are P. 6839, P. 6899, P. 6900, P. 7412, and P. 7413, from the Oxfordian of England.
"L. occidentalis".
"L. occidentalis" is known from five ovular scales, described by Joseph Leidy in 1860. The enamel surfacing of all five scales is shiny and smooth. The largest of the scales is long, and the smallest in .
"L. haydeni".
"L. haydeni" is a species known from a single, rectangular scale, described by Leidy in 1860. The scale is long and wide. The covering of the scale is small, rectangular squares. The root of the scale projects toward the front of one of the long sides. The specific name honors Dr. Hayden, who discovered many remains, including the only scale of "L. haydeni".
"L. latifrons".
"L. latifrons" was named and described by Arthur Smith Woodward in 1893. It is known from bones and scales from the head and trunk regions. It measured to about long. The scales of this species are large and smooth. There are no traces of rings on the vertebrae. The marginal teeth are slender and styliform. The portion of the dentary that bears teeth is deepened near the symphysis. It is known from a few, mostly complete specimens, P. 6841, P. 6838, and P. 6840. The specimens date to the Oxfordian of Huntingdonshire.