Baculites

Baculites ("walking stick rock") is an extinct genus of cephalopods with a nearly straight shell, included in the heteromorph ammonites. The genus, which lived worldwide throughout most of the Late Cretaceous, was named by Lamarck in 1799.
The adult shell of "Baculites" is generally straight and may be either smooth or with sinuous striae or ribbing that typically slant dorso-ventrally forward. The aperture likewise slopes to the front and has a sinuous margin. The venter is narrowly rounded to acute while the dorsum is more broad. The juvenile shell, found at the apex, is coiled in one or two whorls and described as minute, about in diameter. Adult "Baculites" ranged in size from about ("Baculites larsoni") up to in length.
As with other ammonites, the shell consisted of a series of camerae, or chambers, that were connected to the animal by a narrow tube called a siphuncle by which gas content and thereby buoyancy could be regulated in the same manner as "Nautilus" does today. The chambers are separated by walls called septa. The line where each septum meets the outer shell is called the suture or suture line. Like other true ammonites, "Baculites" have intricate suture patterns on their shells that can be used to identify different species.
One notable feature about "Baculites" is that the males may have been a third to a half the size of the females and may have had much lighter ribbing on the surface of the shell.
The shell morphology of "Baculites" with slanted striations or ribbing, similarly slanted aperture, and more narrowly rounded to acute keel-like venter points to its having had a horizontal orientation in life as an adult. This same type of cross section is found in much earlier nautiloids such as "Bassleroceras" and "Clitendoceras" from the Ordovician period, which can be shown to have had a horizontal orientation. In spite of this, some researchers have concluded that Baculites lived in a vertical orientation, head hanging straight down, since lacking an apical counterweight, movement was largely restricted to that direction. More recent research, notably by Gerd Westermann, has reaffirmed that at least some "Baculites" species in fact lived in a more or less horizontal orientation.
From shell isotope studies, it is thought that "Baculites" inhabited the middle part of the water column, not too close to either the bottom or surface of the ocean. In some rock deposits "Baculites" are common, and they are thought to have lived in great shoals. However, they are not known to occur so densely as to be rock-forming, as do certain other extinct, straight-shelled cephalopods (e.g., orthocerid nautiloids).
"Baculites" fossils are very brittle and almost always break. They are most commonly found broken in half or several pieces, usually along suture lines. Individual chambers found this way are sometimes referred to as "stone buffaloes" (due to their shapes), though the Native-American attribution typically given as part of the story behind the name is likely apocryphal. The Blackfoot have oral traditions that tell a story of the Iniskimm (Buffalo Calling Stone). They are still in use today by Indigenous peoples. 
"Baculites" and related Cretaceous straight ammonite cephalopods are often confused with the superficially similar orthocerid nautiloid cephalopods. Both are long and tubular in form, and both are common items for sale in rock shops (often under each other's names). Both lineages evidently evolved the tubular form independently, and at different times in earth history. The orthocerid nautiloids lived much earlier (common during the Paleozoic Era and extinct by the end of the Triassic Period) than "Baculites" (Late Cretaceous Period only). The two types of fossils can be distinguished by many features, most obvious among which is the suture line: it is simple in orthocerid nautiloids and intricately folded in "Baculites" and related ammonoids.
Studies on exceptionally preserved specimens have revealed a radula by synchrotron imagery. The results suggest that "Baculites" fed on pelagic zooplankton (as suggested by remains of a larval gastropod and a pelagic isopod inside the mouth).
Species distribution.
The type species, "Baculites vertebralis" is from the upper Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous, and is one of the last of its kind.
"Baculites ovatus", the first species of "Baculites" described in the Americas, was described by Thomas Say in 1820 from a single specimen from the Navesink Formation in Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey. The specimen was later illustrated by Samuel George Morton, who published an etching in 1828. After the death of the specimen's owner, the Quaker scientist Reuben Haines III, in 1831, the specimen was lost for 180 years until it was rediscovered at Haines's home, the historic Wyck House, in 2017.
The lower part of the Campanian stage (Upper Cretaceous) in the Western Interior of North America has yielded "Baculites gilberti", early "B. perplexus", "B. asperiformis", "B. maclearni", and "B. obtusus", followed temporally by late "Baculites perplexus" and then by "Baculites scotti". The upper part of the upper Campanian has yielded, from older to younger, "B. compressus", "B. coneatus", "B. reesidei". "B. jenseni", and "B. ellasi", followed sequentially in the lower Maastrictian by "Baculites baculus", "B. grandis", and "B. clinolobatis".
"Baculites gracilis" is known from the Cenomanian Britton Fm., Eagle Ford group of Texas; "Baculites ovatus" from the eastern U.S. and "Baculites pacificum" from the Campanian of Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
Species known from Europe, in addition to "Baculites vertebralis" include "Baculites undulatus" from the upper Touronian, "Baculites leopoliensis" from the Upper Campanian and "Baculites anceps" from the Upper Maastrictian.