South China Sea Islands

The South China Sea Islands consist of over 250 islands, atolls, cays, shoals, reefs and seamounts in the South China Sea. The islands are mostly low and small, and have few inhabitants. The islands and surrounding seas are subject to overlapping territorial claims by the countries bordering the South China Sea.
The South China Sea Islands constitute a distinct tropical moist broadleaf forest terrestrial ecoregion, and the South China Sea Oceanic Islands marine ecoregion.
Geography.
The islands, shoals, and reefs are grouped into three archipelagos, plus the Zhongsha Islands (Macclesfield Bank and Scarborough Shoal). The South China Sea Islands as defined here consist of the sea's oceanic islands, and do not include the sea's continental shelf islands like Hainan and Natuna. Collectively, they have a total land surface area of less than 15 km2 at low tide. The island groups include:
The sea floor contains Paleozoic and Mesozoic granite and metamorphic rocks. The abysses are caused by the formation of the Himalayas in the Cenozoic.
Except for one volcanic island, the islands are made of coral reefs of varying ages and formations.
Climate.
The Paracel islands have a tropical marine climate. Annual rainfall averages 1130 mm, and is strongly seasonal. Between May and August the southwest trade winds bring rainfall to the islands, with the maximum rainfall in June (226 mm). The northeast trade winds bring a winter dry season, and December is the lowest-rainfall month (3.3 mm).
The Spratly Islands have a tropical climate. The average annual temperature is 27 °C, and ranges from 30 °C between May and August to 25 °C during the winter months. Rainfall averages 1800 to 2200 mm annually. The southwest monsoon from May to November brings a five-month rainy season, and the seven-month dry season includes the March to April southeast monsoon.
Flora.
Many of the smaller islands are devoid of vegetation. Larger islands support terrestrial plant communities which include coral island evergreen forest, scrub forest, and coastal scrub and grasses.
There are 340 species of land plants and fungi recorded in the Paracel Islands, composed of 224 genera in 89 plant families. These include 312 species of flowering plants (angiosperms) and five species of pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies), along with 22 species of macrofungi (larger fungi) and one lichen species. The flora of the Paracel Islands is similar to that of Hainan Island to the north.
Humans have introduced other plants to the islands. The Chinese and the Vietnamese introduced 47 more species, including peanut, sweet potato, and various vegetables.
Fauna.
There are no known native terrestrial animals on the islands.
The islands are feeding and nesting sites for large numbers of seabirds, including the streaked shearwater ("Calonectris leucomelas"), brown booby ("Sula leucogaster"), red-footed booby ("S. sula"), great crested tern ("Sterna bergii"), and white tern ("Gygis alba"). Seabird faeces can accumulate 10 mm to 1 m annually, and over time create thick deposits of guano.
Green sea turtles ("Chelonia mydas") and hawksbill sea turtles ("Eretmochelys imbricata") inhabit waters around the islands and nest on the islands' beaches.
History.
From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa in Ming dynasty in China. 
In 1421, Zheng prepared the 6 edition Mao Kun map, usually referred to by Chinese people as Zheng He's Navigation Map (), which included South China Sea Islands.
In the 19th century, as a part of the occupation of Indochina, France claimed control of the Spratlys until the 1930s, exchanging a few with the British. During World War II, the South China Sea islands were all occupied by Japan.
The People's Republic of China, founded in 1949, claimed the islands as part of the province of Canton (Guangdong), and later of the Hainan special administrative region.
Names.
The South China Sea Islands were discussed from the 4th century BC in the Chinese texts "Yizhoushu", "Classic of Poetry", "Zuo Zhuan", and "Guoyu", but only implicitly as part of the "Southern Territories" () or "South Sea" (, "Nán Hǎi"). During the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), government administrators called the South China Sea Islands the "Three Mysterious Groups of Islands" (, "Sān Shén Shān"). But during the Eastern Han dynasty (23-220), the South China Sea was renamed "Rising Sea" (, "Zhǎng Hǎi"), so the islands were called the "Rising Sea Islands" (, "Zhǎnghǎi Qítóu"). During the Jin dynasty (266–420), they were known as the "Coral Islands" (, "Shānhú Zhōu"). From the Tang dynasty (618–907) to the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), various names were used for the islands, but in general "Changsha" and permutations referred to the Paracel Islands, while "Shitang" referred to the Spratly Islands. These variations included, for the Paracels: "Jiǔrǔ Luózhōu" (), "Qīzhōu Yáng" (), "Chángshā" (), "Qiānlǐ Chángshā" (), and "Qiānlǐ Shítáng" (); for the Spratlys: "Shítáng" (), "Shíchuáng" (), "Wànlǐ Shítáng" (), and "Wànlǐ Chángshā" ().
During the Qing, the names "Qianli Changsha" and "Wanli Shitang" were in vogue, and Chinese fishermen from Hainan named specific islands from within the groups, although the Qing officially named 15 large islands in 1909. During China's Republican era (1912-1949), the government named the Spratlys "Tuánshā Qúndǎo" () and then "Nánshā Qúndǎo" (); the Paracels were "Xīshā Qúndǎo" (); Republican authorities mapped over 291 islands, reefs, and banks in surveys in 1932, 1935, and 1947. The People's Republic of China has retained the Republican-era names for the island groups, supplementing them with a list of 287 names for islands, reefs, banks, and shoals in 1983. From 2011–2012, China's State Oceanic Administration named 1,660 nameless islands and islets under its claimed jurisdiction; in 2012, China announced plans to name a further 1,664 nameless features by August 2013. The naming campaign is intended to consolidate China's sovereignty claim over Sansha (), a city which includes islands from the "Xisha" (Paracel), "Nansha" (Spratly and James Shoal) and "Zhongsha" (, "Zhōngshā"; Macclesfield Bank, Scarborough Shoal, and others) groups.
Resources.
There are minerals, natural gas, and oil deposits on the islands and under their nearby seafloor, also an abundance of sea life, such as fish, animals and vegetation, traditionally exploited as food by all the claimant nations for thousands of years—mostly without disputes that could risk war. In the 20th century, since the WW2 settlements failed to resolve ownership of such lesser areas of land, seas and islands—and because of the economic, military, and transportational importance—their control, especially that of the Spratlys, has been in dispute between China and several Southeast Asian countries, such as Vietnam, from the mid-20th century onwards. True occupation and control are shared between the claimants (see claims and control below).
Claims and control.
The Republic of China (ROC) named 132 of the South China Sea Islands in 1932 and 1935. In 1933, the Chinese government lodged an official protest to the French government after its occupation of Taiping Island. In 1947, the Ministry of Interior of China renamed 149 of the islands. Later, in November 1947, the Secretaritat of Guangdong Government of China was authorised to publish the "Map of the South China Sea Islands".
The Japanese and the French renounced their claims as soon as their respective occupations or colonization had ended.
In 1958, the People's Republic of China (PRC) issued a declaration defining its territorial waters within what is known as the Nine-Dash Line which encompassed the Spratly Islands. North Vietnam's prime minister, Phạm Văn Đồng, sent a diplomatic note to Zhou Enlai, stating that "The Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam respects this decision." The diplomatic note was written on 14 September and was publicised in "Nhan Dan" newspaper (Vietnam) on 22 September 1958. Regarding this letter, there have been many arguments on its true meaning and the reason why Phạm Văn Đồng decided to send it to Zhou Enlai. In an interview with BBC Vietnam, Dr. Balázs Szalontai provided the following analysis of this issue:
It was also argued that, Phạm Văn Đồng who represented North Vietnam at that time had no legal right to comment on a territorial part which belonged to the South Vietnam represented by Ngo Dinh Diem. Therefore, the letter has no legal value and is considered as a diplomatic document to show the support of the government of North Vietnam to the PRC at that time. In China, in 1959, the islands were put under an administrative office (办事处/"banshichu"). In 1988, the office was switched to the administration of the newly founded Hainan Province. The PRC strongly asserted its claims to the islands, but in the late 1990s, under the new security concept, the PRC put its claims less strongly. According to the Kyodo News, in March 2010 PRC officials told US officials that they consider the South China Sea a "core interest" on par with Taiwan, Tibet, and Xinjiang. In July 2010, the Communist Party-controlled Global Times stated that "China will never waive its right to protect its core interest with military means" and a Ministry of Defense spokesman said that "China has indisputable sovereignty of the South Sea and China has sufficient historical and legal backing" to underpin its claims. China added a tenth-dash line to the east of Taiwan island in 2013 as a part of its official sovereignty claim to the disputed territories in the South China Sea.
In addition to the People's Republic of China and Vietnam, the Republic of China (i.e. Taiwan), Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines also claim and occupy some islands. Taiwan claims all the Spratly Islands, but occupies only one island and one shelf, including Taiping Island. Malaysia occupies three islands on its continental shelf. The Philippines claim most of the Spratlys and calls them the Kalayaan Group of islands, and they form a distinct municipality in the province of Palawan. The Philippines, however, occupy only eight islands. Brunei claims a relatively small area, including islands on Louisa Reef.
Indonesia's claims are not on any island, but on maritime rights. (See South China Sea)
In July 2016, in Philippines v. China, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of the Philippines. It clarified that it would not "...rule on any question of sovereignty over land territory and would not delimit any maritime boundary between the Parties". The tribunal also ruled that China has "no historical rights" based on the "nine-dash line" map. China has rejected the ruling, as has Taiwan.