Titanoboa

Titanoboa () is an extinct genus of very large snakes that lived in what is now La Guajira in northeastern Colombia. They could grow up to long and reach a weight of .
Fossils of "Titanoboa" have been found in the Cerrejón Formation, and date to around 58 to 60 million years ago. The giant snake lived during the Middle to Late Paleocene epoch, a 10-million-year period immediately following the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.
The only known species is "Titanoboa cerrejonensis", the largest snake ever discovered, which supplanted the previous record holder, "Gigantophis".
Etymology.
The name "Titanoboa" means "titanic boa". The species epithet "cerrejonensis" refers to the Cerrejón coal mine and the Cerrejón Formation, in which the fossils have been found.
Description.
By comparing the sizes and shapes of its fossilized vertebrae to those of extant snakes, researchers estimated that the largest individuals of "T. cerrejonensis" found had a total length around and weighed about .
Naming and discovery.
In 2009, the fossils of 28 individuals of "T. cerrejonensis" were found in the Cerrejón Formation of the coal mines of Cerrejón in La Guajira, Colombia. Before this discovery, few fossils of Paleocene-epoch vertebrates had been found in ancient tropical environments of South America. The snake was discovered on an expedition by a team of international scientists led by Jonathan Bloch, a University of Florida vertebrate paleontologist, and Carlos Jaramillo, a paleobotanist from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama.
The name "Titanoboa" means "titanic boa". The species epithet "cerrejonensis" refers to the Cerrejón coal mine and the Cerrejón Formation, in which the fossils have been found.
Habitat.
"Titanoboa" inhabited the first recorded tropical forest in South America. It shared its ecosystem with large Crocodylomorpha and large turtles. The paleogeography of the Late Paleocene was a sheltered paralic (coastal) swamp area, sheltered by the emerging later Guajira hills in the west and the slowly rising present-day Serranía del Perijá in the east, with an open connection to the proto-Caribbean in the north. In this environment the tropical aquatic ferns of the genus "Salvinia" flourished, as evidenced by fossils found in Cerrejón, the Bogotá Formation and the Palermo Formation.
Palaeobiology.
While initially thought to have been an apex predator of the Paleocene ecosystem in which it lived, analysis of the cranial elements of "Titanoboa" possess unique features relative to other boids. These features include high palatal and marginal tooth position counts, low-angled quadrate orientation, and reduced palatine-pterygoid and ptery. This has pointed to the genus being dominantly piscivorous; a trait unique to "Titanoboa" among all boids.
The size of "T. cerrejonensis" has also provided clues as to the earth's climate during its existence; because snakes are ectothermic, the discovery implies that the tropics, the creature's habitat, must have been warmer than previously thought, averaging about .
The warmer climate of the Earth during the time of "T. cerrejonensis" allowed cold-blooded snakes to attain much larger sizes than modern snakes. Today, larger ectothermic animals are found in the tropics, where it is hottest, and smaller ones are found farther from the equator.
Other researchers disagree with the above climate estimate. For example, a 2009 study in the journal "Nature" applying the mathematical model used in the above study to an ancient lizard fossil from temperate Australia predicts that lizards currently living in tropical areas should be capable of reaching , which is not the case.
In another critique published in the same journal, Mark Denny, a specialist in biomechanics, noted that the snake was so large and was producing so much metabolic heat that the ambient temperature must have been four to six degrees cooler than the current estimate, or the snake would have overheated.
In popular culture.
On 22 March 2012, a full-scale-model replica of a , "Titanoboa" was displayed in Grand Central Terminal in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, New York. It was a promotion for a TV show on the Smithsonian Channel called "Titanoboa: Monster Snake" which aired on 1 April 2012.