Araripesuchus

Araripesuchus is a genus of extinct crocodyliform that existed during the Cretaceous period of the late Mesozoic era some 125 to 66 million years ago. Six species of "Araripesuchus" are currently known. They are generally considered to be notosuchians (belonging to the clade Mesoeucrocodylia), characterized by their varied teeth types and distinct skull elements. This genus consists of other five related species: A. wegeneri and A. rattoides, discovered in Niger, A. tsangatsangana, discovered in Madagascar, A. gomesii, discovered in Brazil and another species discovered in Argentina, A. patagonicus.
Description.
Its length was about with a weight of . "Araripesuchus" can be distinguished by their laterally bulged edges of the snout, with the bulge being the most prominent around the area of an enlarged maxillary tooth. The snout and premaxilla are also smoother than that of most crocodyliforms, without foramina or the typical rugose texture. There are six valid species within this genus, all with slightly differing maxillary or dentary structure. "A. gomesii, A. wegeneri" and "A. tsangatsangana" all have a mild concavity of the external alveolar margin of the premaxilla as viewed from the ventral surface; "A. rattoides" may also have this feature, although this part of its skull is not known, as the dentary suggests that this would be the case. "A. rattoides" also had the distinctive feature of a highly enlarged and forward-pointing first dentary tooth referred to as an incisiform, resembling the elongated incisors found in rodents (hence the specific epithet).
All species of "Araripesuchus" had relatively large orbits and hence eyes. They also had thin osteoderms that covered the entire body, multiple rows of them across the back and paired dorsal ones along the tail. Each side of the tail also had a single row of osteoderms, and there were paired ventral osteoderms across most of the belly and underside as well. The osteoderms were not strongly keeled, which, along with the long limb bones and shoulder, hip and ankle joints that suggest upright posture, indicate that "Araripesuchus" was probably more active on land than on water.
Discovery and history.
The name of the genus was coined in 1959 with the description of the type species "Araripesuchus gomesii", a notosuchian crocodylian from the famed Santana Group of the Araripe Basin in Brazil. The holotype used to describe the genus, 423-R is currently in the care of the Divisão de Mineralogia e Geologia do Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral in Rio de Janeiro. 423-R consists of a single skull articulating with part of a lower jaw. A more complete specimen, AMNH 24450 is held by the American Museum of Natural History. A second species, "A. wegeneri" was described in 1981. This species was discovered from Early Cretaceous deposits of Niger on the African continent, as opposed to the South American paleodistribution of the other species in the genus. The type specimen for the species, GDF-700 consisting of a few, fragmentary jaw elements, reside at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. The holotype's fragmentary nature meant that its placement in the genus was disputed until more remains were found in 2009 by Sereno and Larsson; these, along with the specimens of "A. tsangatsangana," confirmed its place.
"Araripesuchus patagonicus" was described from a patagonian specimen (MUC-PV 269) in 2000. Another species to be assigned to the genus, was "Araripesuchus buitreraensis", described in 2005. This species was described from a single skull (MPCA-PV 235) retrieved from Late Cretaceous deposits in what is now Argentina. At 130 millimeters, the skull is the largest "Araripesuchus" specimen discovered to date. A fifth species, "Araripesuchus tsangatsangana" was described in 2006. This species' type specimen was discovered from latest Late Cretaceous deposits from the African island of Madagascar. Analysis of this specimen solidifies the position of "A. wegneri" as a member of the genus. "A. tsangatsangana" is the geologically youngest known of this genus. The sixth species, "A. rattoides", was found in the Kem Kem Beds of the Sahara in a similar location to the specimens of "A. wegeneri" found by Sereno and Larsson, and is known only from parts of dentary bones, up to the fourteenth alveolus. It was described in the same paper as "Kaprosuchus", "Laganosuchus" and "Anatosuchus"; the four were therefore popularized by the authors as 'RatCroc', 'BoarCroc', 'PancakeCroc' and 'DuckCroc' respectively.
Classification.
There are currently six recognized species within the genus "Araripesuchus": "A. patagonicus", "A. buitreraensis", "A. tsangatsangana", "A. wegeneri", "A. rattoides" and the type species "A. gomesii". The placement of the first African species discovered, "A. wegeneri" was questioned for a while by various authors. Ortega et al. argued for the assignment of the errant species to another genus based on phylogenetic analysis Further analysis, combined with the discovery of the second African species "A. tsangatsangana" has shed more light on the placement of "A. wegeneri" within the genus. When analyzed together, the African species support the inclusion of all five first described species into the same genus.
The genus was originally assigned by Price to the family Uruguaysuchidae in the original 1959 description. This classification was followed by Buffetaut in 1981 with the description of "A. wegeneri" also within the same family. However, in their 2000 description of "A. patagonicus", Ortega "et al." avoided placing the species within the family. Instead, it was simply noted that "Uruguaysuchus" was a possible close relative of the genus.
Ortega "et al." and several other studies place "Araripesuchus" outside Notosuchia. In some phylogenetic analyses, it is placed closer to the clade Neosuchia, which includes modern crocodilians. In most recent analyses, however, "Araripesuchus" is placed as a basal notosuchian. The phylogenetic analysis of Soto "et al." (2011) joined "Araripesuchus" with "Uruguaysuchus", reinstating the family Uruguaysuchidae. This family was found to be the most basal group of Notosuchia. Below is a cladogram from the analysis:
Paleoecology.
"Araripesuchus" remains have been recovered from the continents of South America and Africa suggesting a Gondwanan origin for the evolution of the genus. At around the time of "Araripesuchus" existence, South America and Africa were physically adjacent to each other. The various species evolved from the same stock in the general area, radiating outward from a yet-unidentified origin point. The presence of specimens from Madagascar further strengthens this evolutionary radiation model.