Trams in Geneva

The Geneva tramway network () is a network of tramways forming the core element of the public transport system in Geneva, Switzerland. It is operated by "Transports Publics Genevois" (TPG), and is supplemented by the Geneva trolleybus system and the Geneva bus system.
Opened in 1862, the network had grown sufficiently by 1920 to serve large parts of the surrounding countryside. However, by 1960 it had contracted to just one line. Since 1995, it has been greatly expanded. It presently has five tram lines, and further expansions are planned.
History.
Rise and fall (1862–1976).
Geneva's and Switzerland's first trams ran on 19 June 1862, with the opening of a horsecar tramway between "Place Neuve" and "Carouge". In 1889, a steam tramway was opened, and in 1894 Geneva's first electric tram entered service. Finally, in 1899, the "Compagnie Genevoise des Tramways Électriques" (CGTE), predecessor of the TPG, was inaugurated.
The CGTE set itself the goal of unifying the various systems. All lines were electrified and converted to a uniform metre gauge.
For nearly three months in 1904, the CGTE also operated the steepest adhesion railway in Switzerland. The incline reached 11.8%, but the dangers posed by such steep inclines brought about the swift demise of this line.
In the 1920s, the city and the canton had a large network of urban and suburban tramways. As of 1923, a total of of tramways had been built. The network extended into the countryside, and even across the border into France.
In 1925, the CGTE began to convert its interurban lines to bus operation. This process continued in the city centre, where the lines were partly replaced by trolleybuses. By 1969, the network had shrunk to just one long tramway, which was served by "line 12" ("Moillesulaz–Carouge"). The good technical condition of the tramcars and the fact that they had not yet been written off, led to the provisional retention of the last tramway.
In the 1970s, concepts were developed to connect the relatively large suburban communities of Meyrin and Onex to the remaining tramway once again, with an appropriately modern light railway. However, all of these ideas, and also the investments necessary for the maintenance of the remaining infrastructure in the medium term, exceeded the abilities of the privately owned CGTE. A popular initiative demanding the nationalization of the CGTE was then adopted, and on 1 January 1977 the CGTE was transformed into the TPG, an autonomous government agency of the canton of Geneva.
Renaissance (1977–1992).
In 1978, the tracks of the last remaining tramway were renewed under the auspices of the "new" TPG. Planning of the proposed new lines was addressed. However, it was only on 12 June 1988, with the adoption of a new cantonal law about public transport, that the first concrete building proposals were presented. From 1995, these proposals then became the basis of larger network extensions.
By that time, the most pressing modernisation of existing operations had already occurred. In 1984, in "Bachet-de-Pesay" in the municipality of Lancy, construction work had begun on the new Bachet tram depot. To connect the new facility with the existing network, the route of "line 12" was extended on 27 September 1987 by one kilometre (0.6 mi) from "Carouge" to "Bachet". The sidings and maintenance facility in Bachet were opened in 1988, and in 1990 the associated tram and trackwork construction workshop was commissioned. Finally, in 1992, the new administration building was opened. Since then, it has been the headquarters of the TPG.
In 1987–1989, the TPG procured a total of 45 new, partly low floor, articulated trams, based on the prototype Be 4/6 tram no. 741, which had joined the TPG fleet in 1984. The new trams were supplied by "Ateliers de Constructions Mécaniques de Vevey" (ACMV) in Villeneuve, Vaud, in collaboration with Düwag and BBC / ABB. The colloquial expression "DAV", which is used to denote these vehicles, is an acronym for "Düwag - Ateliers de Vevey". Following this new procurement, TPG's existing fleet of old trams could be completely withdrawn, as future network expansion, including the introduction of new lines 13 and 16, had already been taken into account when the order for the new trams was placed.
Network expansion (1992–2006).
In 1988, a referendum on the proposed new network expansion projects was unsuccessful. The first phase of development of the network therefore became the construction of a central "Plainpalais–Carouge–Bachet–Palettes–Acacias–Plainpalais" ring link, and the crossing of the Rhône to the "Genève-Cornavin" railway station, with a continuation to the "Place des Nations" and United Nations Office at Geneva.
On 28 May 1995, "line 13" ("Cornavin–Bachet") was opened, and trams returned to the other side of the Rhône. On 28 June 1997, "line 13" was extended from "Bachet" to "Palettes" and on 28 March 1998, "line 16" ("Moillesulaz–Cornavin") was put into operation. On 14 December 2003, "line 13" was extended from "Cornavin" to" Nations".
The following year, on 11 December 2004, "line 15" entered service; it ran on a new route from "Lancy-Pont-Rouge" via "Acacias" to "Plainpalais", and continued from there via "Cornavin" station to "Nations". From 10 December 2005, this new section was also served by "line 17", which ran from "Plainpalais" to "Eaux-Vives" station.
Due to the increased need for rolling stock resulting from the network expansions after 2000, more trams were procured. Initially, the TPG ordered 21 Flexity Outlook Cityrunners from Bombardier Transportation for delivery in 2004-2005, with an option on another 17 vehicles; the option was exercised at the end of 2007.
On 13 May 2006, upon the entry into service of a new section between "Palettes" and "Lancy-Pont-Rouge", the ring link was completed, and with it the first phase of the network's expansion. The new ring link section facilitated the extension of "line 15" and "line 17" to "Palettes" and "Bachet", respectively. From the day the ring link was completed, the four tram lines operating on it, "lines 12, 13, 15 and 17", no longer terminated there, but changed their numbers at designated stops: "line 12" became "line 17" at the "Bachet" stop, and "line 13" became "line 15" at the "Palettes" stop. In 2009, there was another alteration in the way the lines serviced the ring link: "line 12" began switching to "line 15" at the "Palettes" stop, "line 13" started to reverse at the "Palettes" loop and "line 17" was redirected to turn around at the "Lancy-Pont-Rouge" loop.
TCMC and TCOB construction (2007–2011).
The next network expansion phases included the "Tram Cornavin–Meyrin–CERN" (TCMC) project, the construction of which began in early 2006, and the "Tram Cornavin–Onex–Bernex" (TCOB), for which the Swiss Federal Council awarded the concession in January 2007.
The first section of the TCMC, between "Cornavin" and "Avanchet", was opened on 8 December 2007. Initially, it formed part of the extended "line 16" ("Moillesulaz–Avanchet") and the new "line 14" ("Bachet–Avanchet"). On same date, "line 17" was extended, from "Eaux-Vives" station to the disused "Chêne-Bourg" station, and thus revived scheduled services on the short local branch line, including its terminal loop, after a long absence.
The first TCMC section was built in a double track configuration. However, the absence of any balloon loop at the provisional terminus at "Avanchet", or at the permanent termini at "Meyrin–Gravière" and "CERN", as well as the inclusion on this section of several stations with island platforms, made necessary the exclusive use of bidirectional vehicles to run services on the section. As the numbers of the Flexity Outlook trams in the fleet were then rather limited, the TPG exercised its existing option for 17 more vehicles, while in the meantime the previous through-connection of "line 12" with "line 16" at the "Moillesulaz" terminus had to be suspended.
According to various sources, the opening of the second stage of the TCMC ("Avanchet–Meyrin") took place on 12 December 2009, with the entry into service of the section to "Meyrin" ("Gravière"). On 30 April 2011, operations commenced on the section to "CERN".
The TCOB route to "Bernex P+R", which includes, amongst other things, a second crossing of the Rhône, went into service at the end of 2011. The first – very short – section of this route, between "Coutance" and "Genève-Cornavin" station, had already commenced operations at the timetable change in December 2010. A new "line 18" ran on the route, and was extended to "CERN" in May 2011.
For the inauguration of the TCOB route, the TPG ordered 32 Tango trams, made by the Swiss company Stadler Rail. Like the Cityrunners, the Tango trams are bidirectional. 
After the new route to "Bernex P+R" was commissioned, the network was simplified. There are now only four tram lines, nos. "12", "14", "15" and "18". The use of the previous lines "13", "16" and "17" were discontinued, and only one line now operates on most section of track. Although these changes simplify tram operations, they also mean that points on the inner city sections, and in particular "Genève-Cornavin" station, can no longer be reached from all parts of the network (e.g. "Genève-Cornavin" is no longer directly served by "line 12") without the need to change trams en route.
Lines.
Interchange stations, which enable transfers between the lines, are located at the following stops:
Projects.
Extension of line 14.
An extension of line 14 from Bernex-Est to Bernex-Vailly was confirmed in 2010, and was scheduled to be completed in 2012, for commissioning by the end of 2013.
Other extensions.
The extension of line 18 into French territory at Saint-Genis-Pouilly has been authorised by the Swiss authorities, and is now in the hands of French local authorities. Commissioning of the extension may take place in 2016.
Two other cross-border extensions are planned, one towards Saint-Julien-en-Genevois via Plan-les-Ouates, and the other an extension of line 17 towards Lycée des Glières in Annemasse.
Finally, an extension of line 15 is proposed between Place des Nations and Le Grand-Saconnex, with a possible extension to Ferney-Voltaire in France. However, the realisation of this project would depend upon the construction of the new Route des Nations, a project the commencement of which is still uncertain.
Supercapacitor power supply.
The TPG has tested a supercapacitor power supply system on a Stadler Tango tram. If such a system were found to be successful, it could be applied to the other 31 Tango trams 'relatively easily'.