Newark Supergroup

The Newark Supergroup, also known as the Newark Group, is an assemblage of Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks which outcrop intermittently along the United States East Coast. They were deposited in a series of Triassic basins approximately 190 million years ago as North America separated from Africa. The exposures extend from Nova Scotia to North Carolina. Related basins are also found underwater in the Bay of Fundy. The group is named for the city of Newark, New Jersey.
Characteristics.
The Newark Supergroup consists largely of poorly sorted nonmarine sediments; typical rocks are breccia, conglomerate, arkose sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Most of the strata are red beds that feature ripple marks, mud cracks, and even rain drop prints; dinosaur footprints are common, though actual body fossils are very rare. Some of the strata are detailed to the level of varves, with indications of Milankovitch cycles. In preserved lake sediments, "Semionotus" fossils are especially common.
The Newark sediments are extremely thick (up to 6 kilometers); they were deposited in a series of half-grabens that were themselves faulted into block mountains. The beds dip to the east, while the faults dip westward. The beds are intruded by numerous dikes and sills, indicative of considerable igneous activity; a superb example is the New Jersey Palisades sill.
Depositional environment.
The Newark Supergroup's lithologies and structure are the classic hallmarks of a rift valley; the fault-blocking illustrates the crustal extension forces in play during the breakup of Pangea during the late Triassic Period. The Appalachian Mountains had already been nearly eroded flat by the end of the period; the uplift and faulting that was the first part of the rifting provided new sources of sediment for the vast thicknesses deposited in the Newark Supergroup; the igneous intrusions are similarly diagnostic of a rift valley. Coarse sediments were deposited near the eastern mountain front, while progressively finer ones were deposited farther west.
Evidence suggests the climate at the time was subtropical and rainy, though divided between wet and dry months. A few organic-rich deposits suggest patchy or intermittent swamps and lakes.
Accumulation of Newark sediments within the rift basins continued from the late Triassic into the early Jurassic.
Basins and formations.
The separate basins and sub-basins of the Newark Supergroup have historically been given their own geological formations by local paleontologists. However, a study by Weems, Tanner, and Lucas (2016) proposed that the formations of the Newark Supergroup should be defined on a regional scale due to their geological uniformity over eastern North America. From youngest to oldest, the regional formations proposed by this study are:
Basin-specific formations are given below:
Minor basins.
Minor basins crop out in South Carolina (Crowburg, Wadesboro Basins), North Carolina (Ellerbe, Davie County Basins), Virginia (Scottsburg, Randolph, Roanoke Creek, Briery Creek, Farmville, Flat Branch, Deep Run, Scottsville, Barboursville Basins), Connecticut (Cherry Brook Outlier), Massachusetts (Northfield and Middleton Basin), and Nova Scotia (Chedabucto Basin).
Age.
Until the late 1970s, the entire Newark Supergroup was assumed to be Triassic in age. However, studies of fossil pollen have now shown that the sediments actually range from the Ladinian to the Lower Jurassic. The Supergroup was deposited over the course of 50 million years.