Afrovenator

Afrovenator (; "African hunter") is a genus of megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Period of northern Africa.
Discovery and naming.
The remains of "Afrovenator" were discovered in 1993 in the Tiourarén Formation of the department of Agadez in Niger. The Tiourarén was originally thought to represent the Hauterivian to Barremian stages of the early Cretaceous Period, or approximately 132 to 125 million years ago (Sereno et al. 1994). However, re-interpretation of the sediments showed that they are probably Mid-Jurassic in age, dating "Afrovenator" to the Bathonian to Oxfordian stages, between 167 and 161 mya. The sauropod "Jobaria", whose remains were first mentioned in the same paper which named "Afrovenator", is also known from this formation.
"Afrovenator" is known from a single relatively complete skeleton, holotype UC OBA 1, featuring most of the skull minus its top (likewise the mandible, or lower jaws, are lacking apart from the prearticular bone), parts of the spinal column, partial forelimbs, a partial pelvis, and most of the hind limbs. This skeleton is housed at the University of Chicago.
The generic name comes from the Latin "afer", "African", and "venator", "hunter". There is one named species, "Afrovenator abakensis". The generic name refers to its predatory nature, and its provenance from Africa. The specific name refers to Abaka, the Tuareg name for the region of Niger where the fossil was found. The original short description of both genus and species is found in a 1994 paper which appeared in the prestigious journal "Science". The primary author was well-known American paleontologist Paul Sereno, with Jeffrey Wilson, Hans Larsson, Didier Dutheil, and Hans-Dieter Sues as coauthors.
Description.
Judging from the one skeleton known, this dinosaur was about 8 meters (26 feet) long, from snout to tail tip, and had a weight of about 1 tonne according to Gregory S. Paul. Thomas R. Holtz Jr. estimated it at 7.6 meters (25 feet) in length and 453-907 kg (1.000-2.000 lbs) in weight. In 2016 it was given a lower estimation of 6.8 meters (22.3 feet) in length, 1.9 meters (6.2 feet) tall at the hips and 790 kg (1.742 lbs) in weight. Sereno stressed that the general build was gracile and that the forelimbs and the lower leg were relatively long: the humerus has length of forty centimetres and the tibia and fourth metatarsal measure 687 and 321 millimetres respectively, as compared to a thighbone length of seventy-six centimetres.
Several autapomorphies have been established, traits that distinguish "Afrovenator" from its nearest relatives. The depression in which the antorbital fenestra is located, has a front end in the form of a lobe. The third neck vertebra has a low rectangular spine. The crescent-shaped wrist bone is very flat. The first metacarpal has a broadly expanding contact surface with the second metacarpal. The foot of the pubic bone is notched from behind.
In general the skull is rather flat, its height being less than three times its length, which cannot be exactly determined because the praemaxillae are lacking. The maxilla, which has a long front branch, bears fourteen teeth, as can be deduced from the tooth sockets: the teeth themselves have been lost. There is a small maxillary fenestra, which does not reach the edge of the antorbital depression and is located behind a promaxillary fenestra. The lacrimal bone has a distinctive rounded horn on top. The lower branch of the postorbital bone is transversely wide. The jugal bone is short, deep and pneumatised.
Classification.
Most analyses place "Afrovenator" within the Megalosauridae, which was formerly a "wastebasket family" which contained many large and hard-to-classify theropods, but has since been redefined in a meaningful way, as a sister taxon to the family Spinosauridae within the Megalosauroidea.
A 2002 analysis, focused mainly on the noasaurids, found "Afrovenator" to be a basal megalosaurid. However, it did not include "Dubreuillosaurus" (formerly "Poekilopleuron valesdunensis"), which could affect the results in that region of the cladogram (Carrano "et al". 2002).
Other more recent and more complete cladistic analyses show "Afrovenator" in a group of Megalosauridae with "Eustreptospondylus" and "Dubreuillosaurus". This group is either called Megalosaurinae (Allain 2002) or Eustreptospondylinae (Holtz "et al". 2004). The latter study also includes "Piatnitzkysaurus" in this taxon. A study by Matthew Carrano from 2012 placed "Afrovenator" in a megalosaurid Afrovenatorinae.
A few alternative hypotheses have been presented for "Afrovenator"'s relationships. In Sereno's original description, "Afrovenator" was found to be a basal spinosauroid (he at the time used the name "Torvosauroidea"), outside of Spinosauridae and Megalosauridae (which he called "Torvosauridae"). Finally, another recent study places "Afrovenator" outside of the Megalosauroidea completely, and instead finds it more closely related to "Allosaurus" (Rauhut 2003). This is the only study to draw this conclusion.
The phylogeny according to Carrano "et al." (2012) is shown by this cladogram.